DE102012019095B4 - Device for monitoring insulation resistance of networks - Google Patents

Abstract

Device (1) for monitoring the insulation resistance (RE +, RE-, CE +, CE-) of ungrounded DC networks, AC networks and / or mixed networks in which insulation resistances (RE +, RE-, CE +, CE-) are present against earth (PE) comprising a pulse voltage generator (3), by means of which a preferably ohmic network coupling (RK) a pulse voltage signal (UG) with alternating pulse voltage values to at least two active network conductors (L1, L2) of the network to be monitored against ground (PE) can be applied, further comprising a voltage measuring device (5) which is set up to detect at least one measuring voltage signal (UMess) generated by the pulse voltage signal (UG), wherein the voltage measuring device (5) is connected to ground (PE) with a measuring terminal (7), a decoupling circuit (8) at least two decoupling resistors (RAB), each with its one end (9, 10) connected to each active network conductor (L1, L2) of the monitored network (2) Ssen, and an evaluation device (AW), which is set up to monitor the insulation resistances (RE +, RE-, CE +, CE-) by evaluating the measuring voltage signal (UMess), characterized in that the decoupling circuit (8) has a summing circuit (12). with two summing inputs (13, 14) which is arranged to form a summed voltage signal from the summing inputs (13, 14) voltage signals that the decoupling resistors (RAB) with their respective other end (18, 19) to one summing input (13, 14) of the summation circuit (12) are connected such that a summing output (15) to a measuring input (16) of the voltage measuring device (5) is guided, that a mains voltage measuring device (21) for measuring a mains voltage value (UN) a differential amplifier circuit (22 ) comprising an operational amplifier (OP-N), the output resistors (RAB) connected to the power conductors (L1, L2) and further voltage parts Resistors (RC) comprises that the summation circuit (12) has a further operational amplifier (OP-M), wherein a first amplifier input (25) of the further operational amplifier (OP-M) via a voltage divider (28) with the differential amplifier circuit (22), which provides a difference of the line conductor voltage signals of the network conductors (L1, L2) coupled via the outcoupling resistors (RAB), and wherein a second amplifier input (26) is connected to a summing input (13), and in that an amplifier output (27) of the operational amplifier (27) OP-M) is guided to the summing output (15).

Description

The invention finds application in a method for monitoring insulation resistance of preferably ungrounded DC, AC and / or mixed networks in which there are insulation resistances to earth, a pulse voltage signal with varying pulse voltage values being applied across a generator branch passing between the network and ground.

The invention relates to a device for monitoring the insulation resistance of preferably ungrounded DC networks, AC networks and / or mixed networks in which insulation resistances to earth, comprising a pulse voltage generator, with which a pulse voltage signal with alternating pulse voltage values to at least one active network conductor of the network to be monitored against earth can be applied, wherein the pulse voltage generator is arranged in a generator branch extending between the network and earth, and a voltage measuring device which is adapted to detect at least one measurement voltage signal generated by the pulse voltage signal.

Such methods and devices for determining the insulation resistance of ungrounded electrical networks in which ohmic, capacitive and / or possibly additionally inductive insulation resistances to earth are already well known. In order to determine the insulation resistance, a pulse voltage signal with alternating pulse voltage values is usually applied via a resistive network coupling between the monitored network and ground. Common to these known methods and associated devices is that the current flowing from the pulse voltage generator via the network impedances to ground or a variable derived therefrom - as a rule, this is a _measurement voltage U _Mess , which is in series through this _measurement current I _Mess to the pulse voltage generator connected measuring resistor R _M results, - is evaluated to determine the insulation resistance of the network to ground.

In general, in this application, a voltage signal is understood to be a time sequence of voltage values.

From the DE 33 46 387 A1 Furthermore, a circuit arrangement for earth and body contact monitoring is known, in which a test voltage is applied via two separate high-impedance measuring resistors to both poles of a DC power supply network, the measuring resistors are arranged in a respective Erdschlusswiderstand containing current paths between a ground fault and a square wave generator.

• a) Ein Nachteil besteht in der Tatsache, dass bei der Auswertung des Messstroms I_Mess die Messung von niederohmigen Isolationswiderständen relativ ungenau wird: Der Impulsspannungsgenerator treibt den Messstrom I_Mess über die Reihenschaltung der Einkoppelwiderstände R_K plus Messwiderstand R_M mit dem Isolationswiderstand (R_E+ oder R_E–), vgl. 1. Die Einkoppelwiderstände R_K liegen üblicherweise z. B. in der Größe von 200 kΩ, der Messwiderstand R_M bei wenigen kΩ. Bei einer Änderung des Isolationswiderstandes von z. B. 1 kΩ auf 3 kΩ würde sich der Gesamtwiderstand und damit auch der Messstrom nur um ca. 1% ändern. Dies bedeutet, dass Isolationswiderstände im Bereich von wenigen kΩ nur sehr ungenau gemessen werden können, es sei denn, es werden außerordentliche Genauigkeits- und Stabilitätsforderungen an den Impulsspannungsgenerator und die Messwerterfassung und -auswertung gestellt. Gerade bei ausgedehnten Netzen und großen Solaranlagen muss oft auf niederohmige Isolationswiderstände überwacht werden, und dann bewirken die meist damit verbundenen hohen Erdkapazitäten des überwachten Netzes zusätzliche Probleme, denn diese verhalten sich während der Einschwingvorgänge wie niederohmige Widerstände. Um bei dem üblichen Messprinzip mit Auswertung des Messstromes den Effekt von großen Erdkapazitäten sicher von niederohmigen Isolationsfehlern unterscheiden zu können, werden daher, unabhängig vom angewandten Auswerteverfahren, prinzipiell lange Messzeiten benötigt. Um bei niederohmigen Isolationswiderständen und großen Erdkapazitäten annehmbare Genauigkeiten und Messzeiten zu bekommen, können natürlich die Einkoppelwiderstände R_K drastisch verringert werden, was z. T. auch praktiziert wird. Allerdings erhöht sich dadurch die an den Einkoppelwiderständen auftretende Verlustleistung bei niederohmigen Isolationswiderständen, besonders auch bei den hohen Netzspannungen, wie sie z. B. an Solaranlagen präsent sind, ganz erheblich, so dass zur Abführung der durch die Verlustleistung produzierten Wärme spezielle Vorschaltgeräte für die Einkoppelwiderstände eingesetzt werden müssen. Dies hat einen erhöhten Platzbedarf bei den Überwachungsgeräten zur Folge und erfordert zusätzlichen Verkabelungsaufwand.
• b) Ein weiterer Nachteil besteht in der Tatsache, dass entweder der Impulsspannungsgenerator (U_G) oder aber der Messwiderstand R_M, mit dem der Messstrom I_Mess gemessen wird, mit beiden Anschlüssen auf einem gegen Erde „schwimmenden” Potenzial betrieben werden muss: Liegt der Impulsspannungsgenerator mit einem Anschluss an Erde, so muss die Messspannung U_Mess an R_M „schwimmend”, d. h. auf einem um ±U_G von Erde verschiedenen Potenzial gemessen werden. Liegt dagegen der Messwiderstand R_M mit einem Anschluss an Erde, so sind beide Anschlüsse des Impulsspannungsgenerators gegen Erde auf einem von Erde verschiedenen, „schwimmenden” Potenzial. Beide Schaltungsvarianten sind technisch nicht ganz einfach zu realisieren, von den eventuellen Störproblemen bei „schwimmenden” Schaltungsteilen ganz zu schweigen.

