DE102019131635A1 - MANUFACTURING DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING ADDITIVES AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ADDITIVES - Google Patents

Abstract

A production device (10) is proposed for the additive production of an object from a starting material (40) arranged on a substrate (50) by melting and / or sintering the starting material (40), the production device (10) having an irradiation device (20) , wherein the irradiation device (20) has a plurality of beam elements (30-35), the beam elements (30-35) each being designed to radiate a light beam, in particular a laser beam, and / or an electron beam onto the starting material (40), wherein the irradiation device (20) with the beam elements (30-35) for moving the light beams and / or electron beams over the starting material (40) relative to the substrate (50) around an axis of rotation (80), the axis of rotation (80) being the surface of the substrate (50) is designed to be rotatable essentially intersects perpendicularly, the alignment of the light beams and / or electron beams of the beam Elements (30-35) relative to the irradiation device (20) is essentially invariable, the light beams and / or electron beams having different distances from the axis of rotation (80).

Description

The invention relates to a manufacturing device for additive manufacturing and a method for additive manufacturing.

State of the art

In known manufacturing devices for additive manufacturing of an object, the build-up speed, i.e. the amount of material that is added to the object per unit of time, compared to the removal speed in conventional subtractive manufacturing processes (e.g. turning, milling, honing), i.e. the rate of material degradation per unit of time, much lower. This is particularly true when the material comprises metal. Methods known up to now, e.g. the jet-based powder bed method, have the problem that the build-up rate is not very high and there is poor reproducibility due to inhomogeneities in the process.

Disclosure of the invention

The invention is based on the object of providing a manufacturing device for additive manufacturing of an object or a method for additive manufacturing of an object, which is technically simple and has a high build-up rate.

This object is achieved by the subject matter of independent claim 1 or by the subject matter of independent claim 12.

In particular, the object is achieved by a production device for the additive production of an object from a starting material arranged on a substrate by means of melting and / or sintering the starting material, the production device having an irradiation device, the irradiation device having a plurality of radiation elements, the radiation elements each for Beams of a light beam, in particular a laser beam, and / or an electron beam are formed on the starting material, the irradiation device for moving the light beams and / or electron beams over the starting material relative to the substrate about an axis of rotation, the axis of rotation being the surface of the substrate essentially cuts perpendicular, is designed to be rotatable, wherein the light beams and / or electron beams have different distances from the axis of rotation.

An advantage of this is that the manufacturing device has a high build-up rate, i.e. a large amount or mass of material can be added to the object per unit of time. In particular if the starting material comprises metal or metal powder, the production device can have a high build-up rate. In addition, the manufacturing device has a technically simple structure. The large number of radiating elements can have, for example, a dozen, several dozen, several hundred or about a thousand radiating elements or more. Each beam element can have focusing optics. It is also possible for several beam elements to have a common focusing optics. The radiating elements can be supplied by a common light source. For example, in the case of a laser with a power of 30 kW and 1000 light openings, the manufacturing device can emit a laser beam with a power of 30 W through each of the light openings. The power or intensity of the light beam of the respective radiating element can be individually controllable. The irradiation device is movable relative to the substrate, i.e. the substrate with the starting material can be actively moved and / or the irradiation device with the radiation elements can be actively moved. The rotary movement can also be carried out continuously. There is no need to go back to a starting point or to go back and forth. In addition, it is possible to produce elements of any desired design, in particular also cube-shaped elements. It is possible that there is no translational movement of the irradiation device, but only a rotation.

In particular, the object is also achieved by a method for additive manufacturing of an object from a starting material arranged on a substrate, the method comprising the following steps: rotating an irradiation device comprising a plurality of beam elements for irradiating a light beam and / or an electron beam onto the starting material an axis of rotation for moving the light beams and / or electron beams over the starting material relative to the substrate and beams of light beams and / or electron beams from the beam elements onto the starting material, the light beams and / or electron beams having different distances from the axis of rotation, and the axis of rotation intersects the surface of the substrate substantially perpendicularly.

The advantage here is that the method has a high build-up rate. This means that a large amount or mass of starting material can be added to the objective per unit of time by means of the method. The starting material can comprise or consist of metal powder, plastic powder and / or ceramic powder. In addition, the process is technically simple. In particular, it is possible that no mirrors or the like are moved or rotated in order to move the light beams and / or electron beams relative to the substrate or the starting material. The A large number of radiation elements can be supplied by a single light source or electron source. The power or intensity of the light beam of the respective radiating element can be individually controllable. The irradiation device is moved relative to the substrate, ie the substrate with the starting material can be actively moved and / or the irradiation device can be actively moved. The rotary movement can also be carried out continuously. There is no need to go back to a starting point. In addition, it is possible to produce elements of any desired design, in particular also cube-shaped elements. It is possible that there is no translational movement of the irradiation device or beam elements, but only rotation.

