EP0128830B1 - Prefabricated constructions and their component parts - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to constructions of the type of individual houses, clinics, schools, etc., generally on one or two levels, having inclined and flat roofs, and produced by prefabrication, that is to say whose exterior walls are made from factory-made components, each of which extends at least the full height of a room.

It also relates to said prefabricated components.

It has already been proposed to constitute prefabricated components of constructions by sets of flat self-supporting panels extending along a V-shaped dihedral at obtuse angle and suitable for each forming a vertical section of construction composed by a flat exterior wall section and by a flat roof section extending this wall upwards, said assembly being in the form of a frame delimited laterally by V-frames whose deployed length is greater than 5 meters, frame closed by parallel facing of plywood or material analogous and containing thermally insulating material.

In such constructions, known for example from document FR-A-1,169,657, the chassis was made of metal, a relatively expensive material and difficult to maintain. In addition, the assemblies of the two panels of each set, executed on site, were relatively fragile.

The invention makes possible a particularly economical, solid and durable realization of constructions of the kind indicated above.

To this end, the prefabricated components of the above kind according to the invention are essentially characterized in that each of their two lateral V-shaped members is constituted by two straight wooden beams assembled by cutting and gluing on an intermediate lamellar key. glued, the plane of the faces of each strip constituting this key being on the one hand perpendicular to the plane formed by the longitudinal axes of the two longitudinal members constituting the V and on the other hand inclined on each of these axes by an angle equal to the half of the angle formed between them.

It should be noted here that document DE-A-2 004 258 also discloses a glued laminated key intended to assemble between them two beams whose longitudinal axes form an angle between them. However, the structure of this known key differs from that which has just been explained in that the planes of its constituent lamellae are parallel to the plane containing the longitudinal axes of the two longitudinal members.

• - les deux membrures latérales en V comprises par chaque composant sont solidarisées entre elles par des traverses horizontales en bois massif dont l'une relie les deux clés de deux membrures latérales successives,
• - la continuité de la face interne de la zone de raccordement des deux pans du mur et de la toiture est obtenue à l'aide d'une feuille en contreplaqué cintrée fixée sur le bord inférieur du parement interne supérieur, sur le bord supérieur du parement interne inférieur et sur la traverse reliant les deux clés,
• - la continuité de la face externe de la zone de raccordement des deux pans est obtenue à l'aide d'une tôle pliée en V fixée sur la traverse reliant les deux clés ainsi que sur le bord inférieur du parement externe supérieur et que sur le bord supérieur du parement externe inférieur,
• - le composant comprend des moyens agences pour supporter une rive d'un plancher d'un étage,
• - le composant présente des ouvertures équipées de baies vitrées ou analogues,
• - la surface extérieure du composant est recouverte d'une tôle maintenue parallèle à cette surface, à une petite distance de celle-ci, par des entretoises solidaires de ladite tôle, qui délimitent des canaux s'étendant sur toute la hauteur du composant, canaux utilisables à des fins de ventilation et/ou de climatisation du volume intérieur de la construction,
• - la face extérieure de la tôle ci-dessus est munie de moyens d'accrochage pour des éléments de couverture,
• - il est rapporté extérieurement sur la portion supérieure du pan de mur vertical du composant une poutre creuse formant auvent, de section droite triangulaire, délimitée par une face verticale appliquée contre ladite portion, par une face horizontale inférieure et par une face inclinée prolongeant vers le bas la face extérieure du pan incliné de toiture,
• - la continuité du composant déployé et dressé est renforcée par au moins un câble tendu entre deux points d'ancrage situés respectivement dans la fondation du pan de mur vertical et au sommet du pan incliné de toiture.

In preferred embodiments, use is also made of one and / or the other of the following arrangements:

• - the two V-shaped side members included by each component are joined together by horizontal solid wood crosspieces, one of which connects the two keys of two successive side members,
• - the continuity of the internal face of the connection area of the two sides of the wall and the roof is obtained using a curved plywood sheet fixed on the lower edge of the upper internal facing, on the upper edge of the facing lower internal and on the crossbeam connecting the two keys,
• - the continuity of the external face of the connection area of the two sides is obtained using a V-folded sheet fixed on the crosspiece connecting the two keys as well as on the lower edge of the upper external facing and only on the upper edge of the lower external facing,
• the component comprises agency means for supporting an edge of a one-story floor,
• - the component has openings fitted with bay windows or the like,
• the outer surface of the component is covered with a sheet kept parallel to this surface, at a small distance from the latter, by spacers integral with said sheet, which delimit channels extending over the entire height of the component, channels usable for ventilation and / or air conditioning of the interior volume of the building,
• the outer face of the above sheet is provided with attachment means for covering elements,
• - A hollow beam forming an awning, of triangular cross section, delimited by a vertical face applied against said portion, by a lower horizontal face and by an inclined face extending towards the down the outside of the inclined roof,
• - The continuity of the deployed and erected component is reinforced by at least one cable stretched between two anchor points located respectively in the foundation of the vertical wall section and at the top of the inclined roof section.

