DE2635000A1 - SELF-HEATING OBJECTS WITH TISSUE ELECTRODES - Google Patents
SELF-HEATING OBJECTS WITH TISSUE ELECTRODESInfo
- Publication number
- DE2635000A1 DE2635000A1 DE19762635000 DE2635000A DE2635000A1 DE 2635000 A1 DE2635000 A1 DE 2635000A1 DE 19762635000 DE19762635000 DE 19762635000 DE 2635000 A DE2635000 A DE 2635000A DE 2635000 A1 DE2635000 A1 DE 2635000A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- heat
- object according
- electrode
- resistance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000009954 braiding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011231 conductive filler Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010382 chemical cross-linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009940 knitting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005594 polymer fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005185 salting out Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/344—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint being a woven or non-woven fabric or being a mesh
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C61/00—Shaping by liberation of internal stresses; Making preforms having internal stresses; Apparatus therefor
- B29C61/06—Making preforms having internal stresses, e.g. plastic memory
- B29C61/0608—Making preforms having internal stresses, e.g. plastic memory characterised by the configuration or structure of the preforms
- B29C61/0625—Preforms comprising incorporated or associated heating means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
- B29C66/91411—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
- B29C66/9192—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
- B29C66/91921—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
- B29C66/9192—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
- B29C66/91921—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
- B29C66/91931—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature in explicit relation to the fusion temperature or melting point of the material of one of the parts to be joined
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C1/00—Details
- H01C1/14—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors
- H01C1/146—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors the resistive element surrounding the terminal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
- H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
- H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3468—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the means for supplying heat to said heated elements which remain in the join, e.g. special electrical connectors of windings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/3484—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being non-metallic
- B29C65/3488—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being non-metallic being an electrically conductive polymer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/3484—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being non-metallic
- B29C65/3492—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being non-metallic being carbon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/7371—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined oriented or heat-shrinkable
- B29C66/73715—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined oriented or heat-shrinkable heat-shrinkable
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
- B29C66/91655—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the current intensity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0003—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
- B29K2995/0005—Conductive
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/0049—Heat shrinkable
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
- Shaping By String And By Release Of Stress In Plastics And The Like (AREA)
Description
DR.-ING. GERALD KLOPSCH 5OOO KÖLN 1DR.-ING. GERALD KLOPSCH 5OOO COLOGNE 1
28. Juli I976 Kl/EnJuly 28, 1976 Kl / En
300 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, California 9^025 (U.S.A.)300 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, California 9 ^ 025 (U.S.A.)
Selbsterhitzende Gegenstände mit GewebeelektrodenSelf-heating objects with fabric electrodes
Wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstände, die selbsterhitzend sind, können durch Einarbeitung wenigstens einer biegsamen, in ihren Dimensionen deformierbaren Gewebeelektrode in ein wärmerückstellfähiges Teil, das vorteilhaft eine elektrisch leitende Polymermasse enthält, erhalten werden. Dabei werden die Elektroden in das T-.;il eingearbeitet, bevor es in seiner, wärme instabilen Zustand deformiert wird. Als ein Ergebnis ihrer Biegsamkeit deformieren sich die Elektroden, wenn das wärmerückstellfähige Teil in seinen wärmeinstabilen Zustand deformiert wird, und stellen sich mit diesem in die wärmestabile Konfiguration zurück. Die Polyrermasse wird so gewählt, daß ihr Ohm'scher Widerstand hoch genug ist, daß, wenn die Elektroden in Reihe geschaltet mit einer elektrischen Kraftquelle verbunden sind, der durch die Masse hindurchgehende Strom diese erhitzt. Die so erzeugte Wärme kann dazu benutzt werden, um alle oder einen Teil der für die Rückstellung des Gegenstands erforderlichen Wärme zur Verfügung zu stellen, oder um den Gegenstand nach der Rückstellung als Heizvorrichtung zu verwenden. Falls gewünscht, kann eine Polymermasse mit positiven Temperaturkoeffizienten des Widerstandes (PTC) gewählt werden, wodurch die Maximumtemperatur,auf die sich derHeat-restoring objects which are self-heating can be obtained by incorporating at least one flexible, dimensionally deformable fabric electrode into a heat-restoring part which advantageously contains an electrically conductive polymer mass. The electrodes are worked into the T -. Il before it is deformed in its thermally unstable state. As a result of their flexibility, when the heat recoverable member is deformed to its heat unstable state, the electrodes deform and return to the heat stable configuration with it. The polymer mass is chosen so that its ohmic resistance is high enough that, when the electrodes are connected in series to a source of electrical power, the current passing through the mass heats them. The heat generated in this way can be used to provide all or some of the heat required for the recovery of the article, or to use the article as a heating device after recovery. If desired, a polymer composition with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTC) can be selected, which results in the maximum temperature at which the
V 0 9 8 0 9 / 0 3 1 SV 0 9 8 0 9/0 3 1 p
Gegenstand selbst erhitzt, gesteuert werden kann.Object itself heated, can be controlled.
Die Erfindung betrifft wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstände, insbesondere selbsterhitzende wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstände.The invention relates to heat recoverable articles, in particular self-heating heat-recoverable objects.
Polymere wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstände können z.B. in Rohrform als dichtende, isolierende oder schützende Überzüge für langgestreckte Gegenstände, z.B. Kabel und Rohre, verwendet werden. Ein Rohr aus wärmerückstellfähigem Mate- j rial wird über die Unterlage gestreift und auf Rückstelltem- j peratur erhitzt, wenn es auf einen kleineren Durchmesser schrumpft. Da das Rohr nachgiebig und elastisch bei der Rückstelltemperatur ist, schrumpft es und berührt das Substrat und nimmt hierdurch dessen Gestalt an.Polymeric heat-recoverable articles can e.g. Tube shape as a sealing, insulating or protective cover for elongated objects, e.g. cables and pipes, be used. A tube made of heat-restoring material is slipped over the base and placed on restoring material temperature as it shrinks to a smaller diameter. Because the pipe is compliant and elastic at the reset temperature is, it shrinks and touches the substrate and thereby assumes its shape.
