EP0034520A2 - Mining excavating process using the bord and pillar method - Google Patents

Mining excavating process using the bord and pillar method Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0034520A2
EP0034520A2 EP81400163A EP81400163A EP0034520A2 EP 0034520 A2 EP0034520 A2 EP 0034520A2 EP 81400163 A EP81400163 A EP 81400163A EP 81400163 A EP81400163 A EP 81400163A EP 0034520 A2 EP0034520 A2 EP 0034520A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reinforcements
wings
solid particles
hydraulic
whose
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP81400163A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0034520B1 (en
EP0034520A3 (en
Inventor
Henri C. Vidal
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT81400163T priority Critical patent/ATE11172T1/en
Publication of EP0034520A2 publication Critical patent/EP0034520A2/en
Publication of EP0034520A3 publication Critical patent/EP0034520A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0034520B1 publication Critical patent/EP0034520B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0258Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
    • E02D29/0275Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features cast in situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21FSAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F15/00Methods or devices for placing filling-up materials in underground workings
    • E21F15/08Filling-up hydraulically or pneumatically

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a process for carrying out, by using a material comprising essentially non-coherent solid particles, a structure endowed with cohesion, having one or more facings covered with a skin whose constituent elements form or support reinforcements , with which a layer of said particles is in contact.
  • the object of the invention is to propose new methods of implementing the process mentioned above, making it possible to carry out works whose nature and function are comparable to works in reinforced earth.
  • This process is characterized in that at least part of the material used initially comprises elements which subsequently make the material, or the fraction of material, coherent.
  • the elements which, in the long term, generate cohesion can consist at least partially of the solid particles themselves, in which case these particles preferably have pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics, so that the material, or the corresponding fraction of the matter, placed in mixture with water, that is to say in the pulverulent state, becomes in the long run coherent.
  • These elements can also constitute an adduct, used alone or in combination combination with particles having pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics, such as lime, cement, calcium chloride, which, in known manner, also create a setting effect, in mixture with water.
  • the adduct can also be any substance, possibly liquid or mixed with a liquid, which, after processing, evolves, physically or chemically, by acquiring the properties of an adhesive or of a plastic or rigid binder.
  • the skin elements are juxtaposed and superimposed U-shaped profiles, to the wings of which armatures are optionally fixed, preferably made up of relatively flexible bands, as the material, mixed or impregnated with water, or another liquid, is poured and retained inside the facing, or the facing, already in place, part of the solid powder particles comes into contact with the wings of the profiles and, if necessary , with the reinforcements, creating by friction with the wings and / or with the reinforcements a cohesion whose effect is to make stable and resistant the solid mass formed inside the facing, or facing.
  • This massif indeed constitutes, either in whole or in its parts where the association of solid particles and wings and / or armatures generates cohesion, a volume of reinforced earth, stable and resistant.
  • the founded therefore behaves at least partially as a reinforced earth structure, during the first stage of its evolution, which immediately follows the implementation, and as a lean concrete structure, in the second stage corresponding to the setting phenomenon or bonding solid particles.
  • the solid particles can have any origin, for example being extracted from natural soil.
  • the particles have pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics, they can be drawn from volcanic ash, such as pozzolans, or from volcanic or trass tuffs. Most often, the particles with pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics will come from industrial by-products, such as fly ash, produced by thermal power plants for the production of electricity, and blast furnace slag, which normally take the form of J ranulats.
  • additives having the function of an adhesive they can be used in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, etc.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to execute structures which, in their final state, are more rigid than structures in reinforced earth, which in principle have a certain flexibility.
  • Another advantage of the proposed process is that it makes possible the recovery of products available near the site where the structure is to be built and which, sometimes, as in the case of fly ash, are bulky, even polluting.
  • the cohesion of the solid mass due to the setting phenomenon can lead to savings with regard to the reinforcements, in the sense that the latter, like the reinforcements used for reinforced concrete, can be a material which is not particularly resistant to corrosion and is therefore less costly than that of the reinforcements normally incorporated in reinforced earth works.
  • the pulverulent material can be placed in the dry state behind the facing, or the facings, and then be sprayed with water, but it is also possible to form the mixture of pulverulent material and water beforehand and put in place the material, for example by gravity or by means of pumps, by hydraulic backfilling, according to a technique commonly used in mining, to fill the voids.
  • This technique of hydraulic backfilling can precisely be implemented, according to the invention, in a mine chamber, in particular of coal, to consolidate the "pillars" which remain after completion of the extraction of coal, or other mineral matter, and whose function is to withstand the pressure of the overlying terrains.
  • the resistant enclosure which surrounds the pillars over a significant height, without necessarily reaching the roof of the chamber, thus achieves around the pillars a hooping which partially restores the state of embrace that the digging of the chambers had made disappear. As a result, the tendency to swell under compression load, which could occur in the central area of the pillars, is completely suppressed.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show part of a coal mine site from which the ore was extracted by the chamber and pillar process.
  • the latter are surrounded by a rectangular enclosure 8 which is filled to a level located clearly above the middle of the pillars, without however reaching the roof 9 of the chambers, with a material 11 discharged by hydraulic backfilling.
  • the four walls 12 to 15 of the enclosure 8 are formed by superimposition of a number of seats of metal profiles 18, 18a, of U-shaped section, arranged approximately contiguously in each seat and the lower wing 19 of which has a free edge shaped as a hook 20, so as to come into engagement with the smooth edge of the upper wing 21 of one or more underlying profiles.
  • the reference 25 designates elbow-shaped fittings at a right angle provided in each seat at the four corners of the enclosure 8 to connect to each other the profiles of two adjacent perpendicular walls.
  • the profiles 18, of which the end walls 12, 14, one of the edge walls 13 and the end portions of the other edge wall 15 are formed, are profiles with broad wings, while the profiles 18a constituting , over the greater part of its length between the end portions, the edge wall 15, are profiles whose wings are relatively narrow.
  • the sections 18a are however completed by reinforcements 22 constituted by metal bands, relatively flexible, which are each bolted, at one of their ends, through two wings 19, 21, in mutual contact, of superimposed sections, and which are coated in the backfilled solid 11, their other end being free of any attachment. This provision is quite usual in reinforced earth constructions, as is apparent from the patents FR 1 393 988 and US 3 421 326.
  • the material 11 discharged by hydraulic backfilling inside the enclosure 8 delimited by the walls 12 to 15 is a mixture essentially comprising water and powdery ash.
  • the solid ash particles which, as the backfilling progresses upwards, come into frictional contact with the wings of the profiles 18, 18a and with the reinforcements 22, giving cohesion to the solid mass formed in the enclosure which, in accordance with the teaching of the cited patents has the characteristics of a reinforced earth construction, stable and resistant.
  • fly ash is generally available near coal mines, as by-products of thermal power plants, on the other hand by the property what have these ashes mixed with water to take after a relatively long time, so that in the long run the backfilled assemblage, which, initially formed of the reinforced earth, turns into a kind of very thin concrete , reinforced, like reinforced concrete, by the presence of the wings of the sections 18, 18a and the reinforcements 22.
  • the pillars 1 to 3 which are trapped there over a significant height benefit from a hooping or embracing effect allowing them to resist indefinitely pressures that the overlying terrains 7 exert on them.
  • edge walls 13, 15 By making the edge walls 13, 15 exclusively by means of profiles 18 with wide wings, these profiles would define in combination with the solid particles filling their cavities a thick wall of reinforced earth whose stability would be sufficient to withstand the thrust exerted by the unreinforced material contained between the two walls 13, 15.
  • the walls 12 to 15 of the enclosure and the backfill material 11 remain at a level lower than that of the roof 9. It is however possible to execute a hydraulic cleaning which reaches the level of the roof, and, if necessary, also raising all or part of the walls to the level of the roof.

