DE19532163A1 - System for actively reducing speed non-uniformities of IC engine drive-shaft - Google Patents

Abstract

The system for actively reducing speed variations in the drive-shaft of an IC engine (1) has at least one single or three-phase electrical machine (4) coupled to the shaft and at least one inverter to supply the excitation voltage at variable frequency, amplitude and/or phase, plus a control unit for it. The electrical machine gives a rapidly alternating torque, this being a braking torque for positive driveshaft speed non-uniformity and a driving torque for negative speed inequality. In other words, it superimposes a negative or positive torque on to the driveshaft. Recovered energy in the braking mode is stored and re-used.

Description

The invention relates to an active reduction system of rotational irregularities of a shaft, in particular the Drive shaft of an internal combustion engine.

Simpler systems of this type are known which are used for ver reduction of rotational irregularities of a combustion motors on these either only driving or only braking can work. So Patent Abstracts of Japan reveal Volume 11, No. 28 (M-557), January 27, 1987 & JP-A-61 200 333 (NISSAN I) an electric synchronous machine that works directly is coupled to the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine and if the value falls below a certain standard, the Speed switched as (driving) electric motor becomes and so a rotational nonuniformity towards the slow (a so-called negative rotational irregularity) works. If the speed exceeds this standard value, the engine is switched off.

A system that only acts as a brake discloses a patent Abstracts of Japan, Volume 4, No. 29 (M-002), March 14, 1980 & JP-A-55 005 454 (TOYOTA). An electromagnet grips here the outer edge of a flywheel on the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine. In sync with rotation  the electromagnet is energized and brakes the flywheel in the correct phase like a Eddy current brake.

Similarly, EP-B-0 427 568 (ISUZU) discloses scalding motor with a conventional belt-driven light machine in the presence of rotational irregularity towards fast (a so-called positive rotation has a braking effect.

Finally, DE-A-32 30 607 (VW) also discloses a Ver internal combustion engine with a flywheel alternator, which at Presence of rotational nonuniformity during phases posi non-uniformity has a braking effect. The alternator can also serve as a starter for the internal combustion engine.

Also systems that actively reduce Rotation irregularities alternately driving and braking are known in the prior art:

EP-B-0 175 952 (MAZDA) also discloses such a system a commutator machine that has two stator windings - one for driving and one for braking - has. By from alternating phase excitation of these two stands The machine alternately drives and windings braking.

Patent Abstracts of Japan, Vol. 7 , No. 240 (M-251), October 25, 1983 & JP-A-58 126 434 (NISSAN II) disclose a system with a power inverter machine, in which the electrical energy obtained during braking is combined in one Capacitor is temporarily stored and used again for driving.

DE-A-41 00 937 (FICHTEL & SACHS) discloses a system with an AC synchronous machine that has a torque periodically changing direction. The syn  Chron machine is designed so that the torque swan kung in a fixed phase position relative to the crankshaft occur so as to determine certain rotational uniformity ord counteracting the internal combustion engine. Around nevertheless a certain adjustment of these fixed phases the stator winding arrangement the synchronous machine several against each other in the circumferential direction have staggered winding strands, which are optional can be supplied with electricity.

These known systems basically allow one active reduction of rotational irregularities.

The invention is based on the technical problem that educate like systems and especially a system with high variability compared to different types of dre irregularities and different operating conditions the z. B. the internal combustion engine.

It solves this problem with an active ver system reduction of rotational irregularities of a shaft, ins particular the drive shaft of an internal combustion engine, with

• - At least one electrical machine, in particular other rotary or traveling field machine, which with the Shaft is coupled or can be coupled;
• - At least one inverter for generating the for the magnetic fields of the machine voltages and / or currents more variable Frequency, amplitude and / or phase;
• - At least one control device that Inverters and thus the electrical machine so controls that these positive and negative Counteracts rotational irregularities of the shaft (Claim 1).

In the case of rotational irregularities, it can in particular be are those that are used in an internal combustion engine, ins  especially a reciprocating piston engine with internal combustion, due to the drive shaft (i.e. especially the cure gas and mass forces of the individual Reciprocating pistons occur. For example, a four cylinder four-stroke engine relatively large rotation non-uniform second order (i.e. twice the Rotational frequency of the motor); correspondingly with a six Third-order cylinder four-stroke engine. Besides there are there are rotational irregularities at higher orders as well stochastic irregularities. In which Internal combustion engine can, for. B. a two-stroke or Four-stroke engine with an even number of cylinders (e.g. 2, 4, 8, 10, 12 cylinders etc.) or odd number of cylinders (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 etc. cylinder) act (e.g. after the Otto or works on the diesel principle). Basically it can also to a different type of internal combustion engine, such as. B. a reciprocating piston engine with external combustion (so-called Stir ling motor). Another option is a circle piston engine (e.g. a Wankel engine) in which at least the Gas forces can lead to rotational irregularities. There there are also turbines, in particular gas or steam turbines in question. With them, the rotational irregularities in the generally only small; for applications where it Good concentricity is also important for them the system according to the invention can be extremely advantageous.

The system according to the invention is not only suitable for actively reducing rotational irregularities, which from a drive unit (e.g. a motor vehicle, Rail vehicle or ship) originate, as in the o.g. Examples is the case. Rather, it can also be about Rotational irregularities act in a drive strand - so between the drive unit and the Ab drive point arise, for example through universal joints, spatial Shaft vibrations or gear wear. That invented system according to the invention allows such rotation to be carried out equally to reduce formalities effectively.  

A drive system could also have several according to the invention systems for actively reducing rotational imbalance abilities, e.g. B. could at a force vehicle a first system directly on the crankshaft of the Drive unit (internal combustion engine) act while a second system down the clutch, e.g. B. between clutch and gearboxes for reducing rotational irregularities of the drive train.

An "electrical machine" is any type of machine for Rotational movements, both as an electric motor as also operated as an electrical brake, possibly as a generator can be. In contrast, "induction machine" is to a commutator machine - a machine understood in a magnetic rotating field occurs. Here it can z. B. an asynchronous or synchronous machine, ins especially for three phase current, or around a machine with act electronic commutation. With a rotating field measurement the magnetic field covers a full 360 ° - Degree circulation, however only with a traveling field machine one or more sections of it. When hiking Field machine can be z. B. an asynchronous or Act synchronous machine, whose stand is only one or spans several sectors of the runner - similar to one or several curved linear motor (s).

Basically, the coupling of the electrical machine be indirect with the wave, e.g. B. via a gear. Before however, it is preferably a direct coupling, at the z. B. the rotor of the electrical machine - similar a flywheel - directly on the shaft or one if necessary, connectable extension of the shaft sits.

The inverter can be used for the magnetic fields (esp. rotating or traveling fields) required voltages and / or freely select currents with (within certain limits) frequency, amplitude or phase or any com  create combinations of these sizes. He can do this advantageously with the help of electronic switches from a given DC or AC voltage or a given one Do DC or AC. Are particularly advantageous all three sizes - frequency, amplitude and phase - free selectable.

Overall, the system according to the invention with its change inverter drive the advantage with high variability different operating conditions and different most effectively reduce rotational irregularities and in many cases almost completely suppress can and simply a desired overlay of a Bring additional torque with the desired strength can.

The control device preferably controls the inverter se so that the electrical machine for rotation a rapid alternation, namely with a positive rotational nonuniformity a braking and if there is a negative rotational nonuniformity, turn on one generating torque, which it is advantageous for additional achievement of a driving effect or braking or regenerative effect at least temporarily a positive or negative torque can be superimposed (Claim 2). In configurations in which the electri cal machine also as an electromagnetic clutch acts, can brake in the place of quickly alternating the and driving torque varies quickly larger and smaller clutch slip occur.

A "rapid variation" is understood to mean a variation in the frequency range of the rotational irregularities to be reduced, that is, e.g. B. with the rotational nonuniformity of the 2nd order and at a speed of 3000 rpm (expressed in more recent units min ^-1 ) a variation with a frequency of 100 Hz. In contrast, the overlaid additional torque may vary - apart from possibly steep flanks at the beginning or end of the overlay - generally slow or constant.

Due to the (especially additive) superposition of the additional Torques in the desired direction and strength are the Rotation non-uniformity reduction and the additional rotation Moments decoupled from each other. That varies quickly The torque is in its course by the over storage practically unchanged, only opposite the zero line shifted. In exceptional cases, this changes quickly varying torque only if the combustion motor due to the activation of the additional torque Actually changed load change actually changed Shows rotational irregularities.

If the additional torque currently supplied is less than is the instantaneous amplitude of the alternating torque the total torque of the electrical machine - albeit shifted from the zero line - alternately positive and negative values. If it is larger, it is Total torque is only positive or negative, being the Amount contains a rapidly varying portion. A brake Sending additional torque can serve that the elec tric machine reduces clutch slip, one braking synchronizing function as a generator Power supply acts and / or braking the driver brought about or supported and / or in the context an anti-slip control by braking the slip one Drive wheel reduced. The when applying this brake radio regenerative braking energy (additional torque braking energy) - like that of rotation originating - can be saved (e.g. in a electrical storage or in a flywheel storage) and reused as drive energy or in a network or e.g. B. the vehicle battery can be fed. A touch Additional torque can accelerate a syn  serve chronizing function or an acceleration of the Support the vehicle (the electrical machine will then work as a "booster") or bring about, for example, to Be acceleration holes, such as in a turbocharger engine to fill.

To achieve the highest possible overall system efficiency achieve, will be advantageous when reducing a posi energy obtained from rotational nonuniformity (rotation non-uniformity braking energy) and, if applicable, the braking energy gained from the additional torque (additional torque Braking energy) at least partially stored and the stored rotational nonuniformity braking energy becomes we at least partially to reduce negative rotation reusability (claim 3).

The storage of the rotational nonuniformity braking energy and possibly the additional torque braking energy can in particular especially through the following two configurations of the Sy stems, namely by an electrical storage or a mechanical storage (flywheel storage) and also a The combination of both is done:

In the first embodiment, the inverter is on DC link inverter, its DC link little least has an electrical storage for braking energy or is coupled to at least one of them (claim 4). The memory can in particular be a Capacitance, an inductance and / or a (fast) bat act terie. He can either only use the spoke serve braking energy (in this case it would generally be in addition to a common intermediate circuit memory, which is used for the inverter Intermittent operation requires voltage or current pulses can deliver), or it can only partially save serve the braking energy, i.e. other energy - for example save those necessary for cyclical operation (in the latter case  it could be combined with the usual DC link memory fall). Otherwise, the training of the converter as an intermediate circuit converter in any case - e.g. Belly without intermediate storage of braking energy - advantageous be.

An "intermediate circuit" means a circle which cher essentially supply DC voltage or current from which a downstream inverter part (the so-called machine inverters) by pulsing or clocking can form variable AC voltages or currents. This DC voltage or this DC current must generally special Requirements that are met, for example, by a Vehicle battery could hardly be provided: for example wise with a DC link inverter the intermediate circuit voltage pulses with extreme flanks Provide steepness and at a high level of tension. A For this purpose, the vehicle battery is generally too slow and delivers too low voltage. Generally, an intermediate circuit comprises Inverter three assemblies, namely an entrance building group for supplying or removing electrical Energy, an output module in the form of machine change rectifier and the intermediate DC link. There in the rotational nonuniformity reduction system electrical energy also via the machine converter won and after buffering again over this In principle, the inverter can be dissipated self-sufficient d. H. work without an input module. The Be handle "intermediate circuit" also denotes in this case - although the circle is no longer between two assemblies lies - the circle with the above Function, DC voltage or to provide current for the machine inverter len.

In the further embodiment, a flywheel is used Storage of the braking energy (claim 5). Preferably the flywheel electrically via an electrical machine  coupled with the system. This can be, for. B. a rotating field or controlled by its own converter Trade commutator machine. Both converters can advantageously electrically in each case in their intermediate circuit be coupled to each other. The electric machine for Dre irregularity reduction and flywheel dimensions machines work in push-pull: If the former acts as a brake, accelerates the second flywheel or if the former driving or less braking, second brakes that Flywheel. Because with such a flywheel energy storage relatively high energy densities can be stored its use is particularly advantageous when An clutch slip energy to be stored or if rotational irregularities with a relatively large energy ge stop as z. B. in a three-cylinder four stroke diesel engine may be the case. The flywheel ener giespeicher can also be used with the above electrical storage be combined.

Due to the high variability of the inverter control This electrical machine can be used in addition to the active Reduction of rotational irregularities simultaneously or Execute other functions at different times and such Ma traditionally specialized in these functions replace machines. In particular, it can also use radio tion of a starter, e.g. B. for one coupled to the shaft th internal combustion engine, and / or the function of a genera tors for power supply, e.g. B. for charging a battery or supply of an electrical system, have (claims 6 and 7). During the startup process, i.a. no rotation equal Maturity reduction required; the elec trical machine temporarily as a pure electric motor operated. The generator function, however, is generally also desired during rotational nonuniformity reduction. By superimposing the quickly varying moment with a steady braking moment is achieved in time means a gain in electrical energy.  

In a corresponding manner, the electrical machine can also as an additional function, accelerating and / or braking the Create or support wave (claim 8). At for example, this can be the acceleration of a motor vehicle serve together with the drive unit. To slow down sen of a vehicle, the electrical machine as ver wear-free, possibly regenerative brake or additional brake serve. In connection with an anti-slip regulation the electric machine can brake that quickly Total drive torque and thus the slip of one or reduce multiple drive wheels. With electromagnetic Clutch function can take the drive wheel slip instead Braking also by increasing the clutch slip be reduced. It is possible during the execution of these additional functions the rotational uniformity ver switch off ringing function or both functions to execute simultaneously, for example as explained above Superimposing a corresponding driving or braking the moments.

The brakes gained when these additional functions are applied Ergie can - like that from rotational irregularities rende - to be saved (e.g. in the electrical memory or in the flywheel storage) and as drive energy again used or in a network or z. B. the vehicle battery be fed. To help with vehicle braking the electrical machine to be as effective as possible To separate the degree of braking energy recovery when braking, the electric machine advantageous from the start drive unit with the help of an intermediate, z. B. mechanical clutch.

In conventional motor vehicles, other vehicles and stationary drive units are also often auxiliary machines which - because they consume relatively high power - Mechanically driven by the drive unit, e.g. B. via belt transmission. This can be, for. B. Klimama  machines, servo drives, pumps or the like. A Such mechanical drive coupling is generally not opti times, because the auxiliary machine through the drive unit speed conditions specified by him must follow. she On the one hand, it does not run constantly at its optimum Speed and on the other hand must run even if this would not be necessary due to the lack of requested assistance. Around To overcome these disadvantages, it is advantageous that the electrical machine current at a relatively high voltage veau, preferably higher than 100 volts, particularly preferred supplies in the range of 250-450 volts, and auxiliary measure seem electrically at this high voltage level are driven (claim 9). Such tension level can be particularly important when changing the DC link judge already exists in the DC link, and so needs are not specially created for this additional purpose. On electrical instead of a mechanical auxiliary machine Drive is possible because the high voltage Ni relatively small currents result (in contrast, approximately to the 12 volt voltage level of a conventional force vehicle network). The auxiliary can be driven electrically machines if necessary at their optimal speed lau Leave open and otherwise switch off. You get one significant increase in overall efficiency.

The active reduction of rotational irregularities is based - As I said - on the fact that the electrical machine positi counteracts ven and negative rotational irregularities, so z. B. braking with positive rotational irregularities and driving negative. For this the Control device information about the time and if necessary the amount of a positive or negative rotation moderation.

One way to get this information is in a measurement of the current rotational irregularity or another size coupled to it. Is the Be  drove the electrical machine on this information, so is a (feedback) regulation, because the actual existence of rotational nonuniformity an immediate reaction to this rotation leads.