Regardless of the evaluation method used (eg determination of the insulation resistance during the transient process of the measured variable or only when the steady state is reached), the known measuring methods have two disadvantages:

• a) A disadvantage is the fact that in the evaluation of the measuring current I _measurement, the measurement of low-resistance insulation resistors is relatively inaccurate: The pulse voltage generator drives the measuring current I _measurement via the series connection of the coupling resistors R _K plus measuring resistor R _M with the insulation resistance (R _E + or R _E -), cf. 1 , The coupling resistors R _K are usually z. B. in the size of 200 kΩ, the measuring resistor R _M at a few kΩ. When changing the insulation resistance of z. B. 1 kΩ to 3 kΩ, the total resistance and thus the measuring current would only change by about 1%. This means that insulation resistances in the range of a few kΩ can only be measured in a very inaccurate manner, unless extraordinary accuracy and stability requirements are imposed on the pulse voltage generator and the measured value acquisition and evaluation. Especially with extensive networks and large solar systems often has to be monitored for low-resistance insulation resistance, and then cause the most associated high ground capacitance of the monitored network additional problems, because these behave during the transient events as low-resistance. In order to be able to reliably differentiate the effect of large earth capacitances from low-impedance insulation faults in the usual measuring principle with evaluation of the measuring current, therefore, regardless of the evaluation method used, in principle long measuring times are required. In order to get acceptable accuracies and measuring times with low-resistance insulation resistors and large earth capacitances, of course, the coupling-in resistors R _{K can be} drastically reduced, which is eg. T. is also practiced. However, this increases the power loss occurring at the coupling resistors at low-resistance insulation resistors, especially at high mains voltages, as they are, for. B. to solar systems are present, quite considerably, so that the dissipation of heat produced by the power loss special ballasts must be used for the coupling resistors. This results in an increased space requirement for the monitoring devices and requires additional cabling.
• b) Another disadvantage is the fact that either the pulse voltage generator (U _G ) or the measuring resistor R _M , with which the measuring current I _{Mess is} measured, must be operated with both terminals at a potential "floating" towards earth: lying the pulse voltage generator with a connection to earth, the measuring voltage U _measurement at R _M must be measured "floating", ie at a potential different from ground by ± U _G. If, on the other hand, the measuring resistor R _{M is} connected to ground, both terminals of the pulse voltage generator are grounded at a "floating" potential different from earth. Both circuit variants are technically not very easy to implement, not to mention the possible interference problems with "floating" circuit parts.

Out DE 3112952 C2 a device according to the preamble of claim 1 is known.

Out DE 4339946 A1 a method and a device for installation monitoring of ungrounded DC and AC networks are known, wherein monitored for each pulse voltage value of a measuring voltage, the time course of the instantaneous network dependent transient of the measuring current or a value derived therefrom such as a voltage until reaching the transient state Immediately after reaching the transient conditions, the associated measuring current measured values are detected and then the respective pulse voltage value of the alternating pulse voltage is immediately switched over to its temporally next pulse voltage value.

The invention has for its object to provide a device of the type described above, in which the expenditure on equipment is reduced. As an application of the invention is proposed in a method of the type described above, that caused by the pulse voltage, applied to at least one power line to ground mains voltage signal resulting from the insulation resistance to ground, as a measuring voltage signal via a separate from the generator branch, between measured measuring network and earth is evaluated for monitoring the insulation resistance. Thus, in contrast to the known method is achieved that not from the pulse voltage generator through the generator branch on the insulation resistance of the network flowing to ground current (measuring current) is evaluated as a measure, but that caused by the pulse voltage generator Netzleiterspannungssignal to the impedance of the network to be monitored to earth, which results from the existing ohmic and capacitive insulation resistances to earth, with the measuring branch is tapped. The generator branch can thus be arranged parallel to the measuring branch between the network and the earth.