In vielen Fällen steht kein freies oder leicht zugängliches Ende des langgestreckten Gegenstandes zur Verfügung, so daß ein wärmerückstellfähiges bandförmiges Material um das Substrat herumgewickelt und seine Enden verbunden werden. In Position wird diese Umwickelmuffe zwecks Rückstellung erhitzt Beispiele solcher Umwickeleinrichtungen für Unterlagen, bei denen kein Zutritt zu einem freien Ende besteht, sind in US-PS 3.379.2I8, 3^55.336 und 3.770.556 gegeben. Die oben beschriebenen wärmerückste11fähigen Gegenstände können passenderweise aus einer großen Vielzahl von vernetzten kristallinen Polymermassen erhalten werden. Geeignete Materialien und Verfahren für die Vernetzung, z.B. durch ionisierende Strahlung, und für die Überführung dieser Gegenstände in den wärmerückstellfähigen Zustand sind in der US-PS 3.086.242 beschrieben. Chemische Vernetzungsmittel, z.B. Peroxyde, können ebenfalls verwendet werden.In many cases there is no free or easily accessible end of the elongate article available, so that a heat-recoverable tape-shaped material is wrapped around the substrate and its ends connected. This wrap-around sleeve is heated in position to recover. Examples of such wrapping devices for documents that do not have access to a free end are given in U.S. Patents 3,379,218, 3,555,336 and 3,770,556. The heat-resistant articles described above can suitably be obtained from a wide variety of crosslinked crystalline polymer compositions. Suitable materials and methods for the crosslinking, for example by ionizing radiation, and for the transfer of such articles on the heat-recoverable state are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,086,242. Chemical crosslinking agents such as peroxides can also be used.
Um einen Gegenstand, der aus einer solchen Masse hergestellt ist, wärmerückstellfähig zu machen, wird er in seinen Dimensionen oberhalb des Kristallschmelzpunkts (oder Bereichs) deformiert und in diesem deformierten Zustand gehalten, bis In order to make an object made of such a mass heat-recoverable, it is deformed in its dimensions above the crystal melting point (or area) and kept in this deformed state until
709809/0318709809/0318
der Gegenstand unter den Schmelzpunkt abgekühlt ist. l.-n abgekühlten
Zustand kann der Arjtikel als dimensionsinstabi i
bezeichnet werden, da er das sogenannte "elastische Gedächtnis" zeigt, wenn er ohne Hinderung wieder auf oberhalb des '
Kristallschmelzpunkts erhitzt wird, d.h. er wird zu seinen
ursprünglichen Abmessungen zurückkehren. In der rückgestellten Form wird der Gegenstand häufig als gegen Wärmeeinwir- :
kung dimensionsstabil bezeichnet.the object has cooled below the melting point. 1.-n cooled state, the article can be used as dimensionally unstable
because it shows the so-called "elastic memory" when it is heated up again to above the melting point of the crystal without hindrance, ie it becomes its own
return to original dimensions. In the recovered form the subject matter is often considered to Wärmeeinwir-: kung called dimensionally stable.
Die Rückstellung des wärmerückstellfähigen Gegenstands kann i
geeigneterweise durch Anwendung von Hitze auf den Gegenstand '_ unter Verwendung eines Brenners oder einer Wärmepistole er- j
zielt werden. In bestimmten Fällen jedoch, wenn beispiels- j weise die Zone, wo die Anwendung von Hitze erforderlich ist,
unzugänglich ist oder in einem Bereich liegt, wo offenes
Feuer gefährlich oder verboten ist, wie in Bergwerken, wo j große Mengen von entzündlichen Gasen vorhanden sein können, I
ist die Behandlung mit solchen Mitteln unerwünscht oder so- j gar unmöglich. Unter diesen Umständen können leitfähige PoIy-J
mere als wärmerückstellfähiges Material in wärmerückstell- :
fähigen Gegenständen angewendet werden. Ein Gegenstand aus · einem leitenden Polymeren wird als V/iderstandsheizung in |The recovery of the heat-recoverable article can suitably be achieved by applying heat to the article using a torch or a heat gun. However, in certain cases, for example when the area where the application of heat is required,
inaccessible or in an area where open
Fire is dangerous or forbidden, as in mines, where j large quantities of flammable gases can be present, I treatment with such agents is undesirable or even impossible. Under these circumstances, conductive poly-mers can be used as a heat-recoverable material in heat-recoverable articles. An object made of a conductive polymer is used as a resistance heater in |
ι einen elektrischen Leiterkreis verdrahtet und nach Verbindung!ι wired an electrical conductor circuit and after connection!
mit einer Kraftquelle, z.B. einei* 12 bis 24 oder sogar ^6
Vclt-Batterie oder einer Wechselstromquelle (z.B. von 115 ■
Volt), fließt Strom durch den Gegenstand. Als Ergebnis sei- ; nes Ohm1 sehen Widerstandes erhitzt er sich, worauf diese '.
Hitze teilweise oder ganz als für die Rückstellung des Gegenstandes erforderliche Wärme Anwendung finden kann. Wenn
auf zu hohe Temperatur erhitzt wird, unterliegt das Polynermaterial
der Zersetzung. Empfindliche Bestandteile, die durch den Gegenstand abgeschirmt werden, können ebenfalls zerstört
werden, obwohl das Ausmaß der Schädigung durch Augenschein
nicht sichtbar zu sein braucht.with a power source, e.g. eini * 12 to 24 or even ^ 6
Vclt battery or an alternating current source (eg from 115 ■ volts), current flows through the object. As a result, be-; nes Ohm 1 see resistance it heats up, whereupon this '. Heat can be used in part or in full as the heat required for restoring the object. if
If the temperature is too high, the polymer material is subject to decomposition. Sensitive components that are shielded by the object can also be destroyed
be though the extent of the damage by visual inspection
does not need to be visible.
Um zu hohe-Temperaturen zu vermeiden, werden Thermostaten
709809/0316 To avoid high temperatures, thermostats are used
709809/0316
oder andere Kontroll einrichtungen verwendet. Jedoch vlr·: in vielen Fällen hierdurch der Zweck der Verwendung --er. reTlsterhit^enden wärrnerüokstellfähigen Gegenständen veri'f '·./. 1Z, inderr sperrige und teuere Bauelemente an Stellen an^o-'B-ndetwerden müssen, die häufig unzugänglich sind. Es wurde bereits vorgeschlagen, diese zusätzlichen Bauelemente dur^h Verwendung einer Polymermasse zu eliminieren, die einen oositiven Temperaturkoeffizienten des-Widerstandes zeigt CpTC). Solche Massen werden als PTC-Massen bezeichnet.or other control devices are used. However vlr ·: in many cases this makes the purpose of using --er. ReTlsterhit ^ end heat-retractable objects veri'f '·. /. 1 Z, inderr bulky and expensive components have to be ndet in places that are often inaccessible. It has already been proposed to eliminate these additional components by using a polymer compound which exhibits a positive temperature coefficient of resistance (CpTC). Such masses are referred to as PTC masses.
