DE3611273C1 - Process for the production of matt precious metal decorations - Google Patents

Process for the production of matt precious metal decorations

Info

Publication number
DE3611273C1
DE3611273C1 DE3611273A DE3611273A DE3611273C1 DE 3611273 C1 DE3611273 C1 DE 3611273C1 DE 3611273 A DE3611273 A DE 3611273A DE 3611273 A DE3611273 A DE 3611273A DE 3611273 C1 DE3611273 C1 DE 3611273C1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
weight
precious metal
oxide
mixture
glaze frit
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
DE3611273A
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Marion Dipl-Chem Dr Lotze
Peter Dipl-Chem Dr Kleinschmit
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Evonik Operations GmbH
Original Assignee
Degussa GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Degussa GmbH filed Critical Degussa GmbH
Priority to DE3611273A priority Critical patent/DE3611273C1/en
Priority to EP87103059A priority patent/EP0240720A1/en
Priority to US07/032,234 priority patent/US4889769A/en
Priority to JP62079847A priority patent/JP2515320B2/en
Priority to MX5872A priority patent/MX163841B/en
Priority to BR8701501A priority patent/BR8701501A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE3611273C1 publication Critical patent/DE3611273C1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/009After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03CCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C8/00Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
    • C03C8/14Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/45Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
    • C04B41/52Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/80After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
    • C04B41/81Coating or impregnation
    • C04B41/89Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung matter Edelme­ talldekorationen auf Trägern aus Keramik und Porzellan mittels Glanzedelmetallpräparaten durch Aufbringen einer Unterlageschicht, bestehend aus einem Gemisch einer Glasurfritte, eines Oxids und eines Alkydharzes, zwischen Träger und Edelmetallschicht.The invention relates to a method for producing matt Edelme tall decorations on ceramic and porcelain supports Bright precious metal preparations by applying a base layer, consisting of a mixture of a glaze frit, an oxide and an alkyd resin, between the carrier and the precious metal layer.

Zur Herstellung matter Edelmetalldekorationen verwendet man Präparate, die aus feinpulverigen Edelmetallen, Edelmetallverbin­ dungen und Flußkomponenten bestehen. Dazu gehören die Polieredelmetallpräparate mit einem Edelmetallgehalt von 15 bis 60 Gewichts-%, die die Komponenten in einem Bindemittel/Lösungsmittel- Gemisch dispergiert enthalten und die Puderpräparate, die Edelmetall­ gehalte von 90 bis 100 Gewichts-% aufweisen.One uses for the production of matt precious metal decorations Preparations made from fine powdered precious metals, precious metal compound ditions and flow components exist. These include the Polished precious metal preparations with a precious metal content of 15 to 60 % By weight of the components in a binder / solvent The mixture contains dispersed and the powder preparations, the precious metal have contents of 90 to 100% by weight.

Glanzedelmetallpräparate in denen die Edelmetallverbindungen in gelöster Form vorliegen, meist in Form von Sulforesinaten, besitzen einen Edelmetallgehalt von 6 bis 15 Gewichts-% und ergeben nach dem Brennen bei 600 bis 900° eine hochglänzende Dekoration.Bright precious metal preparations in which the precious metal compounds in in dissolved form, usually in the form of sulforesinates a precious metal content of 6 to 15% by weight and result in a high-gloss decoration when fired at 600 to 900 °.