Another option is to use information for the operation of the electrical machine is not the actual one che, but an expected rotational irregularity. It So this is a (non-feedback) Control. For example, with a combustion motor Amount and sign of the current rotation is the same form as a function of the (crank) shaft angle and one or more operating parameters (e.g. speed and Determine throttle valve position) using a prototype or simulate by computer and with this information, saved in the form of a map, each series consumption equip the motor. The system then measures this in operation current crankshaft angle and the others Operating parameters (e.g. speed and throttle valve actuator lung), reads the associated stored map values for the amount and amplitude of the expected rotation and controls the elec trical machine according to the rotationuniform counteract.

Adaptive control is also possible. H. a (Non-feedback) control, in which the tax information mation is not fixed, but by measurement predefined rotational nonuniformities or at least modified.

Mixed forms of the types mentioned, for. B. can the expected values stored in a map be adaptive with respect to an expected size (e.g. refer Lich the amplitude) while referring to another expected size (e.g. shaft angle) can be fixed  Regulation can also be done accordingly combine, for example by using the wave angle as the expected value is taken from a map while the amplitudes information from a measurement of the current rotation formality is derived. A very advantageous Kombina tion is also a control with feedforward control, in which z. B. in each control interval, the control initially accordingly an expected rotational nonuniformity value from one Map is preset (feedforward control) and then eating the i.a. minor deviations from the actual Value to be readjusted to the preset value (Rege lung). This type of tax delivers with relatively little effort a very fast and precise control behavior. It can also be advantageous at low speeds (e.g. at idle run) to work with (feedback) control, against at higher speeds to (non-feedback) control to pass (claim 10).

Each of these different types of taxes has its own and Disadvantages: Map control is particularly simple, but does not allow adaptation to production or ver wear-related scattering of the rotational non-uniformity Characteristics and also no reduction of stochastic rotational irregularities. A regulation does not have these latter disadvantages, but has high ones Requirements for the speed of data acquisition and processing; also it must have stability conditions are enough. An adaptive control and mixed forms of tax can see the advantages of regulation and control unite.

Regulating, adaptive control and appropriate mixing the measured variable does not have to form the rotation immediately shape (possibly derived from a measurement of the Winkella ge or speed as a function of time). It can rather be one (or more) other size act (s) that conclude at least part  the rotational irregularities that occur (allowed ben). This size can be advantageous for an internal combustion engine the gas pressure in one or more engine cylinders be. The gas pressure is an essential change liche source of rotational irregularities. Besides, too is another essential, practical consideration unchangeable source - the mass forces. Your contribution can be permanently stored in a map. Alternatively (or in addition) can the instantaneous torque of the combustion motors, e.g. B. measured with the help of a torque hub the. The use of gas pressure and / or the current one Torque as a measured variable thus allows a relative one Fast and easy regulation, adaptive control or ent speaking mixed form (claim 11).

In cases where radial forces also act on the shaft act - like a reciprocating piston engine - the shaft in addition to rotational irregularities i. a. also to radial swin stimulated. It is therefore advantageous that the elec machine has one field sector or several Field sectors with at least partially independent tax baren hiking fields, the or the Wander field (s) in the field sector (s) is controlled in this way (Are) that the electrical machine next to rotation is the same also reduces radial vibrations of the shaft (Claim 12). The following explanation: For a Lift circular (360 ° -) induction machine the magnetic forces acting on the shaft Reasons of symmetry, so that resulting only torques remain. The magnetic field, on the other hand, extends only over one sector (i.e. less than 360 °), so calls the field in addition to a torque in general also one Force with at least one component in the radial direction of the Wave out. With a sector machine can therefore save the radial vibrations are reduced. For this, the electrical machine controlled so that in radial direction effective magnetic force of the currently running  Radial vibration deflection is opposite. With a single field sector is a simultaneous reduction of Rotational irregularities and radial vibrations i. a. just approximately possible. You get an even better effect with several independently controllable hiking fields (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.). Of course, the meh the other field sectors in a circular shape the stand can be summarized if it is only functional act as field sectors and can be controlled independently. A electrical machine with several independent field sectors can also be used as several electrical machines, who act on a common runner.

Alternatively to using an electrical machine with The system can also at least have independent field sectors have an actuator, the radial forces on the shaft can exercise and is controlled so that it radial vibration counteracts the wave (claim 13). The actuator can e.g. B. the shape of several electromagnets or piezoelectric trical actuator that are in phase opposition to the radial oscillation act on the shaft.

To radial resonance vibrations of the shaft from operation The runner of the elec trical machine advantageous as a passive vibration style ger trained or it can be such a parallel be switched.

The electric induction machine or traveling field machine (or linear machine) of the system is preferably one Asynchronous machine, a synchronous machine or a reluk dance machine, especially for three-phase current (claim 14). An asynchronous machine generally has a relatively easy one built-up runner (generally a runner with short-circuit winding lungs or windings, the ends of which lead to slip rings are) and therefore points out the creation costs and the mechanical resilience advantages. she is  however, relatively complicated in terms of control technology, since amount and phase angle of the rotor current depending on the load, but not can be measured directly via stand sizes. For an attitude a certain torque is a knowledge of Rotor current necessary. In contrast, synchronous machines (they have runners with pronounced poles who have permanentma gnete or current are excited) generally higher Er service costs. On the other hand, they are control engineering easier to handle, because the torque in them depends essentially on the rotor angle, which can be determined using a Rotor position sensor is directly measurable. With those Ausge System designs that are higher from the start Have tax expense - such as the machine explained above with several independent field sectors - can therefore one Synchronous machine can be particularly advantageous. Reluctance measure In a broader sense, machines belong to synchronous machines.

The control takes place particularly in the asynchronous machine tion of the electrical machine preferably on the ground position of a field-oriented regulation (so-called vector regulation) (Claim 15). Here, starting from directly measurable instantaneous quantities such as applied voltage, stator current and if necessary speed, based on a calculated dynamic measure machine model the stator current into a torque-generating Component that generates the torque with the rotor flux and a perpendicular to it, the machine flow component computationally disassembled and so the rotation moment determined. This control technology allows - although the current conditions in the rotor cannot be measured directly are - a desired torque with high accuracy adjust.

In the system for actively reducing rotation formalities i. a. an auxiliary system that e.g. B. in the drive train of a motor vehicle with a burn is arranged as the main system. Because of his Auxiliary character should be little relative to the main system  Occupying space should be as compact as possible be. The advantageous measures mentioned below serve such - among other advantageous purposes compact design.

One measure to achieve high compactness is that the electrical machine has a fine pole pitch, ins in particular at least one pole per 45 ° stator angle points (claim 16). With a circular closed (360 ° -) machine, this corresponds to a total number of few at least eight Poles. Even finer ones are particularly advantageous Pole pitches, corresponding to z. B. 10, 12, 14, 16 or more Poland with the circular closed machine. A Fine pole pitch allows the winding heads of the Stand small, both in axial and also in the circumferential direction of the machine, so that the machine can be made shorter overall in the axial direction. Even with finer pole pitch the back of the stand for the magnetic reflux thinner (and therefore lighter) be trained, with the result that with the same outside diameter of the machine of the runners a larger diameter can have knives. Larger rotor diameter leads because the longer air gap in the circumferential direction and the size effective lever arm for greater torque. Ins overall, a finer pole pitch leads to a com more compact and lighter machine. Beside are because of shorter winding wire length - smaller winding heads are required against less inactive winding wire - the ohmic Losses less. Furthermore, since the stray field (which the blind power share significantly determined) by the end winding surface depends, it is relatively ge with fine pole pitch ring. A small stray field is especially with the Dre Reduction of non-uniformity is advantageous because here - unlike a conventional electrical machine - lasting back and forth between engine and generator operation is changed and the associated polarity reversal reactive power must be applied continuously.  

High-speed rotating field machines are fine poles Pitch unusual because they have a relatively high pole change condition frequency. A common value for pole changes frequency is, for example, 120 Hz In contrast, electrical machine used in the invention advantageously a high maximum pole change frequency preferably between 300 and 1600 Hz and more, especially preferably between 400 Hz and 1500 Hz (claim 17).

To the influence of eddy currents in the stator - that with stei gender pole change frequency increase - decrease, points the stand advantageously thin stand sheets, preferably with a thickness of 0.35 mm or less, especially before preferably 0.25 mm or less. As another measure the stator plates are provided to reduce the losses preferably made of a material with low magnetic reversal loss, especially less than 1 watt / kg at 50 Hz and 1 Tesla, manufactured (claim 18).

As another measure leading to compact training contributes, the electrical machine advantageously has one internal fluid cooling (claim 19). With the fluid can it is advantageously oil. A very effective one Cooling technology consists of keeping the machine inside to put under oil. A disadvantage of this, however, is that Turbulence losses occur above approx. 500 rpm, which Above approx. 2000 rpm, it can take on noticeable dimensions. To counter this, the cooling fluid is supplied beforehand partially loss-dependent and / or speed-dependent, whereby fluid cooling is preferably a spray fluid cooling. Then is in the machine only essentially as much cooling fluid as is currently the case is required to dissipate the power loss. At very high power losses and / or low speeds the whole machine is under oil. The spray fluid cooling provides a particularly good distribution of the fluid for sure.  

The compactness can be quantified by the size Express "torque density". Preferably, the elek machine with a high torque density - based on the maximum torque - on that particularly preferred is greater than 0.01 Nm / cm³ (claim 20).

As stated above, on a shaft with Dre Irregularities often also cause radial vibrations ten, especially in crankshafts of internal combustion engines. To be robust against radial vibrations, that is System preferably designed so that the electrical Machine works strongly in the field of magnetic saturation. The current coating is a measure of magnetic saturation (at maximum torque) in the stand per cm of air gap length in the circumferential direction. This measure is preferably little at least 400-1000 A / cm, particularly preferably at least 500 A / cm (claim 21). Working high in satiety allows the machine to be used with a relatively wide range Form air gap. Air gap changes - like them occur with radial vibrations - act because of the Operation in the saturation range barely out. In addition to the robust This measure allows against radial vibrations also a reduction in accuracy requirements and thus a considerable simplification of the manufacture of the electrical machine.

Such a compact electrical machine has in generally a relatively low inductance. Around Here nevertheless, for example with the help of a clocked voltage a sinusoidal current for generating the to achieve electrical rotating or traveling fields works the inverter advantageously at least temporarily a high clock frequency, in particular 10 kHz to 100 kHz and higher (claim 22). This measure is also an advantage is responsible for achieving a high temporal resolution of the Systems: For example, you can with a clock frequency of 20 kHz a temporal resolution in the torque behavior of the  electrical machine of 2 kHz with which one can Can effectively reduce rotational nonuniformity at 200 Hz (For example, 200 Hz corresponds to the fourth order 3000 rpm). A high clock frequency also has that Advantage, a compact design of the inverter itself to allow: Because, for example, with a voltage Schenkkreis inverter is the capacity in the intermediate circuit which corresponds to the electronic switches of the inverter ters the intermediate circuit voltage, vice versa proportional to the frequency, so that at higher clock frequency a smaller capacity is sufficient for this. The smaller ones DC link capacitors can be used with short conduction paths arranged directly next to the electronic switches will. Furthermore, necessary EMC filtering (EMC: Elec tromagnetic compatibility) of the inverter outside be more compact because of the size of the filter is inversely proportional to the clock frequency.

As a further advantageous measure to achieve a com Compact design of the inverter is electronic Switch of the inverter fluid-cooled, preferably boiled bath-cooled (claim 23). Can be used as a boiling bath coolant for example, a fluorocarbon can be used. The coolant evaporates in heat during the bath cooling score and thereby deprives them of its relatively high ver heat of vaporization. The steam rises and can e.g. B. in one external condenser and condense its evaporation give off heat. This cooling technology allows the most compact arrangement voltage of the electronic switches of the inverter without any heat sink. In addition, it has the advantage that for Achievement of high cooling capacity also relatively low tempera Differences in door are sufficient: While air cooling usually a temperature difference of 40 ° C between Cooling surface and a chip to be cooled is necessary a difference of 2-10 ° C is sufficient here, in particular re about 5 ° C. As a result, high ambient temperatures tolerable, for example at a chip temperature  an ambient temperature of 65 ° C to 60 ° C. The absence heat sink and the high achievable compactness also enables high vibration resistance; next to him the boiling bath leaves the creation of an oxygen-free Atmosphere in the field of electronic components of the Inverter, which extends overall lifespan affects. The housing forming the cold room can - if it does made of conductive material - also as a shield serve. Electrical intermediate circuit storage elements for Provide voltage to be clocked or clocked Electricity can be placed inside the cooling case which can result in short cable routes. A possibly separate electrical braking energy storage can be internal be arranged half or outside of the cooling housing. The in the latter case, the supply line may be relatively high inductors do not interfere because of the braking energy storage works on a relatively "slow" timescale.

Another measure that is advantageous in terms of cooling technology exists in it, several electronic switches of the inverter, in particular 2 to 20 and more, to be connected in parallel (An Proverbs 24). The parallel connection leads to a distributed one Arrangement of the heat sources and thus a relatively small one Power loss density.

The inverter advantageously comprises a half lead as a switch terschalter, preferably fast semiconductor switches, such as Field effect transistors - particularly preferably metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) field effect transistors, bipolar tran sistors and / or bipolar transistors with insulated Gate connection (IGBTs) (claim 25). Under "fast" half conductor switches are understood in particular those that maximum clock frequencies from 10 to 100 kHz or more possible ben. MOS field-effect transistors have high clock frequencies quantify the relatively lowest losses. You assign one ohmic characteristic (while other semiconductor construction elements generally have a fixed loss characteristic  have), so that the losses in partial load operation relatively are low.

The inverter generates the for the magnetic fields the electrical machine required voltages and / or Currents preferably through pulses, especially on the Basis of pulse width or pulse amplitude modulation (Claim 26). Leave at constant DC link voltage through sinusoidal pulse width modulation at high Clock frequencies almost due to the machine inductance sinusoidal currents of any adjustable frequency, Am generate plitude and / or phase. With the pulse amplitude mo dulation is assumed, for example, from an inverter ter with variable DC link voltage and thus generates Pulses of different amplitudes.

For optimal use of the z. B. in a motor vehicle available space, it is advantageous that in the electrical machine, especially in its Runner, a clutch, preferably a driving clutch inte is free (claim 27). For example, a linear motor-like asynchronous and synchronous machine with a runner on the inside, the runner can run inside Area be inoperative and so for recording z. B. one switchable non-positive clutch hollow be. This measure makes it possible for the elec trical machine with integrated coupling in axial direction only takes up as much or hardly any more space than in a conventional motor vehicle, the clutch needed alone. Because of the reduced available Diameter and to minimize the mass moment of inertia tes is a multi-pane and / or lamella design steering clutch preferred. Is the integrated clutch as Wet clutch trained, the clutch fluid can also for provide cooling of the electrical machine. The actuator The coupling can be mechanically, electrically, hydraulically, pneumatically or with mixed forms thereof.  

To the instantaneous angle at any time in the system knowing the position of the shaft is the electrical machine or the shaft advantageously with a rotor position or wave position ge-encoder equipped (claim 28). From the information The current win speed and acceleration and thus to moments tane rotational irregularities are closed. On the This information can - as explained above - at a controlled system the rotational nonuniformity Ver ring based. In a controlled system, the Information about the current angular position and, if applicable, the current average speed needed to get the right one Read expected value from the map. The information The current average speed also becomes a determinant measurement of the magnetic fields required in the machine used, also with a synchronous machine the Informa tion about the current angular position of the runner. To win can provide the most accurate possible angular position information especially a rotary transformer (a so-called resolver) serve, so a transformer with angle-dependent over transfer relationship. High-resolution encoders are also for this purpose can be used, e.g. B. a combination of one high-resolution incremental encoder and a simple Ab solo donor.

The rotational nonuniformity reduction system can be used as from a drive unit (generally an internal combustion engine) independent additional system. Alternatively, one or more elements together for control of the two subsystems, i.e. the drive unit and the electrical machine can be used. Little can do this at least one sensor and / or at least one from sensor information mation derived size of both the control of the drive aggregates as well as the control of the electrical machine serve, and / or one for the control of the electrical Machine or the drive unit direction can also the drive unit or the electri  partially or completely control the machine (claim 29). The terms "control" and "control" are combined here understood broad sense, which also "regulation" and "regulate" includes. Also a transmission control, such as an automatic gears, here is the drive unit control attributed. The above sharing tax items ten also refers to the pair "electrical Ma schine - transmission ".