According to one embodiment of the production device, the alignment of the light beams and / or electron beams of the beam elements relative to the irradiation device is essentially invariable. The advantage of this is that the manufacturing device can be constructed in a technically particularly simple and robust manner. In particular, it is possible that the production device does not have any adjustable or rotatable mirrors. The direction in which the light beams and / or electron beams leave the irradiation device can always be essentially the same relative to or in relation to the irradiation device.

According to one embodiment of the production device, the beam elements are not arranged along a straight line. One advantage of this is that balling of the starting material or a confluence of liquefied starting material is prevented to a large extent.

According to one embodiment of the manufacturing device, the beam elements are arranged and designed such that when the irradiation device with the beam elements is rotated about the axis of rotation, the light beams and / or electron beams are moved along circles on the starting material, the circles being equidistant from one another. As a result, the starting material can be processed particularly evenly.

According to one embodiment of the production device, the radiation elements in the irradiation device are arranged along an Archimedean spiral or along Archimedean spirals. This ensures that the same average energy is introduced into each surface or each surface element of the starting material at a constant angular velocity of the irradiation device by means of the light beams and / or electron beams. In particular, the time interval between the processing of a first area of the starting material with a light beam and / or electron beam from a first beam element and the processing of a second area of the starting material immediately adjacent to the first area with a light beam and / or electron beam from one to the first is Radiant element immediately adjacent radiant element always the same size. This prevents the starting material from balling or melting together or converging in a particularly reliable manner.

According to one embodiment of the manufacturing device, the manufacturing device further comprises a pressure generating unit for compressing the starting material, wherein the pressure generating unit has a plate that is continuous for the light beams and / or electron beams to rest on the surface of the starting material and at least one air nozzle with a first cross section for blowing air into the Comprises starting material, wherein the first cross section is smaller than the distance between the substrate and the plate. The advantage of this is that the starting material compressed in this way can mechanically support the partially manufactured object. In addition, due to the greater distance between the substrate and the plate compared to the first cross section, blowing away the (powdery) starting material by the air of the pressure generating unit is technically simply avoided. The pressure generating unit can reliably prevent the starting material from sticking to the plate. Another advantage is that the pressure generated by the plate on the starting material can have a constant value.

According to one embodiment of the production device, the radiation elements are arranged such that each point of the substrate, in particular a rectangular substrate, can be covered by one of the radiation elements with a predetermined maximum distance, the maximum distance being measured in a direction parallel to a surface of the substrate. The advantage here is that the starting material can be processed over a large area. In addition, an object can be produced that is particularly stable.

According to one embodiment of the production device, the irradiation device is designed in such a way that the light beams and / or electron beams run essentially parallel to the axis of rotation. As a result, the manufacturing device can be designed in a technically particularly simple manner.

According to one embodiment of the production device, the irradiation device is designed such that each point of the, in particular rectangular, substrate that is located within the circle, along which the radially outermost Light beam and / or electron beam is guided, can be processed by means of a light beam and / or electron beam. As a result, the starting material on the substrate can be processed comprehensively.

According to one embodiment of the production device, the substrate has a continuous surface without a cutout. The advantage here is that no starting material can fall down through a recess. In addition, objects with a large number of different geometries, e.g. also cube-shaped objects, can be produced.

According to one embodiment of the production device, the production device is designed to project several light beams and / or electron beams simultaneously onto the starting material. One advantage of this is that the starting material can be processed particularly quickly or a large area of the starting material can be processed in a short time.

According to one embodiment of the method, the alignment of the light beams and / or electron beams of the beam elements is essentially not changed relative to the irradiation device. The advantage of this is that the method can be carried out with a technically particularly simple manufacturing device.

According to one embodiment of the method, when the irradiation device with the beam elements is rotated about the axis of rotation, the light beams and / or electron beams are moved along circles on the starting material, the circles running equidistant from one another. As a result, the starting material is processed particularly evenly.

