DE2423440A1 - Combined radiator for vehicle engines - has two flow systems connected by common cooling rib lattice - Google Patents
Combined radiator for vehicle engines - has two flow systems connected by common cooling rib latticeInfo
- Publication number
- DE2423440A1 DE2423440A1 DE2423440A DE2423440A DE2423440A1 DE 2423440 A1 DE2423440 A1 DE 2423440A1 DE 2423440 A DE2423440 A DE 2423440A DE 2423440 A DE2423440 A DE 2423440A DE 2423440 A1 DE2423440 A1 DE 2423440A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- heat exchangers
- cooling
- radiator
- common
- heat exchanger
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
- F28F1/32—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
- F01P3/18—Arrangements or mounting of liquid-to-air heat-exchangers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/0408—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids
- F28D1/0426—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids with units having particular arrangement relative to the large body of fluid, e.g. with interleaved units or with adjacent heat exchange units in common air flow or with units extending at an angle to each other or with units arranged around a central element
- F28D1/0435—Combination of units extending one behind the other
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
- F28D2021/0089—Oil coolers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
- F28D2021/0091—Radiators
- F28D2021/0094—Radiators for recooling the engine coolant
Abstract
Description
Firma Süddeutsche Kühlerfabrik Julius Fr. Behr, 7 Stuttgart-Feuerbach, Mauserstrasse 5Company Süddeutsche Kühlerfabrik Julius Fr. Behr, 7 Stuttgart-Feuerbach, Mauserstrasse 5
"Kühlerblock""Cooler block"
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Kühlerblock, bestehend aus Rohren, Kühlrippen, oberen und unteren Sammlern, insbesondere als Wärmetauscher für Brennkraftmaschinen, für zwei oder mehrere Kreisläufe.The invention relates to a cooler block, consisting of tubes, cooling fins, upper and lower headers, in particular as a heat exchanger for internal combustion engines, for two or more circuits.
Es ist bekannt, einen Kühlerblock eines Nebenkreislaufes, beispielsweise eines Niedrigtemperaturkreises luftseitig vor den Hauptkreislaufkühler beispielsweise für einen Hochtemperaturkreis anzuordnen. Ebenso ist es bekannt, einen Schmierölkühler luftseitig vor einen Wasserkühler eines Dieselmotors zu legen. Die einzelnen Kühlerblöcke haben aber keine wärmeleitende Verbindung miteinander. Die räumliche Zuordnung der beiden Kühlerblöcke erfordert eine umständliche Haltekonstruktion für die beiden Kühlerblöcke.It is known to use a cooler block of a secondary circuit, for example a low-temperature circuit on the air side to be arranged in front of the main circuit cooler, for example for a high-temperature circuit. It is also known to place a lubricating oil cooler on the air side in front of a water cooler of a diesel engine. The individual cooler blocks but have no thermally conductive connection with each other. The spatial allocation of the two cooler blocks requires a cumbersome support structure for the two cooler blocks.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Kühlerblock für zwei oder mehrere Kreisläufe zu schaffen, der einfach herzustellen ist, wobei die Anzahl von Kühlerblöcken in einer Kühlanlage vermindert und die Blockherstellung verbilligt wird.The invention is based on the object of creating a cooler block for two or more circuits that is simple is to be produced, the number of cooler blocks in a cooling system being reduced and block production cheaper will.
Für das Auftrajfsverhgltnle gilt die Gebührenordnung der Deutschen Patentanwaltskammer. - Gerichtsstand für Leistung und Zahlung: Nürnberg.The fee schedule of the German Chamber of Patent Attorneys applies to the contract. - Place of jurisdiction for performance and payment: Nuremberg.
Gespräche am Fernsprecher haben keine rechtsverbindliche Wirkung.Telephone calls have no legally binding effect.
847/024T847 / 024T
Diese Aufgabe wird nach der Erfindung bei einem Kühlerblock der eingangs erläuterten Art im wesentlichen dadurch gelöst, daß für jeden Kreislauf ein vollständiger Wärmetauscher vorgesehen ist, daß die einzelnen Wärmetauscher räumlich benachbart angeordnet sind, und daß mindestens ein Teil der Kühlrippen des Blocks als durchgehende, allen Wärmetauschern gemeinsame Kühlrippen ausgebildet sind.This object is achieved according to the invention in a cooler block of the type explained at the outset essentially in that that a complete heat exchanger is provided for each circuit, that the individual heat exchangers spatially are arranged adjacent, and that at least a part of the cooling fins of the block as continuous, all heat exchangers common cooling fins are formed.