So the shared element can be on the one hand around a sensor (e.g. a (crank) shaft winch kel sensor or a torque measuring device) and / or around Variables derived from sensor information (e.g. one derived from this derived rotational speed or torque change) act together for separate control facilities assigned the drive unit and the electrical machine are not. On the other hand, this can also be a Act control device itself, which for control the electrical machine or the drive unit is constant and also the drive unit or the controls electrical machine partially or completely. Yourself understandably it is also possible to do these two aspects to combine sharing, d. H. little at least one sensor or one derived from sensor information tete size and a control device together for the Control of the electrical machine and the drive unit to use gats.

The fact that the two subsystems are completely under have different functions, seems at first for their to speak independent control, as in the beginning mentioned prior art is proposed. This one learned control sharing can, however be advantageous because of the different requirements changes made to the two subsystems, some sensors or derived from sensor information  Sizes of one subsystem more accurate and / or faster than that of the other must work, and since the tax facility one subsystem at least with regard to some Tax tasks works more accurately and faster than that of the other subsystem. For example, for rotation, Reduction in shape is a very high-resolution twist kelsensor are available, of which the mo mental drive shaft angle position and possibly also the moment tane rotational speed is derived; the usage These controls can control the drive unit (e.g. control of the ignition and / or injection start Time) may be helpful. The same applies if at for example one of the subsystems is a very powerful one and fast control device, e.g. B. in the form a high-performance computer system. For example can a very high-frequency control device of the elek tric machine at a speed increase in the Control or regulate the drive unit.

Preferably, the shared sensor measures one or several of the following sizes and / or is the sensor information derived, shared size one of the following sizes: drive shaft angular position, speed, Angular acceleration, load condition, temperature, exhaust gas together composition, quantity or mass of combustion air, throttle valve pen position, fuel quantity, injection time, gas pressure, each of the drive unit; to drive the electrical Machine serving current, DC link voltage, frequency, Phase, switching states of inverter switches, each the inverter (if available); Angular position, Speed, angular acceleration, torque, each of the electrical machine; Speed, longitudinal and transverse speed acceleration, each of the vehicle; Speed of transmission output shaft; Angular position, speed, angular acceleration inclination, one or more vehicle wheels each; Slip one or more drive wheels; Cylinder deactivation and / or switch-on signal. From the electrical quantities of electricity,  DC link voltage, frequency, phase and / or switching levels of inverter switches can be used without further Senso ren on the momentary flow, the momentary torque and the current speed can be closed.

The joint control of the two subsystems needs not permanently available. Rather, it can be beneficial be liable that the for the control of the electrical Ma machine or the drive unit responsible for the control unit tion the drive unit or the electrical machine only partially or completely during certain operating conditions controls. For example, if the An drive unit a drive unit control device Idle speed constant due to feedback control keep looking and at the same time the electrical machine Rotation non-uniformity, changing torques exerted on the drive shaft can lead to control interference come. On the other hand, if you leave that for the electrical machine responsible control device also the control of the empty Take over the running speed of the drive unit (or vice versa returns), so you can from such control interference conclude. In other operating conditions beyond the empty control of the two subsystems during operation however, be carried out separately.

The person responsible for controlling the electrical machine Control device is generally - especially if you have one Controls the inverter - very quickly and efficiently and can therefore advantageously be one or more of the following Control tasks for control (or also feedback Control) of the drive unit partially or completely take: speed control (especially when idling), power fuel supply control, throttle control (in particular at idle), fuel injection control, ignition control tion, valve control (for engines with adjustable ven valve timing or electromagnetically operated valve len), cooling control (e.g. with drive units with  high coolant temperature level (e.g. 130 ° C) and more active Cooling), exhaust gas purification control (e.g. lambda control), Exhaust gas recirculation control, knock control, boost pressure rain tion, cylinder deactivation, start-stop control, transmission control.

In principle, however, it is also possible that the for Control of the drive unit responsible control unit one or more of the following tax tasks Control of the electrical machine partially or completely takes over: torque control, direct or indirect Control of inverter switches (with inverter controlled electrical machine), control one Starter function (if the electrical machine is also used as Starter functions), control of the additional torque function, e.g. B. the electromagnetic clutch and / or synchro nization function (if the electrical machines do this Functions) or a generator function (if the electrical machine also acts as a generator).

Incidentally, these two possibilities are in the borderline case congruent, in which a common control facility the entire control of both the drive unit and of the electrical machine.

The internal efficiency of an internal combustion engine (in particular that of an internal combustion engine with external mixture formation and spark ignition) falls with small effective cylinder Medium pressures drop sharply, this drop at low Speeds is particularly pronounced. Powerful moto Therefore, they work when they have little performance relative to them their maximum performance is demanded - so their effekti ver medium pressure is low - only with a relative poor efficiency.

Switching off individual engine cylinders in such loading drive conditions can increase efficiency; see e.g. B.  "Automotive paperback", publisher: Robert Bosch GmbH, Düsseldorf, 21st edition, 1991, page 361. Because the cylinder deactivation causes a significant increase in effective medium pressure in the non-deactivated cylinder with a significant increase in efficiency (by a total of up to 30%) with the corresponding Fuel savings go hand in hand.

However, it generally happens in cylinder shutdown mode greater rotational nonuniformity, since usually motors are constructed so that the mass forces and (mitt Partially compensate for gas forces, with cylinder down circuit, however, the gas forces practically disappear, which this compensation effect is also eliminated. The result is greater rotational irregularities, the cause more disturbing Noise and vibration can be increased Can cause wear and lead to loss of comfort can.

To the inside of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine increase efficiency without any rotational irregularities letting it appear more intensely, the system includes an on direction for switching off at least part of the cylinder that of the internal combustion engine, the system being active Reduction of rotational irregularities at least rend cylinder shutdown operation at least in certain Be drive states is active (claim 30). This measure leads to lower rotational irregularities in the cylinder Shutdown mode; therefore leads to lower noise and Development of vibrations and reduced wear; allowed cylinder deactivation even with four-cylinder engines; and can due to these properties to a larger ver Propulsion systems with cylinder deactivation and thus a reduction in raw material consumption and Contribute to environmental pollution.  

The term "cylinder deactivation" is used in one understood broad meaning that includes all possibilities no longer actively driving one or more cylinders (and no longer with fuel flow) ben. This is preferred by a fuel and possibly Ignition of the corresponding cylinders achieved, which in order to reduce gas exchange work by a So-called valve shutdown can be supplemented. Basically it is also possible to mechanically shut down the corresponding cylinder, in the case of also opposite greater rotational nonuniformity in the operation of all cylinders occur. A - here also with a comprehensive - special case is the shutdown of all cylinders of the combustion motors in push mode.

The system for the active reduction of rotational imbalance abilities in cylinder deactivation and activation be active, continuously or only in certain Be drive states of the internal combustion engine (e.g. only below a certain speed or not during acceleration and delay processes). If necessary, can the strength with which it acts on the drive shaft between Differentiate between switch-off and switch-on operation. Alternatively it can only be active during cylinder deactivation be, again a permanent or a specific one Operating states of the internal combustion engine limited activi is possible.

Basically, the system can actively reduce Rotational irregularities can be controlled so that its dre Irregularity reducing effect regardless is whether the cylinder is switched off or switched on. For example, suppose the Rotational nonuniformity in switch-on mode is half as large are like in shutdown mode, then it could e.g. B. so controlled be that the rotation is nonuniform in the start-up mode practically completely suppressed while it is in the  Shutdown operation reduced. However, it advantageously follows that Changing the rotational nonuniformity changes at a transition from cylinder deactivation to activation and / or its reduction effect, in general by changing the phases and amplitudes of the ver applied torques. By this measure you can see rotational irregularities both in the shutdown mode as well as almost completely suppressed when switching on.

Since - as I said - the rotational irregularities generally in the Shutdown operation is greater than in start-up operation the reducing effect in the transition from cylinder to switching to cylinder deactivation operation preferably to or at a reverse transition.

If the system for actively reducing rotation uniformities by actually capturing the currently present rotational nonuniformity solely on the ground position feedback control is controlled, reason In addition, the feedback control also when changing from Cylinder activation to cylinder deactivation operation and / or vice versa returns for a corresponding change in the decrease effect worry.

However, in order to avoid a control delay during these transitions close and change the To bring about a reduction effect, calls preferably the Control information which is used to control the transition from Cylinder activation to deactivation operation and / or vice versa also serves to change the reduction effect in front. For example, with a map-controlled System for active reduction of rotational irregularity ten that brings about the cylinder switching on and off Control signal also switching between two (possibly adaptive) maps, one of which is Infor tion about the (expected) rotational irregularities  Switch-off mode and the other one at switch-on shoot contains. With a feedback control with forward control can control signal z. B. also to a correspond depending on the state of the cylinder being switched on or off Presetting the control are used to create a control ver to avoid hesitation.

In the area of private motor vehicles, there are many Be use resistances against drive systems with cylinders circuit because they feel instead of, for example with a six-cylinder engine temporarily only with one Driving "three-cylinder engine" is uncomfortable. Advantageous the drive system is therefore designed so that the Zylin the shutdown operation and transitions into and out of the cylinder derabschaltbetrieb for a user essentially un are noticeable (which result from rotational irregularities en user perceptions, such as corresponding noises and affects vibrations; could remain e.g. B. minor differences in exhaust noise). This is achieved by such control of the rotational nonuniformity Reducing effect that the remaining rotation is equal practically the same at least at the transitions are on and off (and preferably one have vanishing absolute value).

Combustion engines from motor vehicles run in city traffic testify due to frequent stops at traffic lights and crossings a significant amount of their idle time. This represents a significant waste of resources and Environmental pollution, since it is a useless additional ver use of fuel with associated emissions of toxic, climate-active or otherwise harmful exhaust gases brings.

To reduce these unnecessary idle periods, be riding passenger cars with a so-called start-stop machine tic has been realized. Here, the internal combustion engine  when a certain stop condition occurs (e.g. vehicle standstill and engine idling) automatically stopped at for example by interrupting the fuel supply. At A certain start condition occurs (e.g. actuation the accelerator pedal or engaging a gear) the Ver internal combustion engine again using the electrical star vehicle started automatically.

Although these known drive systems with start-stop auto mathematics basically work and a reduction in Make total fuel consumption appear possible, they also have problems that have so far spread have made it more difficult: the conventional starters used cause a relatively loud starting noise, whatever mainly from the gear noise of the pinion ratio of the high-ratio starter motor comes from (the translation is generally 1:10 to 1:20). While with conventional power vehicle without automatic start-stop the starter just right is seldom actuated and therefore the loud starter noise is accepted, it leads with automatic start-stop with the then frequent starter actuation to a disturbing Ge noise pollution of vehicle occupants and the streets residents in the area of traffic lights and crossings. About that the starter with its magnetic switch is also subject to Pinion, single-track and electric motor at the frequent Actuation of an extraordinarily high wear, the one usual sized starter has hardly grown; it will therefore in known drive systems with start-stop auto matik an - actually oversized - truck lasser used.

Also one in the book D. Henneberger "Electric Motoraus armor ", Braunschweig 1990, pages 98-103, proposed Flywheel Starter Generator Seems for a Start-Stop Automatic hardly suitable as it has a relatively long dead time after a start and leads to clutch wear. He comprises a rotor designed as a flywheel, which  in the drive train of a motor vehicle on the output shaft sits between the internal combustion engine and transmission and from this can be decoupled with the help of a coupling. To the First, the decoupled is started - and thus empty blue fende - flywheel accelerated by an electric motor. The egg The usual starting process then takes place at a start sufficient flywheel speed (e.g. at 1000 rpm) by quickly closing the clutch for combustion engine. This slows down the flywheel and the cure Belwelle the engine accelerates until both achieve a common average speed (e.g. 500 rpm) Chen and the self-start of the internal combustion engine takes place.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention that is System part of one with an automatic start-stop control tion of the internal combustion engine equipped drive system; the electrical machine is directly connected to the drive system le of the internal combustion engine coupled or can be coupled trained so that the internal combustion engine together can start from a standing start (claim 31).

A "direct" coupling is especially a gearless coupling of the rotor of the electrical machine understood with the drive shaft. The speed of the runner then preferably equals the speed of the Internal combustion engine. In a "convergence" that remains Ratio of the current speeds of the electrical Mo tors and the drive unit - in contrast to the above Flywheel starter - essentially constant (and has it in particular the value one). Convergence "from the Stand "means that the electrical machine and the on power unit - unlike the above Flywheel starter - run up from a stand together.

Advantages of this embodiment of the invention are: the direct coupling or connectability of the electrical Machine generated with the drive shaft of the internal combustion engine  the starter practically no audible noise; due to the run from the stand, the start is quick and with little dead time; because of the direct kopp and the convergence of the starter is practically ver wear-free and achieves a relatively very high effectiveness Degree; compared to a flywheel starter he has one relatively low weight, the elimination of the Clutch system for engaging the flywheel; all in all can drive system due to this beneficial egg properties for a greater spread of start-stop Automatic control and so by reducing the raw material consumption essential and the emission of exhaust gases Contribute to environmental protection.

The rotor of the electrical machine advantageously sits on the drive shaft (generally the crankshaft) of the combustion engine tors or an extension (which can be uncoupled from it if necessary). It is preferably non-rotatably connected to the drive shaft.

The automatic start-stop control gives preference automatically stop the internal combustion engine, if one stop condition (or one of several) is met is. Various can be used to define a stop condition Serve individual conditions, e.g. E.g .: zero load, push mode, Idling of the internal combustion engine (i.e. speed below a certain low value), standstill of the force vehicle (i.e. driving speed below a be agreed small value, e.g. B. 4 km / h), internal combustion engine is disengaged, no gear is engaged, the operating or parking brake is applied, actuation of a stop switch. These individual conditions can be the stop condition define alone (e.g. stop condition = standstill of Motor vehicle) or in any (sub) combination (e.g. stop condition = idling of the internal combustion engine and Standstill of the motor vehicle) and / or in combination with other operating conditions such. B. that the operating temperature The internal combustion engine is reached and / or the drawer  condition of the battery for further starter actuations is sufficient. Stopping the internal combustion engine can ent neither immediately when the stop condition occurs (i.e. with very short response time) or delayed (e.g. with a Response time of a few seconds). In the stop conditions can also be included, which the driving Prehistory concern, e.g. B. it may be necessary that the vehicle has last stopped burning motor has driven at least once. It is too possible to get from the previous driving characteristics know whether the vehicle is in city traffic, a Stop-and-go traffic at a traffic jam or in the overland traffic located; the size "city traffic" can be as further Individual condition for the stop condition may be required. The Response time can be adaptively variable, depending of individual or operating conditions or driving conditions layer, e.g. B. in the event that in the near ver many traffic light stops have occurred automatically shortened and extended in the opposite case.

Accordingly, the start-stop control gives preference wise if there is a start condition (or one of several) an automatic start of the internal combustion engine with the help of the electrical machine. Also for definition The start condition can have different individual conditions - alone or in (sub) combination - serve, e.g. B. Actuator accelerator pedal, release the operating or locking brake, actuating the clutch, touching or moving one Gear shift lever, engaging a gear, operating one Start switch. For the start condition this can be fulfilled other conditions may be required, e.g. B. that the Engine stops and / or previously by automatic stop has been switched off. An "emergency start" can be triggered be when z. B. the temperature of the internal combustion engine decreases below the operating temperature or the state of charge the battery drops below a limit. To do this to rule out unintentional starting of the motor vehicle,  However, the corresponding condition can be met - such as "No gear engaged" - may be required.

