DE102009043418A1 - Aluminosilicate-based adsorbents for the purification of triglycerides - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the use of aluminosilicate-containing compositions for cleaning triglyceride-containing compositions and to a method for cleaning triglyceride-containing compositions using the aluminosilicate-containing compositions according to the invention.

Description

The invention relates to the use of aluminosilicate-containing compositions for the purification of triglyceride-containing compositions, and to a method for the purification of triglyceride-containing compositions using the aluminosilicate-containing compositions according to the invention.

The purification of crude oil should ideally include the removal of all undesirable substances. These are in particular the color carriers chlorophyll A, carotenoids and other dyes, phospholipids, free fatty acids and metal ions.

A critical step is the so-called degumming. This refers to the removal of the phospholipids. Usually treated first with water and / or with an aqueous solution with an acid such. As phosphoric acid, citric acid or acetic acid. Depending on the remaining phospholipid content, one or more of a number of other adsorbent treatments must subsequently be carried out. In one case, one goes directly to a treatment with a so-called bleaching earth. If the phosphorus contents of the prepurified vegetable oil are still too high after the aqueous treatment or after the treatment with aqueous acid, it may be necessary to interpose an adsorbent treatment with which the phosphorus content of the crude vegetable oil is depleted in particular.

Another critical issue in oil cleaning is the removal of metal ions, such as metal ions. Calcium, magnesium, iron and copper, which are believed to be associated with the phospholipids. These metal ions themselves also have a detrimental effect on the purified oil. Thus, calcium and magnesium ions can form precipitates, especially with fatty acids, causing flocculation of soap in the final product. The presence of iron and copper ions can increase oxidative instability. In addition, the metal ions can poison catalysts when the purified 51 is catalytically hydrogenated. Therefore, there is also a high demand for adsorbents which are particularly suitable for simultaneously removing the metal ions from the oil with other impurities such as the phospholipids. Problems with high levels of metal ions can also arise when the purified oil is used to produce biodiesel. Thus, the formation of soaps also interferes with the process there, or the contents of divalent ions such as Ca ²⁺ and Mg ²⁺ in the biodiesel end product are limited according to the specifications of the EU and the US standard (see EU standard for the specification of biodiesel EN 14214 ).

For phosphate removal and reduction of metal ions from the vegetable oils adsorbents are already available on the market, such as. B. a silica-based adsorbent from the company. Grace, which is sold under the trade name Trisyl. Furthermore, Süd-Chemie AG, Moosburg, offers bleaching earth-based adsorbents on the market.

The patent EP 0185182 B1 (equivalent to US 4629588 ) from Grace describes an amorphous silica gel with pore diameters between 60 and 5000 Å, which is suitable for removing traces of impurities from triglycerides. These impurities are, in particular, phospholipids and associated metal ions. It can be assumed that this patent describes the production process of the product trisyl. Reference is made in particular to applications in soybean oil and it should be noted that the pre-degummed oil can contain up to 200 ppm of phosphorus. Typically, a reduction to below 15 ppm phosphorus is achieved. The process of purification is contacting with the adsorbent and subsequent separation of the adsorbent, which is then loaded with the contaminants.

In a series of other patents Trisyl is now combined with other adsorbents or the amorphous silicon combined with other patents or even surface-modified. This is how the patent describes EP 340717 A2 Grace, a two-phase (two-stage) adsorption or treatment of vegetable oil, wherein the oil is contacted in the first stage with an amorphous silica gel to remove the phospholipids and soaps. In a second stage, it is passed through a packed bed of bleaching earth to remove the pigments (dyes).

The patent EP 0295418 B1 Grace describes a process for removing dyes from glyceride oils by contacting with an acid-treated amorphous silica adsorbent to obtain glyceride oils having commercially acceptable levels of chlorophyll and / or red and yellow color bodies. In this patent, the amorphous silica gel is surface modified (acidified) with acid.

The patent EP 507217 A1 Grace describes the use of a base treated inorganic porous adsorbent to remove contaminants from vegetable oils. The selection of the adsorbents in this case also includes alumina, diatomaceous earth, clays, magnesium silicates, etc. The adsorbent is subjected to a base before the oil treatment. The basic material is in particular soda, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc. Particular mention is made of an application for the reduction of free fatty acids in the oil.

The patent EP 0507424 A1 Grace also claims a process for purifying glyceride oils, organic chemicals or wax esters, in combination with the adsorbent treatment, adding a base to convert the free fatty acids into their soaps, which are then bonded to the amorphous silica based adsorbent become. This is a special case of using amorphous silica to clean the oil.

In addition, the patent specification describes EP 0558173 A1 (Grace) a process for purifying vegetable oils using silica gel containing alumina. The content of aluminum oxide in the adsorbent is limited to 10% by weight. In particular, it is argued that the adsorbents are particularly well suited to remove chlorophyll, yellow and red dyes from the oil.

In the patent US 03955004 A The Lever Brothers Company describes how the storage life of edible oil is improved when the oil is dissolved in nonpolar solvent prior to the bleaching procedure and purified over a column of either silica gel, alumina or a mixture of both. The solvent is then removed again and the oil is subjected to an equation with conventional bleaching earths.

The patent WO 9421765 A by PQ Corporation generally describes solid alkali metal silicate hydrates, especially Na metasilicate pentahydrate and Na polysilicate hydrate, to remove free fatty acids, color components, metal traces, phosphorus and other impurities from crude, degummed or used oil.

