EP0145062B1 - Industrialisiertes Verfahren zur Errichtung von Mauerwerk aus Terrakotta und Zement und Blöcke für die Durchführung dieses Verfahrens - Google Patents

Industrialisiertes Verfahren zur Errichtung von Mauerwerk aus Terrakotta und Zement und Blöcke für die Durchführung dieses Verfahrens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0145062B1
EP0145062B1 EP84201660A EP84201660A EP0145062B1 EP 0145062 B1 EP0145062 B1 EP 0145062B1 EP 84201660 A EP84201660 A EP 84201660A EP 84201660 A EP84201660 A EP 84201660A EP 0145062 B1 EP0145062 B1 EP 0145062B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blocks
block
bores
wall
intended
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EP84201660A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0145062A2 (de
EP0145062A3 (en
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Ede Romeo Dr. Arch. Rossi
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Individual
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Priority to AT84201660T priority Critical patent/ATE54698T1/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/42—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities
    • E04B2/52—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities the walls being characterised by fillings in some of the cavities forming load-bearing pillars or beams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/16—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material
    • E04B1/161—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material with vertical and horizontal slabs, both being partially cast in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
    • E04B2/24—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element the walls being characterised by fillings in some of the cavities forming load-bearing pillars or beams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F11/00—Stairways, ramps, or like structures; Balustrades; Handrails
    • E04F11/02—Stairways; Layouts thereof
    • E04F11/022—Stairways; Layouts thereof characterised by the supporting structure
    • E04F11/035—Stairways consisting of a plurality of assembled modular parts without further support
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F11/00—Stairways, ramps, or like structures; Balustrades; Handrails
    • E04F11/02—Stairways; Layouts thereof
    • E04F11/104—Treads
    • E04F11/116—Treads of stone, concrete or like material or with an upper layer of stone or stone like material, e.g. ceramics, concrete; of glass or with an upper layer of glass
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
    • E04B2/8623—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with spacers and at least one form leaf being monolithic
    • E04B2/8629—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with spacers and at least one form leaf being monolithic with both form leaves and spacers being monolithic
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
    • E04B2002/0243—Separate connectors or inserts, e.g. pegs, pins or keys
    • E04B2002/025—U-shaped, e.g. brackets

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an industrialized process for the erection of masonry structures having a block and cement structure, as well as blocks intended to be used in the implementation of this process.
  • the method for the erection of masonry structures having a block and cement structure comprises the operations of: predisposing modular blocks each having a number of recesses which extend along the height , side by side either in the direction of the thickness, or in the direction of the width of the block, and separated by partitions; erect the masonry work at a fixed height, by approaching and superimposing dry successive courses of blocks, introducing, if and as necessary, steel reinforcements in part of said channels and / or said hollows; and to throw cement mortar in part of the hollows of the superimposed blocks, by filling at least the hollows communicating with the channels as well as the channels, and consequently by drowning the reinforcements possibly introduced there; so that by the hardening of the cement mortar results, in the mass of masonry formed by the blocks, a continuous framework of cement, possibly reinforced, which binds and seals each other the blocks.
  • Such a process, and the blocks having characteristics which allow its implementation, is known from the document GB-A-2,06
  • the main aim of the present invention is to carry out a process for the erection of masonry works which by its characteristics can be considered to be truly industrialized, which is of easy, rapid and economical execution (this economy being understood from a perspective overall costs of erection, finishing and successively operating the building), and which gives rise to a terracotta and cement structure with irreproachable characteristics from all points of view.
  • the production of terracotta blocks having special characteristics is made thanks to which they result particularly suitable for enabling the most advantageous implementation of the method.
  • the proposed object is achieved, according to the invention, by means of a method for the erection of masonry structures as indicated in principle, characterized in that it also comprises the operations of: manufacturing the modular blocks in earth cooked, in a manner known per se, by an extrusion process and with thin partitions; mechanically working at least the faces of said blocks which are intended to come into contact with other blocks, by giving them a condition of planarity, parallelism and dimensional accuracy of the order of a fraction of a millimeter; and cut mechanically to a depth of a few centimeters a part of the partitions which separate the hollows from all or part of the terracotta blocks, by making a set of continuous channels extending in one or two directions perpendicular to the direction hollows and being in communication with a part of these hollows constituting a preset assembly.