Conventional starters bring because of their high gear ratio the internal combustion engine only to a relatively low start Speed (typically 100-200rpm) that is far below its idle speed (typically 700-800 rpm) lies. The same applies to the above. Flywheel starter, you want dead time and clutch wear in acceptable Keep boundaries. The speed difference between start-turn number and the idle speed must be the internal combustion engine then overcome on your own. He needs this however - since it is far below at these speeds its idle speed in a very unfavorable Be drive range - a relatively large amount of power fabric that also only burns incompletely. Everyone Engine start is therefore with additional fuel consumption and particularly harmful emissions. This makes up a part of the ecologically favorable out the effects of an automatic start-stop again. Before preferably the drive system is therefore designed such that the electrical machine at least essentially up to Reaching the idle speed of the internal combustion engine (which at operating temperature is usually between 700 and 1000 rpm is driving). This measure leaves the combustion engine practically only when it reaches Start idling speed and leaves the operational un inexpensive run-up on your own is no longer necessary. You ver thus reduces fuel consumption and particularly harmful emissions when starting and also does that Starting process faster. So the measure is ecological particularly advantageous and is particularly suitable for one drive systems with starting Contribute to automatic stop.

Automatic start-stop control was also proposed in which the internal combustion engine is also in overrun  operation (e.g. when driving downhill) disengaged and stopped becomes. But suddenly the internal combustion engine Braking effect lost. The elek therefore has an advantageous effect trical machine in the event of a drive unit stop Thrust operation as an electric drive unit brake, the the lost drive unit braking torque is replaced. For this is advantageous between the drive unit and the elek tric machine to a controllable clutch orderly.

Conventionally, one uses in drive systems from Motor vehicles friction clutches, which an driving the motor vehicle with torque conversion ("Schlei enable clutch ") in the start-up phase. Your white Another task is to change gears by separating them the drive unit from a manual transmission and closing reconnection with one due to friction acted speed adjustment of drive unit and transmission to allow. They also serve as overload protection and Vibration damping. These friction clutches are extremely bean said wear parts that are continuously monitored and used Part must be readjusted. With above average Stress, such as B. with excessive use in the city traffic or if your driving style is stressful you can reach Part of the life of the vehicle and must first be set. The operation of a friction clutch is in particular especially complicated for novice drivers. Practiced Fah It is not always possible to get off to a smooth start and a scarf What is not only a loss of comfort, but also one special load for the drive unit and others Represent parts of the drive system. A (not always) ver avoidable "stalling" of the drive unit when starting poses a significant accident risk in dangerous situations represents.

Hydrodynamic couplings are also known, in part with converter function. These generally allow one  almost smooth start-up and shifting with simple loading service. However, they are quite complex to set up. Your Controllability is limited; e.g. B. is a total waves separation often not achievable, so that it is idle (in Driving position / position D) comes to creep speed. In addition they are subject to considerable losses.

When shifting from one gear to another you have to gear parts to be connected to each other initially on the same running (i.e. depending on the type of gearbox at the same speed or same circumferential speed), d. H. synchroni be settled. With claw-shifted transmissions - the for Part can be used for heavy commercial vehicles - this is done by the driver using double domes (high switch) or intermediate gas (downshift), which is a high Skill required. With most conventional Ge synchronization is carried out mechanically in the course of Switching movement, namely by friction pre-clutch non-positive speed adjustment, with a Locking device the positive shifting of the gear only possible after the synchronization process has been completed becomes. For friction pre-clutch z. B. cone rings nen. Synchronized gears are constructive and structural complex. The synchronizers are extremely bean speaks and is at risk of wear. The one for the dubbing forces required by the driver with the Switch actuation are applied, which is in a relatively high switching force can make itself felt. In addition the synchronization process takes some time what the switching operation i.a. gives a tough character. These properties of the switch actuation help that switching even with experienced drivers - even if it is no longer requires conscious activity - one occupies a non-negligible part of the attention, which are actually completely for traffic Should be available. So this also has an effect overall disadvantageous for traffic safety.  

To completely or partially eliminate these disadvantages, works the electrical machine as an electromagnetic clutch in the Powertrain and / or as an active transmission synchronizer device or as a part thereof (claim 32).

The term "clutch" is used in connection with elektroma gnetic clutch understood in a broad sense: he includes the meaning of "clutch" in the narrow sense, the only the unchanged transmission of speed and torque (such as a positive coupling lung), as well as of "converter", which is a conversion of rotation Number and / or torque allowed (such as a friction lock sige or a hydrodynamic coupling).

With an "electromagnetic clutch", the Mo ment transmission across the clutch through electrical, magnetic or electromagnetic forces. It is possible, that this type of power transmission is only temporary. For example, after reaching the same speed the coupling shafts the power transmission from a mechani clutch are taken over. Such a com binary clutch is called "electromagnetic clutch" designated.

With an "active gearbox synchronization" the Acceleration or deceleration leading to synchronism not passively through one of the gear parts to be connected Pre-clutch with the other gear part. Rather be the electrical machine accelerates or brakes it freely running of the two transmission parts when shifting actively in the synchronous state without a coupling or Pre-coupling with the other gear part would be required. Mechanical synchronization devices (pre-coupling, cone rings, etc.) can be omitted. The required synchronism speed can e.g. B. when detecting the current speed the transmission output shaft based on known Gear ratios of the different connectable  Gear parts can be determined as soon as possible at the Shift actuation by entering a specific shift alley is clearly recognizable which gear is engaged that should. The synchronization can take place in the time period conditions until the end of the switching path - where the transmission parts are connected - available stands. The synchronization takes place without switching force and without noticeable delay in switching operation.

The system combines the functions of electromagnetic clutch and active synchronization direction. For example, with simpler systems each of these functions is also advantageous in itself be.

This measure has the advantages that the electromagnetic Coupling and / or. the active synchronizer kei wear and tear and no maintenance; the electro magnetic clutch for precise adjustment of any transmitting moments, d. H. Setting any Clutch slip enables and thus control engineering is superior to other known couplings; also the time Liche change of clutch slip controllable is, which makes a completely even automatic transfer transition from maximum slip to disappearing slip rea is lisable; this means that the vehicle can also be operated by young people experienced driver is easier to start and / or shift fully lig jerk-free, the drive unit stalls is excluded what a total profit for the Represents road safety; when gearbox synchro is active The transmission is designed much simpler and can be executed; switching with lower switching force and without noticeable time delay and the driver more attention to the traffic situation leaves; clutch fading, d. H. a change in their physical properties due to overheating ver can be avoided; that of conventional mechanical  Couplings usual moment jump in the transition from glide Drift on static friction can be avoided so that thereby also so-called "clutch plucking" with periodic There is no change between static and sliding friction; a weight advantage (lower weight) can be achieved because against the heavy one over a conventional mechanical coupling Pressure plate omitted; with the drive according to the invention system using different coupling characteristics nien, d. H. Torque curve switched on during the clutch time can be put and especially the coupling can be done automatically; the elec machine less parts than a conventional mecha African coupling needed, so that manufacturing costs redu can be decorated; energy recovery by gene Ratorial braking of the shafts when shifting is possible and while with a conventional mechanical clutch the braking energy is converted into heat at which Coupling electric machine braking energy can be converted into electrical energy. All in all this measure increases driving comfort, makes it easier Vehicle operation and contributes to an increase in traffic security at.

In a first advantageous embodiment, this includes System for the function of the electromagnetic clutch and / or the transmission synchronizer two elec trical machines, i.e. an electrical double machine. in the Normal operation - when the drive torque is via the drive strand delivers torque - acts the first electrical Machine as a generator and the second as a motor, the electrical energy required to operate the motor in the is essentially obtained from the generator. The from mechanical turning energy supplied is thus this configuration first rotate relatively over a pair the electromagnetic active surfaces (stator and rotor of the first electrical machine) in electrical current ver converts and then relatively rotating over a second pair  electromagnetic active surfaces (stator and rotor of the second electrical machine) again in mechanical rotation energy, possibly at a different speed and with a different torque ment transformed back. The given off from the first machine The amount of energy can be larger or smaller than that of the second recorded. The surplus or deficit can e.g. B. stored in an energy storage or off be taken from such.

The design of the clutch as an electrical Doppelma Machine requires a certain amount of effort, but allows for it but relatively easy to control and especially a lot diverse operating options. If the two electri machines can be controlled independently, they can namely at the same time and independently different additive perform functions. For example, the first machine during coupling or (by the second machine effected) synchronization an additional alternating Torque to actively reduce rotation the drive unit drive shaft.

Particularly advantageous for achieving a compact and simply trained double units are the two measures rails arranged coaxially and / or have one or more Share together, such as a stand body and / or a Ge house. This also facilitates the possibility of the machines with a lock-up clutch additionally mechanically cop to make pelbar.

In the other advantageous embodiment, the dome by an electrical machine, i.e. a single Machine formed, which has at least two rotatable elec has tromagnetic active units, one of which with one drive side torque converter and the other coupled with a torque transmitter on the output side or can be coupled. Acting with the torque transmitters it is generally around input and output shaft, such as the  Drive shaft of the drive unit and the electri machine leading to the gearbox. The Elektroma Effective units correspond to runners and stands the normal electrical machine, but with the Difference, that here also the stand besides the runner is rotatable. So the machine corresponds to a nor paint machine with runner and stand, which additional is rotatable as a whole for rotor rotation. The whole rotatable machine can posi between runner and "stand" Generate tive and negative relative torques. To this In this way, the clutch slip can be influenced. Thereby different coupling effects can be achieved: The Electrical machine can be regulated in this way, for example be that there is a suitable relative torque between Adjusts rotor and stand and the clutch slip ver shrinks (clutch slip 0). Then the elek transmits trical machine speed and torque unchanged - ent speaking of a closed mechanical coupling. The electrical machine can also be regulated in such a way that the relative torque between rotor and stator ver shrinks and a clutch slip corresponding to the Set the relative speed of the torque transmitter. On in this way, their complete separation is achieved without Torque transmission - approximately one complete opened mechanical clutch. Clutch slip values, that lie between these two values are denoted by ent speaking control of the electrical machine also reachable. In addition, the electrical Ma also advantageous torque transmission ranges beyond this open up through a conventional friction clutch area: By suitable control of the electrical The machine can apply torques independent of direction are switched, d. H. Torques in and against the rotation direction of the torque transmitters. Thus both negative clutch slip values by generating an additional Lich to the drive unit driving torque, as clutch slip values greater than one - by generating  one of the braking units facing the braking unit Torque - can be set.

The mechanical turning energy supplied by the drive is So with this other design with a pair adjustable slip of relatively rotating electromagnetic White active surfaces in the form of mechanical turning energy given. In or from electrical (m) current only the excess or Deficit share converts 95322 00070 552 001000280000000200012000285919521100040 0002019532163 00004 95203 that saved or from a Memory can be removed. If the excess energy and / or performance exceeds the storage capacity - what z. B. may be the case when starting - it can be dissipated, e.g. B. in the form of heat via (heating resist stands etc.).

The synchronization function - i.e. accelerating or braking at the output side of the torque transmitter gear taken - takes place with this electrical machine turn in support against the variable speed the drive-side torque transmitter. Its currently The present speed is used when determining the speed Chen the synchronization necessary relative speed between the Active elements considered.

The electromagnetic clutch is - in the opposite hydrodynamic clutch kit - a vanishing one Clutch slip adjustable. For example, you get this in the case of an asynchronous machine by one of an active unit generated rotating field, which with the help of an elec tromagnetic slip on the other unit Exerts torque that be the current drive torque the same in terms of time, but in the opposite direction is, and so a disappearance of the clutch slip be works. However, one has to make the cup disappear a certain amount of energy, namely in this example for generating the rotating field with elektroma  gnetic slip. To minimize this energy loss, are the torque transmitters, which are the electromagnetic cal clutch separates, preferably with a lock-up clutch, especially a mechanical clutch, ver bindable. This can be, for. B. a frictional or - because you engage it with the appropriate control is always possible when the clutch slip disappears - advantageous for a positive coupling, e.g. Legs Act claw clutch. Instead of a separate clutch the two runners of the double machine can also be provided ne or the two knitting units of the individual machine Axial displacement with one another in frictional or positive engagement be feasible.

A number of additional functions of the electrical machine are advantageously or even exclusively with achievable against rotation fixed stand. To some or all of these additional functions also with the rotatable Developing a single machine is preferably the effect at least one of their two electromagnetic effects units through the action of a non-rotatable knitting unit replaceable. The effects can be replaced if none Coupling function is required, for example when Vehicle is removed from the aisle (while standing or during switching) or if the existing over bridge clutch is closed. For the way There are various ways in which this replacement of effects takes place advantageous options:

In a first, very simple way, the Substitution of the effect that at least one of the rotating active units, in particular the output side (i.e. the transmission side), can be fixed against rotation, ins especially with the help of a mechanical brake or clutch lung. So it does not become the rotatable knitting unit replaced by a fixed one, the different effects rather, they are created by the same active unit  caused that is only set or released. The determination can be made directly or indirectly, for example by Determine the associated torque transmitter. A determination on the output side - the i.a. only with out gear taken (especially when the vehicle is stationary) is feasible - opens up two functions, namely on the one hand the active reduction of rotation nonuniform of the (drive side) drive shaft and on the other hand a start of the drive unit in the confluence of the Stand (so-called direct start).

A second type of substitution opens up more Functions in the powered state of the system, namely when operating with the lock-up clutch closed and while shifting. The effects are replaced there by that at least one of the rotatable active units of its torque transmitter can be disconnected and against Dre hung can be determined, especially with the help of a several mechanical couplings. Here, too different effects of one and the same unit evoked that only fixed or with their torque ment transmitter is coupled. The difference to the first Art consists in the additional disconnectability of the fixed insertable knitting unit from your torque transmitter. This allows - in contrast to the first type - the determination of the Active element even with the associated torque rotating transformer, also in the drive state of the system. The mechanical couplings for fixing and decoupling be advantageous form-fitting, because the definable effect unit after disconnection by the electrical machine itself can be brought to a standstill, so that then It can be defined using a positive coupling is. The same applies to the opposite direction. This the second type opens up the function of an active ring tion of rotational irregularities of the (drive side) Drive shaft also in the drive state. It also allows Synchronization function in support against the specified  Execute active element, which is easier in terms of control technology than the above In case of support against the with change speed rotating torque on the drive side carrier. A prerequisite for the latter, however, is that the lock-up clutch (or other additional Coupling) is arranged so that it separates the Remaining active element from the drive unit allowed.

The third type of substitution corresponds to the second Kind of result. Unlike that, however with her the electromagnetic to be replaced in its effect cal active unit exists twice, namely as a rotatable and as a non-rotatable knitting unit. The replacement of effects takes place in that the rotatable active unit electroma gnically ineffective and the non-rotatable made effective is, preferably by the supply with torque electrical energy from the switched to the non-rotatable knitting unit becomes. A corresponding switchover is advantageously used for this purpose bar converter or inverter.

If you use this machine in addition to the first one rotatable knitting unit existing fixed knitting unit controlled so that it works simultaneously with that unit an independent effect on the second machine can be rotated, you get a machine with further functional options. Advantageous this control is achieved by turning the first and the non-rotatable knitting unit independently with torque ment-generating or transmitting electrical energy be fed, e.g. B. by two essentially independent current converters or inverters. With this Ausge staltung it is particularly possible, even during the electromagnetic clutch function is activated (e.g. with open or nonexistent lock-up clutch), Rotation irregularities of the drive torque  actively reduce transmitter. A prerequisite for this is that the second rotatable unit with the drive side torque transmitter is coupled.

The coupling function advantageously includes the electrical (s) Machine (s) the functions of a starting clutch and / or Clutch. With a function as a starting clutch must the electrical machine can deliver high power, what a corresponding, large dimensioning of the whole Systems required. In addition, the excess energy when starting with a large clutch slip quite large values accept. With smaller sized electrical machines NEN and possibly insufficient energy storage option it can therefore be advantageous to use electromagnetic Limit clutch function to the switching function and the starting clutch function - when the electroma is bridged magnetic clutch - an additional friction conclusive or hydrodynamic coupling.

Another option is electrical To use the machine as an overload clutch, d. H. that too the function of overload protection from the electrical Machine is achieved. It can also act as a clutch de electrical machine used for vibration damping will. The clutch can be adjusted so that it decreases the torque peaks and thereby the Reduced torque non-uniformity becomes.

