DE102013100888A1 - Light concentrator or distributor - Google Patents

Abstract

Light concentrator or distributor, which is constructed from a plurality of light guide cells (2) which are lined up in a transparent light guide body (1). The light guide cells (2) are formed by interfaces (23) which can be generated in the light guide body (1) with the aid of laser radiation.

Description

The invention relates to a light concentrator or distributor, in particular made of glass, glass ceramic, optoceramic or crystal, for focusing light on a plurality of light receiving elements or for spreading and collimating the light of small-area light generators, and to a device with a light source , a photodetector or photosolar cell, and a light concentrator or manifold, and methods and apparatus for producing these light concentrators or manifolds.

In the context of the invention, "light" is understood to mean not only visible light but also infrared light, ultraviolet light or X-ray light if such light is to be used with the light concentrator or distributor.

Light concentrators are needed in the field of concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) to focus sunlight concentrated on small areas of photocells. The efficiency of photocells is, in fact, higher to some extent with increased concentration of sunlight than with natural sunshine. As light concentrators usually lenses and / or diffractive optical truncated cone elements are used, which are used as attachment elements of raster arrangements or arrays of photocells. The attachment elements can have bar shape and are then produced by pressing and polished.

Examples of light concentrators as attachment elements of solar cells can be found in WO 12/046376 A . WO 11/081090 A . CN 102109670 A . JP 2010212280 A . US 2010 / 024,867 A . CN 201289854 Y . CN 101355114 A . CN 101192632 A . US 2002 / 148,497 A . US 6,051,776 A , such as JP 20000022194 A , In these known elements, the optical function of the light concentration is determined by the geometric contour of the elements, which in cross-section usually have a funnel-shaped design. This requires particularly adapted retaining construction of photovoltaic systems, which can not be integrated well in roof areas due to difficulties in sealing against rain.

In the context of the invention, a "light distributor" is understood to mean a light concentrator arrangement in which the light, as it were, passes through the arrangement in the opposite direction.

The invention has for its object to provide light concentrators or distributors whose optical function is not determined solely by the geometric outer contour. The light concentrator or distributor should also be producible in the form of rods or plates, which can be used as structural elements. When used as a concentrator, the light should be concentrated and yet distributed as evenly as possible (homogeneously) to the photovoltaic cell. Used as a light distribution is the light, starting from small-area light generators such. LEDs, OLEDs or lasers can be presented evenly distributed over larger areas.

The solution of the problem is found in the combination of the features of the claims.

Specifically, there is a transparent light guide body, which may consist of organic or inorganic transparent dielectrics and may be externally formed as a rod or as a plate and in the interior of which a plurality of inner boundary surfaces forming a plurality of Lichtleitzellen. These light guides have a larger and a smaller base area, as they occur in truncated pyramids, truncated cones or Paraboloidstümpfen. The shells of these stumps form the inner boundary surfaces in the light guide, which direct the light by diffraction, reflection or total reflection depending on the direction of passage on the smaller or larger base surface of the stump. The interfaces formed in the optical waveguide are composed of air gaps, of areas with locally greatly varied refractive index or structuring elements, which are smaller in the light propagation direction than the wavelength of light of the useful light to be used with the light concentrator or distributor in its use. By the inner boundary surfaces running obliquely to the direction of the incident or emergent light, there is at least reflection or at larger angles of incidence with respect to the vertical total reflection at these interfaces and thus a deflection to the respective base surface of the Lichtleitzelle.

The structuring elements of the inner boundary surfaces may consist of air gaps, of surfaces with a locally varied refractive index or of very small volume elements, quasi zero-dimensional elements, referred to here as point locations, as they can be generated by focused laser irradiation. Such dot locations have an inner region of increased refractive index and an outer region of reduced refractive index, all smaller than the wavelength of the light used. At a distance of the dot locations, which is smaller than the wavelength of the light used, reflection takes place at the inner boundary surface spanned by the dot locations.

The structuring elements of the inner boundary surfaces can also consist of nano-cracks, quasi 1-dimensional structures, as can be produced by focused laser irradiation with high beam quality and good microscope objectives (NA> 0.8) at wavelengths of, for example, 180-2000 nm. The nano-cracks are sufficiently small compared to the useful wavelength so that they bend, break or totally reflect the useful light, but do not scatter predominantly, as would be the case with microcracks.

Finally, the structuring elements of the inner boundary surfaces can also consist of 2-dimensional wall structures of 3-dimensional channels, as can be produced by material removal by means of mechanical processing (sawing, grinding or polishing), etching processes (chemical or physical) or laser. Again, areas with low roughness and therefore with little scattering effect of advantage.

The material of the light guide body depends on the application of the light concentrators or distributors. Often glass, glass ceramic, optoceramic or crystal in rod form or plate form will be used. These constituted a durable, solarization resistant and chemically stable material, and the outer shape can be reduced by a low cost process such as, e.g. be prepared with a hot forming process directly from the melt or in the optical ceramics by the pressing of nanopowders and a subsequent sintering step. When using plastics, the outer shape can be inexpensively produced by injection molding, hot forming, blow molding or special deep-drawing processes. As the light entry and exit surface for the light guide channels, lens forms can be produced by known techniques which supplement the optical function of the inner boundary surfaces. The light guide bodies can be provided with any desired outer contour in the pultrusion, rolling, hot embossing or cold processing (grinding or polishing) process, after which one or more rows of light director are created inside the light guide body.

