DE19720828B4 - Fixed antenna system for guidance and control of aircraft on airport surfaces and in the control zone based on Mode S. - Google Patents

Fixed antenna system for guidance and control of aircraft on airport surfaces and in the control zone based on Mode S. Download PDF

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Publication number
DE19720828B4
DE19720828B4 DE19720828A DE19720828A DE19720828B4 DE 19720828 B4 DE19720828 B4 DE 19720828B4 DE 19720828 A DE19720828 A DE 19720828A DE 19720828 A DE19720828 A DE 19720828A DE 19720828 B4 DE19720828 B4 DE 19720828B4
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airport
mode
aircraft
answers
receiving
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DE19720828A1 (en
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Peter Prof. Dr.-Ing. Form
Holger Dipl.-Ing. Neufeldt
Rolf Dipl.-Ing. Schmidt
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/91—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for traffic control
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/76—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems wherein pulse-type signals are transmitted
    • G01S13/765—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems wherein pulse-type signals are transmitted with exchange of information between interrogator and responder
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/87—Combinations of radar systems, e.g. primary radar and secondary radar
    • G01S13/876—Combination of several spaced transponders or reflectors of known location for determining the position of a receiver
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/12—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves by co-ordinating position lines of different shape, e.g. hyperbolic, circular, elliptical or radial
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S13/46—Indirect determination of position data
    • G01S2013/466—Indirect determination of position data by Trilateration, i.e. two antennas or two sensors determine separately the distance to a target, whereby with the knowledge of the baseline length, i.e. the distance between the antennas or sensors, the position data of the target is determined
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/91—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for traffic control
    • G01S2013/916—Airport surface monitoring [ASDE]

Abstract

System zur Ortung und eindeutigen Identifizierung von Flugzeugen auf der Flughafenoberfläche und im Bereich der Kontrollzone und zur bidirektionalen Kommunikation entsprechend dem Mode S-Standard der ICAO-1(Annex 10), mit mindestens drei Empfangsstationen mit Antennen mit Rundcharakteristik zum Empfang der von den Mode S-Transpondern der Flugzeuge ausgehenden Squitter bzw. Antworten, einer die Flugzeugtransponder abfragenden Sendestation mit Antennen mit Rundcharakteristik und mit einer Einrichtung, die das Prinzip der Hyperbel- bzw. Pseudorange-Ortung mit dem Prinzip der Zweiwege-Entfernungsmessung derart miteinander verbindet, dass Schnittpunkte der Entfernungsringe der Zweiwege-Entfernungsmessung und Hyperbeln der Hyperbel- bzw. Pseudorange-Ortung sowohl auf dem Roll- und Vorfeld des Flughafens als auch in seiner näheren Umgebung (z.B. Kontrollzone) die Ortungsergebnisse liefern.system for locating and uniquely identifying aircraft on the airport surface and in the area of the control zone and for bidirectional communication according to the Mode S standard of ICAO-1 (Annex 10), with at least three receiving stations with antennas with omnidirectional characteristics for receiving the from the Mode S transponders of the aircraft outgoing squitter or Answers, one of the aircraft transponder interrogating transmitting station with omnidirectional antennas and with a device that the principle of hyperbolic or pseudo-orange locating with the principle the two-way distance measurement connects to each other in such a way that intersections of the distance rings the two-way distance measurement and hyperbola of the hyperbola or pseudo-orange location both on the taxiway and apron of the airport as well as in his closer Environment (e.g., control zone) which provide location results.

Figure 00000001
Figure 00000001

Description

Bei minderer Sicht werden Flughäfen zum Flaschenhals, weil die Lotsen im Turm und im Vorfeld den Platz nicht mehr übersehen und dem Piloten die Landmarken zur schnellen Orientierung beim Rollen fehlen. Flughafenoberflächen-Primärradars liefern dem Lotsen zwar Positionen, aber keine Identifizierung und keine neueren Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten als Alternative zu den überlasteten Sprechfunkkanälen.at Inferior visibility becomes airports to the bottleneck, because the pilots in the tower and in advance the place no longer overlooked and the pilot misses the landmarks for quick orientation when rolling. Airport surface primary radar provide the pilot though positions, but no identification and no newer communication options as an alternative to the overburdened Voice channels.