Als Wärmetauscher für einen Kreislauf im Sinne der Erfindung ist in bekannter Weise eine Anordnung zu verstehen, bei der Rohre für ein Fluid von etwa senkrecht dazu angeordneten Kühlrippen umgeben sind, wobei diese Rohre in oberen und unteren Sammlern münden.As a heat exchanger for a circuit in the sense of the invention, an arrangement is to be understood in a known manner in of the tubes for a fluid are surrounded by cooling fins arranged approximately perpendicular thereto, these tubes in upper and lower lower collectors open.
Derartige Wärmetauscher sind für Hauptkreislaufkühler, für Nebenkreislaufkühler, für ölkühler od. dgl. bekannt. Durch die erfindungsgemäße Ausbildung wird neben dem vereinfachten Aufbau auch der Vorteil erzelt, daß die durchgehenden Rippen einen gewissen Wärmefluß von einem zum anderen Kreislauf gewährleisten. Dadurch kann z.B. bei stehender Brennkraftmaschine ein Kreislauf vom anderen warmgehalten werden, ohne übertritt eines Mediums. Bei tiefen Außenluft-, temperaturen wird beispielsweise ein Niedertemperaturkreislauf vor dem Einfrieren geschützt.Such heat exchangers are for main circuit coolers, for Auxiliary circuit cooler, od for oil cooler. Like. Known. By the inventive training is next to the simplified Construction also has the advantage that the continuous Ribs ensure a certain flow of heat from one circuit to the other. As a result, e.g. when standing Internal combustion engine one circuit can be kept warm from the other without a medium crossing over. With deep outside air, temperatures, for example, a low-temperature circuit is protected from freezing.
Bei einem erfindungsgemäß ausgebildeten Kühlerblock für Kühlwasser und Schmieröl, z.B. Getriebeöl, wird das öl vom Kühlwasser warmgehalten bzw. vorgewärmt. Durch den Wärmefluß über die gemeinsamen Rippen kann das Einstocken des Öls im Kühler vermieden werden.In a radiator block designed according to the invention for cooling water and lubricating oil, e.g. gear oil, the oil kept warm or preheated by the cooling water. Due to the heat flow over the common ribs, stocking up can occur of the oil in the cooler can be avoided.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, die Wärmetauscher der einzelnen Kreisläufe in Luftrichtung gesehen hintereinander anzuordnen.It is particularly advantageous to arrange the heat exchangers of the individual circuits one behind the other as seen in the air direction.
-3--3-
509847/0247509847/0247
Weitere Vorteile und Merkmale der Erfindung werden anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert, die schematisch Ausführungsbeispiele darstellt. Dabei zeigt die Zeichnung schematisch eine Seitenansicht eines Ausführungsbeispiels der Erfindung, bei der zwei Wärmetauscher in einem Kühlerblock luftseitig hintereinander angeordnet sind.Further advantages and features of the invention are based on the drawing explained in more detail, which schematically represents exemplary embodiments. The drawing shows schematically a side view of an embodiment of the invention, in which two heat exchangers in a cooler block on the air side are arranged one behind the other.
Aus der Zeichnung ist ersichtlich, daß ein erfindungsgemäßer Kühlerblock einen Wärmetauscher für einen ersten Kühlkreislauf, beispielsweise einen Niedertemperaturkreislauf aufweist, der aus einem oberen Sammler 1, einem unteren Sammler sowie Rohren 5 besteht. In unmittelbarer räumlicher Verbindung, luftseitig gesehen dahinter, ist ein zweiter Wärmetauscher beispielsweise für einen Hochtemperatur-Kreislauf angeordnet, der aus einem oberen Sammler 3, einem unteren Sammler 4 und aus Rohren 6 besteht. Erfindungsgemäß sind die beiden Wärmetauscher mit durchgehenden, beiden Wärmetauschern gemeinsamen Kühlrippen 7 versehen.From the drawing it can be seen that an inventive Cooler block has a heat exchanger for a first cooling circuit, for example a low-temperature circuit, which consists of an upper collector 1, a lower collector and pipes 5. In direct spatial connection, Behind it, seen on the air side, is a second heat exchanger, for example for a high-temperature circuit arranged, which consists of an upper collector 3, a lower collector 4 and 6 pipes. Are according to the invention the two heat exchangers are provided with continuous cooling fins 7 common to both heat exchangers.
Die erfindungsgemäße Ausbildung von durchgehenden Rippen ermöglicht eine leichte Anpassung der beiden (oder mehreren) Wärmetauscher an die jeweils vorliegenden Verhältnisse. Bei gleicher Größe der durchgehenden Rippen 6 können verschieden große Sammler 1, 3 und 2, 4 vorgesehen werden und ebenso kann innerhalb der Gesamtzahl der in den durchgehenden Rippen vorgesehenen Öffnungen für Rohre die Rohranzahl aufgeteilt werden auf die beiden Kreisläufe.The inventive formation of continuous ribs enables the two (or more) heat exchangers to be easily adapted to the prevailing conditions. at the same size of the continuous ribs 6, collectors 1, 3 and 2, 4 of different sizes can be provided and likewise can divide the number of tubes within the total number of openings for tubes provided in the continuous ribs are on the two circuits.