Further details of the invention will become apparent from the following embodiments in conjunction with the drawings. Showing:

1a a rod-shaped or band-shaped light concentrator with a series of light guides,

1b a rod or ribbon-shaped light concentrator with a series of light guides with lenses,

1c a rod or ribbon-shaped light concentrator with a row of light guide array,

1d a rod-shaped or band-shaped light concentrator in a trapezoidal shape with a series of light-guiding channels,

1e a rod-shaped or band-shaped light concentrator with a row of light guides with cylindrical lens,

1f a rod or band-shaped light concentrator with a series of light guides with cylindrical lens and light emitters (LED, OLED or laser), photodetectors or photosolar cells.

1g a rod or band-shaped light concentrator with a series of light directories with convex and concave lenses and light emitters (LED, OLED or laser), photodetectors or photosolar cells.

2 Individual forms of light guides,

3 a longitudinal section through a light guide,

4 a representation of the optical light intensity function, consisting of 8 maxima, at the bottom of the light guide,

5 a first production scheme of locally varied refractive indices of inner boundaries,

6 another scheme of the preparation of light-conducting nano-cracks to form internal interfaces, and

7 another scheme of the production of light guides with channels to form the inner interfaces.

1a shows a trained as a cell array light concentrator in perspective view. An existing of a transparent dielectric light guide body 1 has an upper side as a light entrance side and a lower side as a light exit side. Inside the light guide 1 is a series of light directories 2 arranged side by side and form a line array of optical fibers. The light directories 2 have the shape of truncated pyramids with a larger base area 21 and a smaller base area 22 as well as with inclined surfaces as a coat 23 , The base areas 21 or 22 can be flush with the top or bottom of the light guide 1 But they do not have to be. It is also possible that the smaller and / or the larger base surface is or are arranged in the interior of the optical waveguide, namely arranged adjacent to the top or to the bottom. As dimensions of the light guides 2 the following values are possible: side of the larger base area: 1 to 100 mm, preferably 2 to 25 mm; Side of the smaller base area: 0.2 to 50 mm, preferably 0.4 to 5 mm; Height of the light guide: 0.1 to 50 mm, preferably 1 to 10 mm; Ratio of the side lengths of the base surfaces: 1 to 10, preferably 3 to 6.

The light guide body may have a length and width in the range of 10 to 2000 mm (preferably 50 to 200 mm) and a height in the range of 0.1 to 50 mm (preferably 1 to 10 mm), that is, it may also plate shape with multiple rows of light directories 2 accept.

The top and bottom of the light guide 1a may deviate from the representation as a flat surface also have a surface structure that extends beyond the Lichtleitzellen 2 extends and has a light collecting function to bring in more light in the associated Lichtleitzelle. In this sense, the shows 1b a trained as a cell array light concentrator in perspective view. The light collecting function can be through a curved surface 24 above each individual light guide 2 be realized in spherical, aspherical or free form.

1c shows a designed as a 2D cell array light concentrator in perspective view.

1d shows a trained as a 1D cell array light concentrator in perspective view. The side surfaces 25 run towards each other. The cross-sectional areas 26 are designed as trapeze. The side surfaces may also be parabolically shaped, differing from the illustration.

1e shows a designed as a 1D cell array light concentrator in perspective view with cylindrical lens.

1f shows a rod or ribbon-shaped light concentrator with a series of Lichtleitellen with cylindrical lens 27 and light transmitters 28 (LED, OLED or laser) or with photodetectors or photosolar cells 4 , As the photo-solar cell, organic or inorganic thin-film cells, crystalline cells or multiple cells can be used. Between the light guides 2 there is ever a wedge room 20 filled with air or a filler whose index of calculation is less than the index of calculation of the material of the light-directors 2 is.

1g shows a rod or ribbon-shaped light concentrator with a series of light directories with convex and concave lenses at the top and bottom of each light guide 2 and with light transmitters 28 (LED, OLED or laser), or with photodetectors or photosolar cells 4 on a heat sink.

When the light guide body 1 with a light transmitter 28 at the smaller base area 22 is operated, one can speak of a lighting device, which has the larger base area 21 or via a lens 24 or 27 Emits useful light.

It is also possible to gain the useful light by light conversion. In such a case, use is made of a transparent dielectric doped with a light-converting or fluorescent material which passes 50% or more of the light-emitting light and absorbs or converts the rest.

If the light guide of the 1f . 1g Photodetectors or Photosolarzellen 4 and is exposed to external light, for example sunlight, then one can speak of a photoreceiver device or a photovoltaic device. In these devices can advantageously rod-shaped and plate-shaped designs of the light guide 1 to be used.

2 shows several possible forms of the Lichtleitzellen 2 including a truncated pyramid, a truncated cone, a conical honeycomb and a paraboloid stump.