In principle, the measured voltage signal U _Mess evaluated according to the invention has a different course compared to the measured variable derived from the measuring current in the known devices and methods, namely reciprocally to the measuring current, because there is a voltage across the insulation resistance or the impedance of the network to be monitored While the measuring current or a measured variable derived from it (voltage at R _M ) reaches a maximum for a low-resistance insulation resistance to earth and approaches zero for high-resistance insulation resistances, the measuring voltage signal U measured measured by the method according to the invention is U _meas or its amplitude or measured voltage value low with a low-resistance insulation resistance and reaches a maximum for high-resistance insulation resistors. Thus, in the method according to the invention in low-resistance insulation resistors in contrast to the known methods, a large relative change is given: Changes the insulation resistance z. B. from 1 to 3 kΩ, ie by + 200%, so also originating from the pulse voltage generator proportion of the measuring voltage U _Mess by the same factor of z. B. 0.1 to 0.3 V, ie + 200%. Therefore, the accuracy and stability requirements of the measuring circuit and the pulse voltage generator are far from being as high as in the known methods for monitoring low-resistance insulation resistors, and due to the large relative change in the measured value with low impedance network impedances to earth, shorter measurement times are sufficient for resistive and capacitive transients To distinguish shares from each other. This can be achieved, although relatively high-impedance Einkoppelwiderständen can be used for the pulse voltage generator. Thus, the power loss and heat generation can be kept relatively low with low-resistance insulation resistors. The monitoring device can therefore be made compact. Thus, the previously described disadvantage a) of the known methods and devices can be eliminated. The parallel arrangement of generator branch and measuring branch also offers the advantage that the pulse voltage generator and the voltage measuring device can each be laid and operated with one connection to earth or a fixed potential. This avoids the disadvantage b).

An advantage of the invention is that the measurement accuracy and measurement speed can be increased with low-resistance insulation resistors and with simpler, less problematic Messschaltungstechnik and despite maintaining relatively high impedance Einkoppelwiderständen be realized. Thus, the heat generation can be kept relatively low, even at high mains voltages and low-impedance insulation errors. A compact construction of the monitoring device for the insulation resistance is thus achievable.

Preferably, the measuring branch is connectable and / or connected at one end to earth and at another end to at least one active network conductor of the network.

For example, for tapping off the mains conductor voltage signal from at least two active network conductors of the network, a decoupling circuit having at least two decoupling resistors (R _A or R _AB ) can be connected to the active network conductors of the network to be monitored (eg L1 / L2). The measuring branch is branched in this case.

Preferably, the measuring voltage signal with the coupling-out circuit is measurable as a preferably single, in particular common (summed), measuring voltage signal (measuring voltage U _Mess ) against ground potential (PE) in the measuring branch and can be evaluated to determine the insulation resistance. In this case, the pulse voltage generator can be connected to a connection directly or via a resistor of known resistance value to the ground potential.

The generator branch and / or the measuring branch can each be formed unbranched, in particular with respect to their ends, and connected to a single active network conductor. Monitoring of several active network conductors can be achieved if the generator branch and / or the measuring branch is branched and connected to each active network conductor of the plurality of active network conductors to be monitored. In general, it can be said that an unbranched branch has exactly two ends, while a branch with more than two ends is called branched.

Alternatively or additionally, as an application of the invention in a method for monitoring an insulation resistance of ungrounded DC networks, AC networks and / or mixed networks in which there are insulation resistors to earth, in particular in a method of the type described above, wherein for determining the insulation resistance, a pulse voltage signal changing pulse voltage values is applied via a preferably resistive network coupling between at least two active network conductors of a monitored network on the one hand and earth on the other hand, proposed that caused by the pulse voltage signal, the voltage applied to the power lines to ground mains voltage signal resulting from the insulation resistance to ground, by a Decoupling circuit with at least two decoupling resistors, which are each connected to an active network conductor of the network to be monitored, as a summed Meßspannu ngssignal measured against ground and evaluated for monitoring the insulation resistance.

In general, it can be said that the insulation resistances have at least one ohmic component, to which capacitive and / or inductive insulation resistances can occur.

Alternatively or additionally, as an application of the invention in a method for monitoring an insulation resistance of ungrounded DC networks, AC networks and / or mixed networks in which there are insulation resistors to earth, in particular in a method of the type described above, wherein for determining the insulation resistance, a pulse voltage signal alternating voltage values via a preferably resistive network coupling between at least two active network conductors of a monitored network on the one hand and earth on the other hand, according to the invention proposed that for generating the pulse voltage signal, a pulse voltage generator is operated with a generator terminal to ground and that caused by the pulse voltage signal to the network conductors Netzleiterspannungssignal to earth resulting from the insulation resistances to earth by a coupling-out circuit as a measuring voltage gnal measured against earth and evaluated for monitoring the insulation resistance. The advantage here is that a defined reference potential can be provided by the earth both for the pulse voltage signal and for the measuring voltage signal. Thus, the measurement accuracy can be increased with moderate circuit complexity.

The advantage here is that "floating" potentials in the measurement of U _measurement or the pulse voltage generator can be avoided if both the pulse voltage generator and the measurement voltage signal to be evaluated are connected via a connection directly to earth (ground potential). Thus, the measurement hardware is simple and interference-proof executable.

Characterized in that according to the advantageous embodiment, the decisive for determining the insulation resistance measure, namely the measured voltage signal U _Mess , is measured against ground potential and the pulse voltage generator (U _G ) can also be placed with one of its terminals at ground potential, is also the above described disadvantage b) of the known methods and devices avoidable.

Preferably, in the invention, the pulse voltage signal is generated as a preferably symmetrical square wave signal. However, other types of signals are also usable, in particular symmetrical signal forms. The pulse voltage generator is configured to generate such a pulse voltage signal. The use of a balanced signal has the advantage that upsets or asymmetries in the circuit are easily recognizable.

In one embodiment of the invention can be provided that in addition a mains voltage value between the active network conductors is measured and evaluated. Since the mains voltage also influences the measuring voltage signal U _Mess , z. B. by an offset, can continue to be made by co-evaluation of the mains voltage correction in determining the insulation resistance. This can be z. B. be required if the mains voltage has changed between two consecutive evaluation cycles.