Evidence is found in the literature for the use of silica-containing adsorbents for reducing the phospholipid content and the metal traces in vegetable oils:
M. Jerzewska mixes 0.6% trisyl 300 silica with 0.4% bleaching earth Miltar Standard and dephosphorizes therewith rapeseed oil in conjunction with a hydration and a centrifugation to a maximum of 86%. ( Tluszcze Jadalne (2002), 37 (3/4), 133-141 ).
R. Owen uses modified Sorbil Silica hydrogel to remove chlorophyll and phospholipids from superdegummed rapeseed oil, which also results in discoloration in the red and yellow color range. ( Proceedings of the World Conference at Oilseed and Edible Oils Processing, Istanbul, Oct. 6-10, 1996 (1998), Meeting Date 1996, Volume 2, 45-46 )
A. Nock investigated silica hydrogel as a suitable adsorbent in edible oil to remove phospholipids, metals, and soaps. Here, the moisture content of the materials was examined in connection with the addition of acid or alkali for degumming in order to improve the adsorption capacity. ( Oils-Fats-Lipids 1995, Proceedings of the World Congress of the International Society for Fat Research, 21st, The Hague, Oct. 1-6, 1995 (1996), Meeting Date 1995, Volume 1, 129-133 )
E. Dimic et al. and K. Kovari et al. describe the utility of synthetic silica adsorbent in vegetable oil to remove phosphatides, soaps and metal traces as a more efficient material than the common bleaching earths. ( Olaj, Szappan, Kozmetika (1993), 42 (2), 51-7 and 42 (1), 1-6 )
JM Bogdanor et al. have investigated trisyl synthetic silica for soybean, corn and palm oil refining and say that this material has significantly better capacity for removal of phospholipids, soaps and metal traces than conventional acid activated bleaching earth. They also describe a better oxidation stability of the oil and a lower dosage and thus lower oil loss during refining. ( Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse (1989), 66 (1), 7-10 ).
HG Brown et al. found that the phospholipids from crude soybean oil, dissolved in hexane, are not completely removed from silica even though the silica was not yet saturated. Possible causes include micelle formation, Ca salt formation with the phospholipids and competitive behavior around the adsorption sites with triglycerides. ( JAOCS, J. Am, Oil Chemical Society (1989), 66 (3), 353-5 ) (see Appendix) The adsorption of phospholipids on silica is described as an irreversible process. ( JAOCS, J. Am, Oil Chemical Society (1985), 62 (4), 753-6 ).
Schmidt et al. observed that the adsorption of cottonseed oil impurities and phospholipids on silica gel increases when the temperature is raised from 20 to 60 ° C and when the humidity at the Surface of the silica gel is increased. The optimum pore size of the silica gel is given as 60-80 Å. ( Maslozhirovaya Promyshlennost (1977), (7), 21-3 ).

There is a need in the art for adsorbents that facilitate the removal of phospholipids and metal ions from triglyceride-containing compositions in a simple manner, e.g. H. without the need for treatment through a range of different materials and in a single step. Furthermore, there is a need for such a method that is feasible on a large scale in a simple manner, less time-consuming and cost-effective.

It has now surprisingly been found that phospholipids and / or metal ions can be removed particularly effectively from triglyceride-containing compositions if adsorbents used are one or more aluminosilicates which have a weight fraction of SiO ₂ of greater than 0.3 based on the sum of the weight fractions of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ .

The present invention therefore relates, in a first aspect, to the use of a composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate for removing phospholipids and metal ions from triglyceride-containing compositions, wherein the aluminosilicates have proportions by weight of SiO ₂ greater than 0.3, based on the sum of the proportions by weight of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ .

The term "triglycerides" - or "triacylglycerols" - esters of trihydric alcohol glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with three, usually different, predominantly even and unbranched aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, the fatty acids understood. The fatty acids preferably comprise more than 10 carbon atoms and preferably comprise 15 to 40 carbon atoms. The alkyl chain of the fatty acids is preferably straight-chain. It may be fully hydrogenated or may comprise one or more double bonds. Suitable starting materials are, for example, vegetable fats and oils, such as, for example, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, thistle oil, nut oil, peanut oil, olive oil, soybean oil or palm oil, but also animal fats and oils such as, for example, fish oil. Non-edible fats and oils can also be used as starting materials, such as jatropha oil, jojoba oil, tall oil or oils derived from algae, waxes, mineral oils or even tallow. These oils / fats are not suitable for human consumption. In principle, any conceivable mixture of oils or fats can be used in the context of the present invention.

The triglyceride-containing compositions which are used in the context of the use according to the invention and the process according to the invention comprise, in addition to one or more different triglycerides, phospholipids and / or metal ions whose removal is the aim of the use according to the invention. Furthermore, the triglyceride-containing compositions may contain further substances, for example contaminants naturally present in crude oil, such as dyes and oxidized constituents of glyceride oils, waxy constituents, free fatty acids, which are regularly present in crude fats and crude oils.

The composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate has the purposes of the present invention, at least an aluminosilicate with a proportion by weight of SiO ₂ of greater than 0.3, preferably greater than 0.35, more preferably greater than 0.4, based on the total weight percent of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ on.

The at least one aluminosilicate moreover preferably has an SiO ₂ weight fraction of less than 0.8, preferably less than 0.7, more preferably less than 0.65, based on the sum of the weight fractions of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ .

For the purposes of the present invention, the composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate has at least one aluminosilicate having a specific surface area of more than 350 m ² / g, preferably more than 400 m ² / g, particularly preferably more than 450 m ² / g. Particular preference is given to aluminosilicates having a specific surface area of from 355 m ² / g to 650 m ² / g, more preferably from 365 m ² / g to 600 m ² / g, more preferably from 400 m ² / g to 575 m ² / g, more preferably from 455 m ² / g to 550 m ² / g. The specific surface area is determined by the BET method.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate in the context of the present invention comprises at least one aluminosilicate with a high pore volume. The alumina-containing component preferably has a pore volume of from 0.5 ml / g to 1.4 ml / g, preferably a pore volume of from 0.55 ml / g to 1.3 ml / g, more preferably from 0.6 ml / g to 1 , 2 ml / g, more preferably from 0.6 ml / g to 0.99 ml / g, further more preferably from 0.6 ml / g to 0.95 ml / g and most preferably from 0.6 ml / g to 0.90 ml / g. The pore volume is calculated as the cumulative pore volume according to BJH ( IP Barret, LG Joiner, PP Haienda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 1991, 373 ) for pores having a diameter of 1.7 to 300 nm.