  • the static resistance of a masonry work produced by the use of certain blocks of terracotta can be modified within very wide limits, and this makes it possible to confer on the masonry work, by a timely choice of its parameters, the most favorable characteristics from different points of view, without any of its qualities having to be sacrificed for the benefit of others.
  • the block preparation operations including in addition to their extrusion the mechanical work of the surfaces and the cutting of the necessary channels, can be carried out killed in the factory, under the most favorable industrial conditions, while at the construction site, only the operations of laying the blocks - which are made very simple, easy and quick by the dry laying process - and reinforcements, and the successive jet of cement mortar, operations which can be largely mechanized, to the extent considered most suitable.
  • the method also comprises the operation of applying to the blocks, during their installation, locating means, such as pins or forks, by means of which one can ensure an exact and orderly superposition and juxtaposition of the blocks, without introduce operational difficulties or require the use of special equipment to control the placement of blocks.
  • locating means such as pins or forks
  • the block used in the implementation of the invention consists of a mass having a number of recesses extending in the direction of the height of the block, side by side either in the direction of the thickness, or in the direction of the width of the block, separated by partitions.
  • a structure corresponds substantially to that according to document GB-A-2,062,062.
  • the block according to the invention is characterized in that it is formed by extruded terracotta, that it has relatively thin partitions, that, in the configuration in which it is used on site , it has at least its faces intended to come into contact with other blocks, worked mechanically up to a condition of planarity, parallelism and precision of dimensions of the order of a fraction of a millimeter, and that it has a part of the partitions separating the recesses mechanically cut to a depth of a few centimeters, constituting a system of channels extending in one or two directions perpendicular to the direction of extrusion of the block and in communication with a part of the recesses of the block, constituting a preset assembly.
  • the fundamental block has a thickness corresponding to the thickness of the masonry structure to be erected, and the external and internal walls which limit the block are intended to form the respectively external and internal walls of the masonry structure.
  • the hollows form one or two offset orders of insulation hollows, adjacent to the wall of the block intended to form the external wall of the masonry structure, an order of compression hollows capable of receive technical installations, adjacent to the wall of the block intended to form the internal wall of the masonry structure, and number of hollows disposed between said insulation hollows and said compression hollows. Due to this structure, the insulation properties of the erected wall can be enhanced, and this can be predisposed in the best way to receive the application of the necessary technical installations.
  • the thermal and acoustic insulation can be adapted to the different requirements by leaving said insulation voids empty, or else by filling them with insulation material of suitable characteristics.
  • the block includes certain recesses of circular section intended, possibly after mechanical work, to receive repeat pins.
  • certain blocks may include one or more cavities of dimensions multiple of those of the hollows, intended to constitute empty spaces of lightening or else forms for the throwing of reinforced concrete pillars.
  • Special blocks can be provided to make singular parts of the structures, such as corners, shoulders, lintels, stairs, caissons and so on.
  • the terracotta element intended to constitute the fundamental blocks according to the invention, as it results from the extrusion, before its mechanical work.
  • the terracotta element is generally indicated by the reference 0, and it has an external wall 6, an internal wall 7 and a number of relatively thin partitions 8, some of which extend parallel to the walls 6 and 7, others perpendicularly to these, and which connect one another said two walls by defining between them number of recesses which extend in the direction of extrusion and which are intended to be arranged in a vertical position in normal use of the block.
  • the structure of the block is not symmetrical with respect to a mean plane between the external 6 and internal 7 walls.
  • Adjacent to the external wall 6, the earth baked presents two successive series of hollows 9 and 10, to which an insulation function is assigned; the two series of hollows 9 and 10 are offset so as to lengthen the path of heat in the terracotta between the external environment and the interior of the block.
  • the recesses 9 and 10 can be left empty, or they can be filled with insulating material in powder, granular, foam or other form, depending on the insulation requirements. Being adjacent to the external wall 6, these recesses form a protective "mantle" which thermally insulates from the outside almost the entire mass of the masonry structure.
