EP0060230A1 - Supporting structure of a conglomerate or reinforced concrete, in particular anti-earthquake, for planar as well as vaulted or arc-shaped constructions, produced of modular elements - Google Patents

Abstract

The structure is produced using the same modular elements (1) either for works with flat surfaces or for vaulted works. The elements are shaped so that they can be fitted together by means of grooves (3;, 10; 13) and corresponding ribs ensuring the watertightness of the structure with the mortar. The cross-pieces and the uprights (19) of the network are precalculated according to the requirements, aligned, continuous, compact, uninterrupted, intimately linked. Grooves (7, 7 ') and troughs (8, 8') promote the creep of the mortar in all parts of the structure. A retarder added to the mortar allows it to reach each location and be compressed in the structure before hardening. Sealing eliminates the plastering of the view faces. With elements of a single profile, it is possible to carry out either works with flat surfaces or works in vaults.

Description

The invention relates to a bearing structure in con = glomerated, in particular anti-seismic, for flat = structures as well as for arches, or arches, obtained by means of modular elements, such as to support any stress without the intervention of said elements.

In the territories struck by earthquakes it is essential to proceed with great speed to the reconstruction; it is therefore necessary to have means suitable for this purpose, while at the same time ensuring the construction a suitable resistence.

We know how the Law gives precise indications for constructions in these territories; these indications relate in particular to the sloping tank in reinforced concrete. The walls are however elevated between pillars without an effective connection of the elements which compose them, nor of the walls themselves, with the pillars and the adjacent beams.

Considerable advantages would be obtained in the construction of walls with an iron frame and conglomerated, if the structure of the load-bearing wall includes a reinforcement sensitive to the structure of the pillars and the reinforced concrete beams. In this case, this framework should be a real conglomerate network, or reinforced concrete, and, in particular, that the uprights and crossbeams should be in reciprocal correlation of dimension with respect to a specific construction. The network would also have to be continuous and compact, which would suppose that the modular elements were provided with means for sealing the conglomerate as well as with means which would promote the creep of the mor = tier in all the points of the network. In addition, once the characteristics of a modular element have been established for the construction of a suitable network, provision should be made for accessory modular elements provided with the same characteristics in order to allow the attachment of transverse walls, or else partition walls, or right or left fencing elements, or, better still, elements which, while having the same characteristics, would allow construction to continue in any direction, for example by providing a modification, to a modular element provided for this case, on the same place of construction, such as the opening in this element of passages according to the requirements which would arise.

A network which has all the characteristics indicated would represent, in the opinion of the Applicants, a considerable contribution to the solution of the problem. In this case, this network should be such as to support in itself any stress on the wall, without the contribution of modular elements, the function of which would remain that of insulating and closing elements. In this case, the very modular elements could be made with any material whatsoever, such as clay, concrete, conglomerate and similia, but also in pressed wood and, above all, in synthetic resins, such as polystyrene.

The need to interrupt a work with flat surfaces with a vault or arch construction occurs very often, especially in small countries; difficulties are encountered in these cases because of the time required for construction, because of the skilled labor, as well as of the construction elements.

The network, the supposed characteristics of which were described earlier, would be even more suitable if the possibility were given of proce der to its construction, either in the case of a work with flat surfaces, or in the case of a vault, or an arch, using the same modular elements that are used for works with flat surfaces. Given the assumed characteristics, also the arch and arch constructions could be made in the same way and with lighter materials, cheaper and easier to tran sporter and to handle.

As regards the possibility of making one or vrage with flat surfaces (not vault or arc) with modular elements which comprise a network conglomerate or reinforced concrete, the ^T state of the art offers numerous proposals which use modular elements for construction, such that they can be stacked and placed side by side without using mortar, with the aim of making construction easier, cheaper and faster; or do these proposals relate to conglomerate blocks, or concrete with vertical and transverse channels for the introduction of conglomerated after assembly, with or without an iron frame in the horizontal direction and vertical; or even, these proposals refer to modular elements for the building provided with horizontal and vertical interlockings for an assembly without the use of mortar. In several cases we have planned also ventilation channels to form air mattresses, or to pass water or electrical pipes. We also provided elements for the connection of the walls to the corners of the construction