The invention includes, apart from these main provisions, certain other provisions which are preferably used at the same time and which will be more explicitly discussed below.

• La figure 1, de ces dessins, montre schématiquement en vue perspective un composant de construction plat recourbé en V selon l'invention.
• Les figures 2 et 3 montrent schématiquement selon des coupes verticales transversales deux constructions réalisées à l'aide de tels composants recourbés en V selon l'invention.
• La figure 4 montre en vue perspective du dessous une articulation supérieure (non revendiquée) comprise par une telle construction.
• La figure 5 est une coupe transversale verticale du faîte d'une construction du type ci-dessus.
• La figure 6 montre en vue perspective plus détaillée que la figure 1, portions arrachées, un composant établi selon l'invention.
• La figure 7 montre en perspective à plus grande échelle un détail de ce composant.
• La figure 8 montre, également à plus grande échelle, la zone de pliure d'un type de composant non revendiqué selon une coupe verticale perpendiculaire à la ligne de pliure.

In the following, preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

• Figure 1 of these drawings shows schematically in perspective view a flat construction component curved in V according to the invention.
• Figures 2 and 3 schematically show in vertical cross sections two constructions made using such curved components in V according to the invention.
• Figure 4 shows in perspective view from below an upper articulation (not claimed) included by such a construction.
• Figure 5 is a vertical cross section of the ridge of a construction of the above type.
• Figure 6 shows in perspective view more detailed as Figure 1, cutaway portions, a component established according to the invention.
• Figure 7 shows in perspective on a larger scale a detail of this component.
• Figure 8 shows, also on a larger scale, the fold area of a type of component not claimed in a vertical section perpendicular to the fold line.

Figures 9, 10 and 11 schematically show in partial transverse vertical sections three variants of constructions established in accordance with the invention.

Figure 12 is a partial horizontal section of Figure 9 along XII-XII.

Each building component or panel, hereinafter called "shell", is prefabricated in the factory and has the general shape of an elongated rectangle, curved in V, the fold line of the V extending along the width of this rectangle. .

This width of the rectangle is less than or equal to 2.50 m so as to allow transport by road, this width being in particular equal to 30,120 or 180 cm.

Its length is relatively large, being more than 5 m and possibly reaching or exceeding 10 m.

The thickness of the hulls considered is generally between 8 and 25 cm.

Each shell 1 is folded in a V at an angular elbow with a small radius of curvature as visible at 3 in FIGS. 1 to 3, which defines two flat sections 8 and 9 on either side of this elbow 3, one vertical lower 8 intended to constitute a wall and the other oblique upper 9 intended to constitute a flat roof pan.

The folding angle can be chosen over a wide range from 30 to 90 °.

As each construction uses a plurality of similarly folded shells intended to be assembled side by side to form one of the facades of the construction, surmounted by the associated roofing panel, these similar shells can be easily stacked on top of each other in view of their transport, the batteries thus obtained then having a very small overall size.

To further reduce this space requirement during transport, it may be advantageous to provide a joint in the vicinity of the elbow of each shell so as to make it possible to fold the two sides of this shell against each other: such a joint, materialized by a hinge located at the inner face of the V, has been illustrated at 53 in FIG. 11. This hinge 53 is of course supplemented by suitable means for locking the hull in its deployed state when it is put in place for sight to carry out a construction.

The hulls are equipped as of their manufacture with most of the accessories which they will have to understand to play their definitive role of piece of wall and cover in the finished construction, accessories such as frames, preferably in wood, delimiting openings and equipped with bay windows 62 (fig. 10), opening or not, with dormer windows or seated dogs 63, or double portholes with intermediate blinds, door frames, electrical installations, plumbing and possibly heating pipes, support plates 14 for intermediate floors 13 ...