In one embodiment of the invention, it may be provided that an offset of the measurement voltage signal is determined by means of the or a measured mains voltage value between the network conductors and the measurement voltage signal. It is preferably provided that in this case the offset is determined within half a period of the pulse voltage signal. Thus, the deformation of the generated square wave signal due to the charging of the capacitive insulation resistances can be detected faster. The voltage measuring device is preferably set up to detect deviations from a symmetrical signal course.

In an embodiment of the invention it can be provided that a core size characterizing the insulation resistances is determined for monitoring the insulation resistances. This can be an insulation resistance value for the insulation resistors. It is advantageous in this case that monitoring of a drop in the insulation resistance value below a still acceptable threshold value is easily detectable.

In an embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that the measured network voltage value is used to correct an insulation resistance value determined from the measurement voltage signal. The advantage here is that a meaningful reference is provided for the implementation of the monitoring.

In one embodiment of the invention can be provided that the mains voltage value between the network conductors is measured by means of a differential amplifier circuit. The advantage here is that with circuit technology little effort a mains voltage value is recoverable.

In one embodiment of the invention can be provided that the measurement voltage signal from the or a mains voltage signal and a network conductor voltage signal is formed on a network conductor by voltage division and subtraction. Thus, a circuit for determining the mains voltage signal is additionally and / or simultaneously used for monitoring the insulation resistance.

According to one embodiment of the invention it can be provided that for determining the insulation resistance, an expected maximum earth capacitance of the network is preset at the measuring device by setting different maximum time parameters for the evaluation of the measuring voltage signal by presetting. If the maximum capacitance is known, it is thus also possible to deduce the maximum magnitude of the time constant Tau for transient effects in the measurement. Thus, even with a small rate of change of the measuring voltage U _{Mess, it is} not necessary to wait too long in the evaluation in order to determine an exact or at least usable value for the insulation resistance. Because in this way any existing, due to the time behavior error influences are predictable and limited.

Although processes are already known for using the two partial voltages of the network conductors, in each case separately from earth, for determining the insulation resistance in the case of a direct voltage network ( DE 33 46 387 ). However, on the other hand, the peculiarity of the presently proposed embodiment, that not the individual voltages of the power line to ground, but by means of a decoupling circuit of at least two decoupling resistors (R _A and R _AB ), only a "total" measurement voltage U _Mess as a summed signal against Earth potential is measured and evaluated to determine or monitor the insulation resistance. This "summing" decoupling circuit has the advantage that instead of two measuring voltage signal only one measuring voltage signal is to be evaluated.

In this case, a summed voltage signal is understood to mean the result of an addition of the voltage signals with pre-factors, the pre-factors being set by voltage dividers and preferably being equal to one another, in particular equal to one.

It is particularly favorable if, in one embodiment of the method according to the invention balanced outcoupling circuit, for example with Auskoppelwiderständen with matching resistance values, is used. Thus, it can be achieved that, with approximately symmetrical insulation resistances of the network conductors to ground and symmetrical coupling-out resistors, practically only the component caused by the pulse voltage generator appears as a measuring effect in the _measurement voltage signal U _Mess . The reason for this can be seen in that then in principle in the bridge diagonal (the bridge branch) of a balanced bridge circuit is measured. But even with unbalanced or one-sided insulation resistances to earth the measuring effect, ie caused by the pulse voltage generator proportion of the measured voltage signal U _Mess , in relation to the voltage originating from the mains shares greater than in the already known method in which the voltages of the power line each separated measured to earth. This means that the measuring accuracy is higher, especially with low-resistance insulation resistors.

The symmetrical decoupling circuit with the decoupling resistors (R _A or R _AB ) has, in connection with an additional measurement and evaluation of the voltage between the active conductors of the monitored network U _N , yet another advantage: In "one-sided" insulation errors, ie at Insulation resistance only from a network conductor to earth and known network voltage U _N is the origin of the mains voltage share in the _measurement voltage U _measurement a measure of the "detuning" of the insulation resistances R _{E +} , R _E- , C _{E +} , C _E- and the Outcoupling resistors (R _A or R _AB ) existing resistance bridge, from which then the insulation resistance can be determined with simple formulas. By this type of evaluation, a quick advance detection of reducing insulation resistance is possible, because the total insulation resistance of the network to earth may generally (ie, not with "unilateral" errors) smaller, but never be greater than one after the above described method of certain insulation resistance.

As an application of the invention is proposed in a device of the type described above, that the voltage measuring device is arranged in a separate from the generator branch, extending between the network and earth measuring branch. By separating the measuring branch and the generator branch, it can be achieved that the measuring voltage signal is determined by the voltage drop across the insulation resistors and not exclusively by the current flowing from the pulse voltage generator. Thus, a change in the insulation resistance results in a corresponding change by the same or a comparable factor, while in the known devices, a change in the insulation resistance, which is small compared to an internal resistance or series resistance of the voltage measuring device, according to the laws of the voltage divider only minor effects has the measuring voltage signal. This change can be detected and monitored in the invention with simple measurement technology.

The embodiment described according to the invention thus makes it possible for a current driven by the pulse voltage generator to be divided between the insulation resistors and the voltage measuring device. In contrast, in the known methods and devices, the current driven by the pulse voltage generator is equal to the current flowing through the voltage measuring device and equal to the current flowing through the monitored insulation resistors.

It may already be sufficient to monitor a single active network conductor of a network, even if other network conductors in turn have insulation resistance to earth. For this purpose, it can be used that a voltage source of the network for the pulse voltage signal can act as a short circuit, whereby the one or more other power line are electrically connected to the monitored network conductor for the pulse voltage signal, although they are galvanically isolated for the power source of the network. The pulse voltage generator can in this case be connected to one or more network conductors.

