DE1948407A1 - Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength - Google Patents

Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength

Info

Publication number
DE1948407A1
DE1948407A1 DE19691948407 DE1948407A DE1948407A1 DE 1948407 A1 DE1948407 A1 DE 1948407A1 DE 19691948407 DE19691948407 DE 19691948407 DE 1948407 A DE1948407 A DE 1948407A DE 1948407 A1 DE1948407 A1 DE 1948407A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
heat exchange
boxes
exchange element
materials
thermal conductivity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
DE19691948407
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Guenter Prof Dr-Ing Schoell
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to DE19691926187 priority Critical patent/DE1926187A1/en
Priority to DE19691937783 priority patent/DE1937783B2/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to DE19691948407 priority patent/DE1948407A1/en
Priority to CH528870A priority patent/CH517281A/en
Priority to NL7005449A priority patent/NL7005449A/xx
Priority to US32659A priority patent/US3648768A/en
Priority to GB2075670A priority patent/GB1311998A/en
Priority to YU01248/70A priority patent/YU33418B/en
Priority to JP45042795A priority patent/JPS4930180B1/ja
Priority to BE750699D priority patent/BE750699A/en
Priority to FR7018408A priority patent/FR2043609B1/fr
Priority to CS3596A priority patent/CS174119B2/cs
Priority to RO63427A priority patent/RO61351A/ro
Priority to BG14760A priority patent/BG20404A3/xx
Publication of DE1948407A1 publication Critical patent/DE1948407A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
    • F28D7/1615—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation the conduits being inside a casing and extending at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the casing; the conduits crossing the conduit for the other heat exchange medium
    • F28D7/1623—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation the conduits being inside a casing and extending at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the casing; the conduits crossing the conduit for the other heat exchange medium with particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. change of flow direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/0041—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for only one medium being tubes having parts touching each other or tubes assembled in panel form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
    • F28F1/22—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/06—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material
    • F28F21/062—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material the heat-exchange apparatus employing tubular conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/007—Auxiliary supports for elements
    • F28F9/013—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/04—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/04—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates
    • F28F9/06—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by dismountable joints
    • F28F9/08—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by dismountable joints by wedge-type connections, e.g. taper ferrule
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/26—Arrangements for connecting different sections of heat-exchange elements, e.g. of radiators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
    • Y10T29/49377—Tube with heat transfer means
    • Y10T29/49378—Finned tube

Description

Professor Dr.-Ing. Günter Scholl
Forschungslaboratorium für
Angewandte WärmetechnikProfessor Dr.-Ing. Günter Scholl
Research laboratory for
Applied thermal engineering

Wärmeaustauschelement aus Werkstoffen mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit und FestigkeitHeat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength

In-der Patentanmeldung P 19 261 87.1 und der zugehörigen Zusatz-Patentanmeldung P 19 377 83.4 sind der Aufbau eines Wärmeaustauschelementes zur wirtschaftlichen übertragung von Wärmeströmen bis zur Größenordnung von etwaIn the patent application P 19 261 87.1 and the associated additional patent application P 19 377 83.4 are the structure of a heat exchange element for economical transfer of heat flows up to the order of magnitude of about

1000 kcal/m h beschrieben, bei welchen Werkstoffe, insbesondere Kunststoffe verwendet werden können, deren Wärmeleitfähigkeit und Temperaturfestigkeit (letztere bezogen auf etwa 100 grd) etwa hundertmal kleiner sind als die von Metall, aus welchem seither ausschliesslich solche Wärmeaustauschelemente hergestellt worden sind.1000 kcal / m h describes in which materials, especially plastics, can be used, their thermal conductivity and temperature resistance (the latter based on about 100 degrees) are about a hundred times smaller than that of metal, from which only such heat exchange elements have been made since then.

In der Patentanmeldung P 19 261 87.1 sind weiterhin Ausführungsformen beschrieben, welche die Anwendung der Wärmeaustauschelemente zum Aufbau von Wärmeaustauschern betreffen.In the patent application P 19 261 87.1 embodiments are also described which relate to the use of the heat exchange elements for the construction of heat exchangers.