Also for starting the drive unit in the runout Relatively large torques must be applied to the stand will. As an alternative in the case of smaller ones delivered The electrical machine advantageously serves as a torque Flywheel mass starter with electromagnetically connectable Flywheel. This enables starting even in cases in which the electrical machine has the necessary torque for a direct start cannot come up. As a flywheel  preferably serves a part of the electrical machine itself, e.g. B. their output-side active unit together with the torque transmitter coupled to it. At freige switched gear this can be supported against the Mass inertia of the drive shaft and the compression of the ver internal combustion engine high by electric motor rotate. By electromagnetic engagement with the help of electric machine itself, the flywheel becomes quick slowed down and thereby accelerated the drive shaft so much that the internal combustion engine starts. Advantage over be knew flywheel starters with mechanical coupling the flywheel (see, for example, the book D. Henneberger "Elek trische engine equipment ", Braunschweig 1990, pages 98-103) is the avoidance of clutch wear and the exact Controllability of the coupling process.

Basically, this depends on vehicles - for moving on responsible for the vehicle - power transmission from Drive slip between the tire and the road. In all The start-up and acceleration processes run in general at low slip values, where an increase in the Slip initially also an increase in the exploitable Adhesion results. With a further increase redu adorns the frictional connection again, so that at ent speaking acceleration an increasing excess drive torque for a rapid increase in speed a drive wheel or the drive wheels leads.

Regulation of traction slip, i. H. a so-called An traction control system (ASR) prevents this called spinning of the drive wheels and regulates the Traction slip to permissible values. Such drive slip control systems are known from the prior art (see, for example, "Automotive Paperback", Ed About: Robert Bosch GmbH, Düsseldorf, 21st edition, 1991, Page 555-559).  

The control of the drive slip is - in the state of Technology - carried out in such a way that when a Limit value of the drive slip or a temporal Change (time derivative) of the drive slip that Drive torque is reduced. The reduction of the An driving torque is either adjusted by burning engine, i.e. by throttle valve adjustment or by ignition timing, or by pressing one or more wheel brake (s) realized. Also a Kombina tion of both measures is known. In particular can in addition to the combustion engine adjustment, which is available at Über a first limit value of the drive slip is exceeded the wheel brakes are applied when a second, higher limit value of the drive slip is reached.

A disadvantage of these known traction control systems is that on the one hand the engine adjustment is slow and sluggish takes place and on the other hand the entire traction slip is difficult to control, d. H. a certain time Course of the drive torque reduction practically not can be achieved.

Another aspect of the invention is therefore the techni underlying problem, known drive chain regulations to train and improve.

This problem is solved by a system with one Traction control, in which the (or one) elec trical machine is designed so that with it a Reduction of traction by reducing the An drive torque (of the drive unit) can be brought about, in particular by braking action and / or - as a clutch acting electrical machine - through clutch slip effect.

The drive slip reduction according to the invention is in generally only active if - similar to the state of the  Technology - a certain condition is met. This Be condition may exceed a limit of the An drive slip or a limit value of the temporal changes traction slip. But the condition can can also be defined in a more complex way, for example in the sense of a comm combination of both of the above conditions or else other conditions.

If a certain condition is now met, the electrical machine in the short term (and not continuously) driving torque acting on the drive wheels is reduced.

The advantages of such traction control lie gene in that the traction control quickly and does not work sluggishly and thus the reduction of the on drive slip is ideally controllable. Thus overall, road safety also increased.

Further advantageous developments of this drive slip control with an electrical machine is a successor listed below.

• 1. The traction control with electric machine replaces the known from the prior art to traction control with motor adjustment or wheel braking or is used in combination with the traction control with motor adjustment and / or wheel braking known from the prior art.
  These various measures to reduce drive slip do not have to be carried out simultaneously, but can be used one after the other - e.g. B. if other limit values are exceeded - especially if individual measures are not effective enough. For example, the wheel brakes, which are particularly subject to wear, can only be used in particularly critical situations.
• 2. The reduction of the drive torque or braking of the shaft driving the drive wheels can be carried out in particular as follows:
  • a) The electrical machine can be designed such that it can be used as an eddy current brake. Thus, the drive torque can be reduced during operation of the electrical machine as an eddy current brake.
  • b) The electrical machine can be operated as a generator, so that the current generated either the z. B. converted into heat via heating resistors (heated) or stored for reuse. In this way, energy recovery can take place. This therefore leads to an increase in the overall efficiency.
  • c) A mechanical clutch can be connected between the electric machine and the drive unit, which can be actuated automatically and is opened partially or completely if the drive torque is to be reduced. Then only the electrical machine has a braking effect and the drive unit is essentially separated from the drive wheels.
• 3. The drive slip is reduced by allowing a clutch slip in the electrical machine acting as a clutch or by increasing an existing clutch slip. If, in addition, the electrical machine acting as a clutch has a mechanical lock-up clutch, this is first released and only then is the clutch slip permitted and increased.
  In principle, the reduction in drive slip can not only be regulated by the clutch slip - that is to say passively - but can also be actively transmitted by the electrical machine by generating a brake - counter-torque acting on the shaft driving the drive wheels.

The configurations that the traction control system be meet, are evident even without the characteristics of the An claims 1 to 32 technically advantageous. The applicant therefore expressly reserves independent protection here for according to claim 33.

The invention is also directed to a method for active ver reduction of rotational irregularities of a shaft, ins particular the drive shaft of an internal combustion engine tet, with at least one electrical machine, in particular a rotary or traveling field machine with the shaft is coupled or can be coupled, and at least one change judge for generating the for the magnetic fields of the Machine required voltages and / or currents more variable Frequency, amplitude and / or phase, with the method by at least one control device of the inverters and so that the electrical machine is controlled so that these positive and negative rotational nonuniformities Counteracts wave (claim 34).

The method can be advantageous with a system according to a or more of the configurations explained above are performed (claim 35). Regarding individual characteristics and advantages of the method will be explained on the above referred to the system, which also refer to the full content the process in its various configurations pull.

The subjects of claims 4-33 and 35 can also a system or method for actively reducing  Rotational irregularities of a shaft can be advantageous at which the electrical machine only positive or only nega counteracts rotational nonuniformity. It will therefore the reservation explains claims to these items de omitting the now in claims 1 and Claim 34 contained feature "positive and negative (Rotational irregularities) ".

Incidentally, throughout the present description Numbers "x" in the sense of "at least x", and only before understood in the sense of "exactly x".

The invention is now based on exemplary embodiments and the attached schematic drawing explained in more detail. In the drawing shows:

Fig. 1 is a schematic exemplary representation of the operation of the system for actively reducing rotational irregularities;

FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation to scale of an embodiment of the system; FIG.

Fig. 3 is a schematic sectional view of an electrical machine with a cutting plane perpendicular to the axial direction to illustrate various machine types that can be used in the system;

Fig. 4 is a schematic sectional view of an electrical machine with an integrated friction clutch with cutting plane in the axial direction;

Fig. 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of an inverter used in the system;

FIG. 6 shows a representation corresponding to FIG. 2 of another embodiment of the system;

Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of a control sequence for cylinder cut;

Fig. 8 is a schematic representation of a control flow of a start-stop system;

Fig. 9 is a schematic representation of an electrical double machine;

FIG. 10 shows a double machine according to FIG. 1 with a common stator body;

Fig. 11 is a schematic representation of an electrical machine with rotatable electromagnetic active units;

Fig. 12 is a schematic representation of another elec trical machine with rotatable electromagnetic effective units;

Fig. 13 is a schematic representation of another electrical machine with relatively rotatable elec tromagnetic active units and a fixed standing active unit;

FIG. 14 shows a representation corresponding to FIG. 2 of an embodiment of the system with the electrical machine from FIG. 13.

In the figures, they have essentially the same function Parts have the same reference numerals.

Fig. 1a illustrates (with a solid line) the speed n of a shaft as a function of the crankshaft angle ϕ. At an average speed (here 3000 revolutions per minute), the shaft periodically executes speed fluctuations towards smaller and larger speeds, which overall have an essentially sinusoidal course in this idealized example. The shaft is, for example, the crankshaft of a four-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, which in the second order (ie at a frequency of 100 Hz) has a relatively large rotational nonuniformity resulting from the gas and mass forces. For illustration purposes, the angle interval required for one revolution of the shaft is also shown. In general, higher-order rotational irregularities and such stochastic nature also occur in a shaft (not shown here). Their course is generally not sinusoidal.

Fluctuations in the torque Mv of the internal combustion engine around an average torque are essentially proportional to the rotational irregularities. The solid line in Fig. 1a thus also illustrates the course of the engine torque Mv as a function of the crankshaft angle ϕ.

Fig. 1b illustrates the total torque Me as a function of the shaft angle ϕ, which is applied by a ge coupled to the shaft electrical machine. The course of the machine torque Me largely corresponds to that of the rotational nonuniformity and the motor torque Mv, but is directed in the opposite direction. In other words, with a rotational nonuniformity towards higher speeds (so-called positive rotational nonuniformity), the electrical machine generates a torque braking the shaft (so-called negative torque), whereas with a rotational nonuniformity it leads to lower speeds (so-called negative rotational nonuniformity) generates a driving torque (so-called positive torque). The amount of the torque Me is chosen so that the rotational nonuniformity - and the fluctuation of the torque Mv proportional to it - is significantly reduced or even practically disappears by its effect, as illustrated in FIG. 1a by the dashed line.

In the operating mode shown in FIG. 1b, the negative and positive torque extremes are of equal magnitude. The energy gained in a braking phase is therefore essentially the same size as that in the following drive phase on the energy to be applied. The energy flow to the outside is therefore zero, braking energy is only temporarily stored in the interior of the system. In this mode of operation, the system thus works as a simple rotation, a shape-reducing device with a rapidly varying torque, without generating an additional torque.

An example of a modified mode of operation of the system with additional torque is shown in Fig. 1c: The time course of the total torque Me corresponds to that of Fig. 1b, but it is global by a certain amount ΔMe (the so-called stroke ) shifted in the negative direction. The stroke ΔMe will generally vary slowly, but in the short time frame shown here of approximately one revolution period it is constant to a good approximation. The stroke ΔMe is smaller than the amplitude of the rapid variation of the torque, so that the total torque Me takes on positive and negative values alternately. Averaged over the fast torque variation, a constant torque -ΔMe is obtained. Mechanical energy is thus extracted from the internal combustion engine on average, which is largely converted into electrical energy and taken from the system. The electrical machine thus has in this mode of operation in addition to the function as a rotation-shape-reducing device the function of an electrical generator that can act as a brake and current z. B. to compensate for the operating losses of the system, to charge the vehicle battery and / or to operate electrical consumers.

If the stroke ΔMe is greater than the amplitude to reduce the rotational nonuniformity, the electrical machine only acts as a brake and no longer as a drive, the amount of the braking effect varying in phase according to FIGS. 1b and 1c to the rotational nonuniformity.

Simply by setting the (Softwa Control of the electrical machine - without any constructive (hardware) changes - are small and very large generator powers adjustable. It only has a limiting effect the size of the electrical machine. So that one and the same machine type for example for small and large Motor vehicle types used without design adaptation will.

The global torque curve can also be positive tion must be shifted (positive stroke). The electrical Ma Schine then works in addition to its function as a rotary body Reduction in shape as a (driving) motor, e.g. B. um the internal combustion engine when the vehicle accelerates support.

The drive system of a motor vehicle shown in FIG. 2, e.g. B. a passenger car, has a drive unit as an internal combustion engine 1 , which is, for example, a four-cylinder, four-stroke gasoline or diesel engine. The torque generated by the internal combustion engine 1 can be transmitted to drive wheels 3 via a drive train 2 . In the output direction, an electrical machine 4 is first arranged in the drive train 2 after the internal combustion engine 1 . This is followed by a drive clutch 5 , a transmission 6 and an axle drive 7 , which transmits the torque to the drive wheels 3 . When the clutch 5 and the transmission 6 , it can be a Rei clutch and a manual transmission; alternatively, e.g. B. an automatic clutch or converter clutch, each with manual transmission or automatic transmission possible. In other (not shown) embodiments, a further clutch (actuated by control) is arranged in the drive train 2 between the internal combustion engine 1 and the electrical machine 4 , in order to prevent the internal combustion engine 1 from running when braking with the electric machine 4 .

The electrical machine 4 - here a three-phase traveling field machine in asynchronous or synchronous design - includes a stand 8 and a rotor 9th The former is rotatably supported against the internal combustion engine 1 , a (not shown) vehicle chassis or a (not shown) clutch housing, whereas the latter sits directly on a drive shaft (crankshaft) 10 of the internal combustion engine 1 or an extension thereof and is coupled with it in a rotationally fixed manner pelt is. The drive shaft 10 and the rotor 9 thus rotate together without the interposition of a gear.

The electrical machine 4 fulfills several functions: on the one hand, it functions as a rotational nonuniformity reducing device, as has already been explained in connection with FIG. 1. On the other hand, it functions as a generator for charging a vehicle battery 11 and for supplying electrical consumers and thus replaces an alternator that is conventionally present in the motor vehicle. The generator function can also serve to brake the vehicle or the internal combustion engine 1 . In addition, the electrical machine 4 can act as an additional motor ("booster"), for. B. to support the internal combustion engine when accelerating the vehicle. It also serves as a starter for the internal combustion engine and can thus also replace a starter conventionally provided separately in the motor vehicle (“starter water”). Finally, it acts as a flywheel due to the mass moment of inertia of the rotor 9 and can thus replace the flywheel which is generally present in conventional motor vehicles and is located on the crankshaft.

The electrical machine 4 is internally cooled by spray fluid cooling 12 . After passing through a cooler 13 and a pump 14 , the cooling fluid - here a suitable oil - is sprayed onto the rotor 9 , namely in the vicinity of its axis of rotation. It migrates due to the rotor rotation due to centrifugal force outside and cools rotor 9 and stator 8 , and then leaves a housing 15 of the electrical machine 4 to re-enter the cooler 13 in a closed circuit. The coolant flow takes place depending on the loss of power and speed by controlling the pump 14 accordingly, in such a way that in each case there is essentially only a minimum amount of the cooling fluid required inside the housing 15 . A compensating vessel (not shown) allows this variation in the amount of cooling fluid in the housing 15 . In other (not shown) embodiments, the electrical machine (or only the rotor) is integrated in a clutch and / or transmission housing and is also cooled by a lubricating and / or cooling fluid (e.g. clutch or transmission oil) located therein .

The electrical machine 4 is also equipped with a rotary transformer 16 (so-called resolver), which preferably has more than 8 poles, here z. B. has 12 poles. It consists of two adjacent printed circuit boards, one of which is fixed and the other rotates with the drive shaft 10 . The circuit boards have on their facing surfaces formed by conductor turns, so that there is a rotation ratio dependent transformer ratio ratio. The rotary transformer 16 works according to the transponder principle: The fixed windings (fixed circuit board) are actively supplied with current / voltage and radiate electromagnetic energy towards the rotatable windings (rotatable circuit board). The latter radiate part of this energy back, this part depending on the rotation angle-dependent transmission ratio on the rotation angle. The back-blasted part generates a signal dependent on the angle of rotation in the fixed windings. An evaluation of this signal provides the current angle of rotation of the drive shaft 10 with an accuracy of at least 0.5 degrees.

An inverter 17 supplies the stator 8 of the electrical machine 4 at a very high clock frequency (e.g. 100 kHz) sine-reinforced pulse-width-modulated voltage pulses which, under the action of the machine inductance, result in essentially sinusoidal three-phase currents, their amplitude, frequency and phase is freely selectable.

The inverter 17 is a voltage intermediate circuit inverter and comprises three modules: a direct voltage converter 18 (input module), which converts direct voltage from a low level (here 12 V) to a higher intermediate circuit level (here 350 V) and in the opposite direction, an electrical intermediate circuit memory 19 , here a capacitor or an arrangement of capacitors connected in parallel, and a machine inverter 21 (output module) which can generate the (clocked) three-phase AC voltage of variable amplitude, frequency and phase from the intermediate circuit DC voltage, or - when the electrical machine 4 is operating as a generator - it can convert any AC voltages into the DC link DC voltage.