In patent US 952,080 (McIntyre) blocks for building are provided, which have an oblong shape, with head affecting the shape of an L, provided with vertical holes to pass the conglomerate, these blocks having to be arranged in a position opposite and being superimposable by interlocking using a longitudinal groove and a rib affecting the shape of a V. The configuration of the block that has been described in this patent aims to obtain a transverse and vertical bucket . The goal can be achieved, however, only with elements made of conglomerate or concrete, or clay, since the conglomerate network obtained is not correlated = dimension in both directions, vertical and horizontal; that is to say that the elements in blocks must contribute with their own resistance. What is lacking is therefore a balance between the uprights and the crossbeams of the network, as well as its continuous and uninterrupted perimeter continuity. The blocks superimposed and placed side by side do not seal the conglomerate along the entire peripheral surface of the wall; the conglomerate can therefore come out at the expense of internal pressure and cleanliness of the modular elements. No means are provided, which promotes creep and optimal distribution of the mortar.

US Patent 1,084,098 (McIntyre) provides only concrete blocks, the interior openings of which are particularly intended to form a heat-resistant passage for an air mattress. Even if the mortar is introduced, no network is provided which presents a balance in dimensions between the sleepers and the studs.

We can say the same thing of US Patent 3,968,615 (IVANY). There has been described a concrete block provided with vertical and horizontal channels for the introduction of the conglomerate and the placement of a frame. Elements are formed constituting robust mon =. `tants, these amounts are however not supported by cross-members proportionate with them; we do not recognize a continuous and uninterrupted network along the entire peripheral circuit of the wall. There are no means which favor the creep of the mortar under pressure. Even in this case, one can only make use of modular concrete elements; the circuit was not sealed along the entire structure.

The US Patents 2,186,712 (STAMM) and 2,736,188 (WILHEIM) concern blocks for which au = an introduction of mortar is planned after their assembly.

US Patent 4,075,508 (PEARL) relates to a construction system with blocks to fit together to form a network. The blocks do not have characteristics such as to ensure a correlation in size between the uprights and the crosspieces; the latter seem to have a completely negligible dimension compared to the former. No suitable correlation or any precaution at the time of the introduction of the mortar being planned, namely an introduction under pressure or else in the presence of a retarder, it seems that the structure can, in itself, suffice for hold ny any stress on the wall without the contribution of modular elements. The latter must therefore necessarily be made of ar = gile, or of conglomerate, or similar material.

The PEARL system does not seem to provide, by the way, additional modular elements such as for hanging transverse walls, or partition walls, or half-size elements, or elements to be modified on site. (membrane) to create passages in relation to the requirements that arise. All these characteristics not being provided for, it cannot be said that the PEARL system could provide a structure independent of modular elements in relation to the work's demands.

German patent DE-PS 677,922 (JOHNER) relates to hollow blocks placed side by side so as to form ventilation passages with air mattresses between the junction surfaces; the German patent DE-PS 841,339 (SPRING) relates to elements for building affecting the shape of an H, which must be used as permanent formwork; the German Patent DE-PS DE 816,452 (TEUBNER) relates to elements for building with interlockings in order to make the superposition and the positioning side by side of the blocks faster. It does not appear that these patents can indicate a bearing structure as described at the beginning of this description.

French Patent 465,102 (WAGON) also concerns various blocks, full or hollow, made of material of any kind and which "by their conformations and arrangements, tend to achieve voids and hollows in their implementation necessary for the location and construction of a reinforced concrete frame, or of any other kind, composed of uprights and crosspieces to which they serve as formwork and filling = wise to stay in the making of the walls of edifices ". Several of these tasks are the same as the Applicants pursue, including that of obtaining view faces which carry a decoration and which, in any case, do not need plastering = wise. immediately say that WAGON specifies, with reference to its figure 4, that "the horizontal holes a and the vertical holes b serve to ensure ventilation and the air mattress inside the walls", while "the vertical holes c and the vertical and horizontal grooves d are arranged to receive the reinforcing bars with their ligatures joining them together as well as the concrete of the framework, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 ". work does not appear waterproof to the mortar; it only penetrates into the holes c and into the grooves d, but cannot penetrate under pressure. The framework network is only coated with mortar, but does not appear to be a real structure, whereas the only openings which have a certain am = fold study (b) are provided for air mattresses. Furthermore, no means is indicated which favors the creep and the adhesion of the mortar. Finally, since a real load-bearing structure is missing, it does not seem that the conditions exist for blocks made of materials other than concrete to be limited to serving as formwork, especially if one would like to use this structure in regions hit by the earthquake.

