EP0016792A1 - Piles, accumulateurs et generateurs electriques a electrodes non metalliques ou en solution - Google Patents
Piles, accumulateurs et generateurs electriques a electrodes non metalliques ou en solutionInfo
- Publication number
- EP0016792A1 EP0016792A1 EP79900770A EP79900770A EP0016792A1 EP 0016792 A1 EP0016792 A1 EP 0016792A1 EP 79900770 A EP79900770 A EP 79900770A EP 79900770 A EP79900770 A EP 79900770A EP 0016792 A1 EP0016792 A1 EP 0016792A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- generator
- accumulator
- halide
- electrical energy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- -1 hydroxyl ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003287 bathing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021503 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 11
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 5
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000007686 potassium Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229960003975 potassium Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000298 Cellophane Polymers 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KPZGRMZPZLOPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dichloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane Chemical compound ClCC(CCl)(CCl)CCl KPZGRMZPZLOPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003635 deoxygenating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLHSXQSAISCVNN-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxy(oxo)cobalt Chemical class O[Co]=O DLHSXQSAISCVNN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide Inorganic materials [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LLYCMZGLHLKPPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N perbromic acid Chemical class OBr(=O)(=O)=O LLYCMZGLHLKPPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N periodic acid Chemical class OI(=O)(=O)=O KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanic acid Chemical compound O[Ti](O)(O)O LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates â ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ p ⁇ l s " l ⁇ x ⁇ " ⁇ e ⁇ " s " of electric accumulators and electrochemical generators supplying electric energy by cold combustion of an element or an oxidizable compound .
- Electrodes of these types use electrodes where the voltage and the electric current developed by the electrochemical oxidation reactions are delivered.
- accumulators or generators the oxidation of metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, Lithium, etc. or of fuels such as Hydrogen or d takes place.
- other hydrogenated or hydrocarbon compounds such as hyazine, ethanol, other alcohols or hydrocarbons, etc.
- the metals or the fuels used may require a significant expenditure of energy to be previously synthesized chemically, isolated, extracted or refined.
- the electrochemical combustion reaction in a conventional fuel cell is generally carried out under favorable conditions only by means of the use of an oxidation catalyst, often rare or expensive, such as platinum foam.
- the number of charge and discharge cycles applicable to the cells is generally limited, since the electrolytic regeneration of the electrodes, carried out at each recharging operation, may not be carried out uniformly, which affects the durability of the element.
- the regeneration operation of the accumulator or generator can only be carried out by recharging the corresponding elements electrically or by replacing altered substances or compounds.
- the object of the present invention is to constitute a battery, an accumulator or an electrochemical generator using neither a metal or a metallic compound nor a hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon compound, but a salt existing in most cases in the state natural in unlimited quantities or that can be produced or chemically isolated without significant energy expenditure, the corresponding oxidation reaction can also be ensured without the addition of a catalyst and the electrical recharging can be carried out electrically, chemically , photonically or thermally.
- These devices according to the in-. ventioii are based on the following principles:
- the compounds used as "fuels” are chlorides and more generally halides, of alkali metals such as Sodium, Potassium or Lithium or of metals such as Ti ⁇ tane, Iron, Lead, etc.
- alkali metals such as Sodium, Potassium or Lithium
- metals such as Ti ⁇ tane, Iron, Lead, etc.
- ammonium halides can also be used insofar as they are related in their structures and their chemical properties to the corresponding Potasium salts.
- All these salts can be used with varying concentrations according to their specific solubility and electrical conductivity in aqueous or alkaline solution, or possibly in the pure state.
- Sea salt and rock salt can constitute one of the variations of anodic compound which can be used in the generator according to the invention, in so far as they consist mainly of sodium chloride and potassium.
- the low electrical conductivity of seawater requires special arrangements at the level of the anode of the generator if it is used directly.
- the invention relates to batteries, accumulators and electric generators or fuel cells, as follows.