The three assemblies 18 , 19 , 20 of the inverter 17 are hermetically enclosed in a metallic housing 21 which is filled with a suitable evaporative coolant. This is e.g. B. a fluorocarbon, which at a suitable pressure (about between 50 mbar and 3 bar) a suitable boiling point, for. B. at 60 ° C. Evaporated evaporative coolant can condense in a condensation cooler 22 and return in liquid form in a closed circuit in the housing 21 . The housing 21 with the cooling circuit is hermetically sealed.

The DC-DC converter 18 is connected on the low voltage side to the vehicle battery 11 and various low-voltage consumers 23 , such as lighting and electronic devices. The inverter 17 can on the one hand supply current at a low voltage level for charging the vehicle battery 11 and supply the low-voltage consumer 23 , on the other hand it can take the vehicle battery 11 current at a low voltage level for starting the internal combustion engine 1 .

The intermediate circuit memory 19 is connected to an external auxiliary memory 24 , which may be an electrical memory, here an additional capacity 25 , and / or a flywheel memory 26 . The Zusatzspei cher 24 has the primary task of temporarily storing the energy obtained in the rotational nonuniformity reducing in a braking phase and releasing it for the subsequent drive phase. In addition, it can also be used to save the energy that is generated in other braking processes mediated by the electric machine 4 . Finally, he can relieve the vehicle battery 11 during the starting process of the internal combustion engine 1 by only slowly extracting this energy and storing it in the additional memory 24 . Here it is then available for quick removal during the start-up process.

In contrast, the (inner) intermediate circuit memory 19 essentially has the task of supplying the machine inverter group 20 with the high flank steepness required for the clocking - that is, quickly. It does not need a very high capacitance (it has, for example, 2 μF), but rather low feed line inductivities are advantageous for the speed, which is ensured by the arrangement inside the inverter 17 (and preferably on the same board on which also the electronic switches of the machine inverter 20 are arranged). The additional memory 24 , however, can work relatively slowly, so that here the supply capacities do not interfere due to the external arrangement. The additional capacitance 25 can in particular be 50 to 5000 times larger (here it is, for example, 4.7 mF for storing the rotational nonuniform energy) than that of the intermediate circuit memory 19 .

Even larger storage capacities can be reached with the flywheel memory 26 , which here has its own inverter-controlled electrical machine 27 and a flywheel 28 coupled therewith. The latter can be formed by a special flywheel or integrated into the rotor of the electrical machine 27 . The moment of inertia of the flywheel 28 is preferably 0.001 to 0.1 kgm². It is also possible to store a multiple of the energy required to start the internal combustion engine 1 in the flywheel accumulator 26 and to take the starting energy required in each case quickly (ie in less than a second).

In other (not shown) embodiments, no separate additional memory 24 is provided. Here, the intermediate circuit memory 19 is dimensioned and possibly arranged outside the half of the inverter 17 that it can take over the radio functions of the additional memory 24 .

The intermediate circuit with its high voltage level (here 350 V) supplies various high-performance consumers, such as an air conditioning machine 29 and servo drives 30, with electrical energy. While such high-performance consumers are conventionally driven by mechanical coupling from the internal combustion engine 1 , the high voltage level available here allows a more efficient, purely electric drive.

A control device 31 specifies to the inverter 17 by appropriate activation of its semiconductor switches at all times which amplitude, frequency and phase the alternating voltage to be generated by it should have. The control device 31 , which can be formed, for example, by a suitably programmed microcomputer system, first determines the amount and the direction of the torque which the electrical machine 4 is to generate at a specific point in time. You can do this e.g. B. do with the help of a map control by using as input information from the rotary transformer 16 the angular position of the drive shaft 10 , the current average speed and possibly other operating parameters such. B. the throttle valve position, receives and determined from a stored map the momentarily expected rotational irregularity depending on these operating parameters. Another possibility is to determine the actual rotational nonuniformity currently present, e.g. B. by calculation of the instantaneous rotational speed on the basis of the information provided by the rotary transformer 16 and / or by evaluating the gas pressures currently present in the internal combustion engine 1 , which can be detected with the help of gas pressure sensors 32 , and by detecting the instantaneous torque of the internal combustion engine 1 using a torque hub (not shown) in the drive train. A combination of regulation and control is also possible. From the value determined in this way for the current rotational non-uniformity, a corresponding (out-of-phase) value for the rapidly varying target torque of the electrical machine 4 is derived, to which a positive or negative additional torque of the desired strength is optionally superimposed. To start the internal combustion engine 1 , the setpoint torque can be determined on the basis of stored values which specify the setpoint curve over time of the speed or the torque of the electrical machine 4 during the starting process, possibly supplemented by a measurement of these quantities and a feedback control , which ensures compliance with the requirements.

In a second step, the control device 31 determines which amplitude, frequency and phase of the voltage or the current must be provided by the inverter 17 so that the electrical machine 4 brings about this desired total torque. This determination is made in the electrical asynchronous machine on the basis of a field-oriented control, which is based on a model calculation of the electrical machine 4 and as input information essentially the measurable electrical stator sizes (amplitude, frequency and phase of current and voltage) and the current mean rotor speed used.

In FIG. 2, the control device 31 is illustrated as disposed outside the inverter case 21. In order to keep the lead inductances low and also to participate in the boiling bath cooling, in other embodiments (not shown) it is arranged inside the inverter housing 21 .

The control device 31 shares various sensors serving to fulfill its control tasks or sensor information derived therefrom with an engine control unit 33 for controlling the internal combustion engine 1 . In particular, it is z. B. to the rotary transformer 16 (angular position encoder), the gas pressure sensors 32 , next to it (not shown) sensors for detecting the average speed, the load state of the internal combustion engine 1 (z. B. on the throttle valve position) and its torque (z. B. with help a torque hub).

In addition, the control device 31 communicates with a large number of further control devices: an energy consumption control device (not shown) indicates how much energy is required to charge the vehicle battery 11 , to supply the low voltage consumers 23 and the high-power consumers 29 , 30 , so that the control device 31 can cause a corresponding global torque adjustment ΔMe (see FIG. 1c). The engine control unit 33 specifies the control device 31 as to whether the electric machine 4 should act in addition to its vibration reduction function, vehicle accelerating or braking, so that it can cause a corresponding global torque shift ΔMe ver and, if necessary, can temporarily switch off the rotational nonuniformity reducing function . Correspondingly, an ASR control unit 34 (ASR = anti-slip control) of the control device 31 in the presence of traction slip specifies that the electrical machine 4 should act temporarily as a generative brake, possibly before the ASR control unit with remaining traction slip as a more massive one Measure causes the affected drive wheels to brake by the wheel brake. In addition, the ASR control unit can pass its slip information to the engine control unit 33 in order to also cause a reduction in the engine torque. The engine control unit 33 also carries out an automatic start-stop control and specifies to the control device 31 whether the electric machine 4 should start the internal combustion engine 1 .

With each type of brakes energy gained is stored in the additional memory 24 to be reused for later driving the electric machine 4 or the vehicle battery 11 to be supplied.

The electrical machine 4 shown in more detail in FIG. 3 is brushless or grinder-free and therefore wear-free. It has an outer diameter of approximately 250 mm and a length in the axial direction of 55 mm and, with a weight of 10-15 kg, produces a continuous torque of approx. 50 Nm and a peak torque of approx. 150 Nm. It can reach speeds that correspond to the top speeds of conventional combustion engines (approx. 6000 to 10000 rpm) and is speed-resistant up to 14000 rpm. The electrical machine 4 has an outer stand 8 , which has grooves 35 in the direction of the drive shaft 10 (axial direction). The Stän of 8 carries a three-phase winding 36 , which is so ausgebil det that it forms twelve poles when acted upon by three-phase current. There are three slots 35 per pole, for a total of thirty-six slots 35 . (In other embodiments (not shown) there are nine slots per pole.) The poles rotate in a circular motion in the stator 8 with the three-phase oscillation. For a specific point in time, their current position is illustrated by arrows bearing the reference symbols "S" (for south pole) and "N" (for north pole). A the grooves 35 to the outside from closing back 37 is relatively thin in the radial direction, its thickness (in the place of a groove 35 ) is preferably 1-15 mm. The stator 8 is made of thin stator sheets (the thickness here is 0.25 mm) made of a material with low magnetic loss (here less than 1 W / kg at 50 Hz and a Tesla), with sheet metal planes running perpendicular to the axial direction.

The internal rotor 9 is formed in the asynchronous machine as a squirrel-cage rotor with cage bars running essentially in the axial direction, each of which is connected at the end face to a short-circuit ring 38 . In the synchronous machine, the rotor 9 carries a corresponding number of poles as the stator 8 (here twelve poles), which can be formed by permanent magnets or appropriately excited coils. The synchronous machine is also illustrated in FIG. 3, in which the rotor poles (reference number 39 ) present in it are indicated schematically.

The air gap 40 between rotor 9 and stand 8 is relatively large; its width is 0.25 to 2.5 mm, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mm.

In other (not shown) embodiments, the Runner on the outside and the stand on the inside.  

Although FIG. 3 actually represents a rotating field machine with a continuous 360 ° rotating field, it can also serve to illustrate a sector machine with a plurality of independent sectors. In the natural stand body stand four sectors 41 a to 41 d are formed by the sector at machine that they each have their own, self-contained three-phase stator winding support which is electrically independent of the other. With appropriate wiring with four independent inverters, this allows the generation of four independent traveling fields, which can also reduce radial vibrations. In other (not shown) embodiments, not only the individual winding, but also the stator body is limited in its spatial configuration to one or more sectors. These machines are similar to one or more curved linear motors.

In other (not shown) embodiments, the rotor 9 is at the same time ausgebil det as a passive vibration damper, by being constructed from a central part and an outer part concentrically surrounding this, which, for. B. are elastically coupled to one another by means of an elastomer layer arranged between them.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, the clutch 5 is integrated in the electrical machine 4 . Within the z. B. on the motor or gearbox rotatably mounted stator 8 , the rotor 9 is connected on its periphery on one side via a cage 54 projecting axially laterally to the drive shaft 10 of the internal combustion engine 1 . The rotor 9 is hollow on the inside and essentially has the shape of a flat circular cylinder jacket. In the cavity, the clutch 5 - here a multi-surface friction disk clutch acting as a drive clutch - is arranged on. You can create a frictional connection between the Triebwel le 10 with the rotor 9 and a projecting into the cavity output shaft 55 to the gear 6 . For this purpose, the rotor is internal gear teeth 9 and the output shaft 55 with external gear teeth in the region of the cavity 55th In the space in between there is a disk pack 56 , the disks 57 of which are alternately toothed externally and internally, so that alternately one disk with the rotor 9 (outer disk 57 a) and the next disk with the output shaft 55 (Innenla melle 57 b) is positively connected. Without axial pressure, the outer and inner plates 57 a, 57 b can rotate practically freely against one another, the shafts 10 , 55 are then decoupled. If you press the outer and inner plates 57 a, 57 b together with the help of a pressure device (not shown) (e.g. an angle lever) in the axial direction, the resulting frictional forces create the frictional connection between the shafts 10 , 55 , so that the Torque generated by the internal combustion engine 1 and the electric machine 4 transmits to the drive shaft 55 . The frictional part (ie here the disk package 56 ) of the clutch 5 takes place completely in the rotor 9 , so does not protrude in the axial direction since Lich out of it. The clutch 5 is designed as a wet clutch. The clutch oil also serves to cool the electrical machine 4 . In other (not shown) embodiments, other switchable non-positive couplings are integrated, e.g. B. a single-disc clutch in dry or wet construction.

Other uses of the cavity in the interior of the electrical machine 4 are possible: In other (not shown) embodiments, it accommodates, for example, the second electrical machine 27 belonging to the flywheel accumulator 26 together with the flywheel mass 28 or a flywheel that can be coupled in mechanically.

Fig. 5 shows a schematic circuit diagram of the inverter 17 . One recognizes the intermediate circuit memory 19 in the form of a capacity, which the (not shown here Darge) additional memory 24 is connected in parallel. The capacitance symbolizes a parallel connection of several capacitors.

The machine inverter 20 is formed by three parallel (but independently switchable) switch groups 42 , each of the switch groups 42 being responsible for the generation of one of the three three-phase voltages. Each of the switch groups 42 is a series circuit device of two (independently switchable) switches 43 between the positive and the negative pole of the intermediate circuit. The series connection is connected in the middle (ie between the switches 43 ) to one side of each of the three windings 36 a, 36 b, 36 c of the three-phase winding 36 ; on the other side, the three windings 36 a, 36 b, 36 c are connected to one another.

A free-wheeling diode 44 is connected in parallel with the switches 43 . It is polarized so that it normally blocks and, only when a switch is opened, allows a short-term current flow due to self-induction to flow in the opposite direction.

Each switch 43 symbolizes a parallel connection of several (e.g. five) MOS field-effect transistors, which are controlled directly by the control device 31 to form a three-phase current of the desired amplitude, frequency and phase.

The DC-DC converter 18 comprises two sub-assemblies, namely one which can bring electrical energy from the low voltage level (12 V) to the high intermediate circuit voltage level (350 V) and another which - conversely - electrical energy from the high voltage level (350 V) to the low voltage level (12 V).

The first sub-assembly is e.g. B. is a step-up converter 45 . This is formed by a series circuit of an inductor 46 connected to the positive pole of the vehicle battery 11 and a switch 47 connected to its negative pole and the negative pole of the intermediate circuit, this series circuit being connected in the center via a boost diode 48 (polarized in the forward direction) to the positive pole of the intermediate circuit is. When the switch 47 is closed, a circulating current flows from the positive to the negative pole of the vehicle battery 11 . After opening the switch 47 , a self-induction voltage seeks to prevent this current from collapsing, with the result that the high intermediate circuit voltage level (350 V) is briefly exceeded and current flows through the (otherwise blocking) high-setting diode 48 and the intermediate circuit memory 19 loads. By periodically opening and closing the switch 47 , a quasi-stationary charging current, e.g. B. as preparation for the starting process. The switch 47 is a semiconductor switch which is controlled directly by the control device 31 .

The second sub-assembly is e.g. B. a voltage converter Zer 49 , which works similar to a switching power supply. It comprises two series connections of switches 50 between the positive and negative poles of the intermediate circuit, each with freewheeling diodes 51 connected in parallel. The ends of a primary winding of a radio frequency (RF) transformer 52 are connected to the centers of these series circuits, respectively. The secondary winding of the HF transformer 52 feeds a rectification and smoothing unit 53 , which in turn feeds the vehicle battery 11 and possibly low-voltage consumer 23 . The switches 50 symbolize semiconductor switch ter, which are controlled directly by the control device 31 . By periodically opening and closing the switch ter a high-frequency alternating current can be generated, which induces a corresponding alternating voltage at a lower voltage level in the secondary winding of the HF transformer 52 , which is rectified and smoothed by the unit 53 . The exact value of the resulting DC voltage can be set precisely by means of the switch 50 by varying the switching frequency.

The drive system shown in Fig. 6 differs from the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-5 in that here - in addition to the common use of various sensors - the control of the internal combustion engine 1 and the electric machine 4 is carried out by a common control device.

Here, the control device 31 takes over the control tasks of the internal combustion engine control unit 33 from FIG. 2, which can therefore be omitted here. The Steuereinrich device 31 controls on the one hand - as explained above - the inverter switches 43 , 47 , 50 , such that the electrical machine 4 has the desired torque (alternating torque, possibly with a globally superimposed torque for generator function, braking, regenerative braking, acceleration, and possibly torque for starter function), and carries out the start-stop control. On the other hand, it controls the internal combustion engine like an engine management system, i.e. it controls the fuel supply, throttle valve position (especially when idling), fuel injection (time and quantity), ignition (time), valves (opening and closing times), cooling of the internal combustion engine 1 (in particular by controlling the coolant temperature), exhaust gas recirculation (for example by controlling an exhaust gas recirculation valve), and thereby speed (in particular at idle), torque, power, fuel consumption and exhaust gas composition of the internal combustion engine 1 .