British Patents GB-PS 508,987 (ENSOR) - 176,031 (DEYES) and 827,508 (ANTHONY) refer to building blocks comprising structures which do not appear to have any similarity to that which the Applicants propose.

The invention therefore proposes to indicate a supporting structure for masonry works = nerie with flat surfaces, or for arches, or arches, constituted by a conglo = meré network, or reinforced concrete, which can be carried out in both cases with the same modular elements, being able to support any stress without the direct contribution of these, the crosspieces and the uprights of the structure being consequently in correlation of reciprocal dimension, being realized compact and continuously along the entire structure, constituted by peripheral walls, transverse, by partition walls, etc., and in which the viewed faces do not need plastering when the structure is accomplished.

• - les surfaces horizontales supérieures et infé = rieures longitudinales présentent des parties en arc de circonférence, les rayons des deux arcs étant égaux;
• - lesdites parties en arc sont pourvues de gorges longitudinales qui présentent toutes la-même di mension, telles à constituer un engagement réci proque étanche au mortier entre les éléments su périeurs et inférieurs et à permettre un empla= cement décalé de l'élément supérieur par rapport à l'élément inférieur dans la construction d'une voûte;
• - les surfaces verticales de jonction sont pour = vues alternativement, le long des bords, de rai nures, et de nervures correspondantes sur la surface opposée, en dimensions telles à assurer un engagement réciproque étanche au mortier;
• - des canaux horizontaux et verticaux sont prévus en préfabrication, de sorte à former, à l'in = stant de la superposition et de l'emplacement côte à côte des éléments, des passages continus et ininterrompus soit verticalement, soit hori= zontalement, lesdits canaux étant pourvus sur leurs côtés de rainures et, le long de leurs surfaces, de goulottes, pour favoriser le flu = age et l'adhésion du mortier;
• - des plans inclinés continus, longitudinaux,sont prévus au dessous des parties supérieures en arc, qui forment des passages horizontaux libres con tinus et ininterrompus le long de la-même ligne droite, en agrandissant le vide entre les canaux supérieur et inférieur à l'instant de la super= position desdits éléments,
  • chacun desdits plans étant pourvu d'une rainure longitudinale et de gorges parallèles qui favo= risent le fluage du mortier dans tous les endroits, ainsi que l'adhésion du mortier, et
  • lesdits passages libres horizontaux étant conti nus et ininterrompus le long de la-même ligne droite sur toute la surface périphérique de 1' ouvrage;
• - des plans inclinés verticaux sont prévus des deux côtés des surfaces verticales de jonction pour former des passages libres à l'instant de l'emplacement côte à côte desdits éléments, lesdits passages libres horizontaux et lesdits canaux horizontaux et verticaux ayant été cal = culés en dimension au préalable selon le genre de bâtiment, dans le but d'obtenir une structure en parfait équilibre dimensionnel.

The invention achieves this structure by using modular elements characterized in that:

• - the upper horizontal and lower longitudinal surfaces have parts in an arc of circumference, the radii of the two arcs being equal;
• - Said arcuate parts are provided with longitudinal grooves which all have the same dimension, such as to constitute a reci proque seal-tight engagement with the mortar between the upper and lower elements and to allow offset positioning of the upper element by relation to the lower element in the construction of a vault;
• - The vertical junction surfaces are for = seen alternately, along the edges, grooves, and corresponding ribs on the opposite surface, in dimensions such as to ensure reciprocal engagement sealed with the mortar;
• - horizontal and vertical channels are provided in prefabrication, so as to form, at the in = stant of the superposition and the side-by-side location of the elements, continuous and uninterrupted passages either vertically or hori = zontal, said channels being provided on their sides with grooves and, along their surfaces, troughs, to promote the fluidity and adhesion of the mortar;
• - continuous, longitudinal inclined planes are provided below the arched upper parts, which form continuous and uninterrupted free horizontal passages along the same straight line, increasing the vacuum between the channels superior and inferior to the instant of the super = position of said elements,
  • each of said planes being provided with a longitudinal groove and parallel grooves which favor the creep of the mortar in all places, as well as the adhesion of the mortar, and
  • said horizontal free passages being continuous and uninterrupted along the same straight line over the entire peripheral surface of the structure;
• - Vertical inclined planes are provided on both sides of the vertical junction surfaces to form free passages at the instant of the location side by side of said elements, said horizontal free passages and said horizontal and vertical channels having been cal = dimension beforehand according to the type of building, in order to obtain a structure in perfect dimensional balance.

