DE60225352D1 - METHOD OF ELECTROPLATING METALLIC AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES FILMS, COATINGS AND MICROCOMPONENTS - Google Patents

METHOD OF ELECTROPLATING METALLIC AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES FILMS, COATINGS AND MICROCOMPONENTS

Info

Publication number
DE60225352D1
DE60225352D1 DE60225352T DE60225352T DE60225352D1 DE 60225352 D1 DE60225352 D1 DE 60225352D1 DE 60225352 T DE60225352 T DE 60225352T DE 60225352 T DE60225352 T DE 60225352T DE 60225352 D1 DE60225352 D1 DE 60225352D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
matrix composites
metal matrix
coatings
microcomponents
electroplating metallic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE60225352T
Other languages
German (de)
Other versions
DE60225352T2 (en
Inventor
Gino Palumbo
Iain Brooks
Jonathan Mccrea
Glenn D Hibbard
Francisco Gonzalez
Klaus Tomantschger
Uwe Erb
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
INTERGRAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc
INTERGRAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc
Original Assignee
INTERGRAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc
INTERGRAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by INTERGRAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc, INTERGRAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc filed Critical INTERGRAN TECHNOLOGIES Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE60225352D1 publication Critical patent/DE60225352D1/en
Publication of DE60225352T2 publication Critical patent/DE60225352T2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D1/00—Electroforming
    • C25D1/04—Wires; Strips; Foils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
    • C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/02—Electroplating of selected surface areas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/04—Electroplating with moving electrodes
    • C25D5/06—Brush or pad plating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/08—Electroplating with moving electrolyte e.g. jet electroplating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/20—Electroplating using ultrasonics, vibrations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
    • C25D5/615—Microstructure of the layers, e.g. mixed structure
    • C25D5/617—Crystalline layers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/67—Electroplating to repair workpiece
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
    • C25D7/04—Tubes; Rings; Hollow bodies

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Switches (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a process for forming coatings or free-standing deposits of nanocrystalline metals, metal alloys or metal matrix composites. The process employs drum plating or selective plating processes involving pulse electrodeposition and a non-stationary anode or cathode. Novel nanocrystalline metal matrix composites and micro components are disclosed as well. Also described is a process for forming micro components with grain sizes below 1,000nm.
DE60225352T 2002-06-25 2002-06-25 METHOD OF ELECTROPLATING METALLIC AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE FILMS, COATINGS AND MICROCOMPONENTS Expired - Lifetime DE60225352T2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2002/007023 WO2004001100A1 (en) 2002-06-25 2002-06-25 Process for electroplating metallic and metall matrix composite foils, coatings and microcomponents

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE60225352D1 true DE60225352D1 (en) 2008-04-10
DE60225352T2 DE60225352T2 (en) 2008-06-12

Family

ID=29762587

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE60225352T Expired - Lifetime DE60225352T2 (en) 2002-06-25 2002-06-25 METHOD OF ELECTROPLATING METALLIC AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE FILMS, COATINGS AND MICROCOMPONENTS

Country Status (16)

Country Link
EP (2) EP1826294A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2005530926A (en)
KR (1) KR100890819B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE387522T1 (en)
AU (1) AU2002321112B2 (en)
BR (1) BR0215787B1 (en)
CA (1) CA2490464C (en)
DE (1) DE60225352T2 (en)
DK (1) DK1516076T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2301666T3 (en)
HK (1) HK1075278A1 (en)
IL (1) IL165904A0 (en)
MX (1) MXPA04011940A (en)
PT (1) PT1516076E (en)
WO (1) WO2004001100A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA200410368B (en)