3 shows a longitudinal section through a light guide 2 in cooperation with a light beam 3 at the base area 21 the Lichtleitzelle enters, on the inclined surfaces of the shell 23 is reflected and at the small base area 22 exit. Immediately behind the small base area 22 can a photocell 4 the photovoltaic system are located. If the larger base area 21 has the size A and the small base area is the size a, then the light intensity arriving on the photocell is increased by the factor A / a.

It is understood that the light guide 2 also in the opposite direction, with the smaller base area 22 as light entrance side and the larger base area 21 can be used as a light exit side. Such an arrangement can be useful as a light box.

4 shows the operation of a line of light-directing light-irradiated cells on a photocell or a detector 4 whose detection current is shown. Incident light passes through the light guide body with the light guides therein and emerges concentrated at the smaller base surfaces of the light guide. Each light guide is a light exit cone with a fairly level Associated with lace. This forms in the course of the detection current 40 from.

5 shows a system for generating a light concentrator or distributor. A titanium sapphire laser 5 (Ti: Al ₂ O ₃ laser) with a pulse width of less than 100 fs and a wavelength of about 850 nm is operated mode locked and gives its radiation 50 via an optical diode 51 , a λ / 2 plate 52 and a polarizer 53 as well as possibly via a deflection system 54 to a beam splitter 55 starting with a smaller power section on a power meter 56 deflects and a larger power part of a microscope objective 57 (Power values 100x, NA: 0.8). The laser radiation is within the light guide body 1 Focused as a workpiece in a workpiece holder 10 is placed. The workpiece holder 10 is relative to the microscope objective 57 finely adjustable in the X, Y and Z directions. A control device 58 is with the laser 5 , the power meter 56 and the workpiece holder 10 connected to the process of processing the light guide 1 to control and regulate. Other lasers with a pulse width <1 psec and with a wavelength in the range 180 nm to 2000 nm can also be used.

6 shows another scheme of processing a light guide 1 for producing a light concentrator. There are two lasers 6 and 7 for the emission of laser radiation 60 respectively 70 high beam quality M <2 provided by optical diodes 61 respectively 71 , λ / 2 plates 62 respectively 72 , Polarizers 63 respectively 73 , Deflection systems 64 respectively 74 one microscope objective each 67 respectively 77 (Power values 100X, NA> 0.8) supplied to a point location in the light guide body 1 focus. There is also a power meter 76 and a controller 68 provided the lasers 6 . 7 as well as the workpiece holder 10 controls. In the area of the workpiece holder 10 can be a suction device 11 be provided. The laser 6 is a neodymium garnet laser (Nd-YAG laser) that can be frequency-tripled at 354.6 nm wavelength with a pulse width of 1 ps. The laser 7 is an XeF laser with an operating wavelength of 351 nm and a possible pulse width of 1 ps. However, other laser types in the wavelength range from 180 nm to 2000 nm can also be used. It is advantageous if the wavelengths of the two lasers differ.

7 shows a plant for the production of light concentrators with internal interfaces of channels. With 6 Matching device parts are given the same reference numerals. As before, a control device 78 for controlling the laser 7 and the workpiece holder 10 intended. The laser 7 is a pulsed UV laser (λ = 351 nm) with a high energy density greater than 100 J / cm ² . The pulse widths are in the range of 100 fs to 10 ns. The microscope objective 77 has values of 50x, NA = 0.8. However, other laser types with a laser emission in the wavelength range from 180 nm to 2000 nm can also be used.

Starting from a light guide body made of a transparent dielectric, in particular glass, glass ceramic, optoceramic or crystal, the production of the light concentrators with inner boundary surfaces of point locations of locally varied refractive index with the plant takes place 5 , The laser radiation 50 is focused with sufficient field strength to a point 12 at an interface between the inclined surfaces of the shell 23 the light guide 2 and the small base area 22 a light guide 2 lies. Due to the high field strength at the focal point, there is local compaction of the material with refractive index increase at this point location and reduction of compaction around the compaction site with a refractive index depression, that is, a point location with locally varied refractive index. Now, the workpiece holder 10 moved parallel to the top or bottom of the light guide in the Y or Z direction by a piece that is less than the wavelength of the useful light with which the light concentrator is to be used. It is emitted a laser flash and thus again generates a point location with locally varied refractive index. In this way, dot locations are lined up by "writing" to a line along or parallel to the edge between a peripheral sloping surface 23 and the small base area 22 has been completed. Thereafter, the workpiece is adjusted in the X direction by an amount which is smaller than the wavelength of the useful light, with which the light concentrator is to be used. Continuing "dot-writing" creation of new dot locations along a line extending along the Y or Z axis, depending on which beveled surface of the shell 23 of the truncated pyramid is generated. If in this way all oblique surfaces of the truncated pyramid have been generated, one begins with the generation of a new light guide.

The laser bombardment has changed the etch selectivity of the material at the generated interfaces. With wet-chemical etching of the light-conducting body, the roughnesses can be reduced and thus the total reflecting properties of the inner boundary surfaces increased.

