DE19624036A1 - Deep drawing of metal sheet materials - Google Patents
Deep drawing of metal sheet materialsInfo
- Publication number
- DE19624036A1 DE19624036A1 DE1996124036 DE19624036A DE19624036A1 DE 19624036 A1 DE19624036 A1 DE 19624036A1 DE 1996124036 DE1996124036 DE 1996124036 DE 19624036 A DE19624036 A DE 19624036A DE 19624036 A1 DE19624036 A1 DE 19624036A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- die
- stamp
- tool
- pressure
- tool system
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D26/00—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces
- B21D26/02—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure
- B21D26/021—Deforming sheet bodies
- B21D26/025—Means for controlling the clamping or opening of the moulds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/02—Stamping using rigid devices or tools
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D26/00—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces
- B21D26/02—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D26/00—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces
- B21D26/02—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure
- B21D26/021—Deforming sheet bodies
- B21D26/029—Closing or sealing means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D26/00—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces
- B21D26/02—Shaping without cutting otherwise than using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, i.e. applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces by applying fluid pressure
- B21D26/021—Deforming sheet bodies
- B21D26/031—Mould construction
Abstract
Description
Erste Ergebnisse der HBU-Forschung und die Erfahrungen mit anderen wirkmedienunter stützten Tiefziehverfahren, wie z. B. Fluidform, Fluidzell, Hydromec, zeigen, daß diese Verfah ren folgende Eigenschaften besitzen:First results of HBU research and experiences with other active media supported deep drawing processes, such as. B. Fluidform, Fluidzell, Hydromec, show that this procedure have the following properties:
Um diese Nachteile zu umgehen und die Vorteile zu nutzen, wurde ein neues Verfahrenskon zept entwickelt: die Kombination einer Vorumformung bei geringen Wirkmediendrücke mit einer nachfolgenden konventionellen Umformung durch ein starres Werkzeug. Da bei der Vorumformung keine engen Radien erzielt werden sollen, kann auf hohe Wirkmediendrücke verzichtet werden. Es wird davon ausgegangen, daß bei hinreichend großflächigen Teilen ein Wirkmediendruck von ca. 50 bar ausreicht, um das Blech in ersten Bereichen der Matrize zur Anlage zu bringen. Im nachfolgenden Arbeitsschritt wird nun in dem selben Werkzeug eine "Prägeoperation" mittels starrem Werkzeug durchgeführt. Auf diese Weise sollte es möglich sein, ein bis zwei Tiefziehstufen einzusparen, und somit Ziehteile mittlerer Komplexität mit nur einer Pressenstufe zu fertigen.In order to avoid these disadvantages and to take advantage of the advantages, a new process con zept developed: the combination of a pre-forming with low media pressures a subsequent conventional forming by a rigid tool. Since at the Pre-forming should not result in tight radii, can result in high media pressures to be dispensed with. It is assumed that with sufficiently large parts Active media pressure of approx. 50 bar is sufficient to support the sheet in the first areas of the die Bring attachment. In the next step, one is now in the same tool "Embossing operation" carried out using a rigid tool. That way it should be possible be saving one to two deep drawing stages, and thus drawn parts of medium complexity with only to manufacture a press stage.
Um nun das Verfahren wirtschaftlich zu gestalten, ist es wünschenswert, die Taktzeiten so kurz wie möglich zu halten. Hier bietet das niedrige Druckniveau der Vorumformung einen zusätzlichen Vorteil. Im Gegensatz zu bekannten wirkmedienunterstützten Verfahren, bei de nen in der Regel eine Öl-Wasser-Emulsion verwendet wird, soll beim pneumomechanischen Tiefziehen ein Gas als Wirkmedium genutzt werden. Dadurch kann einerseits die Füllzeit redu ziert werden, andererseits entfällt das Entleeren des Tiefziehteils nach erfolgter Umformung gänzlich. Durch entsprechende konstruktive Gestaltung kann ein Teil der Verdichtung durch die Stempelbewegung vollführt werden.In order to make the process economical, it is desirable to do the cycle times like this to keep it as short as possible. Here the low pressure level of the preforming offers one additional benefit. In contrast to known media-supported processes, in de Usually an oil-water emulsion is used in the pneumomechanical Deep drawing a gas can be used as the active medium. On the one hand, this allows the fill time to be reduced be embellished, on the other hand, there is no need to empty the deep-drawn part after forming completely. With the appropriate design, part of the compaction can occur the stamp movement are carried out.