• figure 1, deux éléments modulaires suivant l'inven tion, qui sont aptes à la réalisation d'ouvrage à surfaces planes aussi bien que de voûtes, ou d'arcs, les deux pièces étant représentées à l'instant de la su perposition;
• figure 2, deux éléments modulaires suivant l'inven tion, qui sont aptes à la réalisation d'ouvrages à surfaces planes, à l'instant de la superposition, comme variante;
• figure 3, un ouvrage en maçonnerie avec des murs transversaux et des murs de cloison ac= crochés au moyen d'autres éléments modu laires prévus par l'invention à cet effet, en vue axonométrique;
• figures 4 et 5, des coupes transversales selon _X et Y de la figure 3;
• figure 6, une vue axonométrique d'un ouvrage à sur faces planes, partiellement en coupe, pour une meilleure compréhension de la structure;
• figure 7, une coupe verticale de deux éléments mo dulaires superposés;
• figure 8, une vue de face d'un ouvrage à surfaces planes;
• figure 9, una vue de face d'une partie de voûte;
• figure 10, une vue de face d'une voûte complète;
• figure 11, un élément modulaire pour raccorder les murs dans les coins, en vue axonométrique;
• figure 12, un élément modulaire dont la dimension est réduite à la moitié, ouvert des deux côtés, en vue axonométrique;
• figure 13, un élément modulaire pour raccorder trois murs, en vue axonométrique;
• figure 14, un élément modulaire pour accrocher un mur de cloison et deux murs transver = saux, en vue axonométrique;
• figure 15, un élément modulaire semblable à celui de la figure 12, mais fermé d'un côté, en vue axoncmétrique;
• figure 16, un élément modulaire semblable à celui de la figure 15, en dimension entière, en vue axoncmétrique;
• figure 17, un élément modulaire avec ses côtés pour vues de membranes, en vue axonométrique;
• figure 18, un élément modulaire pourvu de deux pas sages pour ventilation, avec un seul ca nal central, longitudinal, en vue axono métrique;
• figure 19, un élément modulaire semblable à celui de la figure 18, mais avec des passages centraux pour la ventilation et des ca= naux aux deux côtés de ceux-ci, en vue axonométrique;
• figure 20, une variante de l'élément modulaire sui vant l'invention, avec des canaux inté= rieurs croisés en diagonale.

The invention has been described below in more detail with reference to embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings. The figures show:

• Figure 1, two modular elements according to the invention, which are suitable for making work with flat surfaces as well as arches, or arches, the two parts being represented at the time of superposition;
• Figure 2, two modular elements according to the invention, which are suitable for the production of works with flat surfaces, at the time of superposition, as a variant;
• Figure 3, a masonry structure with transverse walls and partition walls ac = hooked by means of other modular elements provided by the invention for this purpose, in axonometric view;
• Figures 4 and 5, cross sections along _X and Y of Figure 3;
• Figure 6, an axonometric view of a structure with flat faces, partially in section, for a better understanding of the structure;
• FIG. 7, a vertical section of two superimposed modular elements;
• Figure 8, a front view of a work with flat surfaces;
• Figure 9, a front view of a portion of the roof;
• Figure 10, a front view of a complete arch;
• Figure 11, a modular element for connecting the walls in the corners, in axonometric view;
• Figure 12, a modular element whose size is reduced to half, open on both sides, in axonometric view;
• Figure 13, a modular element for connecting three walls, in axonometric view;
• Figure 14, a modular element for hanging a partition wall and two transverse walls = saux, in axonometric view;
• Figure 15, a modular element similar to that of Figure 12, but closed on one side, in axoncmetric view;
• FIG. 16, a modular element similar to that of FIG. 15, in full dimension, in axoncmetric view;
• Figure 17, a modular element with its sides for views of membranes, in axonometric view;
• Figure 18, a modular element provided with two wise steps for ventilation, with a single central channel, longitudinal, in axono metric view;
• Figure 19, a modular element similar to that of Figure 18, but with central passages for ventilation and channels = on both sides thereof, in axonometric view;
• FIG. 20, a variant of the modular element according to the invention, with internal channels crossed diagonally.