According to one embodiment of the method, the speed of rotation of the irradiation device relative to the substrate is selected such that after a first area of the starting material has melted by a first light beam and / or electron beam, the first area of the starting material solidifies again before a second area immediately adjacent to the first area Area is melted by a second light beam and / or electron beam. The advantage here is that balling or convergence of the molten starting material is particularly reliably prevented.

According to one embodiment of the method, the irradiation device is moved relative to the substrate in such a way that the light beams and / or the electron beams sweep over at least parts of the starting material, offset in time, only partially overlapping. One advantage of this is that an object with a particularly high mechanical stability can be produced. In particular, starting material that is heated with different beams can thus be connected to one another.

According to one embodiment of the method, the starting material is compressed by means of a pressure generating unit, a plate of the pressure generating unit that is continuous for the light beams and / or electron beams resting on the surface of the starting material and air being blown through at least one air nozzle of the pressure generating unit with a first cross section into the starting material wherein the first cross section is greater than the distance between the substrate and the plate. The advantage of this is that the starting material can mechanically support the partially manufactured object particularly well. In this way, particularly fragile objects can be produced. In addition, the pressure on the starting material can be kept constant. In addition, the starting material is reliably prevented from sticking to the plate.

According to one embodiment of the method, starting material is applied to the substrate and / or starting material already present on the substrate by means of a nozzle, while the light beams and / or electron beams heat the starting material on the material. The advantage here is that the heating of the starting material and the application of further starting material can be carried out at the same time. Thus, the process of additive manufacturing can be carried out without interruption. As a result, particularly high build-up rates are achieved. In particular with a rotating irradiation device, material can be added to the object permanently, i.e. without interruptions.

According to one embodiment of the method, the substrate is actively moved. The advantage here is that the irradiation device can be designed in a technically simple manner. In addition, the substrate with the starting material often has a lower mass than the irradiation device, so that little energy or force is required to move the substrate with the starting material.

• 1 eine Aufsicht auf Strahlelemente einer Bestrahlungsvorrichtung einer ersten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Herstellungsvorrichtung;
• 2 eine Aufsicht auf Strahlelemente einer Bestrahlungsvorrichtung einer zweiten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Herstellungsvorrichtung;
• 3 eine Querschnittsansicht der Herstellungsvorrichtung der 2; und
• 4 eine Aufsicht auf Strahlelemente einer Bestrahlungsvorrichtung einer dritten Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Herstellungsvorrichtung.

Preferred embodiments emerge from the subclaims. The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to a drawing of an exemplary embodiment. Show here

• 1 a plan view of beam elements of an irradiation device of a first embodiment of the manufacturing device according to the invention;
• 2 a plan view of beam elements of an irradiation device of a second embodiment of the manufacturing device according to the invention;
• 3rd Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of the manufacturing apparatus of Figure 1 2 ; and
• 4th a plan view of radiation elements of an irradiation device of a third embodiment of the production device according to the invention.

In the following description, the same reference numerals are used for identical and identically acting parts.

1 shows a plan view of radiating elements 30-35 an irradiation device 20th a first embodiment of the manufacturing device according to the invention 10 .

The manufacturing device 10 is for the additive manufacturing of an object from a starting material 40 educated. The manufacturing device 10 is a so-called 3D printer. The source material 40 is usually in powder form. The source material 40 can comprise or consist of metal (aluminum, cobalt, chromium, titanium), a metal alloy (high-performance steel, nickel alloys) and / or plastic (polyamide, polystyrene, thermoplastic elastomers, polyetheretherketone) and / or ceramics.

The manufacturing device 10 builds up the object in layers. For this, a layer of starting material is used 40 on a substrate 50 (e.g. a plate) applied. The layer is then partially irradiated with a light beam and / or an electron beam. This becomes the starting material 40 partially melted or sintered. It is possible that the starting material 40 has already been preheated or preheated to a temperature just below the melting temperature or sintering temperature (e.g. up to approx. 50 ° C).

The object that is produced by means of the manufacturing device 10 can be of any shape. In particular, the object can have the outer shape of a cube or a parallelepiped.

The substrate 50 can have a rectangular surface (possibly with rounded corners). The substrate 50 can in particular not have a recess in the surface.

The irradiation device 20th has one or more light sources 60 , 61 or one or more electron beam sources. The light source 60 , 61 can have a power in the range of approx. 10 kW to approx. 30 kW. The irradiation device 20th has a large number of radiating elements 30-35 on, from which the light beam and / or the electron beam in the direction of the starting material 40 exit. The light beam and / or electron beam strikes the starting material essentially perpendicularly 40 on the substrate 50 . The direction or alignment of the laser beam in relation to the irradiation device 20th essentially cannot be changed. Thus it is possible that the radiating elements 30-35 each do not have a mirror or the like. The light beams and / or electron beams run parallel to one another.