Geeignete Massen enthalten ein organisches thermoplastisches ' Polymer, insbesondere ein kristallines Polymer, das Kohlenstoff oder einen anderen feinteiligen Leiter, z.B. ein feinverteiltes Metall, enthält. PTC-Massen unterliegen einem re- · lativ kleinen Anstieg des Widerstandes mit steigender Temperatur, bis eine bestimmte Temperatur T (die ein Temperatur-Suitable compositions contain an organic thermoplastic polymer, in particular a crystalline polymer, the carbon or another finely divided conductor such as a finely divided metal. PTC masses are subject to a relatively small increase in resistance with increasing temperature, until a certain temperature T (which is a temperature
bereich sein kann),manchmal als Schalt- oder Anomali^ätstemperatur bezeichnet, erreicht ist. Oberhalb von T resultiert ein weiterer Temperaturanstieg in einem großen Anstieg des Widerstands. Der Anstieg des Widerstands kann so scharf sein,· daß der Strom auf ein Niveau abfällt, das die Temperatur der Masse auf ihre T -Temperatur begrenzt. Für kristalline Polymere liegt T bei oder gerade unterhalb des Kristallschmelzpunkts oder -bereichs.range), sometimes as switching or abnormal temperature designated, is reached. Above T, a further increase in temperature results in a large increase in the Resistance. The rise in resistance can be so sharp that the current drops to a level which corresponds to the temperature of the Mass limited to its T temperature. For crystalline polymers, T is at or just below the crystalline melting point or range.
Wenn eine PTC-Masse als Bestandteil eines selbstheizenden wärmeruckstellfähigen Gegenstands verwendet wird, kenn sie effektiv die T'--rnper?it-.ir, auf dip der npf-pnstand ^r ■:'*.·':. --Ir1O begrenzen. Geeignete PTC-Massen sind in US S.N. 601.659 vom 4.8.1975 und der deutschen Patentanmeldung P 25 43 346.9 vor. 29«9.I975 beschrieben. Die Anwendungstypen von solchen oben vorgeschlagenen wärmeruckstellfähigen Gegenständen sind kürzlich beschränkt worden, weil bei den meisten Bauarten der wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstand mit einer Vielzahl von Elektroden, im allgemeinen Paaren von in wesentlichen parallelen Drähten, versehen sein muß. Der Gegenstand kann daher nur inIf a PTC compound is used as part of a self-heating heat-resilient object, it effectively knows the T '- rnper? It-.ir, on dip the npf-pnstand ^ r ■:' *. · ':. - Limit Ir 1 O. Suitable PTC compounds are in US SN 601.659 of August 4, 1975 and the German patent application P 25 43 346.9. 29 «9. 1975. The types of applications of such heat-recoverable articles proposed above have recently been limited because, in most designs, the heat-recoverable article must be provided with a plurality of electrodes, generally pairs of substantially parallel wires. The object can therefore only be used in
709809/0318709809/0318
BAD ORIGINALBATH ORIGINAL
seinen wärme instabilen Zustand durch Deformation ir. ein-r· Richtung senkrecht zur Richtung, in der die Elektroden : .'.geordnet sind, deformiert werden. Diese Tatsache hat die r.Uteilchen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für selbsterhitzende wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstände signifikant beschränkt.its heat unstable state by deformation ir. a-r · direction perpendicular to the direction in which the electrodes are :. '. are deformed. This fact has significantly limited the r.Uteilchen design options for self-heating heat-resilient objects.
D'.e S-'findung betrifft einen wärmerückstellfähigen flf^ör.-stand, der ein wärmerückstellfähiges Teil aufweist, welches ein Material mit elektrischem Widerstand enthält, in das wenigstens eine biegsame Gewebeelektrode und eine zweite "Elektrode eingearbeitet ist, wobei die Elektroden nach Vorbindung mit einer Stromquelle im Stande sind, Stromfluß durch das Material mit elektrischem Widerstand zu verursachen.D'.e S-'findung concerns a heat-resilient flf ^ ör.-stand, which has a heat-recoverable part which contains an electrically resistive material in the at least a flexible cloth electrode and a second "electrode is incorporated, wherein the electrodes are capable of current flow through the material after pre-connecting to a power source with electrical resistance to cause.
Die zweite Elektrode kann in das Widerstandsmaterial eingearbeitet sein, kann in Berührung mit dem wärmerückste11fähigen Teil, z.B. als Substrat, stehen oder kann in ein zweites Teil eingearbeitet sein, das dem wärme rückstell fähigen T^-il benachbart ist. Die zweite Elektrode kann aus einer. S reifen ■ oder Gitter aus Metall bestehen, vorausgesetzt, da2 hierdurch nicht die Deformation des rückstellfähigen Gegenstandes zwischen seinem anfänglichen, dem wärmerücksteilfähigen und dem wärmerückgestellten Zustand behindert wird. Vorteilhaft besteht die zweite Elektrode aus einer biegsamen Gewebeelektrode, die in das Widerstandsmaterial eingearbeitet ist.The second electrode can be incorporated into the resistance material, can be in contact with the heat-resilient part, for example as a substrate, or can be incorporated into a second part which is adjacent to the heat-resilient part. The second electrode can consist of a. S tires or grids are made of metal, provided that this does not hinder the deformation of the resilient object between its initial, heat-recoverable and heat-recovered state. The second electrode advantageously consists of a flexible fabric electrode that is incorporated into the resistance material.
Das wärmerüclcstelIfahige Teil weist vorteilhaft eine Polyrner-i masse mit ausreichend leitfähigem Füllstoff auf, z.E. feinteiligem Ruß oder Metall, so daß es imstande ist, elektrischen Strom bei konstanter Spannung zu leiten, z.~i. bei 12 bis J56 Volt von einer Batterie oder 115 Volt-Wechselstrom. Die Masse sollte ebenfalls einen ausreichenden Chm1snhen 'Widerstand aufweisen, damit die erzeugte V/ärrne imstande ist, die Rückstellung des wärmerückstellfählgen Teils, das mehrere Millimeter dick sein kann, zu bewirken. Es gibt /,ahlreiche geeignete Polymere zur Verwendung in diesen Massen, insbe-The heat-recoverable part advantageously has a polymer compound with sufficiently conductive filler, e.g. finely divided carbon black or metal, so that it is able to conduct electrical current at constant voltage, e.g. at 12 to J56 volts from a battery or 115 volts AC. The mass should also have a sufficient Chm 1 snhen 'resistance so that the V / arm produced is able to bring about the recovery of the heat-recovering part, which can be several millimeters thick. There are many suitable polymers for use in these compositions, in particular
709809/0318709809/0318
sondere sind vernetzte kristalline Polymere, z.B. diejenigen der US-PS 3.086.242, nützlich. Ein Gegenstand, der aus einem solchen Polymeren hergestellt ist, kann oberhalb des Kristallschmelzpunkts oder -bereichs (nachfolgend "Kristall r-hnri 7_ ! punkt" bezeichnet) deformiert werden und in dem deformierten Zustand bis zur Abkühlung gehalten werden, um den Gegenstand ί wärmerückstellfähig zu machen.Crosslinked crystalline polymers such as those of US Pat. No. 3,086,242 are particularly useful. An object made from such a polymer can be deformed above the crystal melting point or range (hereinafter referred to as "crystal r-hnri 7_ ! Dot") and kept in the deformed state until it cools to make the object heat-recoverable do.