Light concentrators made of glass, glass ceramic, optoceramic or crystal with nano-cracks along the inner boundary surfaces of the light guide can be simulated with the system 6 produce. Microcracks are caused by very high powers greater 1 MW / cm ² . If microcracks are generated with too large cross sections, undesirably high light scattering with useful light is produced in the finished light concentrator. To avoid this, short-wave light in the UV range at a wavelength shorter than 360 nm is used to generate "nano-cracks", as in a frequency-tripled Nd-YAG laser (λ = 450.6 nm) or a XeF laser can reach with an operating wavelength of 351 nm. In this case, a threshold value of greater than 2 J / cm ^{2 is} to be exceeded at pulse widths of 1 ps. You can also get two focused beams 60 . 70 at the nanoriss to be generated, as in 6 shown. This leads to an extension of the crack less than 400 nm, so that the term "nano-crack" is justified. The point locations with the specified small extent generate in their entirety the inner boundary surfaces at which the useful light is predominantly reflected and only slightly scattered. For the use of the light concentrator in the IR spectral range, the laser wavelength used may also be larger. Advantageously, the use of a laser wavelength is smaller than the light utilization wavelength. Therefore, other laser types with a laser emission in the wavelength range of 180-2000 nm can be used.

As in the case of 5 comes with the generation of nano-cracks near the smaller base area 22 started so that any resulting gases can be sucked. The inclined surfaces of the jacket 23 are created by writing, that is, point by point and line by line traversed until the inner interfaces are completed. As in the case of 5 The optical waveguide can then be wet-chemically anisotropically etched in order to enhance the light-deflecting effect of the inner boundary surfaces.

The preparation of the inner boundary surfaces of wall structures of channels is based on the 7 explained. As in the case of 5 will be near the small base area 22 started with the processing of the light guide of glass, glass ceramic, optoceramics or crystal. The laser 7 is a pulsed UV laser with λ = 351 nm, because the light absorption in glass is very high in UV radiation. The energy density is chosen in the range greater than 100 J / cm ² . Favorable pulse widths are in the range of 100 fs to 10 ns. As in the case of the procedure 5 is associated with the production of the inner wall structures near the small base surface 22 began. The channels are generated line by line by laser ablation in the X, Y or Z direction, whereby the Mantelschrägflächen 23 the light guide 2 be won. During laser ablation, vapors are generated by the suction device 11 be removed.

As in 7 indicated, there is the larger base area 21 with some distance from the surface of the light guide 1 , In this way it is avoided that the light guide is mechanically weakened too much. This measure of the spacing of the larger base area from the upper side of the light guide body can also be found in the designs according to the production method 5 and 6 be applied. Incidentally, with the device of the 7 produced channels wet-chemically, anisotropically etched.

It is also possible, the jacket slopes 23 the light guide 2 with the aid of saws, abrasives and polishing agents after weakening the light guide material along the prospected interfaces. The weakening can be effected by laser irradiation, possibly also by additional etching.

The production of internal, oblique interfaces 23 with focused laser radiation perpendicular to the surface of the light guide is no need; You can use the laser beam direction with the slope of the inner interfaces 23 coincide, resulting in a smoothing of these interfaces despite punctual production. This can in particular in the production of the interfaces of channels according to 7 be significant.

In principle, all transparent dielectrics, whether of an organic or inorganic nature, are suitable as the starting material of the transparent light-conducting bodies.

As organic materials may be mentioned:
For plastics (polymers): thermoplastics (non-crystalline, semi-crystalline or crystalline); thermosets; elastomers; Thermoplastic elastomers; Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC).