Aus der DE-OS 31 22 546 ist ein Verfahren bekannt, mittels eines Glanzedelmetallpräparats auf Trägern aus Keramik und Porzellan eine matte Edelmetalldekoration herzustellen, indem man zwischen Träger und Edelmetallschicht eine Unterlageschicht aufbringt. Diese Unterlage­ schicht besteht aus einer Mischung einer Bleiborsilikat-Glasurfritte und einem Gemisch aus Zinnoxid, Zinkoxid, Aluminiumoxid, Eisenoxid und Chromoxid, angepastet mit einem Alkydharz mit einem Ölgehalt von 60 bis 70%. Dieses Verfahren hat den Nachteil, daß mit einer physiologisch, bedenklich bleihaltigen Glasurfritte gear­ beitet werden muß.From DE-OS 31 22 546 a method is known by means of a Shiny precious metal preparation on ceramic and porcelain supports matte precious metal decoration by placing between the carrier and Precious metal layer applies a base layer. This document layer consists of a mixture of lead borosilicate glaze frit and a mixture of tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, Iron oxide and chromium oxide, pasted with an alkyd resin with a Oil content from 60 to 70%. This method has the disadvantage that with a physiologically, questionable lead-containing glaze frit gear must be processed.

Es war daher Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung matter Edelmetalldekorationen auf Trägern aus Keramik und Porzellan mittels Glanzedelmetallpräparaten zu entwickeln, durch Aufbringen einer Unterlageschicht, bestehend aus einem Gemisch einer Glasurfritte, eines Oxids und eines Alkydharzes, zwischen Träger und Edelmetallschicht, bei dem auf den Einsatz einer blei­ haltigen Glasurfritte verzichtet werden kann.It was therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for Manufacture of matt precious metal decorations on ceramic supports and to develop porcelain using shiny precious metal preparations, by applying a base layer consisting of a mixture a glaze frit, an oxide and an alkyd resin, between Carrier and precious metal layer, in which the use of a lead containing glaze frit can be dispensed with.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die Unterlageschicht sich zusammensetzt aus:This object is achieved in that the Backing layer is composed of:

  • a) 50 bis 80 Gew.-% eines Gemisches von 30 bis 80 Gew.-% einer bleifreien Borsilikat-Glasurfritte mit 20 bis 70 Gew.-% Titandioxidpulver unda) 50 to 80 wt .-% of a mixture of 30 to 80 wt .-% one lead-free borosilicate glaze frit with 20 to 70 wt .-% titanium dioxide powder and
  • b) 20 bis 50 Gew.-% eines Gemisches aus 40 bis 60 Gew.-% eines modifizierten Alkydharzes mit einem Ölgehalt von 20 bis 40 Gew.-% und einem Feststoffgehalt von 40 bis 60 Gew.-% mit 40 bis 60 Gew.-% eines aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs.b) 20 to 50% by weight of a mixture of 40 to 60% by weight of one modified alkyd resin with an oil content of 20 to 40% by weight and a solids content of 40 to 60% by weight with 40 to 60 wt .-% of an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Als Glanzedelmetallpräparate können die handelsüblichen Glanzgold-, Glanzzitronengold-, Glanzpalladium- und Glanzplatinpräparate eingesetzt werden. Als modifizierte Alkydharze sind vor allem acryl-, urethan-, vinyltoluol-, styrol- und epoxidmodifizierte Alkydharze geeignet.As shiny precious metal preparations, the commercially available shiny gold, Gloss lemon gold, gloss palladium and gloss platinum preparations be used. Above all, as modified alkyd resins acrylic, urethane, vinyl toluene, styrene and epoxy modified Suitable alkyd resins.

Vorzugsweise verwendet man Borsilikat-Glasurfritten, die 45 bis 60% Siliziumdioxid, 10 bis 25% Boroxid (B2O3), 5 bis 15% Aluminium­ oxid, 5 bis 10% Alkalioxid, 5 bis 10% Kalziumoxid, 0 bis 5% Magnesiumoxid und 0 bis 2% Zinkoxid enthalten.Borosilicate glaze frits containing 45 to 60% silicon dioxide, 10 to 25% boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ), 5 to 15% aluminum oxide, 5 to 10% alkali oxide, 5 to 10% calcium oxide, 0 to 5% magnesium oxide are preferably used and contain 0 to 2% zinc oxide.

Die Teilchengröße der Glasurfritte und des Titandioxids liegt vorteil­ hafterweise zwischen 3 und 5 µ im Mittel. The particle size of the glaze frit and the titanium dioxide is advantageous between 3 and 5 µ on average.  