Vorzugsweise weist das wärmerückstellfähige Teil wenigstens
eine Schicht eines leitenden Polymeren, wie oben beschrieben,; auf.The heat-resilient part preferably has at least
a layer of conductive polymer as described above; on.
Die Schicht oder die Schichten können entweder ein konstan- ·
tes Watt-Verhalten oder einen positiven Temperaturkoeffizienten des Widerstandes aufweisen. Vorzugsweise zeigt ein für
eine wärmerückstellfähige Membran verwendetes PTC-Materlal
wenigstens einen 6-fachen Anstieg des Widerstandes in. einem ;
B-reich von J5O°C oberhalb von T auf. Ein Material mit kon- !The layer or layers can either have a constant Watt behavior or a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. Preferably one shows for
PTC material used for a heat-resilient membrane
at least a 6-fold increase in resistance in one; B-rich from J50 ° C above T. A material with con-!
stanter Watt-Leistung hat einen Widerstand, der rr.it der Tem- j peratur ansteigen kann, der jedoch keine Temperatur aufweist,! bei der sein Widerstand so schnell ansteigt, daß es für die ' meisten Zwecke ein Isolator wird. Innerhalb des Zusammenhangs! dieser Anmeldung wird als ein Material mit konstanter Watt-Leistung ein Material angesehen, dessen Widerstand nicht um '< einen Faktor von mehr als annähernd 6 in jedem Temperaturbe- \ reich von 300C zwischen 25°C und dem Schmelzpunkt des Poly- ; meren oder einer höheren Temperatur, wenn das Polymere zwecks! Verleihung von Strukturstabilität oberhalb des Schmelzpunkts j vernetzt wurde, ansteigt. Vorzugsweise weist es einen spezi- ! fischen V/iderstand von wenigstens 1 Ohm/Querschnittseinheit ■ (I^/square) bei 25°C auf.constant watt power has a resistance which rr.with the temperature can increase, but which has no temperature! whose resistance increases so rapidly that it becomes an insulator for most purposes. Within the context! this application is regarded as a material constant wattage a material whose resistivity is not to '<a factor of more than approximately 6 in each temperature-\ ranging from 30 0 C, between 25 ° C and the melting point of the poly; meren or a higher temperature, if the polymer for the purpose! Granting structural stability above the melting point j was crosslinked, increases. Preferably it has a special! fish up V / resistance of at least 1 ohm / cross section unit ■ (I ^ / square) at 25 ° C.
Für die Zwecke der Erfindung geeignete Materialien mit konstanter Watt-Ieistung sind bekannt. In vielen Fällen können
die in PTC-Massen verwendeten Polymeren in Massen konstanter Watt-Leistung verwendet werden, indem in das Polymere einConstant wattage materials suitable for the purposes of the invention are known. In many cases you can
the polymers used in PTC masses are used in masses of constant wattage by adding a
709809/031 δ709809/031 δ
größerer Anteil eines leitenden Füllstoffs als bei PTC-:·'.assen eingearbeitet wird. Wenn die T von Massen, die PTC-Charakterlarger proportion of a conductive filler than in PTC-: · '.assen is incorporated. If the T of masses, the PTC character
aufweisen, groß genug ist, können diese Massen als Materialien konstanter Watt-Leistung verwendet werden. Die Einzelheiten, die PTC-Materialien und Materialien konstanter V.'att-Leistung, die in wärmerückstellfähigen Gegenständen gemäß ; der Erfindung geeignet sind, charakterisieren, sind in j US S.N. 6OI.638 und der niederländischen Patentanmeldung ; Nr. 75/II.392 beschrieben.have, is large enough, these masses can be used as materials of constant wattage. The details, the PTC materials and materials of constant V.'att power, those in heat-recoverable objects according to; of the invention are suitable to characterize are in j US S.N. 6OI.638 and the Dutch patent application; No. 75 / II.392.
Vorteilhaft enthält die dehnbare Gewebeelektrcde verlitztes
Material aus jedem beliebigen geeigneten leitfähigen Material.
Vorzugsweise sind die Litzen hergestellt aus einem Ma- ;
terial mit niedriger spezifischer Leitfähigkeit, welches j niedrig im Preis ist, z.B. verlitzter Kupferdraht und vor- i
zugsweise 28 bis 40 Gauge-Draht-Litze. Litzen aus anderen
Metallen einschließlich Legierungen und a\is zv.ei K r-ipononten ·
bestehenden Metallitzen, Verbundmaterialien aus Xete.ll und °a-Iy.Tier
fasern, metallbeschichtete Polymerfasern oder leitende
Kohlenstoffasern können ebenfalls verwendet werden.The stretchable fabric electrode advantageously contains stranded material
Material of any suitable conductive material. Preferably, the strands are made of a Ma- ; Material with low specific conductivity, which is j low in price, eg stranded copper wire and preferably 28 to 40 gauge wire strand. Strands from others
Metals including alloys and a \ is zv.ei K r-ipononten · existing metal strands, composite materials from Xete.ll and ° a-Iy. Animal fibers, metal-coated polymer fibers or conductive
Carbon fibers can also be used.
Die Gewebeelektrode muß ausreichend biegsam sein, Ίί~1™, wenn
sie in die Polymermasse eingearbeitet wird, in ihren Acmes- ·
sangen in gleichem Ausmaß deformiert werden kann, wie die
Masse, wenn letztere auf oberhalb des Kristallschmeizpun^ts
erhitzt wird, um sie wärmerückstellfähig zu machen, wie in
US-PS 3.086.242 beschrieben. ; The tissue electrode must be sufficiently flexible Ίί ~ when it is incorporated into the polymer composition, singing in their Acmes- · can be deformed to the same extent 1 ™ as the
Mass if the latter is above the crystal melting point
is heated to make it heat-recoverable, as in
U.S. Patent 3,086,242. ;
Zusätzlich sollte die Elektrode die Rückstellfähigkeit des
wärmerückstell fähigen Teils, wenn dieses erhitzt wird, nicht
wecentlich behindern. Solche Elektroden sind vorteilhaft imstande,
sich um wenigstens 100 % in ihren Abmessungen, z.B.
in Lange und Breite oder, wenn sie rohrförmig sind, in Durchmesser
und/oder Länge, bezogen auf den wärmestabilen Zustand,
zu ändern, vorzugsweise um wenigstens 300 #. Jedoch ist jedes
Gewebe, das mit dem wärmerückstel!fähigen Gegenstand zwischenIn addition, the electrode should have the resilience of the
heat-restorable part, if this is heated, do not interfere weekly. Such electrodes are advantageously able to change their dimensions by at least 100%, e.g.
in length and width or, if they are tubular, in diameter and / or length, based on the heat-stable state, to change, preferably by at least 300 #. However, any fabric that is compatible with the heat-relieving object is in between
.' 709809/0316. ' 709809/0316
seinem Anfangs zustand dem rückstellfähigen Zustand und ie:n rückgestellten Zustand deformiert werden kann, fir die Z.-.ecke der Erfindung geeignet. Die Eignung eines gegebener: I-'.aterials kann daher leicht durch simple Routineexperimente für jeden Einzelfall bestimmt werden.its initial state the resettable state and ie: n reset state can be deformed for the Z corner suitable for the invention. The suitability of a given: I - '. Aterials can therefore easily be determined for each individual case by simple routine experiments.