Families Citing this family (62)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004090361A2 (en) * 2003-04-03 2004-10-21 The Timken Company Corrosion tolerant rolling element bearing
WO2004092450A1 (en) 2003-04-11 2004-10-28 Lynntech, Inc. Compositions and coatings including quasicrystals
US8152810B2 (en) 2004-11-23 2012-04-10 Jackson Roger P Spinal fixation tool set and method
US7387578B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2008-06-17 Integran Technologies Inc. Strong, lightweight article containing a fine-grained metallic layer
US7354354B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2008-04-08 Integran Technologies Inc. Article comprising a fine-grained metallic material and a polymeric material
US7320832B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2008-01-22 Integran Technologies Inc. Fine-grained metallic coatings having the coefficient of thermal expansion matched to the one of the substrate
US7425255B2 (en) 2005-06-07 2008-09-16 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Method for producing alloy deposits and controlling the nanostructure thereof using negative current pulsing electro-deposition
ES2422455T3 (en) 2005-08-12 2013-09-11 Modumetal Llc Compositionally modulated composite materials and methods for manufacturing them
US8202627B2 (en) * 2006-01-24 2012-06-19 Usc, Llc Electrocomposite coatings for hard chrome replacement
US20070170068A1 (en) * 2006-01-24 2007-07-26 Usc, Llc Electrocomposite coatings for hard chrome replacement
US7897265B2 (en) * 2006-01-26 2011-03-01 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Low cost, environmentally favorable, chromium plate replacement coating for improved wear performance
JP4724581B2 (en) * 2006-03-28 2011-07-13 新日本製鐵株式会社 Surface-treated metal material with excellent magnetic properties and method for producing the same
US7521128B2 (en) * 2006-05-18 2009-04-21 Xtalic Corporation Methods for the implementation of nanocrystalline and amorphous metals and alloys as coatings
US20070275262A1 (en) * 2006-05-23 2007-11-29 Dechao Lin Reducing formation of tin whiskers on a tin plating layer
US9005420B2 (en) * 2007-12-20 2015-04-14 Integran Technologies Inc. Variable property electrodepositing of metallic structures
US7955721B2 (en) * 2008-01-16 2011-06-07 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Article having cobalt-phosphorous coating and method for heat treating
JP4564545B2 (en) * 2008-03-25 2010-10-20 株式会社東芝 Coating method
US9758891B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2017-09-12 Modumetal, Inc. Low stress property modulated materials and methods of their preparation
US8247050B2 (en) 2009-06-02 2012-08-21 Integran Technologies, Inc. Metal-coated polymer article of high durability and vacuum and/or pressure integrity
US8309233B2 (en) * 2009-06-02 2012-11-13 Integran Technologies, Inc. Electrodeposited metallic-materials comprising cobalt on ferrous-alloy substrates
BR122013014461B1 (en) 2009-06-08 2020-10-20 Modumetal, Inc corrosion resistant multilayer coating on a substrate and electroplating method for producing a multilayer coating
DE102009043594B4 (en) 2009-09-25 2013-05-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Process for the electrochemical coating and incorporation of particles into the layer
DE102009060937A1 (en) 2009-12-22 2011-06-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 Process for electrochemical coating
EP2545194B1 (en) * 2010-03-12 2018-05-30 Xtalic Corporation Coated articles and methods
US9694562B2 (en) 2010-03-12 2017-07-04 Xtalic Corporation Coated articles and methods
CA2806328C (en) 2010-07-22 2019-01-22 Modumetal Llc Material and process for electrochemical deposition of nanolaminated brass alloys
KR101304846B1 (en) * 2011-06-10 2013-09-05 주식회사 포스코 Substrate for flexible display having excellent heat emission property
KR101322024B1 (en) 2011-06-13 2013-10-28 주식회사 포스코 Fe-Ni ALLOY SUBSTRATE FOR SOLAR CELL HAVING EXCELLENT FLEXIBLILITY AND DURALBILITY AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME
ES2637799T3 (en) 2011-11-15 2017-10-17 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Electrochromic device with complementary polymers
GB2497520A (en) * 2011-12-09 2013-06-19 Mahle Int Gmbh Method of electroplating a bearing surface
US20130186765A1 (en) * 2012-01-23 2013-07-25 Seagate Technology Llc Electrodeposition methods
KR101491752B1 (en) * 2012-05-04 2015-02-11 강원대학교산학협력단 Bipolar plate for fuel cell and mehtod for manufacturing the same, and fuel cell including the same
DE102012211941B4 (en) * 2012-07-09 2021-04-22 Hilti Aktiengesellschaft Machine tool and manufacturing process