In der letzten Zeiten wurden daher SMGCS-Systeme verfolgt, die auf der Basis des Mode S-Standards der ICAO rollende Flugzeuge orten und identifizieren, indem die von den Mode S-Transpondern gesendeten Squitter von mehreren (mindestens 3) auf dem Flugfeld installierten Empfangsstationen empfangen werden und nach der Methode der Trilateration bzw. der Hyperbelschnitt- oder Pseudorange-Verfahren zur Positionsbestimmung genutzt werden. Der Inhalt des Squitters zeigt die (technische) Mode S-Adresse des Flugzeuges eindeutig. Diese Ortungsmethode liefert brauchbare Positionen nur etwa innerhalb einer Umhüllenden um die Standorte der Empfangsstationen auf dem Flugfeld (Beispiel Bild 1).In recent times, therefore, have been SMGCS systems track and identify rolling aircraft based on the ICAO Mode S standard, using the squitter sent by the Mode S transponders are received by several (at least 3) receiving stations installed on the airfield and used according to the method of trilateration or the Hyperbelschnitt- or pseudo-orange method for determining position. The content of the squitter clearly shows the (technical) mode S address of the aircraft. This location method provides usable positions only within an envelope around the locations of the receiving stations on the airfield (example Figure 1).

In diesem generischen Beispiel sind anstelle von mindestens drei sogar vier Empfangsstationen 1 bis 4 am Rande des Flughafens so aufgestellt, daß die Verbindungslinien des Paares 1–2 und des Paares 3–4 in etwa aufeinander senkrecht stehen. Die Hyperbeln des Paares 1–2 und die des Paares 3–4 schneiden sich daher nahezu senkrecht und liefern gleichmäßig gute Ortungsergebnisse über dem ganzen Flughafengelände.In this generic example, instead of at least three, there are even four receiving stations 1 to 4 situated on the edge of the airport so that the connecting lines of the couple 1 - 2 and the couple 3 - 4 are approximately perpendicular to each other. The hyperbolas of the couple 1 - 2 and those of the couple 3 - 4 Therefore, they intersect almost vertically and provide equally good positioning results over the entire airport area.

Etwa in der Mitte des Flughafens ist eine Sende-/Empfangsstation 5 angenommen, die den ganzen Flughafen überblickt und Flugzeuge abfragen kann, um als Master Kommunikationen Boden-Bord-Boden gemäß ICAO Mode S-Standard durchzuführen.Around the middle of the airport is a transceiver station 5 assuming that surveys the entire airport and can interrogate aircraft to perform as master communications ground-board-ground according to ICAO Mode S standard.

Der Lotse im Turm überwacht jedoch nicht nur das Rollfeld eines Flughafens, sondern auch die den Flughafen umgebende Kontrollzone mit einem Radius von z.B. 6NM Radius; mitunter übernimmt er anfliegende Flugzeuge auch eher.Of the Pilot in the tower monitors not just the airport runway, but also the airport Airport surrounding control zone with a radius of e.g. 6NM radius; sometimes takes over he also approached aircraft sooner.

An den großen Verkehrsflughäfen sind für die Überwachung von Kontrollzone und Flughafennahbereich (TMA) Flughafenradars ASR installiert, die mit mechanisch rotierenden Antennen ca. alle 5 sec Ortungsgenauigkeiten von ca. 75m liefern, um Anflugstaffelungen von 3NM zu ermöglichen. Kleinere Verkehrsflughäfen, Regionalflughäfen und Flugplätze erhalten aus Kostengründen solche Einrichtungen nicht.At the big one airports are for monitoring of the control area and airport proximity (TMA) airport radar ASR installed with mechanically rotating antennas approx. every 5 sec Locate accuracies of about 75m, to Anflugstaffelungen of 3NM. Smaller commercial airports, Regional Airports and airfields received for cost reasons such facilities are not.

Das Bild 1 sowie die Bilder 2 und 3 zeigen, daß die von den Empfangsstationspaaren 1–2 (Bild 2) und 3–4 (Bild 3) ausgehenden Hyperbelscharen sich außerhalb der Umhüllenden um die Stationen 1–4 unter sehr flachen Winkeln schneiden und daher kaum nutzbare Ortungsresultate liefern. Man müßte deshalb Empfangsstationen zur Hyperbelortung über die gesamte Kontrollzone verteilen, was technisch schwierig erscheint.Figure 1, as well as Figures 2 and 3, show that those of the receiving station pairs 1 - 2 (Picture 2) and 3 - 4 (Figure 3) Outgoing hyperbolas outside the envelope around the stations 1 - 4 cut at very shallow angles and therefore provide barely usable locating results. It would therefore be necessary to distribute receiving stations for hyperbelieving over the entire control zone, which appears technically difficult.

Die vorliegende Erfindung beansprucht deshalb eine Kombination von Hyperbelverfahren und Entfernungsmessung durch einzig auf dem Flughafen oder in seiner nächsten Umgebung installierte Stationen zur Ortung und Identifikation auch außerhalb des Flughafens fliegender Flugzeuge.The The present invention therefore claims a combination of hyperbolic methods and distance measurement by solely at the airport or in his next Environment installed stations for locating and identification also outside the airport flying aircraft.