Each hull is in the general form of a wooden frame 37 (fig. 6) delimited laterally by two members 38 bent in a V and above and below by horizontal crosspieces 39.

• - par une membrure intermédiaire 40 parallèle aux membrures latérales 38 et semblable à celles-ci, mais de préférence un peu plus épaisse selon la direction X de la ligne de pliure de la coque,
• - et par quelques entretoises horizontales 41,42 reliant entre elles les trois membrures 38 et 40 : celle, de ces entretoises, désignée par la référence 42 et située au niveau de la ligne X, est plus importante que les autres et sera commentée plus en détail ci-après.

This chassis 37 is completed and reinforced:

• - by an intermediate frame 40 parallel to the side frames 38 and similar to these, but preferably a little thicker in the direction X of the fold line of the hull,
• - And by some horizontal spacers 41,42 connecting the three members 38 and 40 together: that of these spacers, designated by the reference 42 and located at the level of line X, is more important than the others and will be discussed in more detail detail below.

The chassis 37 is closed by parallel flat facing plates 25 43.

Each outer plate 43 is made of a weather resistant plywood and each inner plate 43 is preferably also made of plywood, but could also be made of any other suitable material such as agglomerated particles, plastic reinforced with glass fibers. or others, canvas impregnated with resin, metal, cardboard, plaster ...

These plates 43 can be treated at least superficially and / or coated with any desirable protective layer or covering (paint, varnish, plaster, etc.).

Said plates 43 are glued and stapled on the frames and possibly on the crosspieces so as to be integral with the chassis and to contribute to the strength and resistance of the hull.

The internal volume of the chassis 37 is lined, at least in part, by a mattress 44 having good qualities of thermal and possibly acoustic insulation, this mattress being for example made of a felt or a flexible or semi-rigid plastic foam.

An air space can be provided between this mattress 44 and one of the facings 43.

The mattress 44 can be interrupted, as well as the corresponding facing portions 43, over a certain height of the shell, in particular in its upper zone, for lighting and possibly ventilation purposes, which gives the zone concerned a pergola look. The volume thus released can be occupied by a glazing, possibly shifted upwards if it is an inclined zone on the vertical.

Each frame 38, 40 is formed by two straight beams of solid or laminated wood. glued together by means of a key 45 also in glulam.

The assembly of each spar on the key 45 is carried out by gluing and cutting, that is to say by mutual nesting of complementary teeth 46 (fig. 7) cut in the mutual sections opposite the lamellae making up these two elements.

These teeth 46 advantageously have the shape of pointed triangular saw teeth as can be seen in FIG. 7.

When the hull is in its upright service position illustrated in FIG. 6, the mean plane of each constituent lamella of each lower spar is vertical and the mean plane of each constituent lamella of each key 45 is inclined on the vertical by an angle which is equal to half of the angle A of inclination on the vertical of the mean plane of each lamella constituting each upper spar.

The horizontal crosspieces 39, 41 and 42 are formed by solid wood pieces.

That 42, of these crosspieces, located at the level of the fold line X of the shell connects the different keys 45 together.

In the illustrated case for which the hull comprises an intermediate member 40, said cross member 42 is composed of two half-cross members arranged in the extension of one another and each extending horizontally between the central key comprised by said intermediate member 40 and the key included by a lateral member 38 and each half-cross member is fixed to the two corresponding keys by nailing and / or by gluing.

It is advantageous to give the external surfaces of the keys 45 and half-crosspieces 42 identical shapes and arranged horizontally in the extension of one another so as to facilitate the support of the external facings.

This shape can be that of a curved tile or portion of a cylinder of revolution.

In the illustrated embodiment, said shape is that of a truss or a horizontal edge dihedron whose apex angle is additional to angle A.

In this case, the external closure of the hull can be carried out using two completely flat facing each extending to the horizontal edge of the farm, the mutual juxtaposition of these two facing being carried out along this edge.

To complete the continuity of this closure and reinforce the shell while ensuring a good transfer of the forces from one of the external facings to the other, the juxtaposition zone of these facings is advantageously covered by a sheet 47 (fig. 8), in particular in aluminum, folded according to a V whose opening is equal to that of the truss, the two wings of this sheet being fixed respectively on the two flat areas of the truss by nailing or stapling at 48 with interposition of the juxtaposed edges of the two facing in question.

The upper edge of the sheet 47 is preferably arranged so as to avoid any introduction of rainwater between the latter and the facing which it covers, possibly being associated for this purpose with a suitable joint or joint cover.