Abstract

Autour de piliers 1, 2, 3 d'une chambre de mine est construite à partir du sol une enceinte rectangulaire 8, délimitée par des assises superposées de profilés en U, 18, 18a, dont la concavité est tournée vers l'intérieur, dans laquelle est déversée par remblayage hydraulique une matière pulvérulente 11, qui, étant constituées de préférence de cendres volantes, a des caractéristiques hydrauliques. Grâce aux armatures 22 noyées dans le massif l'ouvrage se comporte initialement comme de la terre armée, mais à la longue la matière 11 fait prise et devient cohérente de sorte que finalement l'ouvrage a le caractère d'un béton maigre armé.Around pillars 1, 2, 3 of a mine chamber, a rectangular enclosure 8 is constructed from the ground, delimited by superimposed seats of U-shaped sections, 18, 18a, the concavity of which faces inwards, in which is discharged by hydraulic backfilling a pulverulent material 11, which, preferably consisting of fly ash, has hydraulic characteristics. Thanks to the frames 22 embedded in the massif, the structure initially behaves like reinforced earth, but in the long term the material 11 sets and becomes coherent so that finally the structure has the character of lean reinforced concrete.

Description

La présente invention a pour objet un procédé pour exécuter par mise en oeuvre d'une matière comprenant des particules solides essentiellement non cohérentes un ouvrage doué de cohésion, ayant un ou plusieurs parements habillés d'une peau dont les éléments constitutifs forment ou supportent des armatures, avec lesquelles une couche desdites particules est en contact.The subject of the present invention is a process for carrying out, by using a material comprising essentially non-coherent solid particles, a structure endowed with cohesion, having one or more facings covered with a skin whose constituent elements form or support reinforcements , with which a layer of said particles is in contact.

Des ouvrages en terre armée réalisés par application d'un tel procédé ont été décrits notamment dans les brevets FR 1 393 988 (US 3 421 326), US 3 981 038, FR 2 315 572, US 4 125 970, tous au nom du Demandeur, et dont l'enseignement est en partie applicable à l'objet de la présente invention.Reinforced earth structures produced by application of such a process have been described in particular in patents FR 1 393 988 (US 3 421 326), US 3 981 038, FR 2 315 572, US 4 125 970, all in the name of Applicant, and whose teaching is partly applicable to the subject of the present invention.

Le but de l'invention est de proposer des modalités nouvelles de mise en oeuvre du procédé mentionné précédemment, permettant de réaliser des ouvrages dont la nature et la fonction sont comparables aux ouvrages en terre armée.The object of the invention is to propose new methods of implementing the process mentioned above, making it possible to carry out works whose nature and function are comparable to works in reinforced earth.

Ce procédé est caractérisé en ce qu'une partie au moins de la matière mise en oeuvre comprend initialement des éléments qui postérieurement rendent la matière, ou la fraction de matière, cohérente.This process is characterized in that at least part of the material used initially comprises elements which subsequently make the material, or the fraction of material, coherent.