Geeignete Elektrodengewebe können durch bekannte Techniken, z.E. Weben, Wirken oder Klöppeln,hergestellt werden. Von diesen wird Umklöppeln bevorzugt, weil bei Verwendung diese:1 Technik Elektroden mit guter Nachgiebigkeit oder Flexibilität erhalten werden. Bevorzugt lassen sich diese Elektroden leicht bei dem Deformationsprozeß, der die Polyir.ermasse wärmerückstellfähig macht, dehnen und weisen weiter ein Mi- ' nimurr; an Widerstand gegen die Rückstellung des wärmerückstellfähigen Teils auf. Vorteilhaft bestehen umkloppelte ϊ Elektroden aus rohrförmigen L'tzen, die bevorzugt um einen [ Kern aus thermoplastischem Material herum geflochten oder geklöppelt sind. Eine rohrförmige Umklöppelung mit einem hohen Klöppelwinkel, bezogen auf die Achse des Rohres, z.B. von einem Winkel größer als annähernd 50 und vorzugsweise ; annähernd 75 sind besonders vorteilhaft. Eine geeignete Umflechtunp wird unter Verwendung von 16 Trägern aus je 4· Litzen von verzinntem Kupferdraht (38 AWG = american wire · gauge) bei einem Flechtwinkel von 75° um einen zylindrischen ' Kern erhalten, der rohrförmig ist und aus einem leitenden oder nicht leitenden thermoplastischen Material besteht, und · einen Auäendurchmesser von 0,64 cm hat. Vorzugsweise besteht ; der zylindrische Kern aus einem leitfähigen Material, das mit dem Polymeren, aus d^m das wärmerückstellfähige Teil hergestellt ist, verträglich ist. Gewöhnlich wird das umflochtene Rohr auf oberhalb des Erweichungspunktes des thermoplastischen Kerns erhitzt und dann flachgedrückt, wobei darauf geachtet wird, daß ein Verstrecken der Umflechtung im Verlauf dieser Deformation vermieden wird. Für einige Zwecke, z.B. wenn es erwünscht ist, daß das Rohr radial ausdehnbar ist anstelle einer Längsdehnbarkeit, können niedrigere Um-Suitable electrode fabrics can be produced by known techniques, e.g. weaving, knitting or lace making. Of these, bobbin lace is preferred because when using this: 1 technique, electrodes with good compliance or flexibility are obtained. These electrodes can preferably be easily stretched during the deformation process, which makes the polyir.ermass heat-resilient, and furthermore have a minimum; resistance to the recovery of the heat-recoverable part. Advantageously consist tzen umkloppelte ϊ electrodes tubular L', which preferably a [core of thermoplastic material are braided around or geklöppelt. A tubular clapper with a high clapper angle, based on the axis of the tube, for example at an angle greater than approximately 50 and preferably; approximately 75 are particularly beneficial. A suitable braid is obtained using 16 carriers of 4 strands each of tinned copper wire (38 AWG = American wire gauge) at a braiding angle of 75 ° around a cylindrical core which is tubular and made of a conductive or non-conductive thermoplastic Material, and · has an outside diameter of 0.64 cm. Preferably there is; the cylindrical core made of a conductive material which is compatible with the polymer from which the heat-restoring part is made. Usually the braided tube is heated to above the softening point of the thermoplastic core and then flattened, taking care to avoid stretching the braid during this deformation. For some purposes, e.g. when it is desired that the pipe be radially expandable instead of longitudinally expandable, lower conversion
709809/0316709809/0316
flechtungswinkel angewendet werden. Die Umflechtungseigenschaften eines radial expandierten Rohrs sind in der U3-P3 3.253.619 beschrieben.braiding angles can be applied. The braiding properties a radially expanded tube are described in U3-P3 3.253.619.
Die 2'findung wird nun in größeren Einzelheiten anhand der Zeichnungen beschrieben, worin Figur 1 eine perspektivische Ansicht einer umflochtenen Elektrode, Figuren 2, 3 und 5 bis 7 perspektivische Ansichten von fünf verschiedenen Ausführungsformen von wärmerückstellfähigen Gegenständen gemäß der Erfindung und Figur 4 eine perspektivische Ansicht einer Elektrodenbaueinheit darstellen.The 2'finding is now in greater detail on the basis of the Drawings are described, wherein Figure 1 is a perspective view of a braided electrode, Figures 2, 3 and 5 7 through 7 are perspective views of five different embodiments of heat-resilient objects according to the invention and FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a Represent electrode assembly.
In Fig-ir 1 weist die umflochtene Elektrode 10 eine rohrförmige Umflechtung 11 auf, die über einen hohlen rohrförmigen Kern 12 gevrickelt ist. In Figur 2 weist der- wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstand I3 eine Vielzahl von Elektroden 10 nach dem Flachdrücken auf, die in eine Schicht 14 aus einer PTC-Xasse, wie vorstehend beschrieben, eingebettet sind. Die Elektroden 10 haben eine gemeinsame Grenze mit der PTC-Schicht. Benachbarte Elektrodenpaare 10 sind in Serie zu einer Stromquelle 15 geschaltet.In FIG. 1, the braided electrode 10 has a tubular shape Braid 11 which is wrapped over a hollow tubular core 12. In Figure 2, the heat-recoverable Item I3 a plurality of electrodes 10 after the flattening, which are in a layer 14 made of a PTC-Xasse, as described above, are embedded. The electrodes 10 have a common boundary with the PTC layer. Adjacent electrode pairs 10 are connected in series to a current source 15.
Im Betrieb wird Strom zwischen die Elektroden durch dirj FTC-Masse geleitet. Nach Erzeugung einer ausreichenden Wärme wird die Rückstellung des Gegenstands I3 bewirke. Die PTC-Sohicht 14 ist sowohl in einer als auch in zwei Richtungen deformierbar, d.h. in einer Richtung, um die Trennung der Elektroden zu bewirken und/oder in einer Richtung, um eine Dehnung des Gegenstands I3 längs der Achse der Elektroden zu bewirken, um Wärmerückstellfähigkeit zu verleihen. Eine iIn operation, current is passed mass FTC between the electrodes by di r j. After sufficient heat has been generated, the object I3 is restored. The PTC layer 14 is deformable in both one and two directions, ie in one direction in order to effect the separation of the electrodes and / or in a direction in order to cause an elongation of the object I3 along the axis of the electrodes to To give heat recovery. An egg
herkömmliche starre Elektrode erlaubt eine Deformation nur i in einer Richtung auf die Trennung der Elektroden 10. Da die [ Trennung der Elektroden den Stromweg verlängert und dadurch den Widerstand des Gegenstands 13» wird hierdurch die Energieabgabe des Gegenstands I3 in expandierten Zustand begrenzt. Conventional rigid electrode allows a deformation only i in one direction towards the separation of the electrodes 10. Since the [ separation of the electrodes extends the current path and thereby the resistance of the object 13 », the energy output of the object I3 in the expanded state is limited.