The internal closing of the hull can also be carried out using two flat facing each interrupted at the level of the keys 45 (see fig. 6), that is to say at a small distance from the cross-member 42, as visible in figure 8.

Continuity and resumption of efforts are obtained here using a piece of plywood 49 curved in the shape of a cylindrical tile and fixed by gluing and stapling, on the one hand in its center at 50 on the lateral face in look of the crosspiece 42, and on the other hand at 51 at the lower edge of the upper facing and lower on the upper edge of the lower facing.

Each of these last two fastenings is preferably carried out on a side of one of the above cross braces 41.

The assembly obtained in the manner described above between the two flat sections constituting the hull folded in a V shape is very solid and makes it possible to give the upper oblique section a large horizontal span, which is surprising for a wooden structure.

It should also be noted that this result is obtained by using economical materials, essentially based on wood.

To establish a construction using the V-shaped shells described above, at least two of these shells are erected in such a way that they each have a vertical base 8, that the two bases are parallel and that the oblique upper sections 9 of the two panels are turned towards each other and bear against each other (fig. 2 and 3).

In addition, each base 8 is mounted on a foundation block 10, preferably by means of a flexible support 11 forming a semi-articulation and the mutual support of the upper sections 9 is advantageously carried out at a joint 12 horizontal axis H forming a hinge.

The triangulated assembly thus obtained, which forms a kind of "arch", can undergo slight deformations when subjected to external forces of great intensity such as those due to the occurrence of a strong wind or a storm or even a seismic shaking of the ground: the said assembly is able to withstand such efforts without excessive local stresses which may cause deterioration or fractures.

The assembly method considered is particularly advantageous in the context of the use of the very light V-shaped hulls described above: it in fact makes it possible to significantly increase the overall robustness of the building to the point of making it comparable to that of a building of the same dimensions constructed with much heavier conventional materials, generally at least five times more heavy, and much more expensive.

The thickness of the triangular "arches" defined above is multiplied by juxtaposing laterally against the hulls constituting these arches of other similar hulls, which forms vaulted structures made up of several juxtaposed arches.

These structures are closed at their two ends by transverse gables.

The mutual lateral assemblies of the various constituent panels of the facades and gables are provided in a sealed manner vis-à-vis rainwater and preferably vis-à-vis heat and sound.

The forms likely to be given to the works in question are extremely varied.

One of them, visible in Figure 2, is that of a classic house with vertical walls surmounted by a double-pitched roof.

In this embodiment, an intermediate floor 13 is provided, supported by brackets 14 provided waiting on the shells 1 so as to form a stage.

In a variant shown diagrammatically in FIG. 3, the two constituent shells folded in a V have unequal heights and bear one against the other at the level of two articulations 12 and 12 ₁ which are both carried by a central wall 15 extending parallel to the bases 8 of these two panels.

• - à leurs deux extrémités, de coques du genre de celles décrites ci-dessus,
• - et, entre ces extrémités, de pans inclinés correspondant aux tronçons supérieurs de telles coques et reposant à leurs bases sur des semi- articulations elles-mêmes placées au sommet de poteaux intérieurs auxdits ouvrages.

We could also consider works comprising roofs of the "sheds" type and composed:

• - at their two ends, shells of the kind described above,
• - And, between these ends, inclined sections corresponding to the upper sections of such shells and resting at their bases on semi-articulations themselves placed at the top of posts internal to said works.

An embodiment of upper articulation has been illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5.

• - une pluralité de douilles métalliques 16 prolongées extérieurement par des paumelles 17 solidarisées avec les coques à assembler,
• - et une barre 18 traversant ces douilles ou plus précisément des coussinets 19 en matière plastique formant paliers emmanchés à force dans lesdites douilles.

It is in the form of a hinge comprising:

• a plurality of metal sockets 16 extended externally by hinges 17 secured to the shells to be assembled,
• - And a bar 18 passing through these sockets or more precisely plastic bearings 19 forming bearings which are force fitted into said sockets.

The respective numbers and positions of these sockets and hinges are chosen such that after the bar 18 has been placed in the sockets, the respective positions of the two shells articulated one on the other are rigorously defined in the direction of the axis of articulation H: it suffices in particular for this purpose to provide two pairs of juxtaposable sockets for each articulation, the two closest sockets being linked to a panel and the two most distant sockets to the other panel.