Von besonderer Bedeutung für die praktische Anwendung der Wärmeaustauschelemente ist die Lösung der Aufgabe, diese Wärmeaustauschelemente dicht und druckfest mit Sammel rohren oder Sammelkästen aus metallischen Werkstoffen zu verbinden, wobei diese Verbindung mit möglichst geringem Material- und Arbeitszeitaufwand erfolgen muß. Of particular importance for the practical application of the heat exchange elements is the solution to the problem of connecting these heat exchange elements tightly and pressure-tight with collecting pipes or collecting boxes made of metallic materials , this connection having to be made with the least possible expenditure of material and labor.

Die nachstehend beschriebene Erfindung betrifft eine besonders einfache Lösung der vorgenannten Aufgabenstellung, mit welcher gleichzeitig eine Vielzahl von Einzelrohren eines oder raehrereiWärmeaustauschelemente mit einem oder mehreren Sammelrohren oder -kästen aus Metall dicht und druckfest verbunden werden können.The invention described below relates to a particularly simple solution to the aforementioned problem, with which at the same time a large number of individual tubes of one or raehrerei heat exchange elements with one or several collecting pipes or boxes made of metal tight and can be connected pressure-tight.

101816/1038101816/1038

Unter Anwendung des bereits in der Patentanmeldung P 19 261 87.1 beschriebenen Verfahrens, bei welchem zur Verbindung der Wärmeaustauschelemente mit Sammlern die Stege an den Anschlußstellen auf ein kurzes Stück herausgeschnitten sind, so daß einzelne Rohrstutzen entstehen, die sich in Bohrungen der Sammelrohre oder -kästen einschieben lassen, wird die erfindungsgemäße dichte und druckfeste Verbindung dadurch erreicht, daß in die in den Sammelrohren oder -kästen befindlichen Bohrungen Schraubenfedern eingesteckt sind, die sich auf der Rückwand der Sammelkästen abstützen, und zur Bohrung hin >ine kegelförmige Büchse aufgesetzt erhalten oder kegelförmige, sich in ihrem Durchmesser verkleinernde, dicht aneinanderanliegende Windungen besitzen.Using the method already described in patent application P 19 261 87.1, in which to Connection of the heat exchange elements with collectors cut out the webs at the connection points on a short piece are, so that individual pipe sockets are created that slide into holes in the header pipes or boxes let, the density according to the invention and Pressure-resistant connection achieved in that coil springs in the holes in the collecting pipes or boxes are inserted, which are supported on the rear wall of the collecting tanks, and towards the bore> ine conical Preserved bushing or conical, narrowing in diameter, tightly fitting Have turns.

Bei dem Einschieben der Rohrstutzen der Wärmeaustauschelemente in die Bohrungen werden die Federn zusammengedrückt, wobei die (kegelförmig aufgesetzten Büchsen) oder die kegelförmigen Federteile die eingeschobenen Rohrstutzen aufweiten und dicht und druckfest mit den Sammelrohren oder -kästen verbinden.When the pipe sockets of the heat exchange elements are pushed into the bores, the springs are compressed, whereby the (conically fitted sleeves) or the conical spring parts expand the inserted pipe socket and seal and pressure-proof with the manifolds or connect boxes.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der·Erfindung ist, daß die Sammelkasten vor oder nach dem Einstecken der Bohrstutzen auf die Verformungstemperatur des Werkstoffes, aus welchem die Wärmeaustauschelemente hergestellt sind, erwärmt sind.Another object of the invention is that the collecting box before or after inserting the drill socket to the deformation temperature of the material from which the Heat exchange elements are made, are heated.

Die Erfindung werde anhand der Abbildungen näher erläutert.The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the figures.

109818/1038109818/1038

Fig. 1 zeigt teils in Ansicht teils im Schnitt ein Wärmeaustauschelement bestehend aus den Rohren (1) und den sie verbindenden Stegen (2) , wobei die Stege (2) auf ein kurzes Stück (4) herausgeschnitten sind und dabei einzelne Rohrstutzen gebildet werden. Ferner ist in Fig.l ein Sairanelrohr oder Sammelkasten (6) mit Bohrungen (7) dargestellt, in welche Federn (8) mit aufgesetzten kegelförmigen Büchsen (9) eingesteckt sind. In Fig. 1 ist der Zustand von Wärmeaustauschelement und Sammelrohr oder -kasten vor der Verbindung miteinander gezeigt.Fig. 1 shows partly in view partly in section a heat exchange element consisting of the tubes (1) and the webs (2) connecting them, the webs (2) on a short piece (4) are cut out and individual Pipe sockets are formed. Furthermore, a Sairanel pipe or collecting box (6) with holes (7) is shown in Fig.l, into which springs (8) with attached conical bushings (9) are inserted. In Fig. 1 is the The state of the heat exchange element and the manifold or box before they are connected to one another is shown.