7 0 9809/03187 0 9809/0318
- Io -- Io -
Da die Schicht 14 des Artikels I^ eine PTC-Masse enthält:, wird das Erhitzen begrenzt, wenn die T -Temperatur des ?o-Since layer 14 of article I ^ contains a PTC mass :, heating is limited when the T temperature of the? o-
lymeren in der Masse erreicht wird. Der Gegenstand ist da- ; her selbsterhitzend und imstande, vorteilhaft als eine Heiz-, einrichtung nach der Rückstellung zu funktionieren, unabhängig davon, ob das Vermögen zur Selbsterhitzung zur Ver- ,lymeren in the mass is achieved. The object is there; self-heating and able to advantageously function as a heating device after reset, independently whether the ability to self-heat
anlassung der Rückstellung des Artikels verwendet wird.is used at the time of resetting the item.
In Figur j5 weist der wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstand 50 j zwei Schichten von Elektroden 10 auf, die in eine Schicht 14 aus einer PTC-Polyreermasse eingebettet sind. Die Elektroden 10 in der oberen Schicht sind parallel miteinander und in ' Reihe mit denen der unteren Schicht durch die Polymerschicht: verbunden. Eine Schicht von Elektroden 10 ist in Figur 4 vor: der Einarbeitung in den wärmerückstellfähigen Gegenstand dar-* gestellt. Jede Schicht hat an beiden Enden eine Verteiler- · elektrode 16. Die Verteilerelektroden 16 sind Gewebeelektro- ; den und können an den Elektroden 10 haften, indem ihr ther- · moplastischer ?Cern auf oberhalb des Erweichungspunkts er- '; hitzt und sie zusammengepreßt werden, oder durch übliches ; Punktschwei3en oder Löten. Die Verteilerelektroden 16 werden : verwendet, urn die Energie zu den Elektroden 10 jeder Schicht j zu verteilen. Der wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstand JO kann ! entlang und/oder senkreicht zur Längsachse der Elektroden 10 ; verformt werden.In FIG. 5, the heat-restoring object 50j has two layers of electrodes 10 which are embedded in a layer 14 made of a PTC polymer mass. The electrodes 10 in the upper layer are parallel and in 'another series of the lower layer with which the polymer layer by: connected. A layer of electrodes 10 is shown in FIG. 4 prior to incorporation into the heat-recoverable object. Each layer has a distribution electrode 16 at both ends. The distribution electrodes 16 are fabric electrodes ; The and can adhere to the electrodes 10 by having their thermoplastic core set to above the softening point. heats and they are compressed, or by usual; Spot welding or soldering. The distribution electrodes 16 are: used to distribute the energy to the electrodes 10 of each layer j. The heat-resilient object JO can! extends along and / or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the electrodes 10; be deformed.
Die wärmerückstellfähigen Gegenstände der Figuren 2 und 3 können anstelle einer PTC-Masse eine Polymermasse mit konstanter Watt-Leistung enthalten.The heat-resilient objects of FIGS. 2 and 3 can contain a polymer mass with constant wattage instead of a PTC mass.
In Figur 5 enthält der wärmerückstellfähige Gegenstand 17 einen Sstz Elektroden 10, die in eine Schicht 18 einer Polymermasse mit konstanter Watt-Leistung eingebettet sind, sowie einen zweiten Satz von Elektroden 10, die in eine Schicht 19 einer PTC-Polymermasse eingebettet sind. In FIG. 5, the heat-recoverable article 17 contains a set of electrodes 10 embedded in a layer 18 of a polymer composition with constant wattage, and a second set of electrodes 10 which are embedded in a layer 19 of a PTC polymer composition.
709809/0311709809/0311
Tn Figur 6 ist ein wärmerückstellfähiger Gegenstand gesagt, der drei Schichten von Polymermassen enthält. Zv;ei Sätze von Elektroden 10 sind in zwei Schichten 21 und 22 eines FoV/nerrr.aterials konstanter Watt-Leistung eingebettet, die sanrivrichartig eine Schicht 23 aus einem PTC-Polymermaterial einschließen. Tn Figure 6 is said to be a heat-recoverable object, which contains three layers of polymer masses. Zv; ei sentences of Electrodes 10 are in two layers 21 and 22 of a foam material constant wattage embedded, the sanrivrich-like include a layer 23 of a PTC polymer material.
In einem wärmerückstellfähigen Gegenstand, in dem lediglich dünne Filme von PTC-Massen verwendet werden, und der Strcm in der Ebene des Films fließt, wurde gefunden, daß selbst s bei mäßigen Energieabgaben das Phänomen der "Heißlinie" auftritt, wo lediglich ein schmales Band der PTC-S:-hicht als Heizeinrichtung funktioniert. Dieses Problem wurde in der | bereits genannten US-Anmeldung 601.638 diskutiert. 'In a heat-recoverable object in which only thin films of PTC masses are used, and the Strcm flows in the plane of the film, it has been found that even with moderate energy output the phenomenon of the "hot line" occurs, where only a narrow band of the PTC-S: -hicht functions as a heating device. This problem was addressed in the | already mentioned US application 601,638 discussed. '
Die Temperatur T , bei der der Widerstand eines PTC-Materi-ilsThe temperature T at which the resistance of a PTC material
scharf ansteigt, liegt bei oder unterhalb des Kristallschnelzpunkts für kristalline Polymere. Diese Polymere unterliegen, wenn sie in einer wärmerückstellfähigen Form vorliegen, der Rückstellung oberhalb ihres Kristallschmelzpunktes, und eine ausreichende Beweglichkeit für eine wirksame Rückstellung erfordert Temperaturen, die wenigstens 1O°C oberhalb des Kristallschmelzpunkts liegen. Ein Schichtsystem, wie z.B. in Figur 5 oder 6 gezeigt, weist einen relativen Widerstand zwischen der Schicht oder den Schichten von Material kon-rises sharply, is at or below the crystal melting point for crystalline polymers. These polymers, when in a heat recoverable form, are subject to Recovery above its crystalline melting point, and sufficient mobility for effective recovery requires temperatures that are at least 10 ° C above the crystalline melting point. A shift system, such as in Figure 5 or 6, shows a relative resistance between the layer or layers of material con-
stanter Watt-Leistung und der Schicht aus PTC-Material auf, so daß die Schicht konstanter Watt-Leistung sich zuerst er- : hitzt, wenn ihr Widerstand höher ist als der Widerstand der -. Schicht der PTC-Masse. Der Gegenstand kann so oberhalb von T erhitzt werden, indem das Material konstanter Watt-Leistung rasch erhitzt wird, bevor Wärmeleitung die Temperatur der PTC-Masse auf T erhöht und hierdurch den Stromfluß unterbricht.constant wattage and the layer of PTC material, so that the layer of constant watt output heats up first when its resistance is higher than the resistance of the -. Layer of PTC mass. The object can be above T be heated by rapidly heating the material of constant watt power before heat conduction increases the temperature of the PTC mass increased to T and thereby interrupts the flow of current.