Each joint is surmounted by a joint cover or cap 20 constituted in particular by a sheet metal folded in an inverted V, with the interposition of a filling mass 21 making it possible to complete the sealing and the thermal insulation of the roof, this mass being by example made of glass wool.

The manufacture of the shells 1 folded in a V above can be used to bring in the factory on the outer face of these shells a sheet 54 (fig. 9 and 12) held parallel to this face by spacers 55 arranged so as to delimit a set of parallel channels 56 extending over the entire height of the hull.

The spacers 55 may be longitudinal ribs integral with the sheet 54.

The channels 56 in question, the upper or lower end of which is placed in communication with the volume V of the finished construction, can be used in any desirable manner to guide the circulation, natural or forced, of an ascending air stream or downward allowing ventilation and / or air conditioning of volume V.

The outer surface of the sheet 54 can be provided with attachment means for covering or covering elements such as tiles, facade panels, etc., means such as fins 57 integral with said sheet.

• - une face verticale 58₁ appliquée contre ladite portion supérieure,
• - une face inférieure horizontale 58₂,
• - une face supérieure inclinée 58₃ prolongeant exactement la face supérieure de la toiture inclinée.

To extend horizontally the inclined roof of a construction of the above kind on the vertical wall that this roof extends upwards, one can bring out on the upper portion of this wall a hollow beam 58 (fig. 10) forming an awning and having a triangular section, said beam being delimited by:

• a vertical face 58 ₁ applied against said upper portion,
• - a horizontal lower face 58 ₂ ,
• - an inclined upper face 58 ₃ exactly extending the upper face of the inclined roof.

To ensure an extremely solid connection between the upper inclined section of each shell and its lower vertical section, and thus make it impossible in all circumstances to tear off the roof of the construction comprising such a shell, it is advantageous to provide at least one cable. 59 (fig. 11) of steel stretched inside said shell between a lower anchor point 60 located in the foundation and an anchor point 61 located at the top of the shell, in particular at the articulation of this shell on the opposite shell.

• - épaisseur totale de la coque: de l'ordre de 17 cm
• - largeur de la coque selon la direction X : 1,20 m,
• - angle A d'inclinaison sur la verticale du plan oblique : 60°,
• - hauteur du pan inférieur-vertical : 2,50 m,
• - longueur du pan supérieur oblique : 3,50 m,
• - épaisseur de chaque membrure latérale 38 selon la direction X : 4 cm,
• - épaisseur de la membrure centrale 40 selon la direction X : 6 cm,
• - largeur de la face interne de chaque clé 45 : 22 cm,
• - hauteur des dents 46 des entures : 3 cm et pas entre ces dents : 1 cm.

Purely by way of illustration and in no way limiting, some indications are given below on an embodiment of the hull in accordance with FIG. 6 having given all satisfaction:

• - total thickness of the shell: around 17 cm
• - width of the hull in direction X: 1.20 m,
• - angle A of inclination to the vertical of the oblique plane: 60 °,
• - height of the lower-vertical section: 2.50 m,
• - length of the oblique upper section: 3.50 m,
• - thickness of each lateral member 38 in the direction X: 4 cm,
• - thickness of the central member 40 in the direction X: 6 cm,
• - width of the internal face of each key 45: 22 cm,
• - height of the teeth 46 of the splices: 3 cm and not between these teeth: 1 cm.

As a result of which, and whatever the embodiment adopted, there are finally V-folded shells and constructions made up of such shells, the constitution and mounting of which result sufficiently from the above.

• - l'extrême légèreté, le poids linéaire de l'ensemble mur de façade-toiture à base de bois étant plusieurs fois inférieur au poids linéaire correspondant des solutions à préfabrication lourde,
• - la simplicité de l'assemblage sur place du fait notamment qu'il est inutile de prévoir des raccords spéciaux et étanches entre les bords supérieurs des murs et les bords inférieurs des pans de toiture adjacents, ces murs et pans étant constitués de pièces monoblocs,
• - la possibilité de préfabriquer en usine ces pièces monoblocs,
• - le prix de revient extrêmement bas qui découle notamment des avantages précédents, la grande légèreté entraînant en particulier un certain nombre de réductions concomitantes telles que celle du volume des matériaux utilisés, celle des frais de transport, celle de l'importance des fondations ...
• - l'excellente résistance de la construction aux sollicitations externes (vents, secousses sismiques ...) en raison de sa légère déformabilité sans rupture,
• - l'universalité des formes susceptibles d'être créées pour les constructions obtenues à partie d'un très petit nombre d'éléments ou composants modulaires de départ,
• - l'originalité marquée de certaines de ces formes (en particulier il est facile de prévoir des lanternes d'éclairage ou des cheminées au faîte des constructions proposées, moyennant des interruptions locales des charnières d'articulation supérieures),
• - la possibilité de donner au contraire à d'autres constructions des formes tout à fait conventionnelles et parfaitement adaptées aux styles locaux.