Als aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe haben sich vor allem Xylole und Trimethylbenzole bewährt. Ansonsten können auch andere auf dem Gebiet der keramischen Farben bekannte Lösungsmittel Verwendung finden.Above all, xylenes have proven to be aromatic hydrocarbons and Trimethylbenzenes proven. Otherwise, others can click on Solvent use known in the field of ceramic paints Find.

Mit Hilfe des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens erzielt man auch mit Glanzedelmetallpräparaten matte Dekorationen auf Keramik und Porzellan, ohne bleihaltige Glasurfritten verwenden zu müssen.With the help of the method according to the invention, one also achieves Glossy precious metal preparations, matt decorations on ceramics and Porcelain without having to use leaded glaze frits.

Folgende Beispiele sollen das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren näher erläutern:The following examples are intended to illustrate the process according to the invention explain:

  • 1. Auf einer Porzellanscherbe wurde eine Unterlageschicht aufge­ druckt, die aus 45 Gew.-% einer Glasurfritte, 30 Gew.-% Titan­ dioxid, 8 Gew.-% Alkydharz (acrylmodifiziert, Ölgehalt 40 Gew.-%) und 17 Gew.-% eines aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs (Shellsol AB) enthielt. Die Glasurfritte bestand aus 46 Gew.-% SiO2, 23 Gew.-% B2O3, 13 Gew.-% Al2O3, 1 Gew.-% ZnO, 7 Gew.-% CaO, 4 Gew.-% MgO und 6 Gew.-% Na2O. Nach dem Antrocknen wurde ein handels­ übliches Glanzgoldpräparat aufgedruckt. Nach dem Brennen erhält man ein mattes Golddekor.1. A base layer was printed on a porcelain shard, consisting of 45% by weight of a glaze frit, 30% by weight of titanium dioxide, 8% by weight of alkyd resin (acrylic modified, oil content 40% by weight) and 17% by weight. % of an aromatic hydrocarbon (Shellsol AB) contained. The glaze frit consisted of 46% by weight SiO 2 , 23% by weight B 2 O 3 , 13% by weight Al 2 O 3 , 1% by weight ZnO, 7% by weight CaO, 4% by weight % MgO and 6% by weight Na 2 O. After drying, a commercially available bright gold preparation was printed on. After firing, you get a matt gold decor.
  • 2. Analog Beispiel 1 wird eine Unterlageschicht verwendet, die aus 40 Gew.-% Glasurfritte, 35 Gew.-% Titanoxid, 6 Gew.-% Alkyd­ harz (epoxidmodifiziert, Ölgehalt 30%) und 19 Gew.-% eines Xylolgemisches besteht. Die Glasurfritte enthält 63 Gew.-% SiO2, 13 Gew.-% B2O3, 8 Gew.-% Al2O3, 1 Gew.-% ZnO, 8 Gew.-% CaO und 7 Gew.-% Na2O. Auch hier erhält man ein mattes Golddekor.2. Analogous to Example 1, a base layer is used, which consists of 40 wt .-% glaze frit, 35 wt .-% titanium oxide, 6 wt .-% alkyd resin (epoxy modified, oil content 30%) and 19 wt .-% of a xylene mixture. The glaze frit contains 63% by weight SiO 2 , 13% by weight B 2 O 3 , 8% by weight Al 2 O 3 , 1% by weight ZnO, 8% by weight CaO and 7% by weight Na 2 O. Here too you get a matt gold decoration.

Die Dekoration kann auch mittels eines keramischen Abziehbildes übertragen werden.The decoration can also be done with a ceramic decal be transmitted.