Les éléments qui, à terme, engendrent la cohésion, peuvent être constitués au moins partiellement par les particules solides elles-mêmes, auquel cas ces particules ont de préférence des caractéristiques pouzzolaniques ou hydrauliques, de sorte que la matière, ou la fraction correspondante de la matière, mise en place en mélange avec de l'eau, c'est-à-dire à l'état pulvérulent, devient a la longue cohérente. Ces éléments peuvent également constituer un produit d'addition, utilisé seul ou en combinaison avec des particules a caractéristiques pouzzolaniques ou hydrauliques, tel que chaux, ciment, chlorure de calcium, qui, de façon connue, créent eux aussi un effet de prise, en mélange avec de l'eau. Le produit d'addition peut également être une substance quelconque, éventuellement liquide ou mélangée avec un liquide, qui, après mise en oeuvre, évolue, physiquement ou chimiquement, en acquérant les propriétés d'une colle ou d'un liant plastique ou rigide.The elements which, in the long term, generate cohesion, can consist at least partially of the solid particles themselves, in which case these particles preferably have pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics, so that the material, or the corresponding fraction of the matter, placed in mixture with water, that is to say in the pulverulent state, becomes in the long run coherent. These elements can also constitute an adduct, used alone or in combination combination with particles having pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics, such as lime, cement, calcium chloride, which, in known manner, also create a setting effect, in mixture with water. The adduct can also be any substance, possibly liquid or mixed with a liquid, which, after processing, evolves, physically or chemically, by acquiring the properties of an adhesive or of a plastic or rigid binder.

Si l'on suppose que, suivant une disposition préférée, les éléments de peau sont des profilés en U juxtaposés et superposés, aux ailes desquels sont éventuellement fixées des armatures, constituées de préférence de bandes relativement souples, à mesure que la matière, mélangée ou imprégnée d'eau, ou d'un autre liquide, est déversée et retenue à l'intérieur du parement, ou des parements, déjà en placa, une partie des particules solides pulvérulentes vient en contact avec les ailes des profilés et, le cas échéant, avec les armatures, en créant par frottement avec les ailes et/ou avec les armatures une cohésion dont l'effet est de rendre stable et résistant le massif formé à l'intérieur du parement, ou des parements. Ce massif constitue en effet, ou bien en totalité ou bien dans ses parties où l'association des particules solides et des ailes et/ou des armatures est génératrice de cohésion, un volume de terre armée, stable et résistant.If it is assumed that, according to a preferred arrangement, the skin elements are juxtaposed and superimposed U-shaped profiles, to the wings of which armatures are optionally fixed, preferably made up of relatively flexible bands, as the material, mixed or impregnated with water, or another liquid, is poured and retained inside the facing, or the facing, already in place, part of the solid powder particles comes into contact with the wings of the profiles and, if necessary , with the reinforcements, creating by friction with the wings and / or with the reinforcements a cohesion whose effect is to make stable and resistant the solid mass formed inside the facing, or facing. This massif indeed constitutes, either in whole or in its parts where the association of solid particles and wings and / or armatures generates cohesion, a volume of reinforced earth, stable and resistant.

Dans tous les cas, la présence au sein de la matière pulvérulente d'éléments générateurs de cohésion et, éventuellement d'eau ou autre liquide, se traduisent au bout d'un temps plus ou moins long, par un phénomène de prise ou de collage qui rend cohérent le matériau initialement pulvérulent et dont l'effet est de transformer l'ensemble du massif en ane sorte de béton maigre, renforcé par les ailes de profilés et, le cas échéant, par les armatures.In all cases, the presence within the pulverulent material of elements generating cohesion and, possibly of water or other liquid, translate after a more or less long time, by a phenomenon of setting or sticking which makes the initially powdery material coherent and whose effect is to transform the entire massif into a sort of lean concrete, reinforced by the profile wings and, if necessary, by the reinforcements.

La massif se comporte donc au moins partiellement comme un ouvrage en terre armée, pendant le premier stade de son évolution, qui fait immédiatement suite à la mise en oeuvre, et comme un ouvrage en béton maigre, dans le second stade correspondant au phénomène de prise ou de collage des particules solides.The massif therefore behaves at least partially as a reinforced earth structure, during the first stage of its evolution, which immediately follows the implementation, and as a lean concrete structure, in the second stage corresponding to the setting phenomenon or bonding solid particles.

Les particules solides peuvent avoir une origine quelconque, par exemple être extraites du sol naturel.The solid particles can have any origin, for example being extracted from natural soil.

Si les particules ont des caractéristiques pouzzolaniques ou hydrauliques, elles peuvent être tirées de cendres volcaniques, telles que les pouzzolanes, ou bien de tufs volcaniques ou trass. Le plus souvent, les particules à caractéristiques pouzzolaniques ou hydrauliques proviendront de sous-produits industriels, tels que les cendres volantes, issues des centrales thermiques de production d'électricité, et les laitiers de haut-fourneau, qui se présentent normalement sous forme de Jranulats.If the particles have pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics, they can be drawn from volcanic ash, such as pozzolans, or from volcanic or trass tuffs. Most often, the particles with pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics will come from industrial by-products, such as fly ash, produced by thermal power plants for the production of electricity, and blast furnace slag, which normally take the form of J ranulats.

Quant aux produits d'addition ayant la fonction d'une colle, ils peuvent être mis en oeuvre sous forme de solution, suspension, émulsion, etc.As for the additives having the function of an adhesive, they can be used in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, etc.

Le procédé suivant l'invention permet d'exécuter des ouvrages qui, dans leur état final, sont plus rigides que des ouvrages en terre armée, qui ont en principe une certaine souplesse.The method according to the invention makes it possible to execute structures which, in their final state, are more rigid than structures in reinforced earth, which in principle have a certain flexibility.