Figure 1 shows, at the time of their superimposition, two modular elements 1 according to the invention = tion, which can be used either for works with flat surfaces, or for arched or arched structures. On the upper and lower side of the elements, there are parts 2, 2 'longitudinal molded in an arc of circumference, the radii R, R' of which are equal. Said parts 2, 2 ′ are provided with grooves 3 which are parallel to one another and whose dimensions are perfectly equal. The elements 1 can thus be geometrically coupled, while the grooves 3 ensure engagement of the elements with integrity.

The elements 1 are also provided with horizontal 4 and lower 4 'horizontal channels, as well as vertical channels 5-which are coupled in pairs. When the elements are superimposed, the median line of each element comes to hole = ver in correspondence of the vertical plane of junction of two elements of the upper layer and, re = spectively, of the lower layer and the vertical channels 5 are aligned along a single vertical straight line from the foot to the top of the structure. The horizontal channels 4, 4 'are in turn aligned along a single horizontal straight line. The crosspieces and the uprights thus form a continuous and inin = unbroken network.

Below the upper parts 2 in an arc, which are shorter than the lower parts 2 ′, there are inclined planes 6 which form an enlargement = in the hopper of the upper channel 4. When the elements 1 are superimposed, the parts 2, 2 'in arc engage with each other ensuring a seal between the elements; between the lower horizontal channel 4 ', the planes 6 of the same element, the two interior segments of the parts 2 and the horizontal channel 4 of the superimposed element a free passage 18 is formed by superimposition of the elements, which is enlarged by the planes 6 and which, in general, is wider compared to the passages of the vertical channels 5. (Fig.8). This particular has been planned in order to reinforce in horizontal direction the masonry glazing. Each of the planes 6 has a groove 7; similar grooves 7 'are provided in the sides of the channels ₄ , 4'. On both sides of the grooves 7, parallel chutes are provided. The chutes 8 ′ are provided along the surfaces of the upper 4 and lower 4 ′ horizontal channels. The grooves 7, 7 'and the troughs 8, 8' promote the creep of the mortar at the time of its introduction into the structure, as well as better adhesion of the latter with the elements.

The vertical joining surfaces of the elements 1 have inclined planes 9; along the vertical edges of these there are provided grooves 10 and, alternatively, on the opposite surface of the element = is provided corresponding ribs, which ensure mutual engagement with sealing mortar. At the projection 11 on one of the vertical junction surfaces, a similar cavity corresponds on the opposite vertical surface of the element 1. The mortar therefore also penetrates into the free wise steps 18 'which are formed by the rib placement next to the elements. Unlike the steps = free wise men formed by superposition, and which enlarge the spacing between the channels 4, 4 ', these passages are not continuous along the same straight line, since below them is the bottom of channels 4 (figg. 4 and 5); they still ensure the uninterrupted continuity of the structure per se, since there is no obstacle preventing the flow of the mortar inside a passage whatever the structure.

The parts 2, 2 'with the grooves 3, the grooves 10 and the corresponding ribs therefore ensure, in the masonry structure obtained by dry assembly of the said elements, the sealing of the mortar along its entire periphery. The tightness will be ensured even when use is made - as described in reference to Figures 11-19 - of additional modular elements for hanging cross walls, or transverse load-bearing walls, or of fence element, etc. The presence of the grooves 7, 7 ′ and the troughs 8, 8 ′ promotes the creep of the mortar and the adhesion of this = it to the modular elements 1, as well as the compactness of the structure.

Figure 2 shows a variant of the element 1 of Figure 1. This element 1 'can be used only = ment for masonry works with flat surfaces. It has the same characteristics of element 1 except that in the supports. The difference therefore consists only of the fact that the upper and lower horizontal surfaces do not, from the outer edges, have the shape of an arc of circumference, but that of horizontal support planes. The upper planes were indicated with 12 and the lower ones with 12 '. In the vicinity of these planes 12, 12 ′, there have been provided, al = ternatively, upper grooves 13 and corresponding lower ribs (not shown = shown in the figure); we find elsewhere on a vertical surface the same grooves 10 and, alternatively, corresponding ribs (not shown in the drawing) on the surface verti = opposite wedge. The grooves and ribs ensure the watertightness of the structure during the geometric coupling of the elements. All other characters = The characteristics that have been described with reference to the element of FIG. 1 are here the same.