Claims (3)

1. Verfahren zur Herstellung matter Edelmetalldekorationen auf Trägern aus Keramik und Porzellan mittels Glanzedel­ metallpräparaten durch Aufbringen einer Unterlageschicht, bestehend aus einem Gemisch einer Glasurfritte, eines Oxids und eines Alkydharzes, zwischen Trägern und Edel­ metallschicht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Unterlageschicht sich zusammensetzt aus:
  • a) 50 bis 80 Gew.-% eines Gemisches von
    • aa) 30 bis 80 Gew.-% einer bleifreien Borosilikat­ glasurfritte mit
    • bb) 20 bis 70 Gew.-% Titandioxidpulver und
  • b) 20 bis 50 Gew.-% eines Gemisches aus
    • aa) 40 bis 60 Gew.-% eines modifizierten Alkydharzes mit einem Ölgehalt von 20 bis 40 Gew.-% und einem Feststoffgehalt von 40 bis 60 Gew.-% mit
    • bb) 40 bis 60 Gew.-% eines aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffs.
1. Process for the production of matt precious metal decorations on supports made of ceramic and porcelain by means of shiny precious metal preparations by applying a base layer consisting of a mixture of a glaze frit, an oxide and an alkyd resin, between supports and precious metal layer, characterized in that the base layer is composed of:
  • a) 50 to 80 wt .-% of a mixture of
    • aa) 30 to 80% by weight of a lead-free borosilicate glaze frit with
    • bb) 20 to 70 wt .-% titanium dioxide powder and
  • b) 20 to 50 wt .-% of a mixture
    • aa) 40 to 60% by weight of a modified alkyd resin with an oil content of 20 to 40% by weight and a solids content of 40 to 60% by weight
    • bb) 40 to 60% by weight of an aromatic hydrocarbon.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Glasurfritte 45 bis 65 Gew.-% Siliziumdioxid, 10 bis 25 Gew.-% Boroxid (B2O3), 5 bis 15 Gew.-% Aluminiumoxid, 5 bis 10 Gew.-% Kalziumoxid, 0 bis 5 Gew.-% Magnesiumoxid und 0 bis 2 Gew.-% Zinkoxid enthält.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the glaze frit 45 to 65 wt .-% silicon dioxide, 10 to 25 wt .-% boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ), 5 to 15 wt .-% aluminum oxide, 5 to 10 wt .-% Calcium oxide, 0 to 5 wt .-% magnesium oxide and 0 to 2 wt .-% zinc oxide. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als modifizierte Alkydharze acryl-, urethan-, vinyltoluol-, styrol- und epoxidmodifizierte Alkydharze verwendet werden.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that as modified alkyd resins acrylic, urethane, vinyl toluene, styrene and epoxy modified alkyd resins can be used.
DE3611273A 1986-04-04 1986-04-04 Process for the production of matt precious metal decorations Expired DE3611273C1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3611273A DE3611273C1 (en) 1986-04-04 1986-04-04 Process for the production of matt precious metal decorations
EP87103059A EP0240720A1 (en) 1986-04-04 1987-03-04 Method of making matt precious metal decorations
US07/032,234 US4889769A (en) 1986-04-04 1987-03-31 Method of producing matte precious metal decorations
JP62079847A JP2515320B2 (en) 1986-04-04 1987-04-02 Manufacturing method of frosted precious metal decoration
MX5872A MX163841B (en) 1986-04-04 1987-04-02 PROCEDURE TO PREPARE NOBLE METAL MATTE DECORATIONS
BR8701501A BR8701501A (en) 1986-04-04 1987-04-02 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PRECIOUS METAL MATTE DECORATIONS

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3611273A DE3611273C1 (en) 1986-04-04 1986-04-04 Process for the production of matt precious metal decorations

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE3611273C1 true DE3611273C1 (en) 1987-06-19

Family

ID=6297899

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE3611273A Expired DE3611273C1 (en) 1986-04-04 1986-04-04 Process for the production of matt precious metal decorations