In Fig. 2 ist der Zustand nach dem Einschieben des Wärmeaus tauschelementes in die Bohrungen nach erfolgter Auf- A Weitung der Rohrstutzen durch die Büchsen (9) wiedergegeben. In FIG. 2, the state after insertion of the heat from exchanger element is in the holes after the up-A widening of the pipe socket through the bushes (9) is reproduced.

In Fig. 3 ist eine Feder ClO) mit kegelförmig sich in ihrem Durchmesser verkleinernden, dicht aneinänderliegenden Windungen (11) dargestellt. Die dicht aneinander anliegenden, sich in ihrem Durchmesser verkleinernden kegelförmigen Windungen "(11) ersetzen hierbei die in
Fig. 1 und 2 dargestellten kegelförmigen aufgesetzten Büchsen (9) .In Fig. 3, a spring C10) is shown with conically decreasing diameter, tightly spaced turns (11). The conical windings ″ (11), which lie close to one another and decrease in diameter, replace the in
Fig. 1 and 2 shown conical attached sleeves (9).

In Fig. 4 ist eine Feder (12) mit dicht aneinanderIn Fig. 4, a spring (12) is close together

liegenden kegelförmigen Federwindungen (13) , die in "lying conical spring coils (13), which in "

zylindrische Federwindungen (14) übergehen, dargestellt.go over cylindrical spring coils (14), shown.

Bei Benutzung dieser Federn lassen sich dieselben mit dem zylindrischen Federteil (14) in die Rohre (1) des Wärmeaustauschelements einstecken und es kann derWhen using these springs, the same can be inserted with the cylindrical spring part (14) into the tubes (1) of the Insert the heat exchange element and the

Zusammenbau so erfolgen, daß die Wärmeaustauschelemente mit aufgesteckten Federn nach Fig. 4 in die Bohrungen (7) zusammen mit den Federn eingesteckt werden können.Assemble so that the heat exchange elements with attached springs according to FIG. 4 can be inserted into the bores (7) together with the springs.

In Fig. 5 ist schiiesslich eine Feder (15) aus flachem, ausgestanztem Bandstahl dargestellt, wobei durch entsprechende Gestaltung des Schnittwerkzeugs die Feder
beim Wickeln am Ende in eine kegelförmige Büchse (16) übergeht. 10 9 818/ 1 03 8Finally, FIG. 5 shows a spring (15) made of flat, punched-out steel strip, the spring being formed by a corresponding design of the cutting tool
when winding at the end merges into a conical sleeve (16). 10 9 818/1 03 8

Claims (2)

AnsprücheExpectations ( I. Jwärmeaustauschelement nach P 19 261 87.1 und v_l/ P 19 377 83.4, bei welchem zur Verbindung der Wärmeaustauschelemente mit Sammlern die Stege an den Anschlußstellen auf ein kurzes Stück herausgeschnitten sind, so daß einzelne Rohrstutzen entstehen, die sich in Bohrungen von Sammelrohren oder -kästen einschieben lassen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in die in den Sammelrohren oder -kästen (6) befindlichen Bohrungen (7) Schraubenfedern (8, 10, 12, 15) eingesteckt sind, die sich auf der Rückwand der Sammelkästen (6) abstützen, und zur Bohrung hin eine kegelförmige Büchse (9, 16) aufgesetzt erhalten oder kegelförmige, sich in ihrem Durchmesser verkleinernde, dicht aneinander anliegende Windungen (11, 13) besitzen.(I. Jwärmeaustauschelement according to P 19 261 87.1 and v_l / P 19 377 83.4, in which to connect the heat exchange elements cut out the webs at the connection points to a short piece with collectors are, so that individual pipe sockets are created that slide into bores of manifolds or boxes let, characterized in that located in the header pipes or boxes (6) Bores (7) coil springs (8, 10, 12, 15) are inserted, which are located on the rear wall of the collecting tanks (6) support, and get a conical bushing (9, 16) attached to the bore or have conical turns (11, 13) which are narrowing in diameter and lie tightly against one another. 2. Wärmeaustauschelement nach Anspruch 1, weiterhin dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sammelkästen (6)* vor oder nach dem Einstecken der Rohrstutzen auf die Verformungstemperatur des Werkstoffes, aus welchem die Wärmeaustauschelemente hergestellt sind, erwärmt sind.2. Heat exchange element according to claim 1, further characterized in that the collecting boxes (6) * before or after inserting the pipe socket to the deformation temperature of the material from which the Heat exchange elements are made, are heated. 1098 1 5/ 10381098 1 5/1038
DE19691948407 1969-05-22 1969-09-25 Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength Pending DE1948407A1 (en)