Un autre avantage du procédé proposé, est de rendre possible la valorisation de produits disponibles à proximité du site où l'ouvrage doit être construit et qui, parfois, comme c'est le cas des cendres volantes, sont encombrants, voire polluants.Another advantage of the proposed process is that it makes possible the recovery of products available near the site where the structure is to be built and which, sometimes, as in the case of fly ash, are bulky, even polluting.

En outre, dans le cas où les particules solides, telles que les cendres ou les produits d'addition générateurs de cohésion ne comportent pas d'éléments agressifs, la cohésion du massif due au phénomène de prise peut conduire à une économie en ce qui concerne les armatures, en ce sens que ces dernières, à l'exemple des armatures utilisées pour le béton armé,peuvent être en une matière qui n'est pas spécialement résistante à la corrosion et est par conséquent moins coûteuse que celle des armatures normalement incorporées aux ouvrages en terre armée.In addition, in the case where solid particles, such as ash or cohesion-generating adducts do not do not contain aggressive elements, the cohesion of the solid mass due to the setting phenomenon can lead to savings with regard to the reinforcements, in the sense that the latter, like the reinforcements used for reinforced concrete, can be a material which is not particularly resistant to corrosion and is therefore less costly than that of the reinforcements normally incorporated in reinforced earth works.

La matière pulvérulente peut être mise en place à l'état sec derrière le parement, ou les parements, et être ensuite arrosée d'eau, mais il est également possible de former au préalable le mélange de matière pulvérulente et d'eau et de mettre en place le matériau, par exemple par gravité ou au moyen de pompes, par remblayage hydraulique, suivant une technique couramment utilisée dans les exploitations minières, pour combler les vides.The pulverulent material can be placed in the dry state behind the facing, or the facings, and then be sprayed with water, but it is also possible to form the mixture of pulverulent material and water beforehand and put in place the material, for example by gravity or by means of pumps, by hydraulic backfilling, according to a technique commonly used in mining, to fill the voids.

Cette technique du remblayage hydraulique peut précisément être mise en oeuvre,suivant l'invention, dans une chambre de mine, notamment de charbon, pour consolider les "piliers" qui subsistent après achèvement de l'extraction du charbon, ou autre matière minérale, et dont la fonction est de supporter la pression des terrains sus-jacents. Il est en effet possible de mettre en oeuvre le procédé suivant l'invention en construisant, à partir du sol de la chambre, autour d'un groupe de piliers, une -nceinte de contour fermé, par exemple rectangulaire, dont les parois sont obtenues par juxtaposition horizontale et superposition de profilés en U dont la concavité est tournée vers l'intérieur, et dont les ailes forment des armatures, ou supportent des armatures, en forme de bande relativement souple, et d'exécuter à l'intérieur de l'enceinte un remblayage hydraulique au )yen d'une matière dont les particules solides sont avan ageusement constituées principalement de cendres, c'est-à-dire d'un sous-produit largement disponible dans un site proche d'une mine de charbon où une centrale thermique est installée.This technique of hydraulic backfilling can precisely be implemented, according to the invention, in a mine chamber, in particular of coal, to consolidate the "pillars" which remain after completion of the extraction of coal, or other mineral matter, and whose function is to withstand the pressure of the overlying terrains. It is indeed possible to implement the method according to the invention by constructing, from the floor of the chamber, around a group of pillars, a enclosure of closed contour, for example rectangular, the walls of which are obtained by horizontal juxtaposition and superposition of U-shaped profiles whose concavity is turned inward, and whose wings form armatures, or support armatures, in the form of a relatively flexible strip, and run inside the encloses a hydraulic backfill with) yen of a material of which the solid particles are advantageously mainly constituted of ashes, that is to say a by-product largely available at a site near a coal mine where a thermal power plant is installed.

L'enceinte résistante qui entoure les piliers sur une hauteur importante, sans atteindre nécessairement le toit de la chambre, réalise ainsi autour des piliers un frettage qui rétablit partiellement l'état d'étreinte que le creusement des chambres avait fait disparaître. Il en résulte que la tendance au gonflement sous charge de compression, qui pourrait se manifester dans la zone centrale des piliers, est totalement supprimée.The resistant enclosure which surrounds the pillars over a significant height, without necessarily reaching the roof of the chamber, thus achieves around the pillars a hooping which partially restores the state of embrace that the digging of the chambers had made disappear. As a result, the tendency to swell under compression load, which could occur in the central area of the pillars, is completely suppressed.

L'invention sera explicitée de façon purement indicative au cours de la description qui va suivre, d'un exemple de mise en oeuvre du procédé suivant l'invention, en référence au dessin annexé, dans lequel :

  • - la Fig. 1 est une vue en coupe verticale de piliers d'une mine, consolidés au moyen d'un remblai contenu dans une enceinte;
  • - la Fig. 2 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne 2-2 de la Fig. 1.
The invention will be explained in a purely indicative manner during the description which follows, of an example of implementation of the method according to the invention, with reference to the appended drawing, in which:
  • - Fig. 1 is a vertical sectional view of pillars of a mine, consolidated by means of an embankment contained in an enclosure;
  • - Fig. 2 is a sectional view along line 2-2 of FIG. 1.

Les figures 1 et 2 représentent une partie d'un chantier de mine de charbon dont le minerai a été extrait par le procédé par chambres et piliers. Les piliers alignés 1 à 3, délimitant deux chambres 4, 6, de hauteur supposée constante, supportent la totalité de la pression du terrain 7 sus-jacent au chantier abandonné.Figures 1 and 2 show part of a coal mine site from which the ore was extracted by the chamber and pillar process. The pillars aligned 1 to 3, delimiting two chambers 4, 6, of supposedly constant height, support all the pressure of the ground 7 overlying the abandoned site.