Eine wirkungsvollere Methode zur Überwindung der Nachteile .der "Heißlinie" wiri in der US-Anmeldung 604.427 beschrieben. Der dort beschriebene Gegenstand hat eine Struktur, in derA more effective method of overcoming the drawbacks of the "hot line" is described in U.S. Application 604,427. The object described there has a structure in which
709809/0316709809/0316
eine einen relativ geringen Widerstand aufweisende, t!ie—Tisch isolierte Schicht aus Material konstanter W;;ttleii:tunr. zischen einer Heizschicht aus einem Material konstanter Ί *:t-Leistung und einer Schicht aus PTC-Masse angeordnet ist, wie Figur " zeigt. Der wärmerückstelIfähige Gegenstand ?4 enthält eine Schicht 25 aus Material konstanter Vatt-Lois.t-mg mit relativ hoherr. Widerstand, eine wärmeisolierende Gchicht 26 von relativ geringem Widerstand und eine Schicht 27 einer PTC-Masse von mittlerem Anfangswiderstand. D'. e Schicht 26 kann aus einem geschäumten Pclymermaterial hergestellt sein, so daß sie gute thermisch isolierende Eigenschaften aufweist. Wenn Strom angelegt wird, wird die Schicht 25 erhitzt, die Schicht 27 ist jedoch thermisch abgeschirnt durch die Schicht 26 und ihr Temperaturanstieg bleibt hinter dem der Schicht 23 zurück. Diher kann die Schicht 25 auf oberhalb des Kristallschmelzpunkts des wärmerückstellfähigen Teils erhitzt werden, bevor die Energie dadurch abgeschnitten wird, daß die' Temperatur der PTC-Masse T erreicht. Thermische Leitfähigkeitseffekte erlauben, daß der gesamte Gegenstand schließlich auf oberhalb der Rückstelltemperatur erhitzt wird, d.h. den Kristallschmelzpunkt um einen Betrag, der eine wirksame Rückstellung sicherstellt. Die Schicht 25 kann auch aus einem PTC-Material bestehen,vorausgesetzt, daß dieses eine höherea relatively low resistance, t! ie table insulated layer of constant W material ; ; ttleii: tunr. hiss a heating layer of a material constant Ί *: t-power and a layer of PTC composition is arranged as figure "shows wärmerückstelIfähige The object 4 includes a layer 25 of material of constant Vatt-Lois.t mg relatively hoherr.? Resistor, a heat insulating layer 26 of relatively low resistance and a layer 27 of PTC compound of medium initial resistance. The layer 26 may be made of a foamed polymer material so that it has good thermal insulating properties. When current is applied , layer 25 is heated, but layer 27 is thermally cut off by layer 26 and its temperature rise lags behind that of layer 23. Thus layer 25 can be heated to above the crystalline melting point of the heat recoverable part before the energy is thereby cut off that the 'temperature of the PTC mass reaches T. Thermal conductivity effects allow the entire The object is finally heated to above the recovery temperature, ie the crystal melting point by an amount which ensures effective recovery. The layer 25 can also consist of a PTC material, provided that this is a higher one
T hat als Schicht 27.
sT has layer 27.
s
Es "nüssen nicht alle Schichten eines vielschichtigen wärme- , rückstellfähigen Gegenstandes wärmerückstellfähig sein, vor-j ausgesetzt, da? wenigstens eine Schicht wärmerückstellfähig ist und eine ausreichende "Standfestigkeit" aufweist, um die anderen Schichten in dem deformierten Zustand zu halten, oder daß die Schicht eine ausreichende Rückstellkraft hat, die die anderen Schichten in Richtung auf die wärmestabile Konfiguration zwingt. In diesem Fall brauchen die anderen Schichten nicht wärmerückstellfähig zu sein.Not all layers of a multi-layered heat, resilient object to be heat-resilient, before-j exposed there? at least one layer is heat-restorable and has sufficient "stability" to the to keep other layers in the deformed state, or that the layer has a sufficient restoring force that the forces other layers towards the thermostable configuration. In this case you need the other layers not being heat resilient.
Bei der Ausführungsform sind die Elektroden 10 in einerIn the embodiment, the electrodes 10 are in one
709809/0318709809/0318
Schicht aus einer Pclymermasse eingebettet. Diec wird vorteilhaft erreicht durch Anordnung der Elektroden zwischen zwei polymere Unterschichten, die anschließend rriteinander verbunden werden, z.B. Unterschichten, die auf oberhalb ihres Erweichungspunkts erhitzt worden sind und unter Verwendung von Laminierrollen laminiert worden sind.Layer of a polymer compound embedded. This will be beneficial achieved by arranging the electrodes between two polymer sub-layers, which then rrit each other bonded, e.g., sublayers that have been heated to above their softening point and using have been laminated by lamination rolls.
Obwohl die gezeigten Gegenstände relativ planar sind, können auch Gegenstände von regulärer oder unregelmäßiger Bauweise hergestellt werden. Z.B. können rohrförmig^ Gegenstände mit einer Vielzahl von in dem Rohr angeordneten Ge^'ec^le'rCtr: und/oder mehreren Schichten entweder parallel zur L"n£\3 des Rohrs oder senkrecht hierzu angewandt werden. Eir. besonders bevorzugter Gegenstand wird in der US-Patentanmeldung 601.3^"+ und in der deutsehen Patentanmeldung P 25 ^3 JJ53.9 beschrieben. Alternativ kann die rohrförmige Struktur um eine zylindrische Leitung angeordnet werden und nach der Installation dazu benutzt werden, das Innere der Leitung, zu erhitzen, um Einfrieren oder Aussalzen von Feststoffen zu verhindern.Although the objects shown are relatively planar, objects of regular or irregular construction can also be used getting produced. E.g. tubular objects with a multiplicity of Ge ^ 'ec ^ le'rCtrs arranged in the pipe: and / or several layers either parallel to the L "n £ \ 3 of the pipe or perpendicular to it. Eir. particularly preferred subject matter is in US patent application 601.3 ^ "+ and in the German patent application P 25 ^ 3 JJ53.9 described. Alternatively, the tubular structure can be around a cylindrical pipe can be arranged and, after installation, used to clean the inside of the pipe, Heat to prevent solids from freezing or salting out.