The light beam can comprise a laser beam or the light beam can be a laser beam. For example, the irradiation device 20th for each radiating element 30-35 a laser diode on. It is also possible that one light guide or several light guides with the respective radiating element 30-35 the irradiation device 20th are connected and a light source 60 , 61 or several light sources outside the irradiation device 20th are arranged. It is also possible that the light beam comprises an infrared light beam.

The number of radiating elements 30-35 can be a dozen, several dozen, a hundred, a few hundred, a thousand or more than a thousand (e.g. 5000). The number can also be around 10,000 or around 100,000 or more than 100,000. Each of the radiating elements 30-35 can have focusing optics that direct the beam onto the starting material 40 focused. The distance between the radiating elements 30-35 and the substrate 50 can be changed to allow the object to be built up in layers.

The irradiation device 20th with the radiating elements 30-35 becomes relative to the substrate 50 and thus relative to the starting material 40 that is on the substrate 50 is arranged about an axis of rotation 80 turned. This means that either only the irradiation device 20th , just the substrate 50 is moved or both the irradiation device 20th as well as the substrate 50 be moved. The movement sweeps over the radiating elements 30-35 an area on the substrate 50 or the starting material 40 .

The radiating elements 30-35 can be used individually or together with other radiating elements 30-34 switched on and off. When switched on, a light beam and / or electron beam leaves the irradiation device 20th and shines on the source material 40 that is located below the respective radiating element 30-35 is located. When switched off, no light beam or electron beam leaves the beam element 30-35 .

The beam melts or sinters the starting material 40 and in this way adds material to the object and connects the material to the partially manufactured object.

The radiating elements 30-35 are moved over the starting material during the rotation of the irradiation opening 40 or the substrate 50 opened and closed in such a way that the light beams and / or electron beams have a predetermined (minimum) distance from the respectively directly adjacent light beam and / or electron beam or from the respectively directly adjacent light beams and / or electron beams. In this way, the melting or heating of larger coherent partial areas of the starting material is possible 40 prevented. This results in a so-called balling of the starting material 40 safely prevented. The predetermined distance can, for example, depending on the starting material, even during the irradiation 40 and / or the layer thickness of the starting material 40 to be edited can be changed or set.

The layer thickness that is processed or processed by the light beam and / or electron beam can be in the range from approx. 10 µm to approx. 50 µm, e.g. approx. 25 µm.

The irradiation device 20th does not require any elements for changing the position of the light beam and / or electron beam relative to the irradiation device 20th , such as mirrors, etc., to have as the irradiation device 20th as a whole relative to the starting material 40 or the substrate 50 is moved. The change in the position of the light beam or the electron beam is caused solely by the relative movement of the substrate 50 in relation to the irradiation device 20th reached. The direction in which the light beam or the electron beam moves the respective beam element 30-35 is always parallel to the same direction. This direction is typically perpendicular to the surface of the starting material 40 or the substrate 50 .

While the irradiation device 20th part of the starting material 40 irradiated can be applied to another part of the substrate 50 already new source material 40 be applied.

2 shows a plan view of beam elements of an irradiation device of a second embodiment of the production device according to the invention. 3rd FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of the manufacturing apparatus of FIG 2 .

In the second embodiment, the radiating elements are 30-35 in the top view, ie a view of the source material 40 in the direction of the irradiation device 20th , arranged along Archimedean spirals. The radiating elements 30-35 are arranged in such a way that when the irradiation device is rotated about the axis of rotation 80 each of the radiating elements 30-35 describes a circle. The circles of the radiating elements 30-35 are equidistant from one another. The distance between the axis of rotation 80 and the innermost radiating element 35 is the same as the distance between the circles. In this way, a uniform spatial resolution is achieved.