FIG. 3 shows a masonry work made with concrete modular elements 1; we see corners made with modular elements 14, pa = reils to that of Figure 11; transverse walls hung with modular elements 15, similar to that of FIG. 13; cross walls hung with modular elements 16, similar to that of FIG. 14. The structure is closed at the ends with modular elements 17, the dimension of which is reduced to half, similar to that of FIG. 15, and 17 ' , similar to that of figure 16. The figure aims to underline the fact that even an irregular profile work is comparable to a single container = waterproof with mortar.

Figures 4 and 5 are cross sections along X and Y of Figure 3. They are intended to souli = hinder the location of an upper layer X of the modular elements relative to a layer Y in = lower, as well as the use of the same additional elements that have been described with reference to FIG. 3.

Figure 6 shows the continuity of the structure: the cross-pieces 18 of the mortar network which was formed mé in the horizontal channels 4, 4 ′ enlarged by the planes 6 are continuous: the uprights 19 of the mortar network which has formed in the vertical channels 5 are continuous. The crosspieces 18 and the uprights 19 are further aligned, respectively = ment, along the same straight line; the crosspieces 18 and the uprights 19 are intimately linked since the channels 4, 4 ′ and 5 intersect. Through the channels 4, 4 'and 5, respectively, iron bars 20', 20 can be passed for the reinforcement of the structure. Through the free verti = junction blocks which are formed by the side-by-side location of the elements, bars cannot be used. However, the mortar penetrates there and binds intimately with the crosspieces 18 and the studs 19.

The overlapping of two elements can be better recognized in Figure 7.

Either the channels 4, 4 ′, or the free passages which are formed by superposition and by location side by side of the modular elements are precalculated in size according to the kind of network necessary for the structure. In consideration of the watertightness of the structure, the mortar can be introduced even under pressure. The grooves 7, 7 'and the chutes 8, 8' favor the creep of the mortar, especially when it is introduced by gravity. Neither in one case nor the other, the mortar can come out of the elements; this avoids the plastering of the structure and makes it possible to provide decorations on the modular elements.

The dimensions of the elements being established in advance and the resulting network continuous and compact, it results in a load-bearing structure which can hold in itself any solicitation without any contribution from the elements that we have times used to achieve it. It follows that these elements can be produced even in light materials, such as pressed wood, or synthetic resins, preferably polystyrene. The modular elements being light, the work is accomplished naturally with considerable speed.

FIG. 8 shows a structure with flat surfaces produced with modular elements 1.

Figure 9 shows the modular elements 1 used for the construction of a vault. The radius R of the parts 2 being equal to the radius R 'of the parts 2 ¹ and the grooves 3 being equal in dimension between them, not only is the structure sealed, but also the possibility of offset between two overlapping elements. The height of 1 "element 1 su * perposé is proportional to its width according to the number of teeth which it is necessary to use-to place the elements in height until reaching the top of the vault.

Figure 10 shows an assembled vault with modular elements 1 according to the invention.

In Figure 11 there is shown a modular element 1 for hanging the work at the corners. The arc parts near the corner are here suitably provided for support in this part of eu = vrage.

Figure 12 shows a modular element 1 of di = dimension reduced to half, which is used to respect the location of an upper layer with a lower layer, while maintaining the necessary offset of the elements with respect to the junctions.

Figure 13 shows a modular element for hooking three walls. It can be seen that the element has an open transverse passage for coupling with the longitudinal passages of the elements to be placed at its sides.

The modular element shown in Figure 14 is . analogous to that of FIG. 13; the tran = sversal passage is however open on one side only for the attachment of a cross wall.

Figure 15 shows a modular element similar to that of Figure 12; it is used for the closing of the work.

The element of Figure 16 is similar to that of Figure 15, but in full dimension.

The modular elements of Figures 18 and 19 are used, as well as the elements that have been described, when ventilation passages are desired. In FIG. 17, the ventilation passages are arranged alongside a single channel intended for the formation of the network. In FIG. 18, said ventilation passages are on the other hand arranged in a single straight line; on their sides we recognize the channels planned for the formation of the network.