KR101370966B1 (en) * 2012-10-17 2014-03-07 단국대학교 천안캠퍼스 산학협력단 Flexible composites with both selective electromagnetic conducting and absorbing properties and their fabrication equipment and method
JP6296491B2 (en) * 2013-03-14 2018-03-20 セイコーインスツル株式会社 Metal structure, method for manufacturing metal structure, spring component, start / stop lever for watch, and watch
WO2016044720A1 (en) 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Modumetal, Inc. A method and apparatus for continuously applying nanolaminate metal coatings
EA201500949A1 (en) 2013-03-15 2016-02-29 Модьюметл, Инк. METHOD OF FORMING A MULTILAYER COATING, A COATING FORMED BY THE ABOVE METHOD, AND A MULTILAYER COATING
US9207515B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2015-12-08 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Variable-emittance electrochromic devices and methods of preparing the same
EA032264B1 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-05-31 Модьюметл, Инк. Method of coating an article, article prepared by the above method and pipe
CA2905575C (en) 2013-03-15 2022-07-12 Modumetal, Inc. A method and apparatus for continuously applying nanolaminate metal coatings
EP4414477A2 (en) 2013-03-15 2024-08-14 Modumetal, Inc. Electrodeposited compositions and nanolaminated alloys for articles prepared by additive manufacturing processes
US10006141B2 (en) 2013-06-20 2018-06-26 Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc Method to produce metal matrix nanocomposite
US10102930B2 (en) 2013-11-13 2018-10-16 Framatome Inc. Nuclear fuel rod cladding including a metal nanomaterial layer
US10669635B2 (en) 2014-09-18 2020-06-02 Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc Methods of coating substrates with composite coatings of diamond nanoparticles and metal
AR102068A1 (en) 2014-09-18 2017-02-01 Modumetal Inc METHODS OF PREPARATION OF ITEMS BY ELECTRODEPOSITION AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
US9873827B2 (en) 2014-10-21 2018-01-23 Baker Hughes Incorporated Methods of recovering hydrocarbons using suspensions for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery
US10167392B2 (en) 2014-10-31 2019-01-01 Baker Hughes Incorporated Compositions of coated diamond nanoparticles, methods of forming coated diamond nanoparticles, and methods of forming coatings
US10155899B2 (en) 2015-06-19 2018-12-18 Baker Hughes Incorporated Methods of forming suspensions and methods for recovery of hydrocarbon material from subterranean formations
US9632059B2 (en) 2015-09-03 2017-04-25 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Potentiostat/galvanostat with digital interface
US9482880B1 (en) 2015-09-15 2016-11-01 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Electrochromic eyewear
US9945045B2 (en) 2015-12-02 2018-04-17 Ashwin-Ushas Corporation, Inc. Electrochemical deposition apparatus and methods of using the same
EP3388557B1 (en) * 2015-12-11 2020-11-11 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Apparatus for manufacturing a metal foil and metal foil manufacturing method using same
BR112019004508A2 (en) 2016-09-08 2019-06-04 Modumetal Inc methods for obtaining laminated coatings on workpieces and articles made therefrom
CN110637107B (en) 2017-03-24 2022-08-19 莫杜美拓有限公司 Lift plunger with electroplated layer and system and method for producing the same
WO2018195516A1 (en) 2017-04-21 2018-10-25 Modumetal, Inc. Tubular articles with electrodeposited coatings, and systems and methods for producing the same
KR101977469B1 (en) * 2017-07-03 2019-05-13 주식회사 포스코 Apparatus for polishing metal foil and method for improving surface property of metal foil
KR102439621B1 (en) * 2017-09-01 2022-09-01 에스케이넥실리스 주식회사 Copper Film, Manufacturing Methods Thereof, And Anode For Li Secondary Battery Comprising The Same
WO2019210264A1 (en) 2018-04-27 2019-10-31 Modumetal, Inc. Apparatuses, systems, and methods for producing a plurality of articles with nanolaminated coatings using rotation
DE102018120028A1 (en) * 2018-08-17 2020-02-20 Bolta-Werke Gmbh Method for producing a metal foil, metal foil, component, electrolyte solution and device
CN109989081B (en) * 2019-04-17 2021-05-25 浙江宏途电气科技有限公司 Brush plating workpiece repairing device convenient to operate
CN110724983B (en) * 2019-10-12 2022-02-08 天津大学 Method for preparing nano-copper-coated tungsten carbide core-shell structure powder by pulse electrodeposition
CN112676561B (en) * 2020-11-19 2023-05-12 四川有色金源粉冶材料有限公司 Novel alloy powder and preparation method thereof, wear-resistant coating and preparation process thereof