The radiating elements 30-35 are at a polar coordinate system that is on the surface of the substrate 50 runs, arranged at the same azimuthal angle intervals. This means that the azimuthal angle of the k-th beam element is Φ (k) = c ₁ * k, where Φ is the azimuthal angle and c1 is a predetermined value. This achieves the condition of uniform time intervals. This means that between the irradiation of a first area of the starting material 40 with a light beam and / or with an electron beam of a first radiating element 30th and subsequently irradiating a second area of the starting material 40 with a light beam and / or with an electron beam of a second beam element radially immediately adjacent to the first beam element 31 a predetermined time should have passed in order to prevent so-called balling. The first area must have cooled down or solidified again by the time of irradiation with the second radiating element, so that confluence or balling is reliably prevented. This necessary time is for all radially immediately adjacent pairs of radiating elements 30th , 31 in the arrangement of the radiating elements 30-35 the same size along Archimedean spirals. Since a time interval in a rotating or rotating irradiation device is equivalent to an angle of rotation, the angle of rotation or the angular distance (in the azimuthal angle) of the beam elements is 30-35 equidistant from one another.

The irradiation device 20th becomes relative to the starting material 40 or relative to the substrate 50 around an axis of rotation 80 turned. Only the irradiation device can do this 20th , just the substrate 50 with the source material 40 or both the irradiation device 20th as well as the substrate 50 with the source material 40 rotated around the axis. The axis of rotation 80 runs through the center of the irradiation device 20th and / or through the center of the substrate 50 . The axis of rotation 80 runs essentially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 50 or to the surface of the starting material 40 .

The irradiation device 20th covers the substrate 50 almost completely (e.g. 90%) or completely. In 3rd covers the irradiation device 20th the area of the substrate 50 essentially completely.

The radiating elements 30-35 are switched on and off or opened and closed in such a way that the light beams and / or electron beams have a predetermined minimum distance from one another in order to allow the starting material to be melted over a large area 40 and the confluence of molten feedstock 40 (so-called balling) to avoid.

During the irradiation of the starting material 40 with the light beams and / or electron beams, further starting material can be used at the same time 40 on the substrate 50 or the already existing layer (s) of starting material 40 on the substrate 50 be applied. This allows the process of irradiating starting material 40 by means of the irradiation device 20th be carried out continuously.

The source material 40 can be applied, for example, with a spiral distributor or the like. A lip can be superfluous starting material 40 Push away so that a specified layer thickness of (newly applied) starting material 40 remains.

It is possible that the starting material 40 is pressurized or compressed by a pressure generating unit. For this purpose, the starting material 40 with a rotated or opposite the substrate 50 tilted plate on which the starting material 40 essentially not or hardly adheres to the substrate 50 be pressed. The pressure generating unit can have a porous air bearing. The pressure generating unit has a plate which presses on the surface of the starting material. The plate is essentially transparent to the light beams and / or the electron beams. In addition, the pressure generating unit has an air nozzle for allowing air to flow into the starting material, the distance between the plate and the substrate being larger, in particular significantly larger, e.g. at least by a factor of 2, than the diameter of the air nozzle or the outlet of the air nozzle. The pressure generating unit can have a plurality of air nozzles. The blown air reliably prevents the starting material from sticking to the plate. In this way, a predetermined pressure can be applied to the starting material 40 (together) will be set. At the same time the powdery starting material is used 40 not blown away by the air of the air bearing as the air exits at a slow speed.

By compressing the starting material 40 can be the source material 40 mechanically support the partially manufactured object. In this way particularly questionable objects can be made.

The porous material of the air bearing can comprise or consist of ceramic, copper and / or carbon. The air bearing or the air of the air bearing can be brought to a temperature just below the melting temperature and / or sintering temperature of the starting material 40 heated or heated to the thermal states of the starting material 40 to be able to control better.

4th shows a variant that is characterized by an additional mapping system 80 differs. The finite divergence of the radiating elements 30-35 even when using focusing optics for each individual beam element, the maximum possible working distance between the beam elements is limited 30-35 and the starting material 40 . Through an imaging system 80 the working distance can be increased. The imaging system 80 forms several of the radiating elements 30-35 , in particular all radiating elements, together, since the larger aperture then possible results in a better image quality and thus a smaller focus on the starting material 40 can be reached.