- the element In the category of batteries or accumulators, the element consists of:
- a cathode (positive electrode) composed of a metal oxide, such as titanium dioxide, cobalt oxide, silver oxide, etc. hydroxide and is dissolved in the electrolyte which under these conditions must bathe the cathode to the exclusion of the other constituents of the element, is deposited on a deployed metallic support, laminated or sintered such as Nickel.
- a metal oxide such as titanium dioxide, cobalt oxide, silver oxide, etc. hydroxide
- anode consisting of chloride or more generally a halide of Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Potas sium, etc. or of a non-alkali metal such as Titanium, Lead, Iron, etc.
- This chloride or, more generally, this halide is either dissolved in the electrolyte at a concentration close to saturation, or impregnated on a metallic support that is good conductor and spongy, such as nickel or titanium, deployed, laminated or sintered, or is molded under high pressure on a metallic conductive support playing the role of current collector.
- an electrolyte which is, depending on the case, an aqueous or alkaline solution, or a mineral or animal gel with high alkalinity, this
- separator which acts as an ion exchange membrane and which consists of raw kaolin porcelain as thin as possible, or of a cellulose compound, or of a synthetic fiber composite nylon or polypropylene, or a car ⁇ boné compound, made non-conductive, these compounds possibly being complemented. tees with an ion-permeable cellophane membrane.
- the positive electrode is composed of one or more metal hydroxides, obtained for example from titanium dioxide and / or Cobalt oxide and / or Silver oxide , etc.
- These metal hydroxides can, in a first variant, be deposited on a metallic support which is a good conductor, deployed, laminated or sintered, or, in a second variant, can be dissolved in the alkaline solution, for example sodium hydroxide or of potash, which bathes the cathode to the exclusion of the other constituents of the generator.
- the cathode is designed to permanently ensure a very close interaction between the air or the oxygen used as oxidant in the electrochemical oxidation reactions, and the metal hydroxide or hydroxides designated above.
- the first variant air or oxygen is introduced and brought into contact with the active materials of the cathode by microperforations carried out. over the entire external surface of the cathode frame and obtained for example by electrical effluvage.
- the metallic hydroxides are dissolved in the alkaline solution
- air or oxygen are introduced into the bath by orifices placed at the bottom of the container and ensuring a permanent erosion of these gases in the solution in view of the reoxygenation of the active materials of the cathode;
- the electric current is collected by an auxiliary conductive metal electrode consisting for example of expanded nickel, rolled or sintered, and whose exchange surface with the cathode solution is as large as possible.
- the alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, designated above, which plays the role of electrolyte in the generator, can be supplemented with various additives such as lithium oxide, which provide better ion exchange.
- the negative electrode (anode) consists of an alkaline or metallic halide, for example a chloride such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or tetrachloride.
- a chloride such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or tetrachloride.
- de Titanium dissolved if it is acts as an alkali halide, in an alkali hydroxide or in water.
- Salt in normal or concentrated solution in seawater, naturally constitutes an application of this type of electrode, in a variant corresponding to the use of an aqueous solution.
- This application requires, as already mentioned above, the use of an auxiliary metal electrode intended to collect the current flowing at the level of the anode.
- This collecting electrode is made of an expanded, sintered or laminated metal, offering the widest possible exchange surface with the salt solution in which it is immersed.
- the separator which acts as an ion-exchange membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the generator, is made up either of kaolin porcelain, or of a cellulosic compound or of a synthetic material based on nylon or polypropylene fibers or on a carbon compound made non-conductive, both being optionally supplemented with a cellophane membrane.
- Titanium dioxide constitutes the basic active material:
- Ti0 2 , 2H 2 ⁇ On contact with air or oxygen introduced into the cathode, the titanium hydroxide (Ti0 2 , 2H 2 ⁇ ) is regenerated as follows: Ti0 2 , 2H 2 0 + 1 0 2 > Ti (0H) 3 00H
- anode solution is, as a variant, constituted of potassium iodide in solution in water or in potassium hydroxide, the corresponding reaction can be written:
- the salt initially contained in water or in the alkaline solution is, in theory, completely oxidized.