On the one hand, the high specific surface area and the high pore volume enable a high adsorption capacity for the impurities contained in the triglyceride-containing composition, for example phospholipids and metal ions, as well as a rapid kinetics of the adsorption, so that the process is particularly suitable for industrial use.

According to a preferred embodiment, the at least one aluminosilicate comprises a proportion of other metals of less than 5 wt .-%, preferably less than 2 wt .-%, more preferably less than 1 wt .-%, particularly preferably less than 0.5 wt. -% and is. It is particularly preferred for the at least one aluminosilicate to have a content of Fe ₂ O ₃ of at most 0.2% by weight, more preferably of at most 0.1% by weight, more preferably of at most 0.05% by weight. and most preferably at most 0.02% by weight. It is further particularly preferred that the at least one aluminosilicate has a content of Na ₂ O of at most 0.05% by weight, more preferably of at most 0.01% by weight, more preferably of at most 0.008% by weight and most preferably of at most 0.005 wt .-% has.

Finally, it is preferable that the at least one aluminosilicate has a content of C of at most 0.5% by weight, more preferably at most 0.4% by weight, more preferably at most 0.3% by weight, and most preferably of not more than 0.2% by weight.

The composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate may further comprise one or more further constituents which are preferably selected from the group consisting of bleaching earths, clay minerals, silica gels, precipitated silicas, synthetic magnesium silicates, synthetic calcium silicates, TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , ZnO and mixtures thereof.

According to another preferred embodiment, the at least one aluminosilicate is a synthetic aluminosilicate.

In the context of the present invention, it is possible for all of the preferred embodiments described above to be combined with one another, and it is likewise possible for the purposes of the present invention that, in the case of several aluminosilicates contained in the aluminosilicate-containing composition, these are of the same or different Type and differ, for example, in their weight ratio of SiO ₂ : Al ₂ O ₃ , the BET specific surface area and / or the cumulative pore volume to BJH and / or other parameters, as long as at least one of the aluminosilicates contained a weight fraction of SiO ₂ of greater 0.3 based on the sum of the weight proportions of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ .

Particularly preferred aluminosilicate-containing compositions comprise at least one aluminosilicate having a weight fraction of SiO ₂ of greater than 0.3 based on the sum of the proportions by weight of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ , a BET specific surface area of more than 350 m ² / g and a cumulative pore volume after BJH of more than 0.7 ml / g for pores between 1.7 and 300 nm, preferably greater than 0.8 ml / g, particularly preferably greater than 0.9 ml / g.

Particularly preferred aluminosilicate-containing compositions comprise at least one aluminosilicate having a weight fraction of SiO ₂ of greater than 0.3, based on the sum of the proportions by weight of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ , a water content of 5.0 to 8.0% by weight. , a BET surface area of 350 to 600 m ² / g, a cumulative pore volume to BJH of 0.6 to 1.0 cm ³ / g for pores having a diameter of 1.7 to 300 nm and an average pore diameter of 6, 0 to 10.5 nm, and a C content of 0.1 to 0.3 wt .-%, an Fe ₂ O ₃ content of 0.05 to 0.01 wt .-% and a Na ₂ O content of 0 , 01 to 0.001 wt .-%. Particular preference is given to aluminosilicate-containing compositions comprising at least one aluminosilicate having a weight fraction of SiO ₂ of greater than 0.3, based on the sum of the proportions by weight of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ , a water content of 6.0 to 8.0% by weight. %, a BET surface area of 450 to 570 m ² / g, a cumulative pore volume to BJH of 0.75 to 0.95 cm ³ / g for pores having a diameter of 1.7 to 300 nm and an average pore diameter of 7 , 2 to 7.9 nm, and a C content of 0.1 to 0.3 wt .-%, an Fe ₂ O ₃ content of 0.05 to 0.01 wt .-% and a Na ₂ O content of 0.01 to 0.001% by weight.

The at least one aluminosilicate according to the present invention can be prepared, for example, by hydrolyzing organic aluminum compounds under acidic conditions and then together be aged with silica or silicic acid compounds under hydrothermal conditions. Suitable aluminum compounds are, for example, aluminum alcoholates, aluminum hydroxyalcoholates, aluminum acetylacetonates, aluminum alkyl chlorides or else aluminum carboxylates. A suitable method is for example in DE 03839580 and the US 6,245,310 B1 described. This method is particularly advantageous because it can achieve very high specific surface areas and porosities.

In order to obtain particularly pure aluminosilicates, it is also possible to use hydrolyzable organosilicon compounds instead of silica, the hydrolysis of the organosilicon compounds and of the hydrolyzable aluminum compounds being carried out together. Such a method is for example in the EP 0 931 017 B1 described.

Particular preference is given to using aluminosilicates which contain only SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ as constituents. The proportion of further metals, calculated as the most stable oxide, is preferably less than 5% by weight, more preferably less than 3% by weight, more preferably less than 2% by weight and most preferably less than 1% by weight. selected.

The composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate may in the context of the present invention comprise further constituents, which are preferably selected from the group consisting of bleaching earths, clay minerals, silica gels and mixtures thereof. In principle, however, the aluminosilicate-containing composition according to the invention may comprise any further constituent known to those skilled in the art.

The composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate can be provided, for example, in the form of a powder. A composition in the form of a powder is suitable, for example, when the adsorbent is stirred into the vegetable oil, that is in the form of a suspension.