  • a series of recesses 11 is provided, on the contrary, adjacent to the internal wall 7 of the terracotta element, and these recesses are intended to provide an easily usable passage for technical installations and seats suitable for the installation. of components collected.
  • said lack of symmetry of the block with respect to the mean plane parallel to the external and internal walls has only the aim of achieving optimal characteristics, and it does not constitute a necessary requirement, so that in special cases the block can also assume a symmetrical structure with respect to said mean plane between the external 6 and internal 7 walls.
  • the terracotta element is symmetrical with respect to a mean plane perpendicular to the walls 6 and 7, and along this plane extends a series of recesses 13 to which correspond, along the walls of the terracotta element perpendicular to the walls 6 and 7, half-recesses, also indicated by 13.
  • the structure of the terracotta element is therefore repetitive and symmetrical, so that the blocks obtained from this extruded terracotta element can be superimposed, straight or inverted, in corresponding or staggered seats, always ensuring the continuity of all the hollows among the different superimposed blocks.
  • recesses 14 of circular section intended to receive repeat pins for a superposition easy and exact blocks, as will be explained later.
  • the entire section of the terracotta element which is not occupied by said recesses 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14 is occupied by recesses 12, preferably arranged in offset series, but whose shape and provisions are not critical and can be chosen in a largely arbitrary fashion.
  • the structure described can be produced without the slightest technical difficulty by an extrusion operation, as for most of the terracotta elements now used in the construction of buildings.
  • the terracotta element thus extruded is cut into uniform heights, for example 25 cm.
  • the width of the block can be, for example, 50 cm, and its thickness (distance between the walls 6 and 7) of 42 cm, for normal load-bearing external walls of buildings. This thickness is chosen, preferably equal to the desired thickness for the wall to be erected.
  • the recesses of the terracotta element are differentiated according to their different functions, however it should be understood that blocks having undifferentiated recesses could also find use according to the invention .
  • the cut blocks of the extruded terracotta element described must be subjected to mechanical work, above all to ensure accuracy - with tolerances of the order of fractions of a millimeter - of their dimensions, as well as of the parallelism and the planarity of the surfaces of the blocks which are intended to receive the contact of the approached or superimposed blocks.
  • FIG. 3 which shows a worked fundamental block
  • the surfaces which must thus be worked mechanically, and preferably by cutting are the surfaces 2 (upper) and 3 (lower), perpendicular to the direction of extrusion, and the lateral surfaces 4 and 5, perpendicular to the external 6 and internal 7 walls.
  • the partitions 8 between certain series of hollows 12 or / and 13 are hollowed out to a depth of a few centimeters, generally 2 or 3 cm, thereby forming continuous channels 15, parallel to the walls 6 and 7, and possibly also channels 16 perpendicular to the walls themselves.
  • These channels can be predisposed on all the blocks or even only on a part of them, according to the vertical distance which it is desired to obtain between said channels, to which will correspond , as we will see, horizontal elements of cement framework. Similar cuts can also be made on the partitions which separate the compression hollows 11, in order to predispose horizontal passages for technical installation elements.
  • the hollows 14 are still pierced, to a depth of a few centimeters, thereby producing seats 17 for reference pins.
  • the position of these seats is thus defined precisely by mechanical work, and it does not suffer from the tolerances resulting from the extrusion operation of the terracotta element.
  • a masonry work can be erected dry by approaching and superimposing an appropriate number of blocks.
  • Reference pins 18 introduced into the seats 17 drilled in correspondence with the recesses 14 (FIG. 6) authorize an execution of the superposition without having recourse to means for controlling the position of the blocks, nor to any particular attention or skill of the worker.
  • forks 19 may be arranged astride partitions 8 - suitably cut if necessary - adjacent blocks, in order to establish the position (FIG. 7), or similar forks 20 may be used according to figure 8 to connect adjacent blocks together and also give a reference point for the superimposed blocks.
  • reinforcing bars can be introduced in all or part of the channels 15, 16 to form horizontal reinforcements, while, when a certain height of the masonry work (for example , a stage) has been reached, reinforcement can be introduced vertically into some of the hollows which will then be interested in the jet of the cement mortar.