Der ,Kühlerblock kann in an sich bekannter (nicht dargestellter) Weise von einem gemeinsamen Rahmen umgeben sein. Es können Befestigungsmittel und eventuelle Zusatzaggregate angeschlossen oder damit verbunden sein. Es ist nur eine gemeinsame Halterung erforderlich.The, cooler block can be in a known (not shown) Be surrounded by a common framework. Fasteners and any additional units can be used connected or associated with it. Only a common bracket is required.
509847/0247509847/0247
Die Anschlüsse der einzelnen Wärmetauscher an jeden Kühlkreislauf sind beliebig und daher in den Zeichnungen nicht näher dargestellt.The connections of the individual heat exchangers to each cooling circuit are arbitrary and therefore shown in the drawings not shown in detail.
Die Erfindung ist nicht auf die dargestellten und beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiele beschränkt. Sie umfaßt auch alle fachmännischen Abwandlungen sowie Teil- und Unterkombinationen der beschriebenen und/oder dargestellten Merkmale und Maßnahmen.The invention is not limited to the illustrated and described exemplary embodiments. It includes also all professional modifications as well as partial and sub-combinations of the described and / or illustrated Features and measures.
-Ansprüche--Expectations-
509847/0247509847/0247
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19742423440 DE2423440C2 (en) | 1974-05-14 | 1974-05-14 | Internal combustion engine multi-circuit cooler block |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19742423440 DE2423440C2 (en) | 1974-05-14 | 1974-05-14 | Internal combustion engine multi-circuit cooler block |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE2423440A1 true DE2423440A1 (en) | 1975-11-20 |
DE2423440C2 DE2423440C2 (en) | 1982-03-04 |
Family
ID=5915551
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE19742423440 Expired DE2423440C2 (en) | 1974-05-14 | 1974-05-14 | Internal combustion engine multi-circuit cooler block |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE2423440C2 (en) |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0352158A1 (en) * | 1988-07-20 | 1990-01-24 | Valeo Thermique Moteur | Heat exchange apparatus for a plurality of coding-circuits using the same heat-exchange medium |
EP0361358A1 (en) * | 1988-09-30 | 1990-04-04 | FIAT AUTO S.p.A. | Integral water/oil radiator, particularly for vehicles |
EP0367078A1 (en) * | 1988-10-24 | 1990-05-09 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchanger |
EP0414433A2 (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1991-02-27 | Showa Aluminum Kabushiki Kaisha | Duplex heat exchanger |
US5086835A (en) * | 1989-04-24 | 1992-02-11 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchanger |
DE4033897A1 (en) * | 1990-10-25 | 1992-04-30 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Heat exchanger assembly |
US5176200A (en) * | 1989-04-24 | 1993-01-05 | Sanden Corporation | Method of generating heat exchange |
US5186243A (en) * | 1992-07-13 | 1993-02-16 | General Motors Corporation | Combination condenser and radiator tank thermal gap |
FR2726325A1 (en) * | 1994-10-27 | 1996-05-03 | Peugeot | Oil cooler fitted into vehicle with water cooled IC-engine |
DE19509654A1 (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 1996-09-19 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Heat exchange unit for IC engine |
DE19536116A1 (en) * | 1995-09-28 | 1997-04-03 | Behr Gmbh & Co | Heat transmitter for road vehicle |
DE19722097A1 (en) * | 1997-05-27 | 1998-12-03 | Behr Gmbh & Co | Heat exchanger and heat exchanger arrangement for a motor vehicle |
DE19961199A1 (en) * | 1999-12-18 | 2001-06-28 | Modine Mfg Co | Air-biased heat transfer system for use in vehicles has flat pipes fixed at ends around openings of two opposite pipe bases forming cohesive part holding all pipe ends with thermal tolerance area between heat transfer members |
CN100567871C (en) * | 2006-12-08 | 2009-12-09 | 南车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 | Motorcycle oil-water refrigerating mechanism |
DE102011082797A1 (en) * | 2011-09-15 | 2013-03-21 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Heat exchanger for cooling charge air |
CN103471439A (en) * | 2013-09-18 | 2013-12-25 | 无锡马山永红换热器有限公司 | Combined cooler |
EP2891397B1 (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2018-10-17 | Rittal Gmbh&Co. Kg | Heat exchanger for cooling a switch cabinet and corresponding cooling arrangement |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4829780A (en) † | 1988-01-28 | 1989-05-16 | Modine Manufacturing Company | Evaporator with improved condensate collection |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1948929A (en) * | 1930-01-13 | 1934-02-27 | Hupp Motor Car Corp | Lubricating system |