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4889769A (en)
EP (1) EP0240720A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2515320B2 (en)
BR (1) BR8701501A (en)
DE (1) DE3611273C1 (en)
MX (1) MX163841B (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0345993A1 (en) * 1988-06-08 1989-12-13 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Method for printing
DE3900571A1 (en) * 1989-01-11 1990-07-19 Asea Brown Boveri METHOD FOR APPLYING A CATALYST LAYER CONSISTING OF PRECIOUS METALS AND / OR PRECIOUS METAL COMPOUNDS TO A CARRIER OF CERAMIC MATERIAL
DE4122131C1 (en) * 1991-07-04 1992-07-16 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau, De Gold@ prepn., for decoration of glass and ceramics - comprise adding e.g. gold mercaptide deriv. to hot soln. of polyethylene@ wax in non-polar solvent
WO1995009823A1 (en) * 1993-10-02 1995-04-13 Cookson Matthey Ceramics Plc Frit-containing composition
DE19937388B4 (en) * 1999-08-07 2008-07-31 Ferro Gmbh Glass frit and matting agent containing composition and their use for the production of a gold decoration with polished gold character

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5043369A (en) * 1988-10-17 1991-08-27 Corning Incorporated Glass/glass-ceramic-plastic alloy articles
DE4007156C1 (en) * 1990-03-07 1991-09-26 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau, De
US5281635A (en) * 1991-05-17 1994-01-25 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Precious metal composition
DE4213041C1 (en) * 1992-04-21 1993-06-09 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau, De
JP3858292B2 (en) * 1995-11-02 2006-12-13 日本電気硝子株式会社 Low expansion crystallized glass decorative composition and decorative low expansion crystallized glass plate

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3122546A1 (en) * 1981-06-06 1982-12-23 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau "CERAMIC DECAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MATS PRECIOUS METAL DECORATIONS"

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE712854C (en) * 1939-01-29 1941-10-27 Degussa Process for the production of gold-colored decors
US3436203A (en) * 1964-05-29 1969-04-01 Owens Illinois Inc Coated refractory for contacting molten glass and method of making
GB1436859A (en) * 1973-12-01 1976-05-26 Tioxide Group Ltd Glazing composition
US4159353A (en) * 1978-01-19 1979-06-26 Corning Glass Works Platinum coating dense refractories
US4434211A (en) * 1979-03-08 1984-02-28 Itzhak Shoher Method for bonding ceramic to noble based metals and product
US4312951A (en) * 1979-09-07 1982-01-26 Mobay Chemical Corporation Low-melting, lead-free ceramic frits
US4311504A (en) * 1980-02-15 1982-01-19 Corning Glass Works Method of coating glass or ceramics with a colored frit
US4418099A (en) * 1982-02-05 1983-11-29 Engelhard Corporation Non-burnished precious metal composition

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3122546A1 (en) * 1981-06-06 1982-12-23 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau "CERAMIC DECAL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MATS PRECIOUS METAL DECORATIONS"

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0345993A1 (en) * 1988-06-08 1989-12-13 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Method for printing
DE3900571A1 (en) * 1989-01-11 1990-07-19 Asea Brown Boveri METHOD FOR APPLYING A CATALYST LAYER CONSISTING OF PRECIOUS METALS AND / OR PRECIOUS METAL COMPOUNDS TO A CARRIER OF CERAMIC MATERIAL
DE4122131C1 (en) * 1991-07-04 1992-07-16 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau, De Gold@ prepn., for decoration of glass and ceramics - comprise adding e.g. gold mercaptide deriv. to hot soln. of polyethylene@ wax in non-polar solvent
WO1995009823A1 (en) * 1993-10-02 1995-04-13 Cookson Matthey Ceramics Plc Frit-containing composition
DE19937388B4 (en) * 1999-08-07 2008-07-31 Ferro Gmbh Glass frit and matting agent containing composition and their use for the production of a gold decoration with polished gold character

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS62235234A (en) 1987-10-15
US4889769A (en) 1989-12-26
JP2515320B2 (en) 1996-07-10
MX163841B (en) 1992-06-25
BR8701501A (en) 1988-01-19
EP0240720A1 (en) 1987-10-14

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