  • a reticular frame structure according to FIG. 9 composed by horizontal bars 21 extending along the thickness of the blocks, by horizontal bars 22 extending parallel to the walls 6 and 7 of the blocks, and by vertical bars 23.
  • the structure of reinforcement does not necessarily have to have the regularity of that according to figure 9, and it can be brought into agreement, in each places, with the effective necessities.
  • the distances between the irons, as well as their caliber can be chosen in the most timely manner.
  • cement mortar is poured into some of the recesses 12, 13, among which at minus those which communicate with the channels 15, 16.
  • the mortar descends to the basic plan of the building, thanks to the continuity of the hollows, and moreover it follows the horizontal channels 15, 16 by filling them and giving rise, after hardening, to a cement frame, which is incorporated into the mass of the masonry work but which, if one could discover it, would be seen as shown in Figure 10.
  • This frame consists of small vertical pillars 24 occupying the hollows in which the mortar was poured, transverse connections 25, which correspond to the channels 15 and link together the different approached blocks 1, and connections 26 directed between the internal and external walls of the blocks, and which correspond tooth in the channels 16.
  • cement mortar by which the material which is poured into the hollows and into the channels of the blocks has been indicated in order to fill them by constituting a framework as well as to incorporate any reinforcements, extensively, and it generally designates any material capable of cementing and capable of being poured.
  • a cement mortar based on silicates and aluminates as is usually used in the construction of buildings, but in the context of the invention can also find application, any at least for certain parts of the construction, mortars of special cements, plaster, other mineral binders or based on synthetic materials, etc.
  • reinforcements are introduced into these mortars, they will, of course, be adapted to the nature of the mortar, and in certain cases they may be formed for example by plasticized iron wire, by wire of other metal, by fibers. natural or synthetic, and so on.
  • the hollows which should not be filled can be temporarily covered by appropriate masks, thus facilitating the correct execution of this operation as much as possible.
  • the recesses 12 can be filled in number and arrangement entirely arbitrary, so that one can realize masonry walls externally identical but having a very different static resistance, from the minimum corresponding to the filling of a small number of hollows only to make a frame tending to assemble the blocks, up to the maximum corresponding to the filling of all the hollows 12.
  • the static resistance of the erected wall can therefore be precisely, easily and rationally proportioned to the various requirements of every part of the building.
  • the continuous reticular framework extending inside the masonry over the entire building gives it great resistance to forces regardless of direction, and therefore exceptional seismic characteristics.
  • the block according to FIG. 4 is used to form non-load-bearing internal walls. It shows recesses 27 of internal insulation and of containment of technical installations, small recesses 28 intended to receive the jet of a cement mortar, and a horizontal channel 29 which connects the recesses 28. Similar blocks may have different thicknesses, and they can also have the recesses 27 on one side only.
  • Figure 5 shows an angle block for making corners of the masonry structure. It has a substantially L-shaped shape, with aligned insulation recesses 30, adjacent to the perpendicular external walls 31, 32, and with compression recesses 33 for aligned technical installations, adjacent to the perpendicular internal walls 34, 35.
  • the channels 36, 37 also extend in both directions, forming a corner.
  • Similar blocks are intended to be superimposed, alternately one straight and the other inverted, to form corners having their convexity directed towards the outside.
  • the angle blocks can advantageously be produced by approaching two half-blocks, connected along the line indicated at 38 in FIG. 5.
  • Figure 11 shows a block intended to form a shoulder of the masonry. It differs from the fundamental block in that it has a wall 39 perpendicular between the external 40 and internal 41 walls; for the erection of a shoulder (FIG. 13), whole blocks 42 and blocks 43 cut in half are superimposed alternately, in order to obtain the offset of the joints. This is desirable either for technical reasons than for aesthetic reasons, although the nature of the construction carried out does not really make it necessary.
  • the blocks are arranged straight, on the other side they are arranged inverted, as shown by the arrows in FIG. 13.
  • the blocks according to the Figure 11 are predisposed to be cut in correspondence of the wall 39, as shown in Figure 12, thus forming blocks 44 whose retracted end forms seats 45 for the application of a lintel 46 (Fig. 13).