The particle size of the powder is adjusted in the sense of the invention so that the adsorbent can be easily separated from the purified vegetable oil within a suitable period of time by a suitable method such as filtration. When a powder is used which is suspended in the crude vegetable oil, the dry sieving residue of the adsorbent on a sieve having a mesh of 63 μm is preferably more than 25% by weight and is preferably in a range of 30 to 50% by weight. The dry sieve residue on a screen with a mesh size of 25 microns is preferably more than 80 wt .-%, and is preferably in a range of 85 to 88 wt .-%. Furthermore, the dry sieve residue on a sieve with a mesh size of 45 μm is preferably more than 35% by weight, particularly preferably more than 45% by weight.

In particular, for an application of the adsorbent in the form of a column packing but also larger particle sizes are suitable. For this purpose, the adsorbent is preferably used in the form of granules. For the preparation of column packings, a granulate is preferably used which has a particle size of more than 0.1 mm. Preferably, the granules have a particle size in the range of 0.2 to 5 mm, particularly preferably 0.3 to 2 mm. The grain size can be adjusted, for example, by sieving.

The granules can be prepared by conventional methods, for example, by applying a finely ground adsorbent with a granulating agent, for example water, and then granulated in a conventional granulating in a mechanically generated fluidized bed. However, other methods can be used to prepare the granules. Thus, the powdered adsorbent can be formed for example by compaction to a granulate.

The composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate can also be provided as shaped articles, which can be obtained, for example, by extrusion of a plastic mass. For this purpose, a paste is prepared from the alumina-containing component and optionally other components, such as a binder, by adding a liquid, preferably water. This paste is then extruded and the extrudate comminuted, for example by cutting the extruded strand into short cylindrical pieces, and then drying the resulting shaped articles. In addition to massive cylinders z. B. also hollow cylinder can be produced.

After shaping, the granules or the shaped bodies can still be heat-treated and sintered, for example, by heating. As a result, the stability of the granules or the shaped bodies can be increased. For the heat treatment, the shaped bodies or the granules are preferably heated to a temperature of more than 300 ° C., according to a further embodiment to a temperature of more than Heated to 400 ° C. According to one embodiment, the temperature is less than 1000 ° C, selected according to a further temperature less than 800 ° C, most preferably less than 550 ° C.

In order to obtain stable shaped bodies, the heat treatment is preferably selected for a duration of at least 30 minutes, according to a further embodiment for a duration of at least 60 minutes. According to one embodiment, the duration of treatment is chosen to be less than 5 hours.

When the composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate is provided in the form of a column packing, it is provided in the form of larger granules to prevent excessive pressure drop across the column packing. In this embodiment, therefore, the composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate is preferably used in the form of a granule which has a particle diameter of more than 0.1 mm, particularly preferably a particle diameter in the range of 0.2 to 5 mm.

To avoid clogging of the column, the triglyceride-containing composition is preferably heated to a temperature above room temperature before being added to the column.

The use of the composition according to the invention comprising at least one aluminosilicate in the form of a column also enables a regeneration of the column, e.g. As with solvents, whereby the column packing can be used several times. Two or more different solvents are preferably used, which are particularly preferably used consecutively. Particular preference is given to using acetone and / or n-hexane in a first step in order to remove the adhering oil / fat. Subsequently, the adsorbent is treated with at least one polar solvent such as methanol, ethanol and / or i-propanol to remove adherent phospholipids, metal ions and other adsorbed substances. Another preferred procedure is to treat the used column packing with a solvent mixture to simultaneously remove both oil and adsorbed substances. In this case, azeotropic mixtures such as n-hexane / ethanol or n-hexane / i-propanol or acetone / methanol are suitable.

Therefore, the at least one aluminosilicate of the aluminosilicate-containing composition according to the invention is a regenerable aluminosilicate. The term "regenerable aluminosilicate" is understood to mean aluminosilicates which, after contacting with the triglyceride-containing composition according to the invention, can be brought into contact with a regeneration agent such that the constituents adsorbed to the at least one aluminosilicate, which are preferably phospholipids and / or metals from which at least one aluminosilicate is dissolved. Particularly preferred regenerants are solvents which are preferably selected from the group consisting of apolar solvents such as acetone, n-hexane and polar solvents such as methanol, ethanol or i-propanol.

• a) Bereitstellen einer Triglycerid-haltigen Zusammensetzung;
• b) Kontaktieren der Triglycerid-haltigen Zusammensetzung mit einer Zusammensetzung umfassend mindestens ein Alumosilikat wie in einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8 definiert;

In another aspect, the present invention relates to methods of purifying triglyceride-containing compositions comprising the steps

• a) providing a triglyceride-containing composition;
• b) contacting the triglyceride-containing composition with a composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8;

For the purposes of the present invention, the contacting is preferably carried out at a temperature of 95-120 ° C, preferably 100 to 110 ° C. When the triglyceride-containing composition is rapeseed oil or soybean oil, the contacting is more preferably carried out at 110 ° C. When the triglyceride-containing composition is sunflower or olive oil, the contacting is most preferably carried out at 100 ° C. When the triglyceride-containing composition is palm oil, the contacting is most preferably carried out at 95 ° C.

More preferably, the contacting is preferably carried out for a period of 10-50 minutes, more preferably 15-40 minutes, and most preferably 20-30 minutes. Is the triglyceride-containing composition rapeseed oil, soybean oil, Sunflower oil or olive oil, the contacting is preferably carried out for a period of 30 minutes. When the triglyceride-containing composition is palm oil, the contacting is preferably carried out for a period of 50 minutes.

More preferably, the contacting is preferably carried out under vacuum conditions, preferably below 30-50 mbar. When the triglyceride-containing composition is rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil or olive oil, the contacting is preferably carried out under a pressure of 30 mbar. When the triglyceride-containing composition is palm oil, contacting is preferably conducted for a period of 20 minutes under atmospheric conditions and subsequently for a period of 30 minutes under a pressure of 100 mbar.