To solve the problem, the features of claim 1 are proposed according to the invention. In particular, in a device for monitoring the insulation resistance of ungrounded DC networks, AC networks and / or mixed networks in which insulation resistances to earth, in particular according to the embodiment described above, comprising a pulse voltage generator with a preferably ohmic network coupling a pulse voltage signal with changing Pulse voltage values to at least two active network conductor of the network to be monitored against ground can be applied, further comprising a voltage measuring device which is adapted to detect at least one generated by the pulse voltage signal measurement voltage signal, the voltage measuring device is connected to a measuring terminal to ground, a decoupling circuit with at least two decoupling resistors, which are each connected at one end to an active network conductor of the network to be monitored, and an evaluation, the Ü Monitoring the insulation resistors is set up by evaluation of the measured voltage signal, proposed that the decoupling circuit with a summing circuit has two summation inputs, which is arranged to form a summed voltage signal from the summing inputs voltage signals, that the decoupling resistors are connected at their respective other end to a summing input of the summing and that a summing output is guided at a measuring input of the voltage measuring device. The advantage here is that a single evaluable signal as the summed measuring voltage signal for the monitoring of existing on two active network conductors insulation resistors can be provided.

In one embodiment of the invention is in a device for monitoring the insulation resistance of ungrounded DC networks, AC networks and / or mixed networks in which insulation resistances to ground (PE) are present, in particular according to one of the embodiments described above, comprising a pulse voltage generator, with a via preferably ohmic network coupling, a pulse voltage signal with alternating pulse voltage values can be applied to at least two active network conductors of the network to be monitored, further comprising a voltage measuring device, which is set up to detect at least one measurement voltage signal generated by the pulse voltage signal, wherein the voltage measurement device is connected to a measuring terminal, and an evaluation device, which is set up for monitoring the insulation resistances by evaluating the measurement voltage signal, proposes that the pulse voltage generator m it is a generator connection on earth. In this case, the generator connection can be separated from earth by a resistor or, preferably, directly, in particular with a resistance value of a connection line of less than 1 kΩ, be connected to ground. The advantage here is that the pulse voltage generator with a fixed reference point and not "floating" is operable.

In the case of the invention, the monitoring of the insulation resistance can, for example, take place or be set up by detecting that a voltage threshold value falling below the voltage signal or its amplitude is detected or can be detected. The monitoring can alternatively or additionally also be established and / or carried out by calculating a preferably ohmic resistance value for the insulation resistance from the evaluated measuring voltage signal.

Additionally or alternatively, to achieve the object according to the invention in a device of the type described above may be provided that the pulse voltage generator is connected to a generator terminal on ground. This can be achieved, for example, by arranging the pulse voltage generator and the voltage measuring device in separate branches or current paths between the active network conductors on the one hand and earth on the other hand.

Thus, it can be provided in the invention that a measuring voltage signal via the coupling-out with decoupling resistors, recordable via a summing, against ground potential (earth) can be obtained and is obtained.

A summing circuit not belonging to the invention can provide that the decoupling resistors are interconnected at their ends remote from the active mains conductors to a common point and the measuring voltage signal is fed from this point directly or by means of a voltage divider to the or a measuring input of the voltage measuring device ,

In addition, a signal proportional to the mains voltage (U _N ) can be measured or measurable via a differential amplifier circuit with the coupling-out resistors (R _AB ), the amplifier OP-N and the voltage dividing resistors R _C.

The measuring voltage signal (U _Mess ) or both signals (U _Mess , U _N ) are generally fed to an evaluation device (AW), which determines the insulation resistance value of the network (2) against ground (PE) or this or one related thereto or through this certain measured variable at least monitored. By means of a device (E) for presetting the expected maximum earth capacity of the network, which also acts on the evaluation, the evaluation times can be optimized (reduced). This can be set up, for example, by presetting expected capacitive insulation resistance values for evaluating the measurement voltage signal.

In an embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that a mains voltage measuring device is designed for measuring a mains voltage value between the active network conductors and the evaluation device is set up for evaluating the mains voltage value in order to determine an offset of the measuring voltage signal for monitoring the insulation resistances. In this case, it is particularly favorable when the pulse voltage generator is set up to generate symmetrical pulse voltage signals. The advantage here is that one-sided ground faults are easily recognizable as asymmetry in the measuring voltage signal. In this application, the term symmetry of a signal is on related to a zero line or a time average.

In one embodiment of the invention can be provided that the or a network voltage measuring device for measuring the or a mains voltage value comprises a differential amplifier circuit comprising an operational amplifier, the or more connected to the network conductors Auskoppelwiderstände and further voltage divider resistors. It is advantageous in this case that the network voltage which can be advantageously used for the evaluation can be obtained with simple circuit complexity.

In one embodiment of the invention, it may be provided that the coupling resistors of the coupling-out circuit and / or the line voltage measuring device connected to the network conductors each consist of a series circuit of discrete resistors. The advantage here is that prefabricated resistors can be used.

In one embodiment of the invention it can be provided that the summing circuit has an operational amplifier, wherein a first amplifier input of the operational amplifier via a voltage divider to the or a differential amplifier circuit which provides a difference of coupled via the coupling resistors Netzleiterspanungssignalen the power line is connected, and wherein a second Amplifier input is connected to a summing input, and that an amplifier output of the operational amplifier is fed to the summing output. It can thus be provided that the decoupling resistors (R _AB ) for the mains voltage _{measurement are} also used to decouple the measuring voltage U _Mess , and thus the decoupling resistors for the measuring voltage (R _A ) can be dispensed with - since the decoupling resistors R _A and R _AB usually have to be particularly voltage-resistant and relatively tight tolerated, so that they each consist of a series connection of several resistors and thus require a certain effort and space require. It can be shown that from the differential amplifier signal U _N and the at the connection point of the right voltage divider branch of R _AB and R _C tapped signal (see. 4 ) with the amplifier OP-M and the two resistors R _D with appropriate dimensioning exactly the measuring voltage U _Mess can be obtained, that of the Auskoppelschaltung with the decoupling resistors R _A after 3 equivalent. It thus advantageously results in a multiple-used replica of the decoupling circuit.