  • FIG. 14 shows a block which, in addition to a perpendicular (or inclined) wall 47 between the external 48 and internal 49 walls, also forms a mallet 50, for erecting shoulders with mallet.
  • the blocks according to Figure 14 can also be cut, as shown in Figure 15, to define in the structure a seat for the application of the box of a roller blind.
  • the structure of the box can be produced, as shown in FIG. 16, by means of external partition elements 51, internal partition elements 52 and elements 53 and 54 which, as a whole, form a lintel.
  • a structure produced according to the invention does not require, in the majority of cases, reinforced concrete pillars, but in cases where such pillars would be useful or necessary, blocks according to FIG. 17 can be used, which differ from the fundamental blocks 1 in that a number of the internal recesses 12 is replaced by a cavity 55, which is therefore surrounded by the recesses 15 and 16.
  • the cavity 55 is surrounded by a cement framework, possibly reinforced, which gives the blocks the attitude of resisting a pressure exerted by the cavity 55 towards the outside, so that in said cavity can be thrown a pillar 56 of reinforced concrete, as shown in Figure 18.
  • the blocks according to Figure 17 can be used, without throwing pillars, to lighten the masonry, or to introduce elements of technical installations.
  • the blocks according to FIG. 17 In order to allow the shifting of the seats, preferably the blocks according to FIG. 17 have a whole central cavity 55 and two lateral half-cavities 55.
  • Figure 19 shows an element intended to be used simply as formwork and successively as coating for a pillar in reinforced concrete. Also in this case the channels 57 and the filling of at least a portion of the recesses of the element allow the blocks to resist the casting pressure of the pillar.
  • Figure 20 shows a block suitable for the formation of reinforced terracotta beams
  • Figure 21 shows a block suitable for use in the formation of a floor with lattice beams.
  • the use of this block 59 in the jet of a floor supported on fundamental blocks 1 partially covered by planelles 61 is illustrated by FIG. 22. It is noted that blocks 62, constituted by the cutting of fundamental blocks 1 or else expressly manufactured, peripherally delimit the pouring space of the floor to be executed.
  • FIG. 23 shows the use of a special block 63 with oblique cavities 64, to form a cornice surrounding a floor formed by blocks 59 and by lattice beams 60.
  • FIG 24 shows a special block 65 with horizontal recesses, intended to form the structure of a cantilever staircase, as shown in Figures 25 and 26.
  • Each block has an L shape and has a base d '' a lap and a height of two climbs.
  • the recesses arranged in the rise are connected by a vertical channel 66, which cuts an oblique channel 67.
  • the steps are inserted by one side into a bearing wall formed by special blocks 68, some of which are cut and are indicated by 69.
  • These blocks 68 have two internal cavities and two lateral half-cavities; their width is 3/2 of fold and their height is two climbs.
  • the distal ends of the overhanging steps are closed by planelles 70.
  • the jet of cement mortar or concrete in the channels 66 forms in each step a cantilever beam 72 , which includes appropriate reinforcements 71 and is connected continuously to the supporting structure of the wall formed by the blocks 68, 69.
  • oblique beams 73 are formed, incorporating frames 74, which connect the various steps of the staircase to each other, also making a continuous reticular frame in the staircase which is integrated with that of the wall carrying the staircase and of the entire building.