During contacting the triglyceride-containing composition with a composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8, the further components contained in the triglyceride-containing compositions, i. H. in the sense of the present invention, at least one phospholipid and / or metal to which at least one aluminosilicate adsorbs. In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, at least 80% by weight of the phospholipids and / or metals contained in the triglyceride-containing composition, preferably at least 85% by weight, more preferably at least 90%, particularly preferably at least 95% by weight, are used. %, more preferably at least 99% and most preferably 100% by weight of the phospholipids and / or metals contained in the triglyceride-containing composition are adsorbed to the at least one aluminosilicate.

• c) Abtrennen des mindestens einen Alumosilikats von der Triglycerid-haltigen Zusammensetzung;

In a further preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention further comprises the step:

• c) separating the at least one aluminosilicate from the triglyceride-containing composition;

The separation of the at least one aluminosilicate from the triglyceride-containing composition can be carried out in any manner known to those skilled in the art as suitable for the purpose of the invention.

By separating the aluminosilicate-containing composition of the invention from the triglyceride-containing composition, a triglyceride-containing composition is obtained, which is preferably less than 20% by weight, more preferably less than 15% by weight, also preferably less than 10% by weight. %, more preferably less than 5 wt .-% of the originally contained phospholipids and / or metals. In the most preferred embodiment, a triglyceride-containing composition is obtained which is free of the originally contained phospholipids and / or metals.

It is also preferred for the purposes of the present invention that in addition to the phospholipids and / or metals and other undesirable substances are removed from the triglyceride-containing composition, which are, for example, occurring naturally in crude oils and fats contaminants such as dyes and oxidized Ingredients of glyceride oils, waxy ingredients or free fatty acids can act. These ingredients are also preferably at least 85 weight percent, more preferably at least 90 weight percent, more preferably at least 95 weight percent, even more preferably at least 99 weight percent, and most preferably 100 weight percent the triglyceride-containing composition removed.

Furthermore, the at least one aluminosilicate of the aluminosilicate-containing composition according to the invention is preferably a regenerable aluminosilicate. In the context of the present invention, the term "regenerable aluminosilicate" is understood to mean any aluminosilicate which, after contacting the triglyceride-containing composition with the aluminosilicate-containing composition, can be brought into contact with a solvent whereby the phospholipids adsorbed to the at least one aluminosilicate and / or or metals are removed from the at least one aluminosilicate.

• d) Kontaktieren der Zusammensetzung umfassend mindestens ein Alumosilikat mit einem Lösungsmittel ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus apolaren Lösungsmitteln wie Aceton, n-Hexan und polaren Lösungsmitteln wie Methanol, Ethanol oder i-Propanol.

In a further preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention therefore further comprises the step:

• d) contacting the composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate with a solvent selected from the group consisting of apolar solvents such as acetone, n-hexane and polar solvents such as methanol, ethanol or i-propanol.

Examples

The invention will be explained in more detail below with the aid of the examples given with reference to the attached figures. It is emphasized that the examples given in no way limit the scope of the invention but merely illustrative.

Showing:

1 The results of the experiment according to Example 1: use of 2.0 wt .-% adsorbent in degummed rapeseed oil; the Ca, Mg and P contents are shown by treatment with the adsorbents 3 and Trisyl ^® 300;

2 The results of the experiment according to Example 2: use of 0.3 to 3.0 wt .-% adsorbent in degummed rapeseed oil; the Ca, Mg and P contents are shown by treatment with the adsorbents 3 and Trisyl ^® 300;

3 The results of the experiment according to Example 3: A comparison of the Ca, Mg and P contents according to the experiments of Examples 1 and 4 (adsorbent 3) in 2.0% dosage (% by weight) in degummed and crude rapeseed oil is shown ,

4 The results of the experiment according to Example 4: use of 2.0 wt .-% adsorbent in crude rapeseed oil; the Ca, Mg and P contents are shown by treatment with the adsorbents 1, 2, 3 and Trisyl 300 ^® compared to crude rape seed oil;

5 The results of the experiment according to Example 5 is shown a comparison of the Ca, Mg and P contents after treatment with the adsorbents 3 and Trisyl ^® 300 in 1 and 2% tiger dosage (wt .-%).

6 The results of the experiment according to Example 6: Use of 3.0% by weight of adsorbent in degummed rapeseed oil; the Ca, Mg and P contents are shown by treatment with the adsorbents 3 and Trisyl ^® 300;

7 The results of the experiment according to Example 7: use of 2.0 wt .-% adsorbent in crude soybean oil; the Ca, Mg and P contents are shown by treatment with the adsorbents 3 and Trisyl ^® 300;

8th The results of the experiment according to Example 8: use of 2.0 wt .-% adsorbent in degummed soybean oil; the Ca, Mg and P contents are shown by treatment with the adsorbents 3 and Trisyl 300 ^® compared to crude soybean oil;

methods

The physical properties of the adsorbents were determined by the following methods:

BET surface area / pore volume after BJH and BET:

The surface area and the pore volume were determined with a fully automatic nitrogen porosimeter from Micromeritics type ASAP 2010.

The sample is cooled in a high vacuum to the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Subsequently, nitrogen is continuously metered into the sample chambers. By detecting the adsorbed amount of gas as a function of pressure, an adsorption isotherm is determined at a constant temperature. In a pressure equalization, the analysis gas is gradually removed and a desorption isotherm is recorded.

To determine the specific surface area and the porosity according to the BET theory, the data according to DIN 66131 evaluated.

The pore volume is also determined from the measurement data using the BJH method ( IP Barret, LG Joiner, PP Haienda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 1991, 373 ). This procedure also takes into account effects of capillary condensation. Pore volumes of certain volume size ranges are determined by summing up incremental pore volumes obtained from the evaluation of the BJH adsorption isotherm. The total pore volume by BJH method refers to pores with a diameter of 1.7 to 300 nm.

Water content:

The water content of the products at 105 ° C is determined using the method DIN / ISO 787/2 determined.