In one embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that the coupling-out resistors and the insulation resistors form a bridge circuit arranged between the network conductors, wherein the voltage measuring device is arranged in a bridge diagonal. The advantage here is that in the described circuit arrangement, a difference between the insulation resistance values of insulation resistors connected to two active network conductors leads to a detuning of the bridge circuit, which is easily detectable in the voltage measurement device. Thus, a ground fault on an active network conductor can be detected or monitored in a simple manner.

In one embodiment of the invention can be provided that an adjustment is provided for the Auswerteseininrichtung, with an expected maximum ground capacity of the network is preset, which predetermined according to the default in the evaluation of the measured voltage signal and / or the mains voltage signal different maximum time parameters or are specifiable. The advantage here is that a faster evaluation, in particular within half a period of a pulse voltage signal, is executable.

The present invention thus provides a method and a device in which, in spite of a compact device construction and relatively high-impedance coupling-in resistors for the pulse voltage generator R _K , low-resistance insulation resistances can be measured accurately and as quickly as possible, correcting erroneous measurements due to voltage changes of the network to be monitored can. In addition, the circuit design is simple and due to the reference potential earth both for the pulse voltage generator as well as the relevant parameters U _measurement and U _N uncomplicated and immune to interference.

The device according to the invention is preferably designed and / or set up to carry out the method according to the invention.

The invention finds advantageous application in a network which is part of a photovoltaic system or other energy supply system or an electric vehicle drive unit or other energy conversion unit or other consumer.

The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to embodiments, but is not limited to these embodiments. Further exemplary embodiments result from a combination of the features of one or more claims with one another and / or with features of the exemplary embodiments.

It shows:

1 a known device for monitoring the insulation resistance with evaluation of the current flowing from the pulse voltage generator to ground current I _measurement and "floating" measuring voltage signal or "floating" pulse voltage generator,

2 a not belonging to the invention device for monitoring the insulation resistance in a highly simplified representation for explaining the method according to the invention,

3 a further not belonging to the invention device for monitoring the insulation resistance in a highly simplified representation with additional monitoring and / or measurement function for a voltage applied between active network conductors mains voltage or its mains voltage value and

4 a device according to the invention for monitoring the insulation resistance in a highly simplified representation with combined measurement of the mains voltage signal and a summed Netzleiterspannungssignals.

1 shows in the left half of the diagram the principle equivalent circuit diagram of a network to be monitored 2 with two active network conductors L1 and L2. These may, for example, be connected to the positive pole and the negative pole of a DC and / or AC voltage source (not shown). The network 2 has earth capacitances C _E + and C _E - as well as insulation resistances R _E + and R _E - against earth.

In the right half of the picture is the principal measuring circuit of known devices 1 for monitoring insulation resistance R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E -, shown.

That from the pulse voltage generator 3 the device 1 generated pulse voltage signal U _G , often a symmetrical square wave, drives via the insulation resistances R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E -, in the example shown via capacitive and resistive network impedances to earth a measuring current I _mess . This can be measured by means of a measuring resistor R _M as a measuring voltage U _Mess either between the pulse voltage generator 3 and earth PE or between the pulse generator 3 and the coupling resistors R _{K are} measured. 1 shows for simplicity both variants in a representation, although in practice a circuit is only used in each case with a measuring resistor R _{M of} the two measuring resistors R _M shown.

2 shows a device 1 for monitoring insulation resistances R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - (insulation monitoring device or monitoring device, hereinafter referred to as "device").

This is a schematic diagram of a circuit diagram.

In the left half of the picture is again the equivalent circuit diagram of the network to be monitored 2 shown. A voltage source of the network 2 and existing consumers are omitted for simplicity. On the right is the principal measuring circuit of the device according to the invention 1 played. As you can see, is the coupling of the pulse voltage generator 3 into the network to be monitored 2 with the aid of the coupling resistors R _{K of} the grid connection 11 basically the same 1 ; However, as the relevant parameter for determining the insulation resistance, not the measuring current I _Mess or a variable derived from it (voltage at R _M ) is used, but the impedance at the network impedance, the insulation resistances R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - Proportion of earth caused by the pulse voltage generator 3 supplied voltage by means of a bridge circuit with the decoupling resistors R _A and the voltage divider resistor R _M as U _Mess . In the 2 is the net 2 shown as an example with two active power conductors (L1 / L2) and two decoupling resistors R _A. Of course, the network conductors can also be L + / L-, or it can be a multi-phase network in which, if necessary, more than two decoupling resistors are used. The same applies to the following embodiments.

To impress the pulse voltage signal U _G is the pulse voltage generator 3 in a generator branch 4 arranged, which is arranged between the active network conductors L1 and L2 on the one hand and the ground PE on the other. The generator branch 4 is branched, so that the pulse voltage generator 3 connected to both the active power line L1 and the active power line L2.

For monitoring the insulation resistances C _E +, C _E -, R _E +, R _E - is a voltage measuring device 5 is set up, with which a measuring voltage signal U _measuring over the measuring resistor R _M can be measured.

The voltage measuring device 5 is in a measuring branch 6 arranged. The measuring branch 6 is between the network 2 and earth arranged.

The measuring branch 6 is branched and thus connected via a respective output resistor R _A , each with an active network conductor L1 and L2.

The branched generator branch 4 is connected via a respective network coupling resistor R _K to both power conductors L1 and L2.

The tension measuring device 5 lies with a measuring connection 7 on earth PE. The measuring connection 7 thus forms an end of the measuring branch 6 ,

The decoupling resistors R _A form a balanced decoupling circuit 8th , The decoupling resistors R _{A in} this case have matching resistance values.

The decoupling resistors R _A have one end 9 . 10 to ever active network conductor L1 and L2 of the network to be monitored 2 connected.