• – Silicatgläser (zum Beispiel Kieselgläser (viele Varianten, insb. der Typen I, II, III und IV, d.h. aus Quarz erschmolzene, synthetisch aus SiF4 hergestellte usw.); Alkalisilicatgläser; Alkali-Erdalkalisilicatgläser (z.B. Natronkalksilicatgläser oder: Natronkalikalksilicatgläser, d.h. Mischalkalikalksilicatgläser oder: Mischalkalistrontiumsilicatgläser, Mischalkalibariumsilicatgläser usw.; Borosilicatgläser (wie z.B. die Schott-Gläser DURAN, FIOLAX, SUPRAX..., insb. eisenarme Varianten davon); Phospho-Silicatgläser (z.B. das Schott-Glas SUPREMAX); Borophospho-Silicatgläser; Aluminosilicatgläser (z.B. Alkali-Aluminosilicatgläser, Alkali-Erdalkali-Aluminosilicatgläser usw., z.B. die GORILLA-Varianten von Corning oder XENSATION-Glas von Schott); Boro-Aluminosilicatgläser, insb. alkalifreie, z.B. die EAGLE-Gläser von Corning; Borophospho-Aluminosilicatgläser; Diverse weitere, z.B. solche, die weitere Minderheitskomponenten oder speziellen Läutermitteln enthalten; Alle obigen und weitere, aber nicht schmelztechnisch hergestellt, sondern nach einem der vielen Sol-Gel-Verfahren);
• – Boratgläser;
• – Phosphatgläser;
• – Fluorphosphatgläser (das sind i.a. optische Gläser);
• – Weitere optische Gläser (solche mit “Standardkomponenten“ (z.B. das Schott-Glas BK7); solche mit speziellen Komponenten wie Bleioxid, Lanthanoxid, Vanadiumpentoxid usw., z.B. das Schott-Glas SF6);
• – Lumineszierende Gläser (Sind i.a. seltenerdhaltig und daher lumineszierend. Solche fluoreszierenden oder phosphoreszierenden Gläser, in welche die erfindungsgemäßen, lichtlenkenden Strukturen eingeschrieben werden, kombinieren die Funktion “Lichtlenkung“ mit der Funktion “Frequenzumwandlung“ bzw. einem “Lasereffekt“.) Lasergläser; Konversionsgläser, usw.);
• – Solarisationsbeständige Gläser (z.B. mit Ceroxid stabilisierte Gläser), insb. optische Gläser; weltraumtaugliche Gläser
• – Tellurat- beziehungsweise Telluritgläser;
• – Halogenidgläser (sind i.a. transparent im Infraroten), Fluoridgläser (einfachster, klassischer Fall: MgF2; darüber hinaus viele komplexe Zusammensetzungsbereiche; Chlorid-, Bromid-, Jodgläser; Gläsern mit mehreren unterschiedlichen (Halogen-)Anionen; Gläser, die neben Halogen-Anionen auch Sauerstoff als Anion enthalten, siehe z.B. die bereits erwähnten Fluorophosphatgläser;
• – Chalkogenidgläser (sind i.a. nicht transparent im Sichtbaren, aber oft transparent im Infraroten bis zu besonders großen Wellenlängen); Sulfidgläser; Selenidgläser, Ternäre, quaternäre oder noch komplizierter zusammengesetzte Gläser, z.B. aus den Systemen Ge-Se-As-Ge, Ge-S-As, Ge-Se-Sb, Ge-S-As...
• – Chalkohalidgläser (oft transparent im Infraroten)
• – Glaskeramiken (die im interessierenden Wellenlängenbereich transparent sind)
• – Glaskeramiken (die aus erschmolzenen “Grüngläsern“ durch gezielte, thermische Teilkristallisation hergestellt wurden): LAS-Glaskeramiken; MAS-Glaskeramiken; BAS-Glaskeramiken; extrem viele weitere mit diversen weiteren Bestandteilen bzw. Kombinationen daraus, z.B. yttriumhaltige Glaskeramiken; BaTiO3-haltige Glaskeramiken...; extrem viele weitere mit jeweils charakteristischer Kristallitgröße oder -form; Kristallitgrößenverteilungen; Texturen.
• – Sinterglaskeramiken (die aus Preßlingen von glasigen oder/und bereits kristallinen/teilkristallinen Pulvern hergestellt wurden): große Vielfalt, analog zu den aus massivem Grünglas hergestellten GKn; Sinterglaskeramiken können verschiedene Lumineszenzmaterialien enthalten. Die Lumineszenzmaterialien können z.B. zusammengesetzt sein aus unterschiedlichen Eu dotierten Materialien wie CaS:Eu, Sr₂Si₅N₈:Eu, SrS:Eu, Ba₂Si₅N₈:Eu, Sr₂SiO₄:Eu, SrSi₂N₂O₂:Eu, SrGa₂S₄:Eu, SrAl₂O₄:Eu, Ba₂SiO₄:Eu, Sr₄Al1₄O₂₅:Eu, SrSiAl₂O₃N:Eu, BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇:Eu, Sr₂P₂O₇:Eu, SrB₄O₇:Eu, Y₂O₃:Eu, YAG:Eu, Ce:YAG:Eu, (Y,Gd)BO₃:Eu, (Y,Gd)₂O₃:Eu. Lumineszenzmaterialien können co-dotiert oder auch mit anderen Seltenen Erden (Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthan, Cer, Praseodym, Neodym, Promethium, Samarium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium und Lutetium) dotiert werden (z.B. LaPO₄:Ce,Tb, LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉:Ce,Tb, (Y,Gd,Tb,Lu)AG:Ce, Lu_3-x-zA_xAl_5-y-zSc_yO₁₂:Mn_zCa_z, Lu₂SiO₅:Ce, Gd₂SiO₅:Ce, Lu_1-x-y-a-bY_xGd_y)₃ (Al_1-zGa)₅O₁₂:Ce_aPr_b). Günstige Lumineszenzmaterialien für VUV Anregung sind LaPO₄:Pr, YPO₄:Pr, (Ca,Mg)SO₄:Pb, LuBO₃:Pr, YBO₃:Pr, Y₂SiO₅:Pr, SrSiO₃:Pb, LaPO₄:Ce, YPO₄:Ce, LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉:Ce. Bei Anregung mit Röntgenstrahlen können beispielhaft die folgenden Lumineszenzmaterialien verwendet werden: InBO₃:Tb+InBO₃:Eu, ZnS:Ag, Y₂O₂S:Tb, Y₂SiO₅:Tb, Y₃(Al,Ga)₅O₁₂:Ce, (Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Cl+(Zn,Cd)S:Ag,Cl, Y₃(Al,Ga)₅O₁₂:Tb, Zn₂SiO₄:Mn, Zn₈BeSi₅0₁₉:Mn, CaWO₄:W, Y₂O₂S:Eu+Fe₂O₃, (Zn,Mg)F₂:Mn, Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Tb.
• – Optokeramiken (Das sind i. a. durch Sintern hergestellte Keramiken, die im interessierenden Wellenlängenbereich transparent sind, d.h. die sehr kleine Körner oder/und brechzahlangepaßte Korngrenzen aufweisen. Die Struktur von Optokeramiken ist in der Regel polykristallin): Spinell-Optokeramiken; Pyrochlor-Optokeramiken; YAG-Optokeramiken; LuAg-Optokeramiken; Yttria-Optokeramiken; ZnSe:Te-Optokeramiken; GOS: Pr, Ce, F, YGO: Eu, Tb, Pr; GGG: Cr, Ce; Seltenerdenhaltige (Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu) und deshalb aktive Optokeramiken
• – Kristalle (Einkristalle): Saphir (Al2O3); Andere Oxide z.B. ZrO2; Spinell (diverse Zusammensetzungen/Mischungsreihen); Pyrochlor (sehr viele Zusammensetzungen/Stoffsysteme); CaF