DE1982615U (en) * | 1967-11-17 | 1968-04-04 | Erich Gross | CLIMATE BODY. |
-
1974
- 1974-05-14 DE DE19742423440 patent/DE2423440C2/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1948929A (en) * | 1930-01-13 | 1934-02-27 | Hupp Motor Car Corp | Lubricating system |
DE1982615U (en) * | 1967-11-17 | 1968-04-04 | Erich Gross | CLIMATE BODY. |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
Z. MTZ 29 (1968) 9, S. 382-288 * |
Cited By (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2634546A1 (en) * | 1988-07-20 | 1990-01-26 | Valeo | HEAT EXCHANGER DEVICE FOR MULTIPLE COOLING CIRCUITS USING THE SAME HEAT FLUID |
EP0352158A1 (en) * | 1988-07-20 | 1990-01-24 | Valeo Thermique Moteur | Heat exchange apparatus for a plurality of coding-circuits using the same heat-exchange medium |
EP0361358A1 (en) * | 1988-09-30 | 1990-04-04 | FIAT AUTO S.p.A. | Integral water/oil radiator, particularly for vehicles |
EP0367078A1 (en) * | 1988-10-24 | 1990-05-09 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchanger |
USRE35710E (en) * | 1988-10-24 | 1998-01-06 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchanger having a radiator and a condenser |
US5000257A (en) * | 1988-10-24 | 1991-03-19 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchanger having a radiator and a condenser |
US5176200A (en) * | 1989-04-24 | 1993-01-05 | Sanden Corporation | Method of generating heat exchange |
US5086835A (en) * | 1989-04-24 | 1992-02-11 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchanger |
EP0643278A3 (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1995-05-24 | Showa Aluminium Co Ltd | An evaporator for use in car coolers. |
EP0643278A2 (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1995-03-15 | Showa Aluminum Kabushiki Kaisha | An evaporator for use in car coolers |
EP0414433A3 (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1991-05-08 | Showa Aluminum Kabushiki Kaisha | Duplex heat exchanger |
EP0414433A2 (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1991-02-27 | Showa Aluminum Kabushiki Kaisha | Duplex heat exchanger |
DE4033897A1 (en) * | 1990-10-25 | 1992-04-30 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Heat exchanger assembly |
US5186243A (en) * | 1992-07-13 | 1993-02-16 | General Motors Corporation | Combination condenser and radiator tank thermal gap |
FR2726325A1 (en) * | 1994-10-27 | 1996-05-03 | Peugeot | Oil cooler fitted into vehicle with water cooled IC-engine |
DE19509654A1 (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 1996-09-19 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Heat exchange unit for IC engine |
DE19536116B4 (en) * | 1995-09-28 | 2005-08-11 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Heat exchanger for a motor vehicle |
DE19536116A1 (en) * | 1995-09-28 | 1997-04-03 | Behr Gmbh & Co | Heat transmitter for road vehicle |
DE19722097A1 (en) * | 1997-05-27 | 1998-12-03 | Behr Gmbh & Co | Heat exchanger and heat exchanger arrangement for a motor vehicle |
US6012512A (en) * | 1997-05-27 | 2000-01-11 | Behr Gmbh & Co. | Heat exchanger as well as heat exchanger arrangement for a motor vehicle |
DE19961199A1 (en) * | 1999-12-18 | 2001-06-28 | Modine Mfg Co | Air-biased heat transfer system for use in vehicles has flat pipes fixed at ends around openings of two opposite pipe bases forming cohesive part holding all pipe ends with thermal tolerance area between heat transfer members |
CN100567871C (en) * | 2006-12-08 | 2009-12-09 | 南车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 | Motorcycle oil-water refrigerating mechanism |
DE102011082797A1 (en) * | 2011-09-15 | 2013-03-21 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Heat exchanger for cooling charge air |
US9551274B2 (en) | 2011-09-15 | 2017-01-24 | Mahle International Gmbh | Heat exchanger for cooling charge air |
EP2891397B1 (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2018-10-17 | Rittal Gmbh&Co. Kg | Heat exchanger for cooling a switch cabinet and corresponding cooling arrangement |
CN103471439A (en) * | 2013-09-18 | 2013-12-25 | 无锡马山永红换热器有限公司 | Combined cooler |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE2423440C2 (en) | 1982-03-04 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
D2 | Grant after examination | ||
8363 | Opposition against the patent | ||
8331 | Complete revocation |