Als gasförmiges Wirkmedium bietet sich der Einsatz von Luft an, da entsprechende Kompres soren bis 15 bar Betriebsdruck, hoher Förderleistung und groß dimensionierten Druckspei chern kostengünstig verfügbar sind. Außerdem steht in fast allen Betrieben ein leistungsfähiges Druckluftnetz zur Verfügung. Am Markt sind entsprechende Druckübersetzer für den maxi mal erforderlichen Wirkmediendruck von etwa 20 bis 50 bar erhältlich. The use of air is a suitable gaseous active medium, since the corresponding compresses sensors up to 15 bar operating pressure, high delivery capacity and large pressure accumulator chern are inexpensively available. There is also a powerful one in almost all companies Compressed air network available. Corresponding pressure translators for the maxi are on the market required active media pressure of about 20 to 50 bar available.
Aufgrund der spezifischen Eigenschaften des Gases, selbsttätig den druckbeaufschlagten Be reich zu "entleeren", bietet der Verfahrensablauf dieses neuen Verfahrens eine Vielzahl von interessanten Varianten (Bild 1). Zunächst wird der einfachste Fall dargelegt (Schritte 1-2b-3):Due to the specific properties of the gas to automatically "empty" the pressurized area, the process sequence of this new process offers a large number of interesting variants ( Fig. 1). First, the simplest case is presented (steps 1-2b-3):
Schritt 1: Das Blech wird eingelegt, das Werkzeugsystem geschlossen und eine defi nierte Niederhalterkraft aufgebracht.Step 1: The sheet is inserted, the tool system is closed and a defi hold down force applied.
Schritt 2b: Die Wirkmedienzufuhr beginnt. Beim Erreichen des Maximaldruckes der Wirkmedienquelle wird das Zufuhrventil geschlossen.Step 2b: The active media supply begins. When the maximum pressure of the The supply valve is closed.
Schritt 3: Das Zufuhrventil bleibt geschlossen, der Stempel bewegt sich in Wirkrich tung. Hierdurch wird eine weitere Drucksteigerung erreicht. Nach dem Öffnen des Zufuhrventils erfolgt das Prägen des Bleches zwischen Stempel und Matrize, die bei dieser Verfahrensvariante komplett starr ausgeführt ist.Step 3: The feed valve remains closed, the stamp moves in Wirkrich tung. A further increase in pressure is hereby achieved. After opening the Supply valve is the stamping of the sheet between the punch and die, which at this process variant is completely rigid.
Weitere Verfahrensvarianten ergeben sich:Further process variants result:
- - durch Zwischenschalten eines Stülpvorganges (Schritt 2a). Diese Vorgehensweise läßt nicht nur ein deutlich höheres Umformvermögen erwarten, sondern ermöglicht zusätzlich das gezielte Ausstrecken z. B. des Mittenbereiches,- by interposing a slip process (step 2a). This procedure leaves not only expect a significantly higher formability, but also enables the targeted stretching z. B. the central area,
- - durch Integration einer weiteren Wirkbewegung von Teilbereichen der Matrize, ("Gegenhalter"),by integrating a further active movement of partial areas of the die, ("Counterholder"),
- - durch Integration von Schneid- oder Fügeoperationen.- by integrating cutting or joining operations.