As inorganic materials may be mentioned:

• Silica glasses (for example silica glasses (many variants, in particular of types I, II, III and IV, ie made of quartz, synthetically made of SiF 4, etc.)), alkali-silicate glasses, alkali-alkaline earth silicate glasses (eg soda-lime silicate glasses or soda-calcareous silica glasses, ie mixed-alkali-silicate glasses or : Mixed alkali metal silicate glasses, mixed alkali barium silicate glasses, etc. Borosilicate glasses (such as the Schott glasses DURAN, FIOLAX, SUPRAX ..., especially low iron variants thereof); phospho-silicate glasses (eg the Schott glass SUPREMAX); borophospho-silicate glasses; aluminosilicate glasses (eg Alkali aluminosilicate glasses, alkaline earth alkaline aluminosilicate glasses, etc., eg the GORILLA variants of Corning or XENSATION glass from Schott); Boro-aluminosilicate glasses, in particular alkali-free, eg the EAGLE glasses from Corning; Borophospho-aluminosilicate; Various others, such as those containing other minority components or special refining agents; All of the above and others, but not by melt technology, but by one of the many sol-gel methods);
• - borate glasses;
• - phosphate glasses;
• Fluorophosphate glasses (these are generally optical glasses);
• - Other optical glasses (those with "standard components" (eg the bulkhead glass BK7), those with special components such as lead oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium pentoxide etc., eg the bulkhead glass SF6);
• Such luminescent or phosphorescent glasses in which the light-guiding structures according to the invention are inscribed combine the function "light guidance" with the function "frequency conversion" or a "laser effect".) Laser glasses; Conversion glasses, etc.);
• - solarization-resistant glasses (eg glasses stabilized with cerium oxide), in particular optical glasses; space suitable glasses
• - tellurite or tellurite glasses;
• - halide glasses (are generally transparent in the infrared), fluoride glasses (simplest, classic case: MgF2, in addition many complex compositional ranges; chloride, bromide, iodine glasses; glasses with several different (halogen) anions; glasses, in addition to halogen anions also contain oxygen as anion, see for example the already mentioned fluorophosphate glasses;
• - Chalcogenide glasses (are generally not transparent in the visible, but often transparent in the infrared up to very large wavelengths); Sulfide glasses; Selenide glasses, ternary, quaternary or even more complicated composite glasses, eg from the systems Ge-Se-As-Ge, Ge-S-As, Ge-Se-Sb, Ge-S-As ...
• - Chaohalide glasses (often transparent in the infrared)
• Glass ceramics (which are transparent in the wavelength range of interest)
• Glass ceramics (which have been produced from melted "green glasses" by targeted thermal partial crystallization): LAS glass ceramics; MAS glass ceramics; BAS glass-ceramics; extremely many more with various other constituents or combinations thereof, eg yttrium-containing glass-ceramics; BaTiO3-containing glass ceramics ...; extremely many others, each with a characteristic crystallite size or shape; crystallite size; Textures.
• Sintered glass ceramics (which were produced from compacts of glassy and / or already crystalline / semicrystalline powders): great diversity, analogous to the GKn produced from solid green glass; Sintered glass ceramics may contain various luminescent materials. The luminescent materials may, for example, be composed of different Eu doped materials such as CaS: Eu, Sr ₂ Si ₅ N ₈ : Eu, SrS: Eu, Ba ₂ Si ₅ N ₈ : Eu, Sr ₂ SiO ₄ : Eu, SrSi ₂ N ₂ O ₂ : Eu, SrGa ₂ S ₄ : Eu, SrAl ₂ O ₄ : Eu, Ba ₂ SiO ₄ : Eu, Sr ₄ Al _{1 4} O ₂₅ : Eu, SrSiAl ₂ O ₃ N: Eu, BaMgAl ₁₀ O ₁₇ : Eu, Sr ₂ P ₂ O ₇ : Eu, SrB ₄ O ₇ : Eu, Y ₂ O ₃ : Eu, YAG: Eu, Ce: YAG: Eu, (Y, Gd) BO ₃ : Eu, (Y, Gd) ₂ O ₃ : Eu. Luminescent materials can be co-doped or doped with other rare earths (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium) (eg LaPO ₄ : Ce, Tb, LaMgAl ₁₁ O ₁₉ : Ce, Tb, (Y, Gd, Tb, Lu) AG: Ce, Lu _3-xz A _x Al _5-yz Sc _y O ₁₂ : Mn _z Ca _z , Lu ₂ SiO ₅ : Ce, Gd ₂ SiO ₅ : Ce, Lu _1-xyab Y _x Gd _y ) ₃ (Al _1-z Ga) ₅ O ₁₂ : Ce _a Pr _b ). Favorable luminescent materials for VUV excitation are LaPO ₄ : Pr, YPO ₄ : Pr, (Ca, Mg) SO ₄ : Pb, LuBO ₃ : Pr, YBO ₃ : Pr, Y ₂ SiO ₅ : Pr, SrSiO ₃ : Pb, LaPO ₄ : Ce, YPO ₄ : Ce, LaMgAl ₁₁ O ₁₉ : Ce. For excitation with X-rays, the following luminescent materials can be used by way of example: InBO ₃ : Tb + InBO ₃ : Eu, ZnS: Ag, Y ₂ O ₂ S: Tb, Y ₂ SiO ₅ : Tb, Y ₃ (Al, Ga) ₅ O ₁₂ : Ce, (Zn, Cd) S: Cu, Cl + (Zn, Cd) S: Ag, Cl, Y ₃ (Al, Ga) ₅ O ₁₂ : Tb, Zn ₂ SiO ₄ : Mn, Zn ₈ BeSi ₅ 0 ₁₉ : Mn, CaWO ₄ : W, Y ₂ O ₂ S: Eu + Fe ₂ O ₃ , (Zn, Mg) F ₂ : Mn, Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ : Tb.
• - Optoceramics (These are in general ceramics produced by sintering which are transparent in the wavelength range of interest, ie have very small grains and / or refractive index matched grain boundaries The structure of optoceramics is usually polycrystalline): spinel optoceramics; Pyrochlore opto-ceramics; YAG opto-ceramics; Luag-opto-ceramics; Yttria-opto-ceramics; ZnSe: Te-opto-ceramics; GOS: Pr, Ce, F, YGO: Eu, Tb, Pr; GGG: Cr, Ce; Rare earth-containing (Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu) and therefore active optoceramics
• - crystals (single crystals): sapphire (Al2O3); Other oxides eg ZrO2; Spinel (various compositions / mixtures); Pyrochlore (very many compositions / material systems); CaF