The combustion engine 1 and the automatic start-stop system are controlled depending on various variable sizes: On the one hand, depending on user-controlled sizes, such as accelerator pedal position (and thus possibly throttle valve position), preselected driving speed, selected gear ratio, brake - and clutch actuation and driving characteristics in the driving history (e.g. sporty driving characteristics); on the other hand, operating sizes such as speed, crankshaft angle, torque, gas pressure, knock, drive slip, coolant temperature, exhaust gas composition, driving speed. All these tax tasks are taken over by the very powerful Steuerein device 31 to reduce rotational irregularity.

In other embodiments (not shown), an engine controller (similar to 33 in FIG. 2), derived from a conventional engine management system, controls the rotational nonuniformity reduction. The control device 31 can therefore be omitted there.

In embodiments of the drive systems shown in FIGS. 2 and 6, the internal combustion engine 1 is a powerful multi-cylinder engine (e.g. with six or more cylinders), in order to increase the efficiency in the case of low requested torque and at low and medium speeds, several, in particular half of the cylinders are switched off, in particular by switching off the fuel supply to the relevant cylinders. For example, a six-cylinder engine then runs as a three-cylinder engine.

Control of the cylinder deactivation (and connection) takes over in an embodiment according to FIG. 2 the engine control unit 33 , while in an embodiment according to FIG. 6 the common control device 31 is also responsible for this. In both cases, the respective control means 33 and 31 - as soon as the conditions for a cylinder deactivation are present - generate a cylinder deactivation signal which leads to the interruption of the fuel supply to the relevant cylinders. As soon as the shutdown conditions are no longer present, the shutdown signal is no longer generated - all cylinders are then (again) supplied with fuel.

The switch-off signal also intervenes in the control of the electrical machine ( 4 ), as illustrated in FIG. 7 for the case of a (possibly adaptive) map control or a control with (possibly adaptive) map pre-control. The control method shown there runs through steps S1 to S3 in a quasi-endless loop.

In step S1 it is queried whether a cylinder deactivation signal is present. If no, the control device 31 reads out the rotational nonuniformity values expected for the current operating state (speed, engine load) from a first map, namely a map for on-mode operation (six-cylinder operation) in step S2a. If so, on the other hand, in step S2b, it reads out the corresponding values, which are generally larger in amount, from a second map, namely a map for shutdown mode (three-cylinder operation). Depending on the read expected rotational nonuniformity value, the torque required to suppress this expected rotational nonuniformity is determined in step S3 and the electric machine 4 is controlled accordingly (alternatively, instead of the expected rotational nonuniformity in the characteristic diagrams, the torque required to suppress it can also be output be safe). Step S1 is then carried out again and the control process is carried out again.

In the case of a (feedback) control with feedforward control, the value taken from the respective characteristic map in step S2a or S2b is a feedforward control value which is used to preset the control in step S3. The (post) control that subsequently takes place in step S3 is not expressly shown in FIG. 7. The transitions from "switch-off signal off" to "switch-off signal on" and vice versa thus result in a change in the presetting of the control which corresponds to the change in rotational nonuniformity expected in each case at the transition.

In other embodiments (not shown) there are several levels of cylinder deactivation. For example can with an eight-cylinder engine in a transition Ab switching range initially only two cylinders, with another Progress into the switch-off area as a whole four cylinders can be switched off. The one described above The tax procedure then runs accordingly with two switching signals and three maps.

In all of these embodiments, the user will notice practically nothing of the cylinder deactivation operation and the transitions between on and off operation and vice versa.

Fig. 8 illustrates schematically a control flow of an embodiment of the drive system. After a manual start of the internal combustion engine 1 in step T0, the following step T1 queries whether a condition for stopping the internal combustion engine 1 is fulfilled. Specifically, the stop condition consists of a logical AND operation of the following specific conditions:

• 1. Engine speed n is less than 1300 rpm;
• 2. Motor vehicle driving speed V is lower than 4 km / h;
• 3. coolant temperature T of the internal combustion engine 1 is greater than 60 ° C;
• 4. the vehicle is since the last (manual or automatic start) at least once faster driven at 4 km / h; and
• 5. the battery state of charge is sufficient for further starter actuations (this condition is not shown in Fig. 8).

If the answer to this query is no, the control flow opens again at the top between steps T0 and T1, so that the query in step T1 is repeated in the manner of a quasi-endless loop until the stop condition occurs. However, if the answer is yes, the internal combustion engine 1 is automatically stopped in step T2, e.g. B. by interrupting the fuel supply.

In the subsequent step T3, a query is made as to whether a condition for starting the internal combustion engine 1 (so-called start condition) has been met. The starting condition can, for example, the condition "Touching the gear shift lever by user?" be. If the answer to this query is no, the control sequence opens again at the top between steps T2 and T3, so that the query in step T3 is repeatedly carried out in the manner of a quasi-endless loop until the start condition is met. If, however, the answer to the query is yes, the internal combustion engine 1 is automatically started again in step T4, specifically by the electric machine 4 coupled directly to the drive shaft 10 of the internal combustion engine 1 . The internal combustion engine 1 is also started when its temperature drops below the operating temperature or the state of charge of the battery drops below a certain limit due to the power consumers being switched on. In order to prevent the motor vehicle from starting unintentionally, however, the condition "no gear engaged" is required.

Then the control flow ends up between again steps T0 and T1 so that the control flow again starts from the beginning, i.e. is subsequently queried again, whether the stop condition exists. In both of the above Quasi-end loosening is also an Ab (not shown) ask if there is a manual stop (e.g. by turning an ignition key). If ever Because the answer is no, the loop continues run through. If the answer is yes, the tax ends procedure.  

An electric double machine 4 according to FIG. 9, which can additionally perform the function of an electromagnetic clutch and / or synchronizing device, is located in the drive train 2 between the drive shaft, e.g. B. the drive shaft 10 of the internal combustion engine 1 , and the output shaft, z. B. the gear shaft 55 coupled with a gear 6 . It comprises two electrical machines 4 a, 4 b, each with a rotationally fixed stand 8 a, 8 b and each with a rotor 9 a, 9 b rotating with the input or output shaft. The rotor 9 a, 9 b - and thus the input and output shaft - can be mechanically connected to one another mechanically with the aid of a mechanical lock-up clutch 60 - here a positive or frictional clutch. This is preferably actuated in a controlled manner, for. B. mechanically, electrically, hydraulically or pneumatically. In other embodiments, the lock-up clutch 60 is not present.

Fig. 10 shows a Fig. 9 corresponding double machine 4 , in which the rotor 9 a, 9 b are arranged in a coaxial arrangement in a common stator body 59 , which receives the (electrically separated or separable) stator 8 a, 8 b and non-rotatable z. B. is attached to a crankcase 61 of the internal combustion engine 1 . The (not shown here Darge) lock-up clutch can, for. B. be realized in that the rotor 9 a, 9 b mitein other can be brought into positive or frictional engagement by axial displacement. Alternatively, it can by z. B. be formed by an integrated in the rotor 9 a, 9 b friction or claw clutch.

The double machine 4 of FIGS. 9 and 10 has, in addition to its function as an electromagnetic clutch, the functions of an active transmission synchronizer, an active rotational nonuniformity reducer, a direct starter for the internal combustion engine, a generator for supplying consumers with electrical energy, and one Boosters and a generator brake to support the internal combustion engine 1 or vehicle brakes when accelerating or braking, for example, a motor vehicle, also as part of an ASR for reducing wheel slip, which can be achieved by regulating the slip of the electrical machine.

In the clutch function, one embodiment is the function of a start-up and shift clutch, in another embodiment only a shift clutch for changing gear. In the first embodiment, the conventional mechanical or hydrodynamic clutch present in the drive train of the motor vehicle can be omitted. In the second embodiment, however, it is also available as a starting clutch in addition to the electromagnetic clutch 4 . It is e.g. B. subsequently arranged in the output shaft 55 and can remain closed after starting - also during a gear change.

In both embodiments, the lock-up clutch 60 is closed when the shafts 10 , 55 are synchronized, in order to then eliminate the electromagnetic coupling losses, in the second embodiment also to transmit the high starting torque, and in other functions, such as reducing rotational irregularity and starting, by coupled ge parallel operation of both machines 4 a, 4 b larger torques available. Since the lock-up clutch 60 is only engaged when the shaft is synchronized, it is advantageously designed as a positive clutch (e.g. hook clutch).

In a third embodiment, the electric double machine 4 has no clutch function, but serves (as in the first and second embodiment) the active transmission besynchronisaton by accelerating or braking the output shaft 55 in the period between shaft separation and connection, which by a mechanical or hydro dynamic starting and shift clutch, e.g. B. in the form of a frictionally formed lock-up clutch 60 will act.

The electrical control of the machines 4 a, 4 b takes place in the embodiments with a coupling function independently of one another, here by two essentially independent inverters, in order to generate opposite torques (for example if the drive-side machine 4 a as a generator and the output side 4 b works as a motor) and / or of torques at different speeds (e.g. during starting and after changing gear). In the embodiment without an electromagnetic clutch function, no independent control is required. An inverter is sufficient here, which is suitable for controlling the various functions (synchronization, rotational nonuniformity reduction, starting, power generation, acceleration, braking) and optionally with only one machine 4 a or 4 b or both machines 4 a, 4 b can be coupled. The optional connectivity allows on the one hand for some functions - for example for starting - to have both machines 4 a, 4 b generate torque together (with the lock-up clutch 60 closed), and on the other hand for other functions only one of them (with the lock-up clutch 60 open) generate torque let - about the output side machine 4 b generate a braking moment for synchronization or for braking the vehicle. Electrical energy generated by regenerative braking and clutch slippage is stored, e.g. B. an electrical (e.g. capacitor), electrochemical (e.g. battery or a kinetomechanical storage (e.g. flywheel storage), and reused. If the energy or power generated exceeds the capacity of the storage - what e.g. the starting clutch function may be the case, the excess energy is dissipated in the form of heat (via heating resistors).

An individual electric machine 4 according to FIG. 12, which has the function of an electromagnetic clutch and / or synchronizing device, has an inner and an outer electromagnetic active element, which, based on the designations customary in electrical machines, are called runners 9 and stands 8 ' will. The rotor 9 is rotatably connected to the output shaft 55 and the stand 8 'is rotatably connected to the drive shaft 10 (in other - not shown - embodiments, this assignment is reversed). The electric machine 4 can thus be rotated as a whole in addition to the rotor rotation; the term "stand" is therefore only to be understood in a figurative sense given its rotatability. While it is in a fixed electrical machine - z. B. a rotating field machine - it is possible to restrict the power supply to the fixed active element (ie the stator) and to produce currents in the rotatable active element (ie in the rotor) without power supply only by induction, here - where both active elements can be rotated - At least one of them (here the stand 8 ') current via rotating electrical connections Ver (z. B. via not shown here grinder / slip ring contacts) supplied. The output shaft 55 can be fixed against rotation with a mechanical clutch, here a tool chassis supported against the vehicle or the gear housing brake 62 . The embodiment shown does not have a lock-up clutch, but other (not shown) embodiments are equipped with a frictional or non-positive lock-up clutch for mechanically connecting the shafts 10 , 55 . The machine 4 can be placed in or on the motor housing, transmission housing or anywhere else in the drive train 2 .

The single electric machine 4 can - despite their simple construction - essentially perform all functions of the double machine according to FIGS . 9 and 10, so that the statements made there - insofar as it makes sense here - are also valid here.

In the function as a clutch and possibly as a starting clutch, synchronism of the shafts 10 , 55 is achieved by such a setting of the torque-generating magnetic fields of the machine 4 that there is an equal speed between the shafts 10, 55 , so the clutch slip between stator 8 ' and runner 9 disappears exactly. In an asynchronous machine, this is achieved, for example, by regulating or controlling the magnetic slip of a rotating field of suitable frequency and amplitude that rotates counter to the drive torque direction. A positive lock-up clutch (not shown here) eliminates the electromagnetic losses when the clutch slip disappears.

The active transmission synchronization - which can also be implemented in the execution of the individual machine 4 without a clutch function - takes place here in support against the rotating shaft 10 with the variable speed of the internal combustion engine 1 . The contribution of this rotation is taken into account in the determination and control of the relative speed of the machine 4 required for the respective synchronization.

A reduction in rotational irregularities of the drive shaft 10 can take place in the state of the vehicle in support against the rotor 9 then fixed against rotation with the help of the brake 62 . When driving, with non-engaged (or non-existent) lockup clutch, rotational irregularities of the output shaft 55 can be reduced by rapidly varying the transmitted torque, namely by reducing it (ie increasing the clutch slip) with positive rotational irregularity and increasing it (ie reducing it) of clutch slip) with negative.

Additional acceleration or braking is possible when the lock-up clutch is not engaged by generating corresponding torques - or in other words - smaller or larger clutch slip. The electrical machine 4 can be included in an ASR control in such a way that if the drive wheel slip is too great, the clutch slip instantaneously increases and the torque applied to the drive wheels is thus reduced. A generator function for power generation is achieved by continuously maintaining clutch slip.

The electric machine 4 can start the internal combustion engine 1 directly in support against the output shaft 55 fixed by the brake 62 . In another embodiment, in which the machine 4 does not have sufficient torque for this purpose, it can serve as a wear-free flywheel starter using the electromagnetic clutch function. For this purpose, the electrical machine 4 initially accelerates when the gear is not engaged and the brake 62 is freewheeling rotor 9 together with the output shaft 55 in support against the drive shaft 10 and the compression of the not yet running combustion engine 1 to a relatively high speed, for. B. to 2000 rpm. Then the electrical machine 4 is reversed within a short time so that it produces a braking moment, that is to say a frictional connection between the rotor 9 and the stator 8 '. Characterized the rotor 9 with the output shaft 55 and the stator 8 'with the drive shaft 10 quickly brought to a common average speed (z. B. 800 U / min) and the internal combustion engine 1 started.

FIG. 13 shows a development of the electrical machine with rotatable active units according to FIG. 12. The statements made there and in connection with FIGS. 9 and 10 are also valid here, insofar as this makes sense. The machine 4 according to FIG. 13 has the advantage, with somewhat greater effort, that even in the drive state of the drive system a reduction in rotational irregularities at its origin - that is to say on the drive shaft 10 , and not only on the drive shaft 55 - also allow the generator function when the lock-up clutch is closed - and thus with higher efficiency - to provide, as well as the synchronization with respect to a fixed - and not rotating at variable speed - reference elements, which simplifies their control.

This is achieved in that the stator 8 'is no longer permanently coupled to the drive shaft 10 , but can take three different coupling states in a controllable manner:

• 1. coupled to the drive shaft 10 (as in Fig. 12);
• 2. freely rotatable without coupling to the drive shaft 10 ;
• 3. fixed against rotation.

Two additional mechanical clutches, which can be frictional, but preferably positive clutches, are used for this purpose: A motor coupling 63 , which couples the stator 8 'to the drive shaft 10 in the closed state (coupling state 1), and a fixed Coupling 64 which locks it against rotation in the closed state, e.g. B. by coupling to the crankcase 61 (coupling state 3 ). Both are open for coupling state 2; simultaneous closing is a prohibited state. The clutches 63 , 64 (which are only shown twice in FIG. 13 for reasons of rotational symmetry), as well as the lock-up clutch 60 can be actuated in a controlled manner, e.g. B. mechanically, electrically, hydraulically or pneumatically.