Pour supprimer le risque que les piliers ainsi comprimés subissent à long terme un gonflement qui pourrait provoquer leur rupture, et aussi pour améliorer le rendement de l'exploitation, par une réduction de la section des piliers, ces derniers sont entourés par une enceinte rectangulaire 8 qui est remplie jusqu'à un niveau situé nettement au-dessus du milieu des piliers, sans atteindre toutefois le toit 9 des chambres, d'une matière 11 déversée par remblayage hydraulique.To remove the risk that the pillars thus compressed undergo long-term swelling which could cause them to rupture, and also to improve the operating yield, by reducing the cross-section of the pillars, the latter are surrounded by a rectangular enclosure 8 which is filled to a level located clearly above the middle of the pillars, without however reaching the roof 9 of the chambers, with a material 11 discharged by hydraulic backfilling.

Les quatre parois 12 à 15 de l'enceinte 8 sont constituées par superposition d'un certain nombre d'assises de profilés métalliques 18, 18a, de section en U, disposés à peu près jointivement dans chaque assise et dont l'aile inférieure 19 a un bord libre conformé en crochet 20, de manière à venir en prise avec le bord lisse de l'aile supérieure 21 d'un ou plusieurs profilés sous-jacents.The four walls 12 to 15 of the enclosure 8 are formed by superimposition of a number of seats of metal profiles 18, 18a, of U-shaped section, arranged approximately contiguously in each seat and the lower wing 19 of which has a free edge shaped as a hook 20, so as to come into engagement with the smooth edge of the upper wing 21 of one or more underlying profiles.

La référence 25 désigne des raccords en forme de coude à angle droit prévus dans chaque assise aux quatre angles de l'enceinte 8 pour relier les uns aux autres les profilés de deux parois perpendiculaires adjacentes.The reference 25 designates elbow-shaped fittings at a right angle provided in each seat at the four corners of the enclosure 8 to connect to each other the profiles of two adjacent perpendicular walls.

Les profilés 18, dont sont formées les parois d'extrémité 12, 14, l'une des parois de rive 13 et les parties terminales de l'autre paroi de rive 15, sont des profilés à larges ailes, tandis que les profilés 18a constituant, sur la plus grande partie de sa longueur comprise entre les parties terminales, la paroi de rive 15, sont des profilés dont les ailes sont relativement étroites. Les profilés 18a sont toutefois complétés par des armatures 22 constituées par des bandes en métal, relativement souples, qui sont boulonnées chacune, à l'une de leurs extrémités, à travers deux ailes 19, 21, en contact mutuel, de profilés superposés, et qui sont enrobées dans le massif remblayé 11, leur autre extrémité étant libre de toute attache. Cette disposition est tout- à-fait usuelle dans les constructions en terre armée, ainsi qu'il ressort des brevets FR 1 393 988 et US 3 421 326.The profiles 18, of which the end walls 12, 14, one of the edge walls 13 and the end portions of the other edge wall 15 are formed, are profiles with broad wings, while the profiles 18a constituting , over the greater part of its length between the end portions, the edge wall 15, are profiles whose wings are relatively narrow. The sections 18a are however completed by reinforcements 22 constituted by metal bands, relatively flexible, which are each bolted, at one of their ends, through two wings 19, 21, in mutual contact, of superimposed sections, and which are coated in the backfilled solid 11, their other end being free of any attachment. This provision is quite usual in reinforced earth constructions, as is apparent from the patents FR 1 393 988 and US 3 421 326.

Dans ces mêmes brevets est également énoncée la possibilité d'assigner aux ailes de profilés en U la fonction d'armature d'un ouvrage en terre armée, comme c'est le cas des profilés 18 à larges ailes de la présente demande.In these same patents is also stated the possibility of assigning to the wings of U-shaped profiles the reinforcement function of a structure in reinforced earth, as is the case of the profiles 18 with wide wings of the present application.

La matière 11 déversée par remblayage hydraulique à l'intérieur de l'enceinte 8 délimitée par les parois 12 à 15 est un mélange comprenant essentiellement de l'eau et des cendres pulvérulentes. Les particules solides de cendres qui, à mesure que le remblayage progresse vers le haut viennent en contact de frottement avec les ailes des profilés 18, 18a et avec les armatures 22, confèrent de la cohésion au massif formé dans l'enceinte qui, conformément à l'enseignement des brevets cités, présente les caractéristiques d'une construction en terre armée, stable et résistante.The material 11 discharged by hydraulic backfilling inside the enclosure 8 delimited by the walls 12 to 15 is a mixture essentially comprising water and powdery ash. The solid ash particles which, as the backfilling progresses upwards, come into frictional contact with the wings of the profiles 18, 18a and with the reinforcements 22, giving cohesion to the solid mass formed in the enclosure which, in accordance with the teaching of the cited patents has the characteristics of a reinforced earth construction, stable and resistant.

Le choix de cendres comme constituant de la matière de remblayage se justifie d'une part par le fait que des cendres dites volantes sont généralement disponibles à proximité des mines de charbon, comme sous-produits de centrales thermiques, d'autre part par la propriété qu'ont ces cendres mélangées d'eau de faire prise au bout d'un temps relativement long, de sorte qu'à la longue le massif remblayé, qui, initialement formait de la terre armée, se transforme en une sorte de béton très maigre, renforcé, à la manière du béton armé, par la présence des ailes des profilés 18, 18a et des armatures 22.The choice of ash as a constituent of backfill is justified on the one hand by the fact that so-called fly ash is generally available near coal mines, as by-products of thermal power plants, on the other hand by the property what have these ashes mixed with water to take after a relatively long time, so that in the long run the backfilled massif, which, initially formed of the reinforced earth, turns into a kind of very thin concrete , reinforced, like reinforced concrete, by the presence of the wings of the sections 18, 18a and the reinforcements 22.