  • the special blocks shown are only examples, and other forms of blocks may be provided to meet the requirements of particular parts of the building, or of special buildings, keeping the design unchanged to achieve the structure of the construction using elements earthenware provided with hollow and cement mortar distribution channels, so as to form, following the jet of a mortar in the hollow and in the channels, a continuous reticular framework of cement, incorporating, where appropriate , steel frames, entirely embedded in the terracotta blocks, which it provides to connect them and to reinforce them in the appropriate measure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Retaining Walls (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)

Claims (19)

1. Verfahren zur Errichtung von Mauerwerk mit Gefüge aus Blocksteinen und Zement, das folgende Vorgänge umfasst:
Vorbereitung der masseinheitlichen Blocksteine (0), die je mehrere Rohre (9-14) aufweisen, die sich sowohl in Richtung der Blocksteindicke als auch in Richtung der Blocksteinbreite nebeneinander der Höhe nach erstrecken und durch Scheidewände (8) getrennt sind;
Errichtung des Mauerwerks bis zur vorgegebenen Höhe, wobei die Blocksteine in aufeinanderfolgenden Schichten nebeneinander und übereinander trocken gelegt werden sowie, wenn und wo erforderlich, Eisenbewehrungen (21-23) in einen Teil der Kanäle und/oder der Rohre eingeführt werden, und
Vergiessen von Zementmörtel in einen Teil der Rohre (12, 13) der übereinanderliegenden Blocksteine, wobei wenigstens die Rohre, die mit den Kanälen (15, 16) in Verbindung stehen, sowie die Kanäle selbst mit entsprechender Einbettung der eventuell darin eingeführten Bewehrungen (21-23) gefüllt werden,
so dass nach Erhärtung des Zementmörtels innerhalb der Masse des mit den Blocksteinen errichteten Mauerwerks ein durchgehendes, eventuell bewehrtes Zementgerippe entsteht, das die Blocksteine miteinander verbindet und versiegelt;
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es ausserdem folgende Vorgänge umfasst:
Fertigung der masseinheitlichen Blocksteine (0) aus Ziegel, in einem an sich bekannten Strangpressverfahren und mit dünnen Scheidewänden (8);
Mechanische Bearbeitung wenigstens jener Flächen (2-5) der Blocksteine (0), die mit anderen Blocksteinen in Berührung kommen sollen, und zwar zu einem Zustand von Ebenheit, Parallelität und Genauigkeit der Grössenordnung eines Millimeterbruchteils; und
Maschinenschneiden bis zu einigen Zentimetern Tiefe eines Teils der Scheidewände (8), die die Rohre (12, 13) aller oder eines Teils der Blocksteine (1) trennen, wobei eine Gesamtheit von durchgehenden Kanälen (15, 16) entsteht, die sich in einer oder in zwei zur Richtung der Rohre (12,13) rechtwinkligen Richtungen erstrecken und mit einem Teil der Rohre in Verbindung stehen, die eine vorgegebene Gesamtheit bilden.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es auch den Vorgang umfasst, bei dem an den Blocksteinen (1) während der Verlegung Ansatzmittel, wie etwa Passstifte (18) oder Gabeln (19, 20) angebracht werden, die das richtige und ordnungsgemässe Auf- und Aneinanderlegen der Blocksteine (1) sichern sollen.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es auch den Vorgang umfasst, bei dem einige Rohre (14) der Blocksteine (1) mechanisch bearbeitet werden, um Aufnahmen (17) für die Passstifte (18) auszubilden.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es auch den Vorgang umfasst, bei dem in durch die Blocksteine (1) gebildeten Ausnehmungen Pfeiler (56) aus bewehrtem Beton betoniert werden, und zwar nach Erhärtung des eventuell bewehrten Zementgerippes, das die Blocksteine (1) miteinander verbindet und versiegelt und denselben die erforderliche Festigkeit verleiht, um den sich beim Betonieren aufbauenden Druck auszuhalten.
5. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es auch den Vorgang umfasst, bei dem Spezialblocksteine (65) vorbereitet werden, die sich waagerecht erstreckende Rohre aufweisen, wie die Blocksteine (1) behandelt werden und im Mauerwerk so angeordnet werden, dass wenigstens ein Teil der waagerechten Rohre mit Rohren oder Kanälen der Blocksteine (68, 69) mit senkrechten Rohren in Verbindung steht, und zwar so, dass dieselben zur Aufnahme des Mörtel- oder Zementvergusses bereit stehen, damit sich ein Gerippe bildet, das sich auch in den Blocksteinen (65) mit waagerechten Rohren durchlaufend erstreckt.