Priority Applications (14)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19691926187 DE1926187A1 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-05-22 Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength
DE19691937783 DE1937783B2 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-07-25 HEAT EXCHANGER ELEMENT FOR PARTITION WALL HEAT EXCHANGER
DE19691948407 DE1948407A1 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-09-25 Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength
CH528870A CH517281A (en) 1969-05-22 1970-04-09 Heat exchangers made from a material with low thermal conductivity and low strength
NL7005449A NL7005449A (en) 1969-05-22 1970-04-15
US32659A US3648768A (en) 1969-05-22 1970-04-28 Heat-exchanger components
GB2075670A GB1311998A (en) 1969-05-22 1970-04-30 Heat exchanger components
YU01248/70A YU33418B (en) 1969-05-22 1970-05-15 Elemenat toplotne razmene
JP45042795A JPS4930180B1 (en) 1969-05-22 1970-05-19
BE750699D BE750699A (en) 1969-05-22 1970-05-21 HEAT EXCHANGE ELEMENT IN THE FORM OF A LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIBILITY AND LOW SOLIDITY MATERIAL
FR7018408A FR2043609B1 (en) 1969-05-22 1970-05-21
CS3596A CS174119B2 (en) 1969-05-22 1970-05-22
RO63427A RO61351A (en) 1969-05-22 1970-05-22
BG14760A BG20404A3 (en) 1969-05-22 1970-05-22

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19691926187 DE1926187A1 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-05-22 Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength
DE19691937783 DE1937783B2 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-07-25 HEAT EXCHANGER ELEMENT FOR PARTITION WALL HEAT EXCHANGER
DE19691948407 DE1948407A1 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-09-25 Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE1948407A1 true DE1948407A1 (en) 1971-04-08

Family

ID=27181942

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19691926187 Pending DE1926187A1 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-05-22 Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength
DE19691937783 Withdrawn DE1937783B2 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-07-25 HEAT EXCHANGER ELEMENT FOR PARTITION WALL HEAT EXCHANGER
DE19691948407 Pending DE1948407A1 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-09-25 Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength

Family Applications Before (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19691926187 Pending DE1926187A1 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-05-22 Heat exchange element made of materials with low thermal conductivity and strength
DE19691937783 Withdrawn DE1937783B2 (en) 1969-05-22 1969-07-25 HEAT EXCHANGER ELEMENT FOR PARTITION WALL HEAT EXCHANGER

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US3648768A (en)
JP (1) JPS4930180B1 (en)
BE (1) BE750699A (en)
BG (1) BG20404A3 (en)
CH (1) CH517281A (en)
CS (1) CS174119B2 (en)
DE (3) DE1926187A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2043609B1 (en)
GB (1) GB1311998A (en)
NL (1) NL7005449A (en)
RO (1) RO61351A (en)
YU (1) YU33418B (en)

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Also Published As

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US3648768B1 (en) 1983-10-18
FR2043609B1 (en) 1974-02-01
DE1937783A1 (en) 1971-02-04
DE1937783B2 (en) 1977-12-29
BG20404A3 (en) 1975-11-05
DE1926187A1 (en) 1970-11-26
YU33418B (en) 1976-12-31
YU124870A (en) 1976-06-30
RO61351A (en) 1977-01-15
CS174119B2 (en) 1977-03-31
NL7005449A (en) 1970-11-24
JPS4930180B1 (en) 1974-08-10
BE750699A (en) 1970-11-23
US3648768A (en) 1972-03-14
FR2043609A1 (en) 1971-02-19
CH517281A (en) 1971-12-31
GB1311998A (en) 1973-03-28

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