All the elements that have been described with reference to Figures from 11 to 19 can of course also be produced according to the profile of the modular element 1 'of Figure 2; they will thus represent, as a whole, a variant which can be used only for a planar structure.

Figure 17 shows a modular element that the Applicants indicate canme "telement membrane". Indeed, all the surfaces between the grooves 23, 23 'are membranes which can be broken with a hammer blow to open passages in the direction of the network sleepers according to requirements . This element constitutes a variant of elements 1, 1 ′ in FIGS. 1 and 2. It can contribute considerably to the speed of construction, without in any way detracting from the characteristics which have been indicated above.

A last variant with the modular elements 1,1 'is represented by the modular element 1 "shown in FIG. 20. This element proposes a re = bucket constituted by upper 25 and lower 25' horizontal channels which are in communication with diagonal channels 26, 26 ′ which, in turn, are in reciprocal communication in the zone where they intersect. The upper grooves 13 and the corresponding lower ribs are the same of element 1 ′, as well as the grooves 10 on one of the vertical joining surfaces and the corresponding ribs on the vertical surface = opposite shim, thus sealing is also ensured with this element in a variant in the same way as with elements 1, 1 ′. free passages between the vertical surfaces. Through the channels 25, 25 'and 26, 26' it is possible to pass iron bars for the reinforcement. with these elements is completely different from those obtained with elements 1, 1 '; its resistance is however the same, being ensured not only by the channels 26, 26 'which are growing, but also by the continuity and the compactness, as well as by the precalculated dimensions of the network.

From the description that has been given, it follows that the invention makes use of the combination of all the characteristics indicated to obtain its goal; namely, a load-bearing structure for masonry works with flat surfaces, or in vault, or in arc, by using the same modular elements, the characteristics of which allow the structure obtained to support any stress of ou = vrage without the contribution of said elements, which again allows the use of light elements and to increase the speed of work.

Claims (12)