6. Blockstein zur Errichtung von Mauerwerk mit Gefüge aus Blocksteinen und Zement, der aus einer Masse (0) besteht, die mehrere Rohre (9-14) aufweist, die sich sowohl in Richtung der Blocksteindicke als auch in Richtung der Blocksteinbreite nebeneinander der Höhe nach erstrekken und durch Scheidewände (8) getrennt sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Blockstein aus einem stranggepressten Ziegelstein besteht, der verhältnismässig dünne Scheidewände (8) aufweist, dass in der Gestaltung (1), in der der Blockstein am Bauplatz verwendet wird, wenigstens die Flächen (2-5), die mit anderen Blocksteinen in Berührung kommen sollen, zu einem Zustand von Ebenheit, Parallelität und Genauigkeit der Grössenordnung eines Millimeterbruchteils mechanisch bearbeitet sind, und dass ein Teil der Scheidewände (8), die die Rohre (12, 13) trennen, bis zu einigen Zentimetern Tiefe mechanisch geschnitten ist, wobei eine Gesamtheit von Kanälen (15, 16) entsteht, die sich in einer oder in zwei zur Stranpressrichtung des Blocksteins rechtwinkligen Richtungen erstrecken und mit einem Teil der Rohre (15, 16) in Verbindung stehen, die eine vorgegebene Gesamtheit bilden.
7. Grundblockstein nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe eine Dicke (6 bis 7) aufweist, die der Dicke des zu errichtenden Mauerwerks entspricht, und dass die Aussenwand (6) und die Innenwand (7), die den Blockstein (1) begrenzen, dazu bestimmt sind, die entsprechende Aussenwand sowie die entsprechende Innenwand des Mauerwerks zu bilden.
8. Grundblockstein nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rohre (9-14) desselben eine oder zwei versetzte Reihen von an der die Aussenwand des Mauerwerks bildenden Wand (6) des Blocksteins (1) angrenzenden Isolierrohren (9,10), eine Reihe von an der die Innenwand des Mauerwerks bildenden Innenwand (7) des Blocksteins (1) angrenzenden Aufnahmerohren (11) zur Aufnahme der technischen Anlagen, und eine Gruppe von mehreren zwischen den Isolierrohren (9, 10) und den Aufnahmerohren (11) in zwei Richtungen nebeneinander verlaufenden Rohren (12-14) biden
9. Grundblockstein nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gruppe der Rohre (12-14) einige Rohre (14) mit kreisrundem Querschnitt umfasst, die eventuell nach einer mechanischen Bearbeitung Aufnahmen (17) für Passstifte (18) bilden sollen.
10. Grundblockstein nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe eine oder mehrere Ausnehmungen (55) umfasst, deren Abmessungen das Mehrfache der Abmessungen der Rohre (12) betragen und die dazu bestimmt sind, leere Erleichterungsräume, Räume zum Enthalten von Teilen der technischen Anlagen oder Schalungen für Pfeiler (56) aus bewehrtem Beton zu bilden (Figuren 17 und 18).
11. Grundblockstein nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe eine mittlere, vollständige Ausnehmung (55) und zwei setlichen halben Ausnehmungen (55) aufweist.
12. Grundblockstein nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sein Gefüge zu einer zur Aussenwand (6) und zur Innenwand (7) rechtwinklig verlaufenden Mittelebene symmetrisch ist und dass entlang dieser Ebene eine Reihe fluchtender Rohre (13) angeordnet ist, während zwei Reihen fluchtender Rohrhälften (13) an den zur Strangpressrichtung parallel und zur Aussenwand (6) sowie zur Innenwand (7) rechtwinklig verlaufenden Blocksteinflächen angeordnet sind.
13. Blockstein nach Anspruch 6, der ein Spezialblockstein zur Anwendung mit Grundblocksteinen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe eine zur Aussenwand (40) und zur Innenwand (41), die den Wänden (6 und 7) des Grundblocksteins (1) entsprechen, rechtwinkling verlaufende Wand (39) aufweist, um Schultern zu bilden (Figuren 11, 13).
14. Spezialblockstein nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe ein an der rechtwinkligen Wand (39) angrenzendes Gefüge aufweist, das sich schneiden lässt, um eine Aufnahme (45) zum Einsetzen eines Sturzes (46) herzustellen (Figuren 11-13).