Dieses neue Umformverfahren soll folgende Vorteile ermöglichen:This new forming process should enable the following advantages:
- - aufgrund der vorteilhaften Formänderungsverteilung besonders für höherfeste Stahlbleche geeignet- Due to the advantageous shape distribution, especially for high-strength steel sheets suitable
- - hohe Pressentaktfrequenz- high press frequency
- - Reduzierung von Umformstufen- Reduction of forming stages
- - Reduzierung des Handhabungsaufwandes- Reduction of handling effort
- - Einsatz kostengünstiger Pressen, da niedrige Preßkräfte, u. U. Einsatz mech. Pressen mögl.- Use of inexpensive presses, since low press forces, u. U. Use mech. Pressing possible
- - Reduzierung der Werkzeugkosten (da weniger Werkzeugsätze)- Reduction of tool costs (because fewer tool sets)
- - weniger Stadienplanung und somit schnellerer Serienanlauf- less stage planning and thus faster start of series production
- - Das Verfahren kann prinzipiell auf allen konventionellen Tiefziehpressen mit zwei Achsen durchgeführt werden (sowohl zweifach v. o. wirkend als auch Stempel und Ziehkissen)- The process can in principle be used on all conventional deep-drawing presses with two axes be carried out (both double acting as well as stamp and die cushion)
- - Bei Verwendung von Luft ergibt sich eine hohe Umweltverträglichkeit des Wirkmediums. Einsatz kostengünstiger Standardpneumatik mögl.- When using air there is a high environmental compatibility of the active medium. Use of inexpensive standard pneumatics possible
- - Geringe Investitionskosten bei Umrüstung vorhandener Werkzeuge und Maschinen- Low investment costs when converting existing tools and machines
- - geringere Anforderungen an das Dichtsystem aufgrund des gegenüber bekannten wirkme dienunterstützten Verfahren deutlich geringeren maximalen Wirkmedien druckes.- Lower demands on the sealing system due to the known effect supported procedures significantly lower maximum active media pressure.
Claims (22)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE1996124036 DE19624036A1 (en) | 1996-06-17 | 1996-06-17 | Deep drawing of metal sheet materials |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE1996124036 DE19624036A1 (en) | 1996-06-17 | 1996-06-17 | Deep drawing of metal sheet materials |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE19624036A1 true DE19624036A1 (en) | 1997-12-18 |
Family
ID=7797111
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE1996124036 Withdrawn DE19624036A1 (en) | 1996-06-17 | 1996-06-17 | Deep drawing of metal sheet materials |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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DE (1) | DE19624036A1 (en) |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1095717A2 (en) * | 1999-10-29 | 2001-05-02 | Schuler SMG GmbH & Co. KG | Method and device for hydromechanical deep drawing of metal sheet |
EP1097758A2 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-05-09 | Dr.Ing. h.c.F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Method for forming a large metal sheet, especially a vehicle body part |
DE19955518A1 (en) * | 1999-11-18 | 2001-05-31 | Siempelkamp Pressen Sys Gmbh | Multi-level forming tool for internal high pressure forming tool for esp. tube sections has tool inserts connected via and moved on guide pillars, and tool carrier plate |
DE10016803A1 (en) * | 2000-04-05 | 2001-10-18 | Thyssenkrupp Stahl Ag | Process for manufacturing components |
DE10019685A1 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2001-10-25 | Schuler Smg Gmbh & Co Kg | Process for deep-drawing sheet metal and device for carrying out the process |
DE10202411A1 (en) * | 2002-01-22 | 2003-07-31 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Wall panel for a curtain wall and method for manufacturing wall panels |
DE10347601A1 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2005-05-19 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Apparatus and method for hydraulic high pressure forming of a circuit board |
DE102004059445B3 (en) * | 2004-12-09 | 2005-09-15 | Konrad Schnupp | Process and assembly to form a workpiece under pneumatic pressure driven progressively from two or more pressure reservoirs |
US7313940B2 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2008-01-01 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gbmh | High-pressure shaping system |