These hulls and constructions have numerous advantages over those previously known and in particular the following:

• - the extreme lightness, the linear weight of the wood-based façade-roof wall assembly being several times less than the corresponding linear weight of solutions with heavy prefabrication,
• the simplicity of the assembly on site, in particular because there is no need to provide special and watertight connections between the upper edges of the walls and the lower edges of the adjacent roof sections, these walls and sections being made up of one-piece parts,
• - the possibility of prefabricating these one-piece parts in the factory,
• - the extremely low cost price which results in particular from the above advantages, the great lightness bringing about in particular a certain number of concomitant reductions such as that of the volume of the materials used, that of the transport costs, that of the importance of the foundations. .
• - the excellent resistance of the construction to external stresses (winds, earthquakes, etc.) due to its slight deformability without breaking,
• - the universality of the forms likely to be created for constructions obtained from a very small number of initial modular elements or components,
• - the marked originality of some of these forms (in particular it is easy to provide lighting lanterns or chimneys at the top of the proposed constructions, by means of local interruptions of the upper articulation hinges),
• - the possibility of giving on the contrary to other constructions completely conventional forms and perfectly adapted to local styles.

Claims (10)

1. A prefabricated constructional component formed by a flat self-supporting panel extending as a V dihedron with an obtuse angle and adapted to form a vertical section of the assembly formed by a flat outer wall pane of a construction and by a roof pane extending this wall upwardly, said panel being in the form of a frame (37) defined laterally by beams (38) bent in a V shape whose opened out length is greater than 5 m, which frame is closed by two flat parallel facings (43) made of plywood or of an analogous material and contains a heat insulating material (44), characterized in that each of its two lateral V beams (38) is formed by two straight wood stringers assembled together by imbricating and sticking to an intermediate key (45) made from bonded laminate, the plane of the faces of each lamination composing said key (45) being on the one hand perpendicular to the plane formed by the longitudinal axes of the two stringers composing the V and on the other hand inclined on each of said axes at an angle equal to the half of the angle (A) formed between said axes.
2. 2. The component according to claim 1, characterized in that the two lateral V beams (38) are firmly secured together by horizontal cross pieces made from solid wood (39, 41, 42) one of which (42) connects together the two keys (45) of two successive lateral beams (38).
3. 3. The component according to claim 2, characterized in that the continuity of the internal face of the zone binding the wall pane and the roof pane is obtained by means of a bent plywood sheet (49) fixed to the lower edge of the upper internal facing (43), to the upper edge of the lower internal facing (43) and to the cross piece (42) connecting the two keys together.
4. 4. The component according to any one of claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the continuity of the external face of its zone binding the wall pane and the roof pane is obtained by means of a metal sheet bent in a V shape (47) fixed to the cross piece (42) joining the two keys (45) together as well as to the lower edge of the upper external facing and to the upper edge of the lower external facing.
5. 5. The component according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises means (14) adapted so as to support an edge of the floor (13) of a storey.
6. 6. The component according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the panel is formed with openings equipped with windows or similar (62, 63).
7. 7. The component according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the external surface of the panel is covered with a metal sheet (54) held parallel to this surface, at a small distance therefrom, by spacers (55) integral with said metal sheet (54), wich define channels (56) extending over the whole height of the component, which channels can be used for ventilating and/or air conditioning the inner volume of the construction.
8. 8. The component according to claim 7, characterized in that the outer face of the metal sheet (54) is provided with fastening means (57) for covering elements.
9. 9. The component according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is added externaily to the upper portion of the vertical wall pane of this component a hollow beam (58) forming a weatherboard, having a triangular cross section and defined by a vertical face (58₁) applied against said portion, by a lower horizontal face (58₂) and by a slanting face (58₃) extending downwardly the outward face of the slanting pane of the component.
10. 10. The component according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the continuity of the opened out and erectrd panel is reinforced by at least one cable (59) stretched between two anchorage points (60, 61) situated respectively in the foundation of the vertical pane and at the top of the slanting pane.

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