Many of the materials listed above are not only transparent in the visible, but also more or less far infrared. Thus, in these with the inventive method analog, IR-optically active structures can be written, for which in turn sufficient infrared lasers as tools. Due to the longer wavelengths, spot size and structuring may be coarser.

Some of the materials listed above, such as silica glass or high-iron glasses are also more or less widely transparent in the ultraviolet. Accordingly, UV-optically active structures can also be inscribed in them using the methods according to the invention, but now the spot size must be smaller and the structuring must be finer. Some of the listed materials are suitable for converting portions of the light spectrum to a different wavelength or wavelength spectrum. On the one hand, this makes it possible to increase the efficiency of solar cells, since the efficiency of photo-solar cells is wavelength-dependent. On the other hand, X-ray light can also be converted into visible light. When using light sources such as LED, OLED or laser, the emitted light can also be converted to a different wavelength or in a different wavelength spectrum.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• WO 12/046376 A [0004]
• WO 11/081090 A [0004]
• CN 102109670 A [0004]
• JP 2010212280 A [0004]
• US 2010/024867 A [0004]
• CN 201289854 Y [0004]
• CN 101355114 A [0004]
• CN 101192632 A [0004]
• US 2002/148497 A [0004]
• US 6051776 A [0004]
• JP 20000022194A [0004]

Claims (21)