An only in 4 indicated evaluation is in accordance with the embodiment 2 for monitoring the outcoupling resistors R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - by evaluation of the measuring voltage signal U _measuring , which with the voltage measuring device 5 measured or recorded.

The decoupling circuit 8th has a summation circuit 12 on, with which from the network conductor voltage signals of the network conductors L1 and L2 a summed _measurement voltage signal U _{Mess is} formed.

The summation circuit 12 here has two summation inputs 13 . 14 and a summing output 15 on.

The summation inputs 13 . 14 are each with one end 18 . 19 a decoupling resistor R _A connected.

At the summing output 15 is the summed voltage signal, which is the measuring input 16 the tension measuring device 5 is supplied as a measuring voltage signal U _Mess . The tension measuring device 5 Measures the voltage across a measuring resistor R _{M in} a conventional manner.

In the simple summation circuit 12 according to 2 are the summation inputs 13 . 14 with the summing output 15 in a common point 17 electrically merged to the sum of the summing inputs 13 . 14 to form adjacent voltage signals. In other words, the decoupling resistors R _A with their respective ends of the power line L1 and L2 ends 18 . 19 with the common point 17 connected to the fair entrance 16 the tension measuring device 5 connected is.

In 2 It can also be seen that the pulse voltage generator 3 with a generator connection 20 lying directly on earth PE. The generator connection 20 forms an end of the generator branch 4 ,

The decoupling resistors R _A have matching resistance values. Thus, for example, form the ohmic insulation resistances R _E +, R _E - with the decoupling resistors R _A a symmetrical bridge circuit, in the bridge diagonal 29 or bridge branch the voltage measuring device 5 is arranged. The bridge diagonal 29 , So the center bar in an H-shaped representation of the bridge circuit is also connected to ground PE.

3 shows another also greatly simplified schematic diagram of a device 1 , In 3 are functional and / or constructive too 2 similar or similar components and functional units with the same reference numerals and not described separately again. The remarks to 2 apply here accordingly.

The device 1 according to 3 additionally has a mains voltage measuring device 21 on, with which a mains voltage value U _N between the active network conductors L1, L2 can be measured.

For this purpose, the mains voltage measuring device 21 Decoupling resistors R _AB on which the mains voltage measuring device 21 is connected to a respective active power line L1, L2.

The mains voltage measuring device 21 has a differential amplifier 22 , which has at least one operational amplifier OP-N, the decoupling resistors R _AB and the voltage divider resistors R _C for measuring a voltage difference in a conventional manner. The mains voltage value U _N is at a measuring input 23 the mains voltage measuring device 21 at.

The other measuring connection 24 the mains voltage measuring device 21 lies on earth PE.

4 also shows a simplified diagram of a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a device according to the invention 1 for monitoring insulation resistances R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - (these are in the 3 and 4 not shown for simplicity).

In the embodiment according to 4 are again functional and / or constructive to the embodiments according to 2 and 3 similar or similar components and functional units are denoted by the same reference numerals and not described separately again. The remarks to 2 respectively. 3 thus apply to 4 corresponding.

In the embodiment according to 4 the outcoupling resistors R _{AB are used} to decouple the network conductor voltage signals from the network conductors L1, L2 to obtain both the _Measuring voltage signal U _measuring and the mains voltage value U _N.

For this purpose are in the measuring branch 6 two operational amplifiers OP-N and OP-M arranged.

The operational amplifier OP-N supplies the difference of the voltage signals at the summing inputs 13 . 14 issue. Thus, at the output of the operational amplifier OP-N and thus at the measuring input 23 the mains voltage measuring device 21 the mains voltage value U _N.

The output signal of the operational amplifier OP-N of the differential amplifier circuit 22 is about a voltage divider 28 of two voltage divider resistors R _D with matching resistance values to a first amplifier input 25 supplied to the operational amplifier OP-M.

The first amplifier input 25 is thus to the differential amplifier circuit 22 connected. A second amplifier input 26 of the operational amplifier OP-M is connected to the summing input 13 connected. Alternatively, the second amplifier input 26 also with the summation input 14 be connected. With a suitable choice of the voltage divider resistors R _D is thus at the amplifier output 27 of the operational amplifier OP-M and thus at the summing output 15 half or another multiple or other fraction of the sum of the voltage signals at the summing inputs 13 and 14 at.

This summed voltage signal becomes the measuring input 16 the tension measuring device 5 to led to the measurement of the measurement voltage signal U _Mess.

The circuit according to 4 thus forms the decoupling circuit 8th of the 2 and 3 with the decoupling resistors R _A after.

As a result of the additional amplifier circuit with the operational amplifier OP-M and the resistors R _D , the measuring voltage signal U _{Mess is} reproduced exactly for the corresponding dimensioning and wiring and can be reproduced at the amplifier output 27 of the operational amplifier OP-M against ground PE as a measuring voltage signal U _{Mess are} tapped.

Further shows 4 symbolically the evaluation device AW, with which the insulation resistances R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - are monitored and monitored.

In this case, the evaluation device AW receives the measured values of the mains voltage value U _N and of the measuring voltage signal U _Mess as input signals.

In addition, an adjustment device E may be formed, with which an expected maximum capacitive insulation resistance value, ie an expected maximum earth capacitance, of the network 2 is presettable. The evaluation device AW is set up such that, depending on the preset value for the capacitive insulation resistance, different maximum time parameters are respectively predetermined during the evaluation of the measuring voltage signal U _Mess and / or the mains voltage signal U _N.

The evaluation of the _measurement voltage signal U _measurement can be carried out by measuring measured voltage values for at least two, preferably at least three, or more times and adapting them to a preferably exponential charge curve of the capacitive insulation resistors in such a way that a measured voltage value can be calculated or predefined which is complete or nearly fully charged capacitive insulation resistors C _E + and C _E - would result when the transient is completed. Methods known per se can be used for this calculation, with the invention differing in that adjustable time constants are set up to describe the transient response and can be controlled with an adjustment device E.