List of reference symbols

10

Manufacturing device

20th

Irradiation device

30-35

Radiating element

40

Source material

50

Substrate

60, 61

Light source

70

Direction of movement

80

Axis of rotation

Claims (19)

Production device (10) for the additive production of an object from a starting material (40) arranged on a substrate (50) by melting and / or sintering the starting material (40), the production device (10) having an irradiation device (20), the irradiation device (20) has a plurality of beam elements (30-35), the beam elements (30-35) each being designed to radiate a light beam, in particular a laser beam, and / or an electron beam onto the starting material (40), the irradiation device ( 20) 30-35) for moving the light beams and / or electron beams over the starting material (40) relative to the substrate (50) about an axis of rotation (80), the The axis of rotation (80) intersects the surface of the substrate (50) substantially perpendicularly, is designed to be rotatable, the light beams and / or electron beams being at different distances from the axis of rotation (80). Manufacturing device (10) according to Claim 1 wherein the alignment of the light beams and / or electron beams of the beam elements (30-35) relative to the irradiation device (20) is essentially invariable. Manufacturing device (10) according to Claim 1 wherein the radiating elements (30-35) are not arranged along a straight line. Manufacturing device (10) according to Claim 1 or 2 , the beam elements (30-35) being arranged and designed in such a way that when the irradiation device (20) is rotated with the beam elements (30-35) around the axis of rotation (80), the light beams and / or electron beams along circles on the starting material ( 40) are moved, with the circles running equidistant from one another. Manufacturing device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the radiation elements (30-35) are arranged in the irradiation device (20) along an Archimedean spiral or along Archimedean spirals. The manufacturing apparatus (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a pressure generating unit for compressing the starting material (40), wherein the pressure generating unit comprises a plate that is continuous for the light beams and / or electron beams for resting on the surface of the starting material and at least one air nozzle with a first cross section for blowing air into the starting material, wherein the first cross section is smaller than the distance between the substrate and the plate. Manufacturing device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the radiation elements (30-35) are arranged such that each point of the substrate (50), in particular a rectangular substrate (50), of one of the radiation elements (30-35) with a predetermined maximum distance can be covered, the maximum distance being measured in a direction parallel to a surface of the substrate (50). Manufacturing device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the irradiation device (20) is designed such that the light beams and / or electron beams run essentially parallel to the axis of rotation (80). Manufacturing device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the irradiation device (20) is designed such that each point of the, in particular rectangular, substrate which is located within the circle along which the radially outermost light beam and / or electron beam is guided, can be processed by means of a light beam and / or electron beam. Manufacturing device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the substrate has a continuous surface without a recess. Manufacturing device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the manufacturing device (10) is designed to project several light beams and / or electron beams simultaneously onto the starting material (40). A method for the additive manufacture of an object from a starting material (40) arranged on a substrate (50), the method comprising the following step: Rotating an irradiation device (20) comprising a plurality of beam elements (30-35) for irradiating a light beam and / or an electron beam onto the starting material (40) about an axis of rotation (80) for moving the light beams and / or electron beams over the starting material (40) ) relative to the substrate (50), and Beams of light beams and / or electron beams from the beam elements (30-35) onto the starting material (40), wherein the light beams and / or electron beams have different distances from the axis of rotation (80), and wherein the axis of rotation (80) intersects the surface of the substrate (50) substantially perpendicularly Procedure according to Claim 12 wherein the alignment of the light beams and / or electron beams of the beam elements (30-35) relative to the irradiation device (20) is essentially not changed. Procedure according to Claim 12 or 13th , wherein when the irradiation device (20) with the beam elements (30-35) is rotated around the axis of rotation (80), the light beams and / or electron beams are moved along circles on the starting material (40), the circles being equidistant from one another. Method according to one of the Claims 12 - 14th , wherein the speed of rotation of the irradiation device (20) relative to the substrate (50) is selected such that after the melting of a first area of the starting material (40) by a first light beam and / or electron beam, the first Area of the starting material (40) solidifies again before a second area immediately adjacent to the first area is melted by a second light beam and / or electron beam. Method according to one of the Claims 12 - 15th wherein the irradiation device (20) is moved relative to the substrate (50) in such a way that the light beams and / or the electron beams sweep over at least parts of the starting material (40) only partially overlapping at a time offset from one another. Method according to one of the Claims 12 - 16 , wherein the starting material (40) is compressed by means of a pressure generating unit, wherein a plate of the pressure generating unit that is continuous for the light beams and / or electron beams rests on the surface of the starting material and wherein air is blown through at least one air nozzle of the pressure generating unit with a first cross section into the starting material wherein the first cross section is greater than the distance between the substrate and the plate. Method according to one of the Claims 12 - 17th , with starting material (40) being applied to the substrate (50) and / or already existing starting material (40) on the substrate (50) by means of a nozzle, while the light beams and / or electron beams heat starting material (40) on the material. Method according to one of the Claims 12 - 18th wherein the substrate (50) is actively moved.

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