15. Blockstein nach Anspruch 6, der ein Spezialblockstein zur Anwendung mit Grundblocksteinen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe eine rechtwinklige oder schräge Wand (47) samt Maueranschlag (50) aufweist, die sich zwischen der Aussenwand (48) und der Innenwand (49) erstreckt, die den Wänden (6 und 7) des Grundblocksteins (1) entsprechen, um Schultern mit Maueranschlag zu bilden (Figur 14).
16. Spezialblockstein nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe ein an der rechtwinkligen oder schrägen Wand (47) mit Maueranschlag (50) angrenzendes Gefüge aufweist, das sich schneiden lässt, um eine Aufnahme für einen Rolladen-Einbaukasten zu bilden (Figuren 14-16).
17. Blockstein nach Anspruch 6, der ein Spezialblockstein zur Anwendung mit Grundblocksteinen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe im wesentlichen die Form eines L mit der Breite einer Trittstufe und der Höhe von zwei Stossstufen hat und waagerechte Rohre, senkrechte Kanäle (66), die die in der Stosstufe angeordneten Rohre durchschneiden, und schräge Kanäle (67) aufweist, die sich von der einen bis zur anderen Seite des Blocksteins zwischen Punkten erstrekken, deren Höhenmasse sich von der Höhe einer Stosstufe unterscheiden, wobei dieser Blockstein (65) dazu bestimmt ist, die auskragenden Stufen einer Treppe zu bilden, die in einer tragenden Wand eingespannt ist, die aus Blocksteinen (68, 69) entsprechender Abmessungen besteht, die senkrechte Ausnehmungen aufweisen, die mit den waagerechten Rohren der die Stufen bildenden Blockstein (65) in Verbindung stehen (Figuren 24-26).
18. Blockstein nach Anspruch 6, der ein Spezialblockstein zur Anwendung mit den Blocksteinen nach Anspruch 17 ist, um eine tragende Wand für die auskragenden Stufen (65) einer Treppe zu bilden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dieser Blockstein (68) die Form eines Rechtkants hat, dessen Breite 3/2 der Trittstufe und dessen Höhe der Höhe von zwei Stossstufen entspricht und zwei Innenausnehmungen sowie zwei seitliche halbe Ausnehmungen aufweist (Figur 26).
19. Blockstein nach Anspruch 6, der ein Spezialblockstein zur Anwendung mit Grundblocksteinen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass derselbe eine senkrechte Aussenwand (63), obere und untere Aussparungen sowie eine Reihe von waagerechten Ausnehmungen (64) aufweist, die sich schräg nach unten zur Aussenwand (63) hin erstrecken, wobei dieser Blockstein dazu bestimmt ist, einen Dachgesimsteil mit Dachrinne und Unterschneidung zu bilden (Figur 23).
EP84201660A 1983-12-07 1984-11-16 Industrialisiertes Verfahren zur Errichtung von Mauerwerk aus Terrakotta und Zement und Blöcke für die Durchführung dieses Verfahrens Expired - Lifetime EP0145062B1 (de)

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IT68268/83A IT1175288B (it) 1983-12-07 1983-12-07 Procedimento industrializzato per l'erezione di murature a struttura latero cementizia e blocchi per la attuazione di tale procedimento

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BE1013798A3 (nl) * 1999-02-19 2002-09-03 Vandermersch Luc Bouwblok en werkwijze voor het vermetselen van dit bouwblok.
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DE958772C (de) * 1949-04-17 1957-02-21 Spezial Betonwaren Werke E G M Fuenfseitig geschlossener Hohlstein aus Beton mit schweren Zuschlagstoffen
CH296284A (de) * 1951-11-08 1954-02-15 Hoenger Hans Hohlkörperdecke und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung.
DE1509232A1 (de) * 1963-12-07 1968-12-05 Bertele Dr Ing Ubaldo Gelochtes Element aus ziegelsteinartigem oder aehnlichem Material zur Herstellung von Stufen
US4319440A (en) * 1979-10-11 1982-03-16 Rassias John N Building blocks, wall structures made therefrom and methods of making the same
DE2946456A1 (de) * 1979-11-17 1981-05-27 Dipl.-Ing. Detlef Västerås Degenkolbe Stapelstein

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DE3482749D1 (de) 1990-08-23

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