In the block diagrams shown, the resistors R _A , R _AB , R _K , R _C , R _{D are} each shown as a resistor.

However, the resistors shown can also be composed of a plurality of discrete resistors for dimensioning the circuit, for example in series connection to achieve a desired resistance value.

4 Thus shows an advantageous embodiment of the invention, in contrast to 3 only the decoupling resistors R _{AB are} necessary, which are used here both for obtaining the mains voltage signal U _N and for simulating the coupling circuit of the decoupling resistors R _A , from which after 2 and 3 the measuring voltage U _{MESS was} obtained.

The additional amplifier circuit with OP-M and the resistors R _D is in accordance with 2 and 3 derived measuring voltage U _measured with appropriate dimensioning exactly and can be tapped at the output of the amplifier OP-M to ground as a _measurement voltage signal U _measurement . Furthermore, in 4 symbolically shown the evaluation device (AW), which determines the insulation resistance with the aid of the input signals U _measurement and possibly U _N , and their time parameters for the evaluation by means of the adjustment (E) can be preset to shorten the measurement time at smaller earth capacitances.

In a method and a device 1 for determining the insulation resistance R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - of preferably ungrounded networks 2 , in particular DC networks, AC networks and mixed networks in which ohmic and possibly also capacitive insulation resistances R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - are present against ground PE, it is proposed to determine or monitor the insulation resistance R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - a pulse voltage signal U _G with alternating pulse voltage values via a preferably resistive network coupling R _K between the monitored network 2 and earth PE, wherein the network coupling R _K in a generator branch 4 is arranged, and caused by the pulse voltage signal U _G voltage signal to the impedance of the network to be monitored 2 against earth PE and its course through a bridge circuit with preferably ohmic decoupling resistors R _A , R _AB , in one of the generator branch 4 separate measuring branch 6 are arranged to measure as measured voltage signal U _measurement against ground and to monitor or determine the insulation resistance R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E - evaluate.

Claims (7)

Facility ( 1 ) for monitoring the insulation resistance (R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E -) of ungrounded DC networks, AC networks and / or mixed networks in which insulation resistances (R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E -) to earth (PE), comprising a pulse voltage generator ( 3 ), with which via a preferably resistive network coupling (R _K ) a pulse voltage signal (U _G ) with changing pulse voltage values to at least two active network conductors (L1, L2) of the network to be monitored against ground (PE) can be applied, further comprising a voltage measuring device ( 5 ) arranged to detect at least one _measurement voltage signal (U _Mess ) generated by the pulse voltage signal (U _G ), the voltage _{measurement device} ( 5 ) with a measuring connection ( 7 ) lies on earth (P _E ), a decoupling circuit ( 8th ) with at least two decoupling resistors (R _AB ), each with its one end ( 9 . 10 ) to in each case one active network conductor (L1, L2) of the network to be monitored ( 2 ), and an evaluation device (AW), which is set up to monitor the insulation resistances (R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E -) by evaluating the measuring voltage signal (U _Mess ), characterized in that the coupling-out circuit ( 8th ) a summing circuit ( 12 ) with two summation inputs ( 13 . 14 ) which is used to form a summed voltage signal at the summing inputs ( 13 . 14 ) voltage signals is set up that the coupling-out resistors (R _AB ) with their respective other end ( 18 . 19 ) to one summing input ( 13 . 14 ) of the summing circuit ( 12 ), that a summing output ( 15 ) to a measuring input ( 16 ) of the voltage measuring device ( 5 ) that a mains voltage measuring device ( 21 ) for measuring a mains voltage value (U _N ) a differential amplifier circuit ( 22 ), which comprises an operational amplifier (OP-N), the output resistors (R _AB ) connected to the network conductors (L1, L2) and further voltage divider resistors (R _C ), that the summing circuit ( 12 ) has a further operational amplifier (OP-M), wherein a first amplifier input (OP-M) 25 ) of the further operational amplifier (OP-M) via a voltage divider ( 28 ) with the differential amplifier circuit ( 22 ), which provides a difference of via the coupling resistors (R _AB ) decoupled Netzleiterspannungssignalen the power line (L1, L2) is connected, and wherein a second amplifier input ( 26 ) with a summing input ( 13 ) and that an amplifier output ( 27 ) of the operational amplifier (OP-M) to the summing output ( 15 ) is guided. Facility ( 1 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the pulse voltage generator ( 3 ) with a generator connection ( 20 ) lies on earth (PE). Device according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that a mains voltage measuring device ( 21 ) is designed to measure a mains voltage value (U _N ) between the active network conductors (L1, L2) and the evaluation device (AW) is set up to evaluate the network voltage value in order to monitor the insulation resistances (R _E +, R _E -, C _E + , C _E -) to determine an offset of the measuring voltage signal (U _Mess ). Device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the voltage measuring device ( 5 ) in one of the generator branch ( 4 ) separate, between the network ( 2 ) and earth (PE) extending measuring branch ( 6 ) is arranged. Device according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the outcoupling resistors (R _AB ) of the outcoupling circuit and / or of the mains voltage measuring device (R 1) connected to the network conductors (L 1, L 2) are ( 21 ) each consist of a series circuit of discrete resistors. Device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the decoupling resistors (R _AB ) have matching resistance values. Device according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the decoupling resistors (R _AB ) and the insulation resistors (R _E +, R _E -, C _E +, C _E -) arranged between the network conductors (L1, L2) bridge circuit form, wherein the voltage measuring device ( 5 ) in a bridge diagonal ( 29 ) is arranged and / or that for the evaluation device (AW) an adjusting device (E) is provided, with the expected maximum capacitive insulation resistance (C _E +, C _E -) of the network ( 2 ) can be preset, wherein in accordance with the default in the evaluation of the measuring voltage signal (U _measurement ) and / or the mains voltage signal (U _N ) are each predetermined or predetermined different predetermined maximum time parameters.

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