The electrical machine 4 and the couplings 60 , 62 , 63 are controlled by the various operating states and functions of the drive system in accordance with the following procedures:

• 1. Starting the internal combustion engine 1 (flywheel start):
  i. Unlock gear (e.g. by operator);
  ii. Motor clutch 63 is closed;
  iii. Runner 9 is accelerated to high speed by electrical machine 4 ;
  iv. Braking torque in electrical machine 4 is switched on, thereby rotor 9 is braked and stator 8 'accelerated, so that the combustion engine 1 starts;
• 2. Starting the vehicle:
  i. Lock-up clutch 60 is opened;
  ii. Runner 9 is brought to a standstill by electrical machine 4 ;
  iii. 1st gear is engaged (e.g. by operator);
  iv. Runner 9 is electromagnetically accelerated with starting nominal torque, that is, taken with stand 8 ';
  v. in synchronism lockup clutch 60 is closed ge;
• 3. Stationary driving with rotational nonuniformity reduction:
  i. Motor clutch 63 is opened so that the stand of the 8 'rotates freely;
  ii. Stand 8 'is brought to a standstill by electrical machine 4 ;
  iii. Locking clutch 64 is closed so that there is a rigid connection between the stator 8 'and the crankcase of the internal combustion engine 1 ;
  iv. Alternating torque to reduce rotational irregularities of the drive shaft 10 is generated by the electrical machine 4 ;
• 4. Switch:
  i. Internal combustion engine drive torque is removed (if necessary with the support of the electrical machine (e.g. by an operator);
  ii. Lock-up clutch 60 is opened;
  iii. Gear is removed (e.g. by operator);
  iv. Runner 9 is accelerated or braked to the new speed that meets the synchronization condition for the new gear to be engaged;
  v. this gear is engaged (e.g. by the operator);
  vi. Lock-up clutch 60 is closed;
  vii. The internal combustion engine drive torque is released again (e.g. by an operator).

Rotation non-uniformity is also empty possible, as the following sequence of procedures shows can follow step 1 above:

• 5. Idling with rotational nonuniformity reduction:
  i. Motor clutch 63 is opened so that the stand of the 8 'rotates freely;
  ii. Stand 8 'is brought to a standstill by electrical machine 4 ;
  iii. Locking clutch 64 is closed so that there is a rigid connection between the stator 8 'and the crankcase of the internal combustion engine 1 ;
  iv. Alternating torque to reduce rotational irregularities of the drive shaft 10 is generated by the electrical machine 4 .

Clutches 60 , 63 , 64 are only closed when the relative speed disappears. The generator function and braking or driving additional torques - like the synchronization function and the rotational nonuniformity reduction - are realized with the lockup clutch 60 closed and the locking clutch 64 closed by corresponding braking or driving moments of the electrical machine 4 .

Other embodiments start the internal combustion engine 1 directly, specifically with the lockup clutch 60 closed and the lock clutch 64 closed .

. The electric machine 4 of FIG 14 corresponds to radio-tionally largely shown, so that the remarks on Figure 13 and Figure 9 to 12 also in Fig. 13 -. Meet unless they be hereinafter referred to deviations - have validity.. An essential difference to the machine according to FIG. 13 is that the switch from "rotatable rotor" to "fixed rotor" is not done mechanically by opening and closing of couplings, but by electrical means. Another difference is that in the machine 4 shown, the roles of the drive shaft 10 and the output shaft 55 are interchanged with respect to FIG. 13, which leads to slight - explained in more detail below - deviations in operation. In embodiments (not shown), the roles of the drive shaft 10 and the output shaft 55 correspond to those of FIG. 13; these embodiments do not show these deviations.

In the electrical machine 4 shown - as mentioned - the (external) stator 8 'and the (internal) rotor 9 are non-rotatable and cannot be uncoupled, connected to the abrasion shaft 55 or the drive shaft 10 . In addition to the rotatable stand 8 ', the machine 4 is equipped with a fixed stand 8 against rotation, which (for example) is supported against the crankcase 61 . This is the rotatable stand 8 'immediately adjacent, namely in the axial direction (z. B.) offset to the internal combustion engine 1 out. It is arranged coaxially to the rotatable stand 8 'and has an inner diameter like that. The windings 36 of the two stands 8 ', 8 are independent, so that they are decoupled or decoupled in their magnetic field generation. The rotor 9 is so wide that it extends in the axial direction substantially over the active surfaces of the two stands 8 ', 8 . A lock-up clutch 60 couples - as in FIG. 13 - the drive shaft 10 with the drive shaft 50 . In other (not shown) execution forms are the rotor 9 outside and the stand 8 ', 8 in lying.

Switching between the fixed stand 8 and the rotatable stand 8 'takes place with the help of a switchable supply unit, here the suitably switchable inverter 17 . This supplies either the functions direct start, rotational nonuniformity reduction, vehicle braking and acceleration as well as the generator function the fixed stand 8 or for the functions electromagnetic clutch, synchronization and flywheel start the rotatable stand 8 'with the required currents and voltages, whereby he can switch between them without inertia and without noticeable time delay.

Unlike in Fig. 13, the "synchronization" function is controlled by torque generation between the rotatable stator 8 'and the rotor 9 , which is more agile in terms of control technology because of the support against the variable-speed drive shaft 10 . This is because in the machine 4 shown in FIG. 14, the lock-up clutch 60 seen in Abtriebsrich direction behind the electrical machine formed by the fixed stand 8 and the rotor 9 , while it is in the machine 4 shown in FIG lies in front of the electrical machine 4 . In the embodiment (not shown) in which the rollers of the drive shaft 10 and the output shaft 55 are interchanged with respect to FIG. 14, this functional difference from FIG. 13 does not exist.

In other embodiments, the two stands 8 , 8 'are fed simultaneously and independently with the aid of two independent supply devices, here inverters 17 .

This enables execution of the fixed stand of the 8 assigned functions, e.g. B. the generator function and the rotational nonuniformity reduction during the execution of the rotatable stand 8 'associated functions, z. B. the electromagnetic clutch function.

Another (not shown) embodiment of the electri machine with one rotor, one permanently fixed stands and a mechanical coupling between the Drive unit and the electrical machine allows one active gearbox synchronization, but does not provide elec tromagnetic coupling function ready

Fig. 14 shows an embodiment of the system corresponding to Fig. 2 with the electrical machine of Fig. 13 with elec trically switchable double column. Essentially, only differences and additions to the system according to FIG. 2 are mentioned in the following description.

The electrical machine 4 comprises two outer stands 8 , 8 'and an inner brushless rotor 9 which extends in the axial direction over the active surface of both stands 8 , 8 '. The first, drive-side stand 8 is rotatably supported z. B. against the internal combustion engine 1 , whereas the second, drive-side stator 8 'is rotatably connected to the output shaft 55 . The rotor 9 sits directly on the drive shaft 10 or an extension thereof and is coupled to it in a rotationally fixed manner. The drive shaft 10 and the rotor 9 and the output shaft and the rotatable stand of the 8 'thus rotate together. The drive shaft 10 and the output shaft 55 , which are separated between the rotor 9 and the rotatable stand 8 ', can be coupled with a positive lock-up clutch 60 integrated in the interior of the rotor 9 , here a controllably actuatable claw coupling.

The electrical machine 4 also functions here as an electromagnetic start-up and shift clutch and as an active transmission synchronization device, as has already been explained in connection with FIGS. 9-13, and thus also replaces the (not present) mechanical drive clutch 5 and allows the use of an unsynchronized transmission.

The inverter 17 provides here in a switchable manner either the fixed stand 8 or the rotatable stand 8 'or both electrical energy in parallel. The supply to the rotatable stand 8 'takes place via (not shown) rotary contacts, here grinder / slip ring contacts te. The external additional memory 24 is also used for the storage of the energy which arises when starting (ie slip energy) and when braking synchronizing. This energy can e.g. B. for corresponding functio nes with energy needs can be reused. The control device 31 also determines which stator 8 , 8 'is controlled and gives the inverter 17 with respect to the coupling and synchronization function by appropriate control of its semiconductor switch at any time before the amplitude, frequency and phase of it generating AC voltage. You can do this e.g. B. do with the help of stored map values that represent the target torque (or the target clutch slip) for various operating conditions for clutch operations and the target speed for gearbox synchronization processes, each as a function of time. If necessary, the torque determination can be supplemented by a continuous measurement of these variables and a feedback control, which ensures compliance with the specifications. To fulfill its control tasks, the control device 31 also shares sensors for detecting the speed of the axle drive 7 and the gear position engaged with the engine control unit 33 . The ASR control unit 34 specifies the control device 31 in the presence of drive slip that the electrical machine 4 - in addition to the possibility of acting as a generator brake - should temporarily increase the clutch slip ver when the lock-up clutch 60 is open.

In a further embodiment (not shown) corresponding to FIG. 6, the control device 31 takes over the control tasks of the internal combustion engine control unit 33 from FIG. 14, which can therefore be omitted in this embodiment.

Claims (35)

1. System for the active reduction of Drehleichför miences a shaft, in particular the drive shaft ( 10 ) of an internal combustion engine ( 1 ) with

• - At least one electrical machine ( 4 ), in particular a rotating or traveling field machine, which is coupled or can be coupled to the shaft;
• - at least one inverter ( 17 ) for generating the voltages and / or currents of variable frequency, amplitude and / or phase required for the magnetic fields of the machine ( 4 );
• - At least one control device ( 31 ) which controls the inverter ( 17 ) and thus the electrical machine ( 4 ) so that these positive and negative rotational irregularities of the shaft counteracts ent.

2. System according to claim 1, wherein the counteracting takes place in such a way that the electrical machine ( 4 ) generates a rapidly alternating, with a positive rotational nonuniformity a braking and with a negative rotational nonuniformity a driving torque which it is used to additionally achieve a driving torque Effect or a braking or regenerative effect, in particular a positive or negative torque. 3. System according to claim 1 or 2, in which the Ver wrestle a positive rotational nonuniformity nominal energy (rotational nonuniformity braking energy)  as well as possibly obtained with additional braking torque Energy (additional torque-braking energy) at least is partially saved and the saved Dre nonuniformity braking energy at least partially to reduce negative rotational nonuniformity is reused. 4. System according to claim 3, wherein the inverter ( 17 ) is an intermediate circuit inverter, the inter mediate circuit has at least one electrical braking energy storage ( 19 , 24 ) or is coupled to at least one such. 5. System according to claim 3 or 4, wherein a flywheel ( 28 ) is used to store the braking energy, the flywheel ( 28 ) is in particular via an electrical machine ( 27 ) gekop pelt with the system. 6. System according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical machine ( 4 ) also has the function of a starter. 7. System according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical machine ( 4 ) also has the function of a generator for power supply. 8. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the electrical machine ( 4 ) can bring about an acceleration and / or braking of the shaft or can support it, in particular in order to accelerate or brake a vehicle and / or in the context of an anti- Slip control by braking to reduce the slip of a drive wheel. 9. System according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical machine ( 4 ) delivers current at a relatively high voltage level, in particular higher than 100 V, and auxiliary machines, such as air conditioning machines ( 29 ), servo drives ( 30 ), pumps, electrically on the high Voltage level are driven. 10. System according to any one of the preceding claims, at which is reducing rotational irregularities through regulation, control, and in particular characteristic field control, adaptive control, and / or mixed form of this is done. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the gas pressure and / or the instantaneous torque of the internal combustion engine ( 1 ) is used as a control variable to reduce rotational irregularities. 12. System according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical machine ( 4 ) has a field sector ( 41 ) or a plurality of field sectors ( 41 ) with at least partially independent traveling fields, the traveling field (s) in the field sector (s) (en) ( 41 ) is (are) controlled so that the electrical machine ( 4 ) in addition to rotational irregularities also reduces radial vibrations of the shaft. 13. System according to any one of claims 1-11, which except which has at least one actuator, the radial can exert forces on the shaft and thus controlled is that it counteracts radial vibrations of the shaft works. 14. System according to any one of the preceding claims, which the electric induction machine or Wander field machine (linear machine) an asynchronous machine, is a synchronous machine or a reluctance machine. 15. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the control of the electrical machine ( 4 ) is carried out on the basis of a field-oriented control (vector control). 16. System according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical machine ( 4 ) has a fine pole pitch, in particular at least one pole ( 39 ) per 45 ° stator angle. 17. System according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the electrical machine ( 4 ) has a high maximum pole alternating frequency, in particular between 300 and 1600 Hz and more. 18. System according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the stator ( 8 ) of the electrical machine ( 4 ) has thin stator plates, in particular with a thickness of 0.35 mm or less, and / or the stator plates made of a material with low magnetic reversal loss, especially less than 1 watt / kilogram at 50 Hz and a Tesla. 19. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the electrical machine ( 4 ) has an internal fluid cooling, in particular a spray fluid cooling ( 12 ), the cooling fluid being supplied in particular as a function of the loss power and / or the speed. 20. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the electrical machine ( 4 ) has a high torque density - based on the maximum torque - in particular greater than 0.01 Nm / cm³. 21. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the electrical machine ( 4 ) works strongly in the magnetic saturation range, in particular with a current coating (at maximum torque) of at least 400 to 1000 A / cm air gap length in the circumferential direction. 22. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the inverter ( 17 ) operates at least at times with a high clock frequency, in particular 10 kHz to 100 kHz and higher. 23. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which electronic switches ( 43 , 47 , 50 ) of the inverter ( 17 ) are fluid-cooled, in particular boiled bath-cooled. 24. System according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a plurality of electronic switches ( 43 ) of the inverter ( 17 ), in particular 2 to 20 and more, are connected in parallel. 25. System according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the inverter ( 17 ) as a switch ( 43 , 47 , 50 ) semiconductor switch, in particular fast semiconductor switches, such as field effect transistors, bipolar transistors and / or bipolar transistors with insulated gate connection (IGBTs) . 26. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the inverter ( 17 ) for the magnetic fields of the electrical machine ( 4 ) voltages and / or currents of variable frequency, amplitude and / or phase by pulses, in particular based of pulse width or pulse amplitude modulation. 27. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which in the electrical machine ( 4 ), in particular in its rotor ( 9 ), a clutch, in particular a drive clutch ( 5 ) is integrated. 28. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the electrical machine ( 17 ) or the shaft is equipped with a rotor position or shaft position sensor, in particular a rotary transformer ( 16 ) or an encoder. 29. System according to one of the preceding claims, with a drive unit, in particular the internal combustion engine ( 1 ), wherein at least one sensor ( 16 , 32 ) and / or at least one size derived from sensor information, both the control of the drive unit and the control of the electrical The machine ( 4 ) is used, and / or a control device ( 31 or 33 ) responsible for controlling the electrical machine ( 4 ) or the drive unit also controls the drive unit or the electrical machine ( 4 ) partially or completely. 30. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the internal combustion engine ( 1 ) is multi-cylinder and which comprises a device ( 31 or 33 ) for switching off at least part of the cylinders of the internal combustion engine ( 1 ); wherein the system for actively reducing rotational irregularities is active at least during cylinder deactivation operation at least in certain operating states. 31. System according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical machine ( 4 ) is directly coupled to the drive shaft ( 10 ) of the internal combustion engine ( 1 ) and is designed such that they start the internal combustion engine ( 1 ) in one run from a standing start can, and the system is part of a drive system with an automatic start-stop control of the internal combustion engine ( 1 ). 32. System according to one of the preceding claims, in which the electrical machine ( 4 ) acts as an electromagnetic clutch in the drive train ( 2 ) and / or as an active transmission synchronization device or as a part thereof. 33. System, in particular according to one of the preceding claims, with a traction control system, in which the chem (or an) electrical machine ( 4 ) is designed such that a traction slip reduction can be brought about by reducing the drive torque, in particular by braking action and / or - in the case of an electrical machine acting as a clutch - due to clutch slip effect. 34. Method for actively reducing rotational irregularities of a shaft, in particular the drive shaft ( 10 ) of an internal combustion engine ( 1 ), with at least one electrical machine ( 4 ), in particular a rotary or traveling field machine, which is coupled or can be coupled to the shaft, at least one inverter (17) for generating the (4) required voltages and / or currents of variable for the magnetic fields of the machine frequency, amplitude and / or phase, in which method by a control device (31) of the inverter (17) and so that the electrical machine ( 4 ) is controlled so that these positive and negative rotational irregularities of the shaft counteracts ent. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein a system for actively reducing rotational irregularities one of claims 1-33 is used.