- the perchlorate, or more generally perhalogenate, obtained when all or part of the chloride or of the halide has been oxidized can be regenerated if necessary by making it cross the generator again, the polarities then being reversed as when recharging a conventional accumulator.
- This regeneration mode will of course only be usable when all the precautions are taken to avoid concomitantly the phenomena of electrolysis, in particular the regeneration will preferably take place on perhalogenates in high concentrations.
- this device comprises an external cylindrical plastic container 1, to which are connected tubes 2 for admitting the anode liquid, composed, for example, of sodium chloride or of Potassium in alkaline or aqueous solution.
- a valve 3 controls the flow of admission of the anodic liquid into the tank.
- a tube 4 is arranged in the bottom of the tank and makes it possible to ensure the eva ⁇ cuation of the used anode liquid to an external auxiliary recovery tank.
- the anode liquid 5 bathes the auxiliary collector electrode 6 made of expanded or sintered nickel, arranged concentrically at the internal periphery of the plastic container and connected to the terminal
- a frame 7 ensures the mechanical strength of the separator. This consists of a layer of polypropylene fiber 8, applied to the frame 7, and an insulating cellophane film 9 electrically permeable to ions.
- the air or oxygen for permanent regeneration of the cathode is introduced at 10, into the lower part of the generator, by a suitable tube placed longitudinally in the cathode compartment.
- the cathode 11 consists of a sintered nickel plate wound on itself, saturated with titanium dioxide and cobalt oxide hydroxides, and immersed in the alkaline solution 12 serving as electrolyte. The cathode 11 is electrically connected to the positive terminal P of the generator.
- the solution 12 can consist of both the alkaline electrolyte and the metal hydroxides in solution or in suspension constituting the active materials of the cathode, the nickel grid 11 then playing the role of electrode auxiliary for collecting and passing electric current.
- the air or oxygen introduced in 10 in excess and under low overpressure relative to atmospheric pressure circulates longitudinally along the cathode and escapes at 13 through an orifice disposed at the part generator top.
- the air inlet and outlet orifices 10 and 13 can be eliminated, the atmospheric pressure being sufficient to permanently ensure the presence of dissolved oxygen in the solution bathing the cathode.
- the anode and cathode compartments are reversed with respect to the arrangement of the appended figure.
- no tubing for admitting air or oxygen into the cathode compartment is foreseen; in return, the external frame 1 of the generator is icro-perforated over its entire surface to allow free passage of air towards the interior of the cathode compartment without however allowing the passage and the flow of the electrolyte or of the solution that bathes the cathode outwards.
- alkali metal or metal halides used as anodes of the generators according to the invention being oxidized in the form of perhalogenates (perflurates, perchlorates, perbromates or periodates) at the end of the electrochemical reactions the principles of which have been set out above, most of them are chemically stable at temperature
- WIPO. WIIPPOO ambient can be reduced, with liberation of oxygen, compounds of lesser degrees of oxidation.
- This operation can be carried out, for example, with the addition of a deoxygenating catalyst such as manganese dioxide, by heating the mixture.
- the decomposition temperature varies according to the compounds obtained and can be at relatively low levels, especially for perioda and perbro ates.
- thermoelectric or photoelectric type coming from the generator after supplying electrical energy, can in these precise cases be easily regenerated by heating or appropriate thermal or photonic radiation.
- This solution may prove to be advantageous if relatively high cost alkali or metal halides are used, leading to perhalogenates which are difficult to store or to eliminate. in addition, it thus ensures energy conversion of the thermoelectric or photoelectric type, which also opens up another field of application for the types of accumulators and generator described above.