1. Supporting structure in conglomerate, or in reinforced concrete, in particular anti-seismic, for plane constructions as well as for arches, or arches, obtained by means of modular elements, such as to support any stress without inter = vention of said elements, which are characterized in that: - the horizontal upper and lower longitudinal surfaces have parts (2, 2 ') in an arc of circumference, the radii (R, R') of the two arcs being equal; - said arc parts (2, 2 ') are provided with longitudinal grooves (3), which all have the same dimension, such as to constitute a reciprocal engagement = ment sealed with mortar between the upper and lower modular elements and to allow a offset location of the upper element relative to the lower element in the construction of a vault; - the vertical junction surfaces are provided alternately, along the edges, with grooves (10), and corresponding ribs on the opposite face, in dimensions such as to ensure reciprocal engagement sealed with the mortar; - horizontal (4, 4 ') and vertical (5) channels are provided in prefabrication, so as to form, at the instant of superposition and replaces side by side of the elements, continuous and uninterrupted passages either vertically or horizontally, said channels (4, 4 ') being provided on their sides with grooves (7') and, along their surfaces, troughs (8 ¹ ) to promote creep and adhesion of the mortar; - continuous, longitudinal inclined planes (6) are provided below the upper arcuate parts (2, 2 '), forming horizon passages = free rates (18), continuous and uninterrupted, along the same straight line, by enlarging the vacuum between the upper and lower channels (4, 4 ') at the time of the superimposition of said elements (1),
each of said planes (6) being provided with a longitudinal groove (7) and troughs (8) pa = parallel, which promote the creep of the mortar in all places, as well as the adhesion of the mortar, and said free passages horizontal (18) being continuous and uninterrupted along the same straight line over the entire peripheral surface of the structure; - vertical inclined planes (9) are provided on both sides of the vertical junction surfaces to form free vertical passages (18 ') at the time of the side by side location of said elements,
said horizontal free passages (18) 'and the so-called horizontal and vertical channels (5) having been calculated in dimension beforehand according to the type of building, with the aim of obtaining a structure in perfect dimensional balance. 2. Bearing structure in conglomerate, or in reinforced concrete, in particular anti-seismic, obtained by means of modular elements, such as to support any soil = licitation without the intervention of said elements, which are characterized in that: - the upper and lower horizontal surfaces have, at the edges, support planes (12,12 ') in the vicinity of which there are provided upper grooves (13) and corresponding lower ribs on the opposite surface, allowing coupling geometric waterproof to the mortar by superposition of two elements (1 '); - the vertical junction surfaces have, near the edges, grooves (10) and, on the opposite vertical surface, cor = corresponding ribs, allowing geometrical coupling = tight mortar-tight by location side by side of two elements (1 '); - upper (6) and lower (6 ') con = continuous, longitudinal planes, inclined towards the inside of the element, are provided in proximity to the upper grooves (13) and corresponding lower ribs to form free passages ( 18), continuous and uninterrupted on the same straight line, ._ by widening the channels (4, 4 ') at the time of the superimposition of said elements (1'), each of said planes (6, 6 ') being provided with a longitudinal groove (7), as well as troughs (8 ) parallel, favoring the creep of the mortar. in all parts of the structure, as well as the adhesion of the mortar to the elements, and said free passages (18) being continuous and uninterrupted on the same straight line along the entire perimeter surface of the structure; - vertical inclined planes (9) are provided on both sides of the vertical junction surfaces, allowing the formation of free passages (18 ') at the instant of the location side by side of said elements (1'), said free passages horizon = rate (18) and said horizontal ( ₄ , ₄ ′) and vertical (5) channels being reciprocally precalculated, according to the type of building, in order to obtain a suitably balanced structure; - horizontal (4, 4 ') and vertical (5) prefabricated channels are provided to form continuous and uninterrupted passages either vertically or horizontally, at the time of the superposition and the location side by side of the elements = (1).,
said channels (4,4 ') being provided on both sides with grooves (7') and, along the surfaces, with monkfish (8 ') which promote creep and adhesion of the mortar. 3. Structure conglanéré, or reinforced concrete, in particular anti-seismic, obtained by means _of ele = modular elements, such to support any solicited tion without the intervention of said elements, which are characterized in that: - the upper and lower horizontal surfaces have, near the edges, grooves (13), upper, as well as corresponding lower ribs on the on = opposite face, allowing geometrical coupling = tight with the mortar by superposition of two elements (1 "); - the vertical junction surfaces have, near the edges, grooves (10) and, on the opposite vertical surface, corresponding ribs allowing the gecanic coupling to be sealed against the mortar at the time of placement = side by side rib of two elements (1 ''); - in the vicinity of the upper grooves (13) of the upper surface and the corresponding ribs on the lower surface, a channel (25) and a channel (25 ') are provided, respectively, which are in communication with two channels (26 , 26 ') arranged diagonally and intersecting inside the element (1 ") so as to allow free passage between the channels (25,25'; 26, 26 ') as well as between the channels (26, 26 '). .4. Structure according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that a modular element (1,1 ') has, on three sides, surfaces between grooves (23, 23 ¹ ) which can be broken with a single stroke hammer. 5. Structure according to claims 1 and 2, ca acterized in that a modular element (1 ₄ ) com = completely similar to the element (1, 1 ') is closed in correspondence of one of the corners and open on a sides for hanging the walls near the corners, right and left. 6. Structure according to claims 1 and 2, ca acterized in that a modular element (1,1 ') has a dimension reduced to half, being open in correspondence of the two joining surfaces. ₇ . Structure according to Claims 1 and ₂ , ca characterized in that a modular element (15), completely similar to the element (1, 1 '), is ou = green on both sides in correspondence with one of the faces vertical junction. 8. Structure according to claims 1 and 2, ca acterized in that a modular element (17), completely similar to the modular element (1 1 '), has a dimension reduced to half,' being closed in correspondence from one of the worm surfaces junction ticals. 9. Structure according to claims 1 and ₂ , ca acterized in that a modular element (16), completely similar to the modular element (1, 1 '), is opened in correspondence on only one of its sides. 10. Structure according to claims 1 and 2, ca acterized in that a modular element (1, 1 ') is provided with ventilation passages (21) arranged vertically on both sides of two channels (4) su périeur and (4 ') inferior. 11. Structure according to claims 1 and 2, ca acterized in that a modular element (1, 1 ') is provided with ventilation passages (21) arranged along a central vertical line between two upper channels (4) and two lower channels (4 '). 12. Structure according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the mortar to be introduced into the masonry work there is added a retarder.

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