709809/0316709809/0316
Claims (20)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US60154975A | 1975-08-04 | 1975-08-04 | |
US05/601,638 US4177376A (en) | 1974-09-27 | 1975-08-04 | Layered self-regulating heating article |
IR135415568 | 1975-09-17 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE2635000A1 true DE2635000A1 (en) | 1977-03-03 |
DE2635000C2 DE2635000C2 (en) | 1986-04-03 |
Family
ID=83195937
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE2635000A Expired DE2635000C2 (en) | 1975-08-04 | 1976-08-04 | Electric heat recoverable heater |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE2635000C2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2320678A1 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1065718B (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2747881A1 (en) * | 1976-10-26 | 1978-04-27 | Raychem Corp | SPICE TUBE WITH ADAPTER FOR MULTIPLE CABLES |
DE2832119A1 (en) * | 1977-07-25 | 1979-02-08 | Raychem Corp | SELF-HEATABLE AND HEAT REPLACEMENT OBJECTIVE AND PROCESS FOR APPLYING A COVERING TO AN OBJECT |
DE2943371A1 (en) * | 1978-10-27 | 1980-05-08 | Raychem Sa Nv | SPLICE OR CONNECTING PIECE FOR A PRESSURIZED CABLE, INSERTED FLEXIBLE STRIPES AND METHOD FOR RESETTING A HEAT-RECOVERABLE OBJECT |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4309596A (en) * | 1980-06-24 | 1982-01-05 | Sunbeam Corporation | Flexible self-limiting heating cable |
DE3049626A1 (en) * | 1980-12-31 | 1982-07-22 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | ELECTRICAL GUIDE CONTACTS MADE FROM METALLIZED TEXTILE |
DE3311051A1 (en) * | 1983-03-25 | 1984-09-27 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | TAPE FLEXIBLE HEATING ELEMENT CONSTRUCTED FROM ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE PORCELAIN FROM PTC MATERIAL AND AN ORGANIC INSULATING PLASTIC AS BINDING AGENT, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE FLEXIBLE HEATING ELEMENT |
US4685025A (en) * | 1985-03-14 | 1987-08-04 | Raychem Corporation | Conductive polymer circuit protection devices having improved electrodes |
CA1321698C (en) * | 1987-09-09 | 1993-08-31 | Richard John Penneck | Heat recoverable article |
WO1995017800A1 (en) * | 1993-12-22 | 1995-06-29 | Proizvodstvenno-Kommercheskaya Firma 'merkuros' | Flexible electrical heating element |
US6048599A (en) * | 1997-01-17 | 2000-04-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Susceptor composite material patterned in neat polymer |
FR2851116B1 (en) * | 2003-02-07 | 2008-01-18 | Atofina | PTC-COATED TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE HEATING WIRE, CONTAINING THE SAME AND APPLICATIONS THEREOF |
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US3086242A (en) * | 1960-07-15 | 1963-04-23 | Raychem Corp | Process and apparatus for producing materials having plastic memory |
US3253619A (en) * | 1965-05-06 | 1966-05-31 | Raychem Corp | Heat recoverable reinforced article and process |
US3379218A (en) * | 1965-07-29 | 1968-04-23 | Raychem Corp | Closure sleeve for pipes or the like |
US3455336A (en) * | 1965-11-03 | 1969-07-15 | Raychem Corp | Heat recoverable article and process |
US3770556A (en) * | 1970-08-07 | 1973-11-06 | Reychem Corp | Wraparound closure sleeve |
BE833916A (en) * | 1974-09-27 | 1976-03-26 | WATERPROOF SEALING OBJECT CAPABLE OF RETURNING ITS SHAPE HOT AND PROCESS FOR ENSURING THE SEALING OF A SPISSURE BY MEANS OF THIS OBJECT | |
DE2543346A1 (en) * | 1974-09-27 | 1976-04-15 | Raychem Corp | POLYMER COMPOUNDS WITH POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE |
DE2543338A1 (en) * | 1974-09-27 | 1976-04-15 | Raychem Corp | HEAT RECOVERABLE OBJECT FOR COVERING AND SEALING A LADDER CONNECTION |
-
1976
- 1976-08-03 FR FR7623705A patent/FR2320678A1/en active Granted
- 1976-08-04 IT IT2601676A patent/IT1065718B/en active
- 1976-08-04 DE DE2635000A patent/DE2635000C2/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (8)
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US3086242A (en) * | 1960-07-15 | 1963-04-23 | Raychem Corp | Process and apparatus for producing materials having plastic memory |
US3253619A (en) * | 1965-05-06 | 1966-05-31 | Raychem Corp | Heat recoverable reinforced article and process |
US3379218A (en) * | 1965-07-29 | 1968-04-23 | Raychem Corp | Closure sleeve for pipes or the like |
US3455336A (en) * | 1965-11-03 | 1969-07-15 | Raychem Corp | Heat recoverable article and process |
US3770556A (en) * | 1970-08-07 | 1973-11-06 | Reychem Corp | Wraparound closure sleeve |
BE833916A (en) * | 1974-09-27 | 1976-03-26 | WATERPROOF SEALING OBJECT CAPABLE OF RETURNING ITS SHAPE HOT AND PROCESS FOR ENSURING THE SEALING OF A SPISSURE BY MEANS OF THIS OBJECT | |
DE2543346A1 (en) * | 1974-09-27 | 1976-04-15 | Raychem Corp | POLYMER COMPOUNDS WITH POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE |
DE2543338A1 (en) * | 1974-09-27 | 1976-04-15 | Raychem Corp | HEAT RECOVERABLE OBJECT FOR COVERING AND SEALING A LADDER CONNECTION |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2747881A1 (en) * | 1976-10-26 | 1978-04-27 | Raychem Corp | SPICE TUBE WITH ADAPTER FOR MULTIPLE CABLES |
DE2832119A1 (en) * | 1977-07-25 | 1979-02-08 | Raychem Corp | SELF-HEATABLE AND HEAT REPLACEMENT OBJECTIVE AND PROCESS FOR APPLYING A COVERING TO AN OBJECT |
DE2943371A1 (en) * | 1978-10-27 | 1980-05-08 | Raychem Sa Nv | SPLICE OR CONNECTING PIECE FOR A PRESSURIZED CABLE, INSERTED FLEXIBLE STRIPES AND METHOD FOR RESETTING A HEAT-RECOVERABLE OBJECT |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE2635000C2 (en) | 1986-04-03 |
FR2320678B1 (en) | 1980-04-30 |
IT1065718B (en) | 1985-03-04 |
FR2320678A1 (en) | 1977-03-04 |
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