DE102008016999A1 (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2009-10-08 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Tool for postforming deep-drawn sheet metal part for body of motor vehicle, has embossing die supported in press base or pressure pad and moved from withdrawn position to plunged position in sheet metal part |
US9522419B2 (en) | 2008-05-05 | 2016-12-20 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and apparatus for making a part by first forming an intermediate part that has donor pockets in predicted low strain areas adjacent to predicted high strain areas |
CN106825186A (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2017-06-13 | 北京卫星制造厂 | Thin-walled wave disc flexible forming apparatus and the method that thin-walled wave disc is manufactured using it |
EP3415247A1 (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2018-12-19 | Aleris Aluminum Duffel BVBA | Method and device for forming |
DE102019126708A1 (en) * | 2019-10-02 | 2021-04-08 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Method of making a battery housing assembly |
CN113140842A (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2021-07-20 | 大众汽车股份公司 | Method for forming a metal composite film for a battery cell |
DE102023001962A1 (en) | 2023-05-15 | 2023-12-21 | Mercedes-Benz Group AG | Counter-embossing a bead in a sheet metal |
DE102010052739B4 (en) | 2010-11-26 | 2023-12-28 | Cellcentric Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method and device for producing components for an electrochemical cell, in particular a fuel cell, or an electrochemical energy storage device |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2620795C2 (en) * | 1976-05-11 | 1988-09-08 | Superform Metals Ltd., Worcester, Gb | |
DE4130620A1 (en) * | 1991-09-14 | 1993-03-25 | Eurocopter Deutschland | Bending process for shaping flat honeycomb layer - includes vacuum holding film-covered layer on flat bendable plate and second film covering over first, aids vacuum drawing into curved cavity |
DE4241421A1 (en) * | 1992-12-09 | 1994-06-16 | Mtu Muenchen Gmbh | Process for manufacturing voided components and uses of the process |
DE4434799A1 (en) * | 1994-09-29 | 1996-04-04 | Smg Sueddeutsche Maschinenbau | Method and device for forming sheet metal |
DE4436436A1 (en) * | 1994-10-12 | 1996-05-02 | Hde Metallwerk Gmbh | Method and appts. for hydrostatic forming of metal sheets |
-
1996
- 1996-06-17 DE DE1996124036 patent/DE19624036A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2620795C2 (en) * | 1976-05-11 | 1988-09-08 | Superform Metals Ltd., Worcester, Gb | |
DE4130620A1 (en) * | 1991-09-14 | 1993-03-25 | Eurocopter Deutschland | Bending process for shaping flat honeycomb layer - includes vacuum holding film-covered layer on flat bendable plate and second film covering over first, aids vacuum drawing into curved cavity |
DE4241421A1 (en) * | 1992-12-09 | 1994-06-16 | Mtu Muenchen Gmbh | Process for manufacturing voided components and uses of the process |
DE4434799A1 (en) * | 1994-09-29 | 1996-04-04 | Smg Sueddeutsche Maschinenbau | Method and device for forming sheet metal |
DE4436436A1 (en) * | 1994-10-12 | 1996-05-02 | Hde Metallwerk Gmbh | Method and appts. for hydrostatic forming of metal sheets |
Cited By (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1095717A3 (en) * | 1999-10-29 | 2002-01-02 | Schuler SMG GmbH & Co. KG | Method and device for hydromechanical deep drawing of metal sheet |
EP1095717A2 (en) * | 1999-10-29 | 2001-05-02 | Schuler SMG GmbH & Co. KG | Method and device for hydromechanical deep drawing of metal sheet |
EP1097758A2 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-05-09 | Dr.Ing. h.c.F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Method for forming a large metal sheet, especially a vehicle body part |
DE19953522A1 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-05-17 | Porsche Ag | Method for producing a large sheet metal part, in particular a body component for a vehicle |
EP1097758A3 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2002-01-02 | Dr.Ing. h.c.F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Method for forming a large metal sheet, especially a vehicle body part |
US6675620B1 (en) | 1999-11-05 | 2004-01-13 | Dr. Ing. H.C.F. Porsche Ag | Process for manufacturing large area sheet metal parts, in particular a body component for a vehicle |
DE19955518A1 (en) * | 1999-11-18 | 2001-05-31 | Siempelkamp Pressen Sys Gmbh | Multi-level forming tool for internal high pressure forming tool for esp. tube sections has tool inserts connected via and moved on guide pillars, and tool carrier plate |