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL68330C (en) * 1950-11-03
JPS57171691A (en) * 1981-04-13 1982-10-22 Tadashi Hoashi Automatic brush plating method
US5433797A (en) * 1992-11-30 1995-07-18 Queen's University Nanocrystalline metals
US5352266A (en) * 1992-11-30 1994-10-04 Queen'university At Kingston Nanocrystalline metals and process of producing the same
US6030851A (en) * 1995-06-07 2000-02-29 Grandmont; Paul E. Method for overpressure protected pressure sensor
US6080504A (en) * 1998-11-02 2000-06-27 Faraday Technology, Inc. Electrodeposition of catalytic metals using pulsed electric fields

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2490464C (en) 2008-09-02
DE60225352T2 (en) 2008-06-12
BR0215787B1 (en) 2013-12-03
PT1516076E (en) 2008-03-11
KR20050024394A (en) 2005-03-10
BR0215787A (en) 2005-03-01
HK1075278A1 (en) 2005-12-09
KR100890819B1 (en) 2009-04-06
EP1826294A1 (en) 2007-08-29
ZA200410368B (en) 2006-07-26
DK1516076T3 (en) 2008-06-23
AU2002321112B2 (en) 2008-07-03
EP1516076A1 (en) 2005-03-23
ATE387522T1 (en) 2008-03-15
ES2301666T3 (en) 2008-07-01
JP2005530926A (en) 2005-10-13
WO2004001100A1 (en) 2003-12-31
EP1516076B1 (en) 2008-02-27
CA2490464A1 (en) 2003-12-31
AU2002321112A1 (en) 2004-01-06
IL165904A0 (en) 2006-01-15
MXPA04011940A (en) 2005-03-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE60225352D1 (en) METHOD OF ELECTROPLATING METALLIC AND METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES FILMS, COATINGS AND MICROCOMPONENTS
DK1515758T3 (en) Open-gauge metal coatings for conductor replacement implants and methods for producing them
US20110236720A1 (en) Noble metal-containing layer sequence for decorative articles
ATE318650T1 (en) METHOD FOR PRODUCING A CHEMICAL DEVICE ELEMENT COMPRISING A METAL HOLDER AND METAL ANTI-CORROSION COATING
ATE504947T1 (en) METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
WO2004053203A3 (en) Method for the electrolytic deposition of magnesium or magnesium-zinc on galvanised sheet metal
DE602004029806D1 (en) METHOD FOR REMOVING THALLIUM FROM A ZINC-HOLDING SOLUTION
WO2011042324A3 (en) Method and installation for producing metallised semiconductor substrates
WO2008011627A3 (en) Method and device for controlling the results of deposition on substrate surfaces
DE59804675D1 (en) METHOD FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC COATING OF CONTINUOUS METAL OR NON-METAL PRODUCTS AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE METHOD
KR100552481B1 (en) A process for electroplating nickel and copper deposits on zirconium or zirconium alloy substrates
Socha et al. 200 YEARS OF ELECTROPLATING Electrolitic deposition of metals- yesterday and to-day.
WO2004053184A3 (en) Method for adding solid zinc-aluminum to galvanizing baths
DE60312012D1 (en) METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SAG-RESISTANT MOLYBDEN-LANTHANOXIDE ALLOYS
AT404473B (en) Articles or workpieces of titanium or a titanium alloy with a noble metal coating and process for producing them
JPH0273991A (en) Pretreatment for metal plating of material having layer containing ni at least on its surface
JP2015157966A (en) black alloy plating film
JPH0397893A (en) Production of material with formed patina
JPH0397892A (en) Production of material with formed patina
JPS61217593A (en) Manufacture of ni plated steel sheet having superior workability
TH80985B (en) Electroplating methods and preparation of aluminum parts.
TH80985A (en) Electroplating methods and preparation of aluminum parts.
WO2017005286A1 (en) Antique ruthenium plated gemstone setting
ATE292693T1 (en) CONTAINER MADE OF A LIGHT METAL ALLOY AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
WO2017005284A1 (en) Copper-patinated gemstone setting

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8364 No opposition during term of opposition