Loss on ignition:

In a heat-treated weighed porcelain crucible with lid approx. 1 g of dried sample is weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg and annealed for 2 hours at 1000 ° C in a muffle furnace. Thereafter, the crucible is cooled in a desiccator and weighed.

Determination of dry residue

About 50 g of the air-dry clay material to be examined are weighed out on a sieve of the corresponding mesh size. The sieve is connected to a vacuum cleaner, which sucks all parts, which are finer than the sieve through the sieve through a suction slot circulating under the sieve bottom. The strainer is covered with a plastic lid and the vacuum cleaner is switched on. After 5 minutes, the vacuum cleaner is switched off and the amount of remaining on the screen coarser fractions determined by differential weighing.

Determination of bulk density

A graduated cylinder cut off at the 100 ml mark is weighed. Then, the sample to be examined is filled by means of a Pulvertrichters so in a train in the measuring cylinder that forms above the end of the measuring cylinder, a pour cone. The pour cone is removed by means of a ruler, which is led over the opening of the measuring cylinder, and the filled measuring cylinder is weighed again. The difference corresponds to the bulk density.

Execution of degumming / bleaching

In general, the experiment was carried out so that the crude oil is first subjected to a water degumming. The pre-degummed oil obtained therefrom is treated with citric acid and then subjected to the procedure of vacuum bleaching. However, the individual steps of degumming can also be skipped.

a) water degumming:

For the removal of phospholipids, the oil is weighed accurately, covered with inert gas and mixed with 10 wt .-% deionized water with gentle stirring at room temperature. Subsequently, the oil / water mixture is heated with stirring (180 U / min) to 80 ° C. After reaching the temperature of 80 ° C, this is maintained for 20 min under atmospheric conditions and with stirring. The separation of the oil phase is carried out by subsequent centrifugation at 3000 rev / min for 20 minutes. The oil phase is decanted and optionally filtered.

b) degumming with citric acid

The crude oil or the decanted / filtered oil phase from a) is weighed again, coated with inert gas and treated at room temperature with gentle stirring with a 20% H ₃ Cit solution. The amount of H ₃ Cit solution used can be found in the attached tables for the individual examples. The oil / citric acid mixture is heated to 80 ° C while stirring (180 rpm). After reaching the temperature of 80 ° C, this is maintained for 20 min under atmospheric conditions and with stirring.

c) bleaching process

1. When using citric acid for degumming

The required amount of adsorbent is added to the oil / citric acid mixture immediately after the 20 minutes have ended at 80 ° C. while maintaining the temperature and stirring conditions (see tables). After complete lowering of the adsorbent in the oil phase, a vacuum of 30 mbar is applied and the temperature increased to 110 ° C. After reaching the temperature of 110 ° C, the conditions are maintained for 30 min. After 30 minutes, the heat source is removed, the vacuum is broken and the sample is slipped or filtered through Blauband filters.

If the filtrate is cooled to room temperature, the color measurement and P- and metal and phospholipid determination can be made.

2. Without the use of citric acid for degumming

The crude oil or water-degummed oil is weighed in, coated with inert gas and added at room temperature with the required amount of adsorbent. After complete lowering of the adsorbent in the oil phase, a vacuum of 30 mbar is applied and the temperature raised to 110 ° C with stirring. After reaching the temperature of 110 ° C, the conditions are maintained for 30 min. After 30 minutes, the heat source is removed, the vacuum is broken and the sample is slipped or filtered through Blauband filters.

If the filtrate is cooled to room temperature, the color measurement and P- and metal and phospholipid determination can be made.

The color numbers are determined using a Lovibond PFX995 in the AF 960-m (r, y) scale and, unless otherwise stated, in a 1-inch cuvette.

Adsorbents used:

For the purification of crude vegetable oil, various commercially available aluminosilicates were used whose properties are listed in Tables 1 and 2. As a comparison, a commercially available silica gel, Trisyl 300 ^® was used from Grace, Worms,.

For the investigated adsorbents, the following designations are chosen below:
The properties of the adsorbents used in the examples are summarized in Tables 1a: TABLE 1a Physical properties of the adsorbents adsorbent 1 2 3 Trisyl ^® 300 Al ₂ O ₃ - + SiO ₂ content (% by weight) 75 75 75 - LOI (% by weight) 25 25 25 - Al ₂ O ₃ : SiO ₂ (wt.%) 95: 5 70:30 60:40 0: 100 C% by weight 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 Fe ₂ O ₃ (wt.%) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.0002 Na ₂ O (wt.%) 0.005 0.005 0.005 0,004 Table 1b Physical properties of the adsorbents adsorbent 1 2 3 Trisyl ^® 300 Bulk density (g / l) 450-650 250-450 250-450 354 Mean particle size (d ₅₀ ) [μm] 50 50 50 15 Water content (wt.%) 6.0 6.3 7.8 57 BET surface area (m ² / g) 365 458 512 669 Cumulative pore volume (BJH) for pore diameter 1.7-300 nm (cm ³ / g) 0.60 0.85 0.97 1.4 Average pore diameter (BJH) (nm) 6.3 6.7 7.2 -

example 1

80,000 g of a rapeseed oil I are weighed and pre-degummed as described under "Performing the degumming / bleaching a) water degumming". After centrifuging off the water phase, the oil phase is weighed again and further degummed as described under "Conducting the degumming / equation b) degumming with citric acid". The equation process becomes as in c) "equation process" c) 1. described carried out. As an adsorbent, the adsorbent 3 and Trisyl 300 ^® are in each case 2.0% formic dosage (wt .-%) used here. In Table 1 and 1 are the results of the metal, P and phospholipid Contents specified. The data show that the aluminosilicates according to the invention having an SiO ₂ content of 40% by weight are particularly suitable for removing the impurities mentioned below. The crude rapeseed oil I contains 128 ppm P. The adsorbent 3 reduces this P content to <10 ppm, it also removes the chlorophyll A and also has a significant bleaching effect compared to the other adsorbents used. Table 1 (for example 1, 2.0% by weight of adsorbent in degummed rapeseed oil I): Raw rapeseed oil I _Adsorbent 3 Trisyl ^® 300 Ca [ppm] 98 9.1 20 Mg [ppm] 22 2.0 4.0 P [ppm] 128 9.6 23 Fe [ppm] 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 Al [ppm] 0.1 0.1 <0.1 Cu [ppm] <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Na [ppm] <1 <1 <1 FC red 3.6 2.0 5.6 FZ yellow 70+ 70+ 70+ Chl.A [ppm] 1.48 0.00 1.65 PC 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 PE 0.009 0.001 0.001 PI <0.001 <0.001 0.001 PA 0,004 0,003 0,002