A light concentrator or splitter for condensing light onto a plurality of light-receiving elements or for diffusing and collimating the light from small-area light generators, comprising: a transparent light-conducting body ( 1 ) of a transparent dielectric having one or a plurality of light-directing ( 2 ) in the form of larger or smaller base areas ( 21 . 22 ) truncated pyramids, truncated cones, paraboloidal stumps or conical honeycombs, whose coats ( 23 ) as inner boundary surfaces in the light guide body ( 1 ) are formed, wherein the inner boundary surfaces in the light guide ( 2 ) incoming light by diffraction, reflection or total reflection on one of the base surfaces ( 21 . 22 ) and the inner boundary surfaces are composed of air gaps, jumps in refractive index, or punctiform or nanoscale structuring elements  The light concentrator or manifold of claim 1, wherein the air gaps for forming the inner interfaces are wall structures of channels that are laser ablatable. Light concentrator or distributor according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the transparent light guide body ( 1 ) Bar shape or plate form with one or more rows of light guides ( 2 ) having. Light concentrator or distributor according to one of claims 1-3, wherein the light guide cells ( 2 ) are arranged in rows. A light concentrator or distributor according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein each light guide ( 2 ) or each row of light guides ( 2 ) an optical lens ( 24 . 27 ) assigned. Lighting device with a small-area light source and a light distributor according to one of claims 1-5, wherein the small-area light source comprises at least one LED, or an OLED, or a laser and at the smaller base area ( 22 ) of the light guide ( 2 ) and emits light in a certain wavelength range.  The illumination device of claim 6, wherein the transparent dielectric is doped with a fluorescent material to absorb portions of the incoming light of the particular wavelength range and to emit light at a different wavelength range.  Lighting device according to claim 7, wherein the absorbed portion of the incoming light is at most 50%. A photovoltaic or photoreceptor device comprising one or a plurality of photo-solar cells or photodetectors and a light concentrator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the photo-solar cell or photodetector ( 4 ) at the smaller base area ( 22 ) of the light guide ( 2 ) is arranged. Method for producing light concentrators or distributors according to one of Claims 1 to 5, comprising the following steps: - Providing a transparent light-conducting body ( 1 ) as a workpiece with the outer shape of the light concentrator or distributor to be produced, - production of channels in the light guide body ( 1 ) along the coats ( 23 ) of truncated pyramids, truncated cones or conical honeycombs using saws, abrasives or polishers, for the formation of light guides ( 2 ) with inner boundary surfaces, in which in the light guide body ( 1 ) entering light by reflection or total reflection on a base surface ( 21 . 22 ) of the light guide ( 2 ) is directed. Method for producing light concentrators or distributors according to one of Claims 1 to 5, comprising the following steps: - Providing a transparent light-conducting body ( 1 ) as a workpiece with the outer shape of the light concentrator or distributor to be produced. - Production of channels in the light guide body ( 1 ) along the coats ( 23 ) of truncated pyramids, truncated cones, Paraboloidstümpfen or conical honeycomb with preparatory supporting laser irradiation of the inner boundary surfaces of the Lichtleitzellen and etching of the light guide along the laser-irradiated inner boundary surfaces. Method for producing light concentrators or distributors according to one of claims 1 to 5, comprising the following steps: a) providing a transparent light-conducting body ( 1 ) as a workpiece with the outer shape of the light concentrator or distributor to be produced, b) focusing laser radiation ( 50 . 60 . 70 ) to a prospected point ( 12 ) of the jacket ( 23 ) of a light guide ( 2 ) and creation of a structuring element at the point location, c) adjustment of the workpiece relative to the focused laser radiation to a new prospected point location of the sheath ( 23 ) of the light guide ( 2 ), d) repeating steps b) and c) for ever new prospected point locations of the light guide currently to be produced ( 2 until this is completed, e) focusing laser radiation ( 50 . 60 . 70 ) to a prospected point location of the mantle ( 23 ) one another light guide ( 2 ) and generation of a structural element at the point location, f) repeating steps c) and d) for each light guide to be produced ( 2 ) until the light concentrator or manifold is made. The method of claim 12, wherein a femtosecond laser ( 5 ) is used to produce point locations with a varied refractive index, wherein in the focal point of the laser radiation by high field strength, a densification of the material with increasing the refractive index and in the vicinity of the focal point, a dilution of the material with reduction of the refractive index is associated. The method of claim 12, wherein pulsed laser radiation ( 60 . 70 ) with wavelength shorter than 2000 nm, preferably shorter 360 nm and an energy density greater than 2 J / cm ^{2 is used} at the point locations for the formation of nano-cracks. The method of claim 14, wherein the point locations are laser radiation ( 60 . 70 ) from two laser sources ( 6 . 7 ) to be edited. The method of claim 12, wherein pulsed laser radiation ( 70 ) having wavelengths shorter than 2000 nm, preferably shorter than 350 nm and having an energy density greater than 100 J / cm ² along prospected channels in the workpiece.  Method according to one of claims 14 to 16, wherein resulting vapors are extracted during processing. Apparatus for carrying out the method according to one of claims 12 to 17, comprising: - a laser ( 5 . 6 . 7 ) for emitting laser radiation ( 50 . 60 . 70 ) given intensity, - a microscope objective ( 57 . 67 . 77 ) for focusing the laser radiation onto a focal point, - a control device ( 58 . 68 . 78 ) with power meter ( 56 . 66 . 76 ) of the laser radiation for controlling and regulating the laser ( 5 . 6 . 7 ) with regard to pulse output and radiation intensity, and - a workpiece holder ( 10 ) for positioning a workpiece ( 1 ) relative to the focal point of the laser radiation and the displacement of the workpiece by Verstellbeträge also less than the wavelength of the useful light in the produced light concentrator or distributor. Apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the laser is a Ti: Al ₂ O ₃ laser ( 5 ) with pulse width less than 100 fs and wavelength shorter than 1000 nm, preferably in the range of 850 nm. Apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the laser is an XeF laser ( 7 ) and / or an Nd-YAG laser ( 6 ) having a pulse width in the range of 1 ps and wavelength shorter than 400 nm. Apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the laser is an XeF laser ( 7 ) having a pulse width in the range of 100 fs to 10 ns and a wavelength shorter than 400 nm.

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