- the characteristics of the batteries, accumulators and generators which are the subject of the present invention can place them at the forefront of batteries and accumulators, generators of electrical energy and energy converters. They can be used for the production of electric power, for the supply of traction chains, permanent or emergency lighting networks, vehicles, machines and various equipments and for the conversion of heat or energy solar electricity.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8039494A GB2059673B (en) | 1978-07-11 | 1979-07-11 | Electric batteries accumulators and generators with non-metallic or solution electrodes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR7820637A FR2431195A1 (fr) | 1978-07-11 | 1978-07-11 | Piles, accumulateurs et generateurs electriques a electrodes non metalliques ou en solution |
| FR7820637 | 1978-07-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0016792A1 true EP0016792A1 (fr) | 1980-10-15 |
Family
ID=9210586
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP79900770A Withdrawn EP0016792A1 (fr) | 1978-07-11 | 1980-02-25 | Piles, accumulateurs et generateurs electriques a electrodes non metalliques ou en solution |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4318968A (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0016792A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JPS56501224A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2431195A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1980000284A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2565035B1 (fr) * | 1984-05-25 | 1987-07-17 | Quaroni Angelo | Generateur electrochimique a haut rendement |
| DE3430898A1 (de) * | 1984-08-23 | 1986-03-06 | Wolfgang Prof. Dr. 1000 Berlin Pietrulla | Galvanische trockenzelle |
| US6261717B1 (en) | 1999-05-28 | 2001-07-17 | The Gillette Company | Battery having an electrode within another electrode |
| US6342317B1 (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2002-01-29 | The Gillette Company | Battery |
| US6410187B1 (en) | 1999-09-09 | 2002-06-25 | The Gillette Company | Primary alkaline battery |
| EP1217679A1 (fr) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-06-26 | Ballard Power Systems AG | Pile à combustible et procédé de son fonctionnement |
| DE10257186A1 (de) * | 2002-12-06 | 2004-07-15 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zur Herstellung von beschichteten Streckmetallen und Verwendung solcher Metalle als Stromableiter in elektrotechnischen Bauelementen |
| US8404396B2 (en) | 2007-05-14 | 2013-03-26 | Brigham Young University | Fuel cell and method for generating electric power |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3294587A (en) * | 1962-03-01 | 1966-12-27 | Pullman Inc | Fuel cell |
| US3174880A (en) * | 1962-06-26 | 1965-03-23 | Thomas J Buitkus | Dual electrolyte battery cells |
| FR1409588A (fr) * | 1964-09-09 | 1965-08-27 | Thomson Houston Comp Francaise | Perfectionnements aux accumulateurs |
| US3481790A (en) * | 1967-08-29 | 1969-12-02 | Esb Inc | Seawater reserve battery having magnesium anode and lead dioxide-graphite fabric cathode |
| GB1354886A (en) * | 1970-06-29 | 1974-06-05 | Electrocell Ltd | Electrochemical fuel cell |
| US3853628A (en) * | 1973-07-26 | 1974-12-10 | J Fox | Fuel cell |
| US4192910A (en) * | 1978-11-29 | 1980-03-11 | Nasa | Catalyst surfaces for the chromous/chromic redox couple |
| US4198474A (en) * | 1979-02-26 | 1980-04-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Seawater battery |
-
1978
- 1978-07-11 FR FR7820637A patent/FR2431195A1/fr active Granted
-
1979
- 1979-07-11 JP JP50108579A patent/JPS56501224A/ja active Pending
- 1979-07-11 WO PCT/FR1979/000062 patent/WO1980000284A1/fr not_active Ceased
-
1980
- 1980-02-25 EP EP79900770A patent/EP0016792A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-03-11 US US06/197,348 patent/US4318968A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO8000284A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2431195A1 (fr) | 1980-02-08 |
| JPS56501224A (fr) | 1981-08-27 |
| FR2431195B1 (fr) | 1983-02-18 |
| US4318968A (en) | 1982-03-09 |
| WO1980000284A1 (fr) | 1980-02-21 |
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| 110E | Request filed for conversion into a national patent application [according to art. 135 epc] |
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| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: DEMAIRE, GEORGES Inventor name: BERGER, MICHEL Inventor name: LYS, JACQUES |