Erfindungsgemäß wird daher zur Ortung von Flugzeugen außerhalb des Flughafens die Entfernungsmessung mit Hilfe einer Sende-/Empfangsstation (im Bild 1 z.B. Station 5) herangezogen. Die von der Sende-/Empfangsstation (z.B. 5) ausgehende Entfernungsmessung liefert Entfernungsringe als Standlinien, die zu den Hyperbeln eines Empfangstationspaares (z.B. 1–2) außerhalb des Flughafens nahezu senkrecht stehen und daher gute Ortungsergebnisse liefern (Bilder 2 und 3, Entfernungsringe).According to the invention therefore for locating aircraft outside the airport, the distance measurement using a transmitting / receiving station (in Figure 1 eg station 5 ). The from the transmitting / receiving station (eg 5 ) outbound distance measurement provides distance rings as stance lines leading to the hyperbolas of a receiving station pair (eg 1 - 2 ) are almost vertical outside the airport and therefore provide good location results (Figures 2 and 3, distance rings).

Durch die erfindungsgemäße Kombination von Entfernungsmessung und Hyperbelverfahren werden die Stationen auf dem Flughafen wie im Bild 1 in die Lage versetzt, auch die gesamte Kontrollzone für an- und abfliegende Flugzeuge, Flugzeuge beim Circling und Durchstart und in der Platzrunde zu orten, zu identifizieren und mit ihnen zu kommunizieren. Alle beteiligten Stationen benötigen nur feststehende Antennen mit Rundcharakteristik.By the combination of Distance measurement and hyperbola are the stations on the airport as shown in Figure 1 in the position, including the entire Control zone for arriving and departing aircraft, airplanes during circling and go-around and to locate, identify and communicate with them in the plaza to communicate. All participating stations only need fixed antennas with round characteristics.

Insbesondere dann, wenn Mittelbereichs- oder Streckenradars den Luftraum über dem Flughafen bzw. Flugplatz in größerer Höhe bedecken, kann die Erfindung kostspielige Flughafenradars ASR mit rotierenden Antennen zur Richtungsmessung entbehrlich machen.Especially then, when mid-range or range radars cross the airspace above the Cover airport or airfield at a higher altitude, The invention can costly airport radar ASR with rotating Dispense antennas for direction measurement.

Gegenüber Flughafenradars ASR mit rotierenden, die Richtung messenden Antennen kann die erfindungsgemäße Kombination von Hyperbelverfahren und Entfer nungsmessung auch genauere Ortungsergebnisse mit deutlich höhere Erneuerungsraten liefern.Opposite airport radars ASR with rotating antennas measuring the direction can be the combination according to the invention from hyperbola and distance measurement also more accurate location results with significantly higher Deliver renewal rates.

Wie die Bilder 2 und 3 zeigen, lassen sich mit diskreten Zeitauflösungen für die Zeitdifferenz- und Entfernungsmessung von 62.5ns (16MHz) Ortungsgenauigkeiten von 150m erreichen. Mit Zeitauflösungen von 15ns (64MHz) läßt sich diese auf ca. 38m verbessern. Da das vorgeschlagene System keine mechanisch oder elektronisch geschwenkte oder rotierende Antennen verlangt, kann auch die Erneuerungsrate z.B. auf 2/sec erhöht werden, um strengeren Staffelungswerten (z.B. 2.5 oder 2 NM) gerecht zu werden und um Manöver der Flugzeuge schneller erkennen zu können.As the pictures 2 and 3 show, can be with achieve discrete time resolutions for time difference and distance measurement of 62.5ns (16MHz) positioning accuracies of 150m. With time resolution of 15ns (64MHz), this can be improved to about 38m. Since the proposed system does not require mechanically or electronically pivoted or rotating antennas, the renewal rate can be increased to 2 / sec, for example, in order to meet stricter staggering values (eg 2.5 or 2 NM) and to be able to recognize aircraft maneuvers more quickly.

Claims (5)