En conséquence, quel que soit l'âge du massif enclos dans l'enceinte 8, les piliers 1 à 3 qui s'y trouvent emprisonnés sur une hauteur importante bénéficient d'un effet de frettage ou d'étreinte leur permettant de résister indéfiniment aux pressions que les terrains 7 sus-jacents exercent sur eux.Consequently, whatever the age of the massif enclosed in enclosure 8, the pillars 1 to 3 which are trapped there over a significant height benefit from a hooping or embracing effect allowing them to resist indefinitely pressures that the overlying terrains 7 exert on them.

Bien qu'on ait décrit l'utilisation conjointe de profilés à larges ailes 18 et de bandes souples 22 attachées aux profilés 18a, pour constituer les armatures d'un volume de terre armée, il va de soi qu'une enceinte telle que 8 pourrait être construite avec des parois réalisées exclusivement au moyen de profilés 18 à larges ailes, ou bien avec des parois faites exclusivement de profilés 18a à ailes courtes auxquelles seraient fixées des armatures 22 en forme de bande.Although the joint use of wide-flange profiles 18 and flexible strips 22 attached to the profiles 18a has been described, to constitute the reinforcements of a volume of reinforced earth, it goes without saying that an enclosure such as 8 could be constructed with walls made exclusively by profiles 18 with wide wings, or with walls made exclusively by profiles 18a with short wings to which armatures 22 would be fixed in the form of a strip.

En réalisant les parois de rive 13, 15 exclusivement au moyen de profilés 18 à larges ailes, ces profilés définiraient en combinaison avec les particules solides remplissant leurs cavités un mur épais en terre armée dont la stabilité serait suffisante pour résister à la poussée exercée par le matériau non armé contenu entre les deux parois 13, 15.By making the edge walls 13, 15 exclusively by means of profiles 18 with wide wings, these profiles would define in combination with the solid particles filling their cavities a thick wall of reinforced earth whose stability would be sufficient to withstand the thrust exerted by the unreinforced material contained between the two walls 13, 15.

Dans l'exemple décrit les parois 12 à 15 de l'enceinte et la matière de remblayage 11 restent à un niveau inférieur à celui du toit 9. Il est toutefois possible d'exécuter un emblayage hydraulique qui atteint le niveau du toit, et, le cas échéant, en élevant également tout ou partie des parois jusqu'au niveau du toit.In the example described, the walls 12 to 15 of the enclosure and the backfill material 11 remain at a level lower than that of the roof 9. It is however possible to execute a hydraulic cleaning which reaches the level of the roof, and, if necessary, also raising all or part of the walls to the level of the roof.

Il y a lieu de souligner que la description qui précède, en référence aux figures, ne se rapporte qu'à un exemple de l'une des multiples applications possibles du procédé suivant l'invention.It should be emphasized that the foregoing description, with reference to the figures, only relates to an example of one of the multiple possible applications of the method according to the invention.

Claims (12)