Example 2:

Procedure analogous to Example 1, the adsorbents 3 and Trisyl 300 ^® are used with increasing dosage of 0.3 to 3.0 wt .-% as the adsorbent. Results s. Table 2 and 2 ,

Between the dosage of 1.5 and 2.0 wt .-%, a rapid drop in the P content to less than 10 ppm P is seen for the inventive adsorbent 3, whereas the comparison product Trisyl ^® 300 achieves this only at higher doses. Table 2 (for example 2): dosage Adsorbent 3 Trisyl ^® 300 [Wt .-%] P [ppm] Ca [ppm] Mg [ppm] P [ppm] Ca [ppm] Mg [ppm] 3.0 <0.8 0.2 <0.1 7.8 6.4 1.4 2.0 9.6 9.1 2.0 23 20 4.0 1.5 35.0 31 6.5 48 39 8.5 1.0 55 50 11 66 53 11 0.6 79 67 15 86 69 16 0.3 103 85 19 118 90 20

Example 3:

PC

= Phosphatidylcholin

PE

= Phosphatidylethanolamin

PI

= Phosphatidylinositol

PA

= Phosphatidsäure

A comparison is made between the test results of adsorbent 3 from Example 1 and from Example 4 with 2.0 or 3.0% dosage (wt .-%). Table 3a and 3b list the remaining Ca, Mg, P and phospholipid levels. It is clear that the degumming of rapeseed oil I does not achieve a significant reduction in the resulting Ca, Mg and P contents. The However, subsequent treatment with the adsorbent 3 according to the invention removes the metals and phosphorus nevertheless in sufficient quantity or completely. The removal of the phospholipids and metals can be removed with the adsorbent 3 according to the invention even without vorschleeschaltetem degumming with the same dosage. Table 3a (for example 3): Fe al Cu Ca mg N / A P [Ppm] Raw rapeseed oil I 0.5 0.1 <0.1 98 22 <1 128 1st stage: degumming with H ₂ O. 0.4 <0.1 <0.1 99 22 <1 122 2nd stage: degumming with H ₃ cit 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 99 22 <1 122 3rd stage: Addition of 2% by weight of adsorbent 3 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 9.1 2.0 <1 9.6 Or 3rd stage: Add 3 m% by weight of adsorbent 3 <0.1 0.3 <0.1 0.2 <0.1 <1 <0.8 Table 3b (for example 3): P [ppm] PC PE [g / 100g] PI PA Raw rapeseed oil I 128 0.001 0.009 <0.001 0,004 with 2.0% by weight of adsorbent 3 6.5 <0.001 0.001 0.001 0,002 degummed rapeseed oil I 122 0.001 0.009 <0.001 0,003 with 2.0% by weight of adsorbent 3 9.6 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 0,003

PC

= Phosphatidylcholine

PE

= Phosphatidylethanolamine

PI

= Phosphatidylinositol

PA

= Phosphatidic acid

Example 4:

80,000 g of raw rapeseed oil I are weighed in and after performing the degumming / bleaching, c) 2. treated without the use of citric acid for degumming ". Adsorbents according to the invention with increasing SiO ₂ content, in each case with 2.0% metered addition (% by weight), are used. Table 4 and 4 show the results. The adsorbent 3 according to the invention with 40 wt .-% SiO ₂ shows the lowest residual contents of Ca, Mg and P. In addition, it shows a clear lightening effect compared to the other adsorbents used and it completely removes the chlorophyll A. Even the inventive adsorbent 2 with 20 wt .-% SiO ₂ better results than the comparative product Trisyl ^® supplies 300. Table 4 (example 4; 2.0 wt .-% adsorbent in the crude rapeseed oil I): Raw rapeseed oil I Adsorbent 1 Adsorbent 2 Adsorbent 3 Trisyl ^® 300 Ca [ppm] 98 84 15 6.0 22 Mg [ppm] 22 19 3.1 1.4 4.5 P [ppm] 128 100 17 6.5 27 Fe [ppm] 0.5 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 Al [ppm] 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 Cu [ppm] <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Na [ppm] <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 FC red 3.6 4.5 4.3 1.9 5.6 FZ yellow 70+ 70+ 70+ 70+ 70+ Chl.A [ppm] 1.48 1.08 0.12 0.01 1.53

Example 5:

80,000 g of crude rape oil I is weighed and processed analogously to Example 4. The dosage of the adsorbent amounts to 1.0 wt .-%. The results are shown in Table 5 and 5 compared with the results from Example 4. The comparison shows that increasing the dosage of the adsorbents according to the invention from 1% by weight to 2% by weight leads to a tremendous increase in the activity. 2 wt .-% of the adsorbent 3 according to the invention achieved about 3-4 times as great effectiveness as 2 wt .-% of the comparative material Trisyl ^® 300. Table 5 (Example 5; adsorbent in crude rapeseed oil I): Raw rapeseed oil I Adsorbent 3 Adsorbent 3 Trisyl ^® 300 Trisyl ^® 300 dosage 2% by weight 1% by weight 2% by weight 1% by weight Ca [ppm] 98 6.0 45 22 56 Mg [ppm] 22 1.4 9.4 4.5 12 P [ppm] 128 6.5 54 27 72 Fe [ppm] 0.5 <0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 Al [ppm] 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 <0.1 Cu [ppm] <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Na [ppm] <1 <1 <1 <1 <0.1 FC red 3.6 1.9 4.0 5.6 5.7 FZ yellow 70+ 70+ 70+ 70+ 70+ Chl.A [ppm] 1.48 0.01 0.15 1.53 1.97