System zur Ortung und eindeutigen Identifizierung von Flugzeugen auf der Flughafenoberfläche und im Bereich der Kontrollzone und zur bidirektionalen Kommunikation entsprechend dem Mode S-Standard der ICAO-1(Annex 10), mit mindestens drei Empfangsstationen mit Antennen mit Rundcharakteristik zum Empfang der von den Mode S-Transpondern der Flugzeuge ausgehenden Squitter bzw. Antworten, einer die Flugzeugtransponder abfragenden Sendestation mit Antennen mit Rundcharakteristik und mit einer Einrichtung, die das Prinzip der Hyperbel- bzw. Pseudorange-Ortung mit dem Prinzip der Zweiwege-Entfernungsmessung derart miteinander verbindet, dass Schnittpunkte der Entfernungsringe der Zweiwege-Entfernungsmessung und Hyperbeln der Hyperbel- bzw. Pseudorange-Ortung sowohl auf dem Roll- und Vorfeld des Flughafens als auch in seiner näheren Umgebung (z.B. Kontrollzone) die Ortungsergebnisse liefern.System for locating and unambiguous identification of airplanes on the airport surface and in the area of the control zone and for bidirectional communication according to the Mode S standard ICAO-1 (Annex 10), with at least three receiving stations with Omnidirectional antennas for receiving the mode S transponders the aircraft outgoing squitter or answers, one the aircraft transponder polling transmitting station with antennas with omnidirectional characteristics and with a device that uses the principle of hyperbolic or pseudo-orange locating with the principle of two-way distance measurement so interconnects that intersections of the distance rings of Two-way distance measurement and hyperbola of the hyperbola or pseudo-orange location both on the taxiway and apron of the airport as well as in his closer Environment (e.g., control zone) which provide location results. System nach Anspruch 1, bei dem vorzugsweise vier oder mehr am Rande des Flughafens oder in der Nähe außerhalb aufgestellte Empfangsstationen (Bildern 1–3) in der Verbindungslinie möglichst aufeinander senkrecht stehende Paare bilden, jedes Paar die Differenz der Empfangszeitpunkte von Squittern bzw. Antworten misst, die in den Squittern bzw. Antworten enthaltenen Mode S-Adressen an die Sendestation weitergibt und diese die Transponderadressen abfragt, deren Antworten für die Messung der Entfernung benutzt werden.A system according to claim 1, wherein preferably four or more at the edge of the airport or in the vicinity of outside reception stations (pictures 1-3) in the connecting line as possible mutually perpendicular pairs form, each pair the difference the reception times of squatters or answers, which in the Squittern or answers contained Mode S addresses to the transmitting station passes and queries the transponder addresses, their answers for the Measurement of the distance can be used. System nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Sendestation mit einem Empfänger für Squitter bzw. Antworten auf Abfragen ausgerüstet ist, damit die Entfernungsmessung an einem Ort ausgeführt werden kann.The system of claim 1, wherein the transmitting station with a receiver for squitter or answers to queries is equipped to allow the distance measurement executed in one place can be. System nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die nahe dem Flughafenrand aufgestellten Empfangsstationen (1 bis 4) auch Testsquitter empfangen, die ein auf der Flughafenoberfläche aufgestellter Testtransponder (Mode S) sendet, um die in den Empfangsstationen entstehenden Uhrenfehler bei der Messung der Ankunftszeiten der Squitter bzw. Antworten bestimmen zu können.System according to Claim 1, in which the receiving stations set up close to the edge of the airport ( 1 to 4 ) also receive test queues which transmit a test transponder (Mode S) set up on the airport surface in order to be able to determine the clock errors arising in the receiving stations when measuring the arrival times of the squitter or responses. System nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die nahe dem Flughafenrand aufgestellten Empfangsstationen die empfangenen und mit dem Empfangszeitpunkt datierten Squitter bzw. Antworten über Kabel oder Telemetrie an die zentrale Auswertung übertragen, die sich vorzugsweise in der Sende/Empfangsstation (5) befindet.The system according to claim 1, wherein the receiving stations set up close to the airport edge transmit the received and with the receiving time dated squitter or responses via cable or telemetry to the central evaluation, which preferably in the transmitting / receiving station ( 5 ) is located.
DE19720828A 1997-05-17 1997-05-17 Fixed antenna system for guidance and control of aircraft on airport surfaces and in the control zone based on Mode S. Expired - Fee Related DE19720828B4 (en)

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DE102008010882A1 (en) 2008-02-25 2009-09-03 IAD Gesellschaft für Informatik, Automatisierung und Datenverarbeitung mbH Device and method for direction estimation and / or decoding of secondary radar signals

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US4060805A (en) * 1976-06-28 1977-11-29 The Bendix Corporation Integrated terminal area surveillance system
DE2911313B2 (en) * 1979-03-22 1981-01-22 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen Airport surveillance system
DE3012616C2 (en) * 1980-04-01 1982-11-04 Standard Elektrik Lorenz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Airport surveillance facility
GB2155226A (en) * 1984-03-01 1985-09-18 Martinez Aranzana V System for determining position on airport taxiways
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US5268698A (en) * 1992-07-31 1993-12-07 Smith Sr Louis P Target acquisition, locating and tracking system
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102007039026A1 (en) 2007-08-17 2009-02-26 Cotrans Logistic Gmbh & Co. Kg Stock managing method for warehouse management system, involves determining position of set of autonomous-controlled transport devices with higher accuracy during storage than during drive operation of devices

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