1 - Procédé pour exécuter par mise en oeuvre d'une matière comprenant des particules solides essentiellement non cohérentes un ouvrage doué de cohésion, ayant un ou plusieurs parementshabillés d'une peau dont les éléments constitutifs forment ou supportent des armatures, avec lesquelles une couche desdites particules est en contact, caractérisé en ce qu'une partie au moins de la matière mise en oeuvre (11) comprend initialement des éléments, qui, postérieurement, rendent la matière, ou la fraction de matière, cohérente.1 - Method for executing, by using a material comprising essentially non-coherent solid particles, a structure endowed with cohesion, having one or more facings covered with a skin whose constituent elements form or support reinforcements, with which a layer of said particles is in contact, characterized in that at least part of the material used (11) initially comprises elements, which, subsequently, make the material, or the fraction of material, coherent. 2 - Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la matière (11) comprend des particules solides ayant des caractéristiques pouzzolaniques ou hydrauliques.2 - Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the material (11) comprises solid particles having pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics. 3 - Procédé suivant la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les particules solides à caractéristiques pouzzolaniques ou hydrauliques sont à base de cendres ou de laitier.3 - Process according to claim 2, characterized in that the solid particles with pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics are based on ash or slag. 4 - Procédé suivant la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les particules solides à caractéristiques pouzzolaniques ou hydrauliques sont d'origine volcanique, constituées par exemple de pouzzolanes ou de trass.4 - Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the solid particles with pozzolanic or hydraulic characteristics are of volcanic origin, consisting for example of pozzolans or trass. 5 - Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce qu'un produit d'addition, tel que chaux, ciment, ou chlorure de calcium, capable de faire prise, est incorporé à la matière mise en oeuvre (11).5 - Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that an addition product, such as lime, cement, or calcium chloride, capable of setting, is incorporated into the material used (11 ). 6 - Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le produit d'addition comprend une substance, qui, après mise en oeuvre, évolue, physiquement ou chimiquement, en acquérant les propriétés d'une colle ou d'un liant plastique ou rigide.6 - Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the adduct comprises a substance, which, after implementation, evolves, physically or chemically, acquiring the properties of an adhesive or a plastic or rigid binder. 7 - Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 5 et 6, caractérisé en ce que le produit d'addition est mis en oeuvre sous forme de solution, suspension, émulsion, etc.7 - Method according to one of claims 5 and 6, characterized in that the adduct is used in the form of solution, suspension, emulsion, etc. 8. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que la matière (11) e s t mise en place par remblayage hydraulique.8. Method according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the material (11) is placed by hydraulic backfilling. .9'. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que la peau du parement ou de chaque parement est obtenue par juxtaposition horizontale et superposition de profilés en U (18,18a) dont la concavité est tournée vers l'intérieur, et dont les ailes iorment des armatures, ou supportent des armatures (22)..9 '. Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the skin of the facing or of each facing is obtained by horizontal juxtaposition and superposition of U-shaped profiles (18,18a), the concavity of which faces inwards, and the wings of which adorn armatures, or support armatures (22). 10. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que les armatures sont constituées par des bandes (22) relativement souples.10. Method according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the reinforcements are constituted by bands (22) relatively flexible. 11. Procédé suivant la revendication 2 à 5, caractérisé en ce que les ailes de profilé qui ont la fonction d'armatures sont des ailes larges.11. Method according to claim 2 to 5, characterized in that the profile wings which have the function of reinforcements are wide wings. 12. Procédé d'exploitation d'une mine par chambres et piliers, caractérisé en ce que, autour d'un groupe de piliers, on construit à partir du sol de la chambre une enceinte de contour fermé, par exemple rectangulaire, dont les parois sont obtenues par juxtaposition horizontale et superposition de profilés en U dont la concavité est tournée vers l'intérieur, et dont les ailes forment des armatures ou supposent des armatures en forme de bandes relativement souples et on exécute à l'intérieur de l'enceinte un remblayage hydraulique dont les particules solides forment un matériau initialement pulvérulent qui devient ultérieurement cohérent.12. Method of operating a mine by chambers and pillars, characterized in that, around a group of pillars, an enclosure of closed contour, for example rectangular, whose walls are constructed from the ground of the chamber are obtained by horizontal juxtaposition and superposition of U-shaped profiles whose concavity is turned towards the inside, and whose wings form reinforcements or suppose reinforcements in the form of relatively flexible bands and one executes inside the enclosure a hydraulic backfilling, the solid particles of which form an initially pulverulent material which subsequently becomes coherent.
EP81400163A 1980-02-13 1981-02-03 Mining excavating process using the bord and pillar method Expired EP0034520B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT81400163T ATE11172T1 (en) 1980-02-13 1981-02-03 MINING PROCESSES IN CHAMBER PILLAR CONSTRUCTION.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ZA00800816A ZA80816B (en) 1980-02-13 1980-02-13 Method for working a mine in accordance with the bord-and-pillar method
ZA800816 1980-02-13

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0034520A2 true EP0034520A2 (en) 1981-08-26
EP0034520A3 EP0034520A3 (en) 1981-12-02
EP0034520B1 EP0034520B1 (en) 1985-01-09

Family

ID=25574549

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP81400163A Expired EP0034520B1 (en) 1980-02-13 1981-02-03 Mining excavating process using the bord and pillar method

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US4412760A (en)
EP (1) EP0034520B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS56153011A (en)
AR (1) AR229583A1 (en)
AT (1) ATE11172T1 (en)
AU (1) AU6716881A (en)
BR (1) BR8100860A (en)
CA (1) CA1175248A (en)
DE (1) DE3168088D1 (en)
ES (1) ES8305877A1 (en)
IL (1) IL62064A (en)
MX (1) MX156841A (en)
ZA (1) ZA80816B (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102226396A (en) * 2011-05-19 2011-10-26 中南大学 Non-explosive mining method by excavation, artificial group-column reconstruction, long-hole caving and subsequent filling

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8631004D0 (en) * 1986-12-30 1987-02-04 Fosroc International Ltd Anchoring
US5131791A (en) * 1990-11-16 1992-07-21 Beazer West, Inc. Retaining wall system
CN103953344B (en) * 2014-04-30 2016-03-09 金川集团股份有限公司 To route layering cemented filling method under one

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1452419A (en) * 1965-10-28 1966-02-25 Vedecko Vyzk Uhelny Ustav Backfill product especially for thick layers exploited by unidescent slices
FR2055983A5 (en) * 1969-08-14 1971-05-14 Vidal Henri
FR2143389A1 (en) * 1971-06-24 1973-02-02 Thyssen Great Britain Ltd
US3817039A (en) * 1970-11-04 1974-06-18 Dow Chemical Co Method of filling subterranean voids with a particulate material
GB1485004A (en) * 1974-09-06 1977-09-08 Environment Sec Of State For T Reinforced earth structures
DE2724599A1 (en) * 1977-06-01 1978-12-14 Karl August Dr Ing Ullrich Mine room or cavity packing material - composed of mainly hard coal fly ash plus sand and lime with added aluminium powder prior to pump placing

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA567320A (en) * 1958-12-09 Jan Harmsen Gerrit Cement composition
US3570253A (en) * 1964-03-26 1971-03-16 Henri C Vidal Constructional works
US3376146A (en) * 1964-10-30 1968-04-02 Mobil Oil Corp Low density cement composition
US3340693A (en) * 1965-02-15 1967-09-12 William S Row Method and apparatus for inducing hardening or cementing in a mass of back-fill in a mine opening
US3557876A (en) * 1969-04-10 1971-01-26 Western Co Of North America Method and composition for drilling and cementing of wells
US3713489A (en) * 1970-09-08 1973-01-30 Amoco Prod Co Plugging of fractures in underground formations
US3876005A (en) * 1972-01-24 1975-04-08 Halliburton Co High temperature, low density cementing method
US3799787A (en) * 1972-10-25 1974-03-26 Vongrey M Admixtures for filling natural and artificial subterranean voids
US4059963A (en) * 1976-08-19 1977-11-29 Joy Manufacturing Company Method of mine backfilling and material therefor
US4309059A (en) * 1978-01-11 1982-01-05 Walsh Myles A Mining method