Example 6:

80,000 g of rapeseed oil I is weighed out analogously to Example 1 and with 3.0 wt .-% adsorbent 3 or Trisyl ^® treated 300th Table 6 (for example 6, 3.0% by weight of adsorbent in degummed rapeseed oil I): Raw rapeseed oil I Adsorbent 3 Trisyl ^® 300 Ca 98 0.2 6.8 mg 22 <0.1 1.4 P 128 <0.8 8.0 Fe [ppm] 0.5 <0.1 <0.1 Al [ppm] 0.1 0.3 <0.1 Cu [ppm] <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Na [ppm] <1 <1 <1

Example 7:

80,000 g of crude soybean oil I is treated analogously to Example 1. As adsorbent, 2.0 wt .-% adsorbent 3 or Trisyl ^® be used 300th

The results are shown in Table 7 and 7 seen. In the soybean oil I the adsorbent 3 according to the invention shows better P and metal removal than the comparative product Trisyl ^® 300th

Degumming of the soya oil I results in only a small reduction of the residual contents of Ca, Mg and P. Table 7 (for example 7): Raw soybean oil I Degummed it soybean oil I Degummed soybean oil I Degummed soybean oil I 2% by weight of adsorbent 3 2 wt .-% Trisyl ^® 300 Ca [ppm] 57 53 15 18 Mg [ppm] 41 34 8.9 12 P [ppm] 170 110 29 38 Fe [ppm] 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.3 Al [ppm] 0.1 0.1 0.1 <0.1 Cu [ppm] <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Na [ppm] 1 1 <1 <1 Lovibond AF 995-M, 1 '' FC red 3.3 3.2 4.3 5.3 FZ yellow 70+ 70+ 70+ 70+ Chl.A [ppm] 0.82 0.83 0.03 0.76 Phospholipids [g / 100g] PC 0,017 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 PE 0,025 0,010 0,002 0,004 PI 0,002 0.001 <0.001 0.001 PA 0.016 0,008 0,003 0,006

Example 8:

80,000 g of crude soybean oil I is treated analogously to Example 1. 2.0% by weight of adsorbent are used. The adsorbents of the invention are with increasing SiO ₂ content in Table 8 and

8th demonstrated. The adsorbent 3 here shows the best results and provides lower residual values of Ca, Mg and P to the comparative product Trisyl ^® 300. Table 8 (Example 8; 2.0 wt .-% adsorbent in degummed soybean oil): Raw soybean oil I Adsorbent 1 Adsorbent 2 Adsorbent 3 Trisyl ^® 300 Ca [ppm] 57 52 17 17 12 Mg [ppm] 41 37 12 12 7.7 P [ppm] 170 130 39 38 27 Fe [ppm] 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.2 Al [ppm] 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.3 <0.1 Cu [ppm] <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Na [ppm] 1 1 <1 <1 <1 FC red 3.3 3.3 5.1 4.9 4.6 FZ yellow 70+ 70+ 70+ 70+ 70+ Chl.A [ppm] 0.82 0.67 0.35 0.06 0.77

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• EP 0185182 B1 [0006]
• US 4629588 [0006]
• EP 340717 A2 [0007]
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• US Pat. No. 3,954,500 A [0012]
• WO 9421765 A [0013]
• DE 03839580 [0032]
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Cited non-patent literature

• EN 14214 [0004]
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Claims (14)

Use of a composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate for the removal of phospholipids and / or metal ions from triglyceride-containing compositions, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate has a weight fraction SiO ₂ of greater than 0.3 based on the sum of the proportions by weight of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ , Use according to claim 1, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate has a weight fraction SiO ₂ of greater than 0.35 relative to the sum of the weight fractions of 510 ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ . Use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate has a weight fraction of SiO ₂ of less than 0.8 based on the sum of the weight proportions of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ . Use according to claim 3, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate has a weight fraction of SiO ₂ of less than 0.7, based on the sum of the proportions by weight of SiO ₂ and Al ₂ O ₃ . Use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate has a BET specific surface area greater than 350 m ² / g. Use according to claim 5, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate has a BET specific surface area greater than 400 m ² / g. Use according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate for pores between 1.7 and 300 nm has a cumulative pore volume after BJH of more than 0.7 ml / g. Use according to claim 7, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate for pores between 1.7 and 300 nm has a cumulative pore volume to BJH greater than 0.8 ml / g. Use according to claim 8, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate for pores between 1.7 and 300 nm has a cumulative pore volume to BJH of more preferably more than 0.9 ml / g. Use according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the at least one aluminosilicate has a proportion of other metals selected from the group Ti, Zr, Zn, Mg, Ca, Fe and mixtures thereof, of less than 5 wt .-%. Use according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate contains further constituents selected from the group consisting of bleaching earths, clay minerals, silica gels, precipitated silicas, synthetic magnesium silicates, synthetic calcium silicates, TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , ZnO and the like mixtures. A process for the purification of triglyceride-containing compositions comprising the steps a) providing a triglyceride-containing composition; b) contacting the triglyceride-containing composition with a composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of: c) separating the at least one aluminosilicate composition from the triglyceride-containing composition. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of: d) contacting the composition comprising at least one aluminosilicate with a solvent selected from the group consisting of nonpolar and polar solvents such as n-hexane, acetone, i-propanol, methanol, ethanol.

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