DE19955518B4 (en) * | 1999-11-18 | 2004-07-22 | Siempelkamp Pressen Systeme Gmbh & Co. | Stack forming tool for an internal high pressure forming press |
DE10016803B4 (en) * | 2000-04-05 | 2006-06-08 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Ag | Method for manufacturing components |
DE10016803A1 (en) * | 2000-04-05 | 2001-10-18 | Thyssenkrupp Stahl Ag | Process for manufacturing components |
DE10019685A1 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2001-10-25 | Schuler Smg Gmbh & Co Kg | Process for deep-drawing sheet metal and device for carrying out the process |
DE10202411A1 (en) * | 2002-01-22 | 2003-07-31 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Wall panel for a curtain wall and method for manufacturing wall panels |
US7150170B2 (en) | 2003-10-14 | 2006-12-19 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Apparatus and process for hydraulic high-pressure forming of a sheet |
DE10347601A1 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2005-05-19 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Apparatus and method for hydraulic high pressure forming of a circuit board |
DE10347601B4 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2011-01-27 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Apparatus and method for hydraulic high pressure forming of a circuit board |
CZ305581B6 (en) * | 2003-10-14 | 2015-12-23 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Apparatus for hydraulic high-pressure forming a sheet and method of making the same |
DE102004059445B3 (en) * | 2004-12-09 | 2005-09-15 | Konrad Schnupp | Process and assembly to form a workpiece under pneumatic pressure driven progressively from two or more pressure reservoirs |
US7313940B2 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2008-01-01 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gbmh | High-pressure shaping system |
DE102008016999A1 (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2009-10-08 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Tool for postforming deep-drawn sheet metal part for body of motor vehicle, has embossing die supported in press base or pressure pad and moved from withdrawn position to plunged position in sheet metal part |
US9522419B2 (en) | 2008-05-05 | 2016-12-20 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and apparatus for making a part by first forming an intermediate part that has donor pockets in predicted low strain areas adjacent to predicted high strain areas |
DE102010052739B4 (en) | 2010-11-26 | 2023-12-28 | Cellcentric Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method and device for producing components for an electrochemical cell, in particular a fuel cell, or an electrochemical energy storage device |
CN106825186A (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2017-06-13 | 北京卫星制造厂 | Thin-walled wave disc flexible forming apparatus and the method that thin-walled wave disc is manufactured using it |
CN106825186B (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2019-05-24 | 北京卫星制造厂 | Thin-walled wave disc flexible forming apparatus and the method for manufacturing thin-walled wave disc using it |
EP3415247A1 (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2018-12-19 | Aleris Aluminum Duffel BVBA | Method and device for forming |
DE102019126708B4 (en) | 2019-10-02 | 2021-07-22 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Method of making a battery housing assembly |
DE102019126708A1 (en) * | 2019-10-02 | 2021-04-08 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Method of making a battery housing assembly |
CN113140842A (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2021-07-20 | 大众汽车股份公司 | Method for forming a metal composite film for a battery cell |
EP3851222A1 (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2021-07-21 | Volkswagen Ag | Method of forming metal composite films for battery cells |
DE102023001962A1 (en) | 2023-05-15 | 2023-12-21 | Mercedes-Benz Group AG | Counter-embossing a bead in a sheet metal |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
OM8 | Search report available as to paragraph 43 lit. 1 sentence 1 patent law | ||
8127 | New person/name/address of the applicant |
Owner name: KLEINER, MATTHIAS, PROF. DR- ING., 58739 WICKEDE, |
|
8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
8130 | Withdrawal |