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1452419A (en) * 1965-10-28 1966-02-25 Vedecko Vyzk Uhelny Ustav Backfill product especially for thick layers exploited by unidescent slices
FR2055983A5 (en) * 1969-08-14 1971-05-14 Vidal Henri
US3817039A (en) * 1970-11-04 1974-06-18 Dow Chemical Co Method of filling subterranean voids with a particulate material
FR2143389A1 (en) * 1971-06-24 1973-02-02 Thyssen Great Britain Ltd
GB1485004A (en) * 1974-09-06 1977-09-08 Environment Sec Of State For T Reinforced earth structures
DE2724599A1 (en) * 1977-06-01 1978-12-14 Karl August Dr Ing Ullrich Mine room or cavity packing material - composed of mainly hard coal fly ash plus sand and lime with added aluminium powder prior to pump placing

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102226396A (en) * 2011-05-19 2011-10-26 中南大学 Non-explosive mining method by excavation, artificial group-column reconstruction, long-hole caving and subsequent filling

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
MX156841A (en) 1988-10-06
BR8100860A (en) 1981-08-25
EP0034520B1 (en) 1985-01-09
ES500072A0 (en) 1983-05-01
ZA80816B (en) 1981-01-28
US4412760A (en) 1983-11-01
AU6716881A (en) 1981-08-20
IL62064A0 (en) 1981-03-31
IL62064A (en) 1984-01-31
DE3168088D1 (en) 1985-02-21
AR229583A1 (en) 1983-09-30
CA1175248A (en) 1984-10-02
JPS56153011A (en) 1981-11-26
EP0034520A3 (en) 1981-12-02
ATE11172T1 (en) 1985-01-15
ES8305877A1 (en) 1983-05-01

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA1217349A (en) Engineering of reinforced concrete structures, such as tunnels, underpasses and the like, and precast concrete elements used in said engineering processes
EP0320393B1 (en) Method of storing waste underground in a cavern formed by salt dissolution
EP0489054A1 (en) Cellular structures for sustaining walls
FR2599400A1 (en) METHOD FOR WATERTIGHT A HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE IN COMPACT CONCRETE OR IN FILLING
FR2536447A1 (en) METHOD FOR PRODUCING A CONCRETE CAST CONCRETE PILLAR
CH626131A5 (en)
FR2566031A1 (en) METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING A RIGID SLAB FOR CARRYING A CONSTRUCTION
FR2546931A1 (en) ARCH BEAM STRUCTURE MORE SPECIFICALLY FOR CULVERT CONSTRUCTION
EP0034520A2 (en) Mining excavating process using the bord and pillar method
EP0028558A1 (en) Method of improving the sliding resistance of a civil engineering construction and its foundation
EP0029400B1 (en) Apparatus for protecting buildings and civil engineering constructions against water and moisture
BE1008197A3 (en) Tight wall made of sheet piling and method for making the wall.
FR2473085A1 (en) Mfr. of continuous concrete wall - is cast in sections using successive trenches containing overlapping reinforcing frames and transverse bulkheads
CA2822414C (en) Method for modifying a structure with a reinforced floor
FR2749331A1 (en) Prefabricated concrete frame forming underpass beneath roads or railways
FR2656885A1 (en) Improved coating for protecting soil subject to erosion, and implementation method
FR2807456A1 (en) Base for walls, barricade or road side slope is made of juxtaposed wired cylinders with apertures to receive rods to attach them together
FR2576340A1 (en) Method for creating hollow spaces below existing buildings, as well as the means and the material for the implementation of the method
FR2959253A1 (en) MOLDED WALL WITH PREFABRICATED FACING
FR2520026A1 (en) Underground water tight screen - is formed by injecting liquid sealant into soil between two parallel partitions
CH641863A5 (en) Prefabricated element for the erection of a crib wall and wall obtained
BE894650R (en) Reinforced concrete construction underground - has frames dropped into excavations with positioning detents ensuring continuity
FR2718768A1 (en) Ground filling procedure
FR2581678A1 (en) Method for producing a reinforced concrete structure embedded in the ground
FR2963030A1 (en) Method for manufacturing gabionu tilized in civil engineering field to form e.g. retaining wall slope, involves applying product layer to aggregates before introducing aggregates into pocket to establish connection between aggregate zones

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LU NL SE

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LU NL SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19820512

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Effective date: 19850109

Ref country code: NL

Effective date: 19850109

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED.

Effective date: 19850109

Ref country code: AT

Effective date: 19850109

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 11172

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19850115

Kind code of ref document: T

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 3168088

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19850221

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19850228

NLV1 Nl: lapsed or annulled due to failure to fulfill the requirements of art. 29p and 29m of the patents act
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LU

Payment date: 19860303

Year of fee payment: 6

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Effective date: 19870228

Ref country code: CH

Effective date: 19870228

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: VIDAL HENRI C.

Effective date: 19870228

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19871030

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Effective date: 19871103

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Effective date: 19890228

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: TP

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 19930126

Year of fee payment: 13

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Effective date: 19940203

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19940203