DE102007020632A1 - Wind turbine - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a wind power plant (10) having a ground station (12) and a missile (14) connected to the ground station (12), at least one rotor (16; 52) and a generator (16; 52) connected to the rotor (16; 18). According to the invention, a wind concentrator (34; 40; 44; 48) cooperating with the rotor (16) is provided.

Description

The The invention relates to a wind turbine with a ground station and a missile connected to the ground station, the at least one rotor and a generator connected to the rotor. According to one second aspect, the invention relates to a method of operation a wind turbine.

Around to be able to do without a tower in a wind turbine is known, a ground station for example via a wire rope with a missile connect to which a rotor for generating electrical power is appropriate. For example, a wind turbine is known the company Magenn, which has a helium-filled balloon, on whose Circumference turbine blade-like protuberances are provided. The balloon is lighter due to its helium filling as air and is allowed to rise on a rope. Due to the wind the balloon starts to spin, so one with the rope and The generator connected to the balloon generates electricity. The electricity is over Cable connected to the cable led to the ground.

adversely At this wind turbine is that they are a comparatively small Speed has, so that only a low efficiency achievable is. It can be therefore only in rare cases generate electricity economically with such a system.

Of the Invention is based on the object disadvantages of the prior art to overcome.

The Invention solves the problem by a generic wind turbine, the one Having cooperating with the rotor wind concentrator.

Advantageous On the invention is that due to the wind concentrator a comparatively smaller Rotor diameter selected which can reach a high speed. For this reason can advantageously a comparatively small generator can be used. A little Rotor also makes lower demands on which to use Materials, since only a smaller weight force can be absorbed got to.

Advantageous is also that the wind turbine according to the invention easily in huge heights for example, operated beyond the Prandtl or the Ekman layer can be. Beyond these layers the atmosphere is less Turbulence on, allowing mechanical peak loads of the wind turbine be avoided. That increases the Life of the wind turbine. It is also advantageous that the Wind concentrator can be realized with simple means. portable Components are expendable, so the wind concentrator little wear and easy to manufacture. The wind concentrator also leads to that the wind turbine even at low wind speeds starts and therefore only small downtimes occur.

Under a ground station is within the scope of the present description In particular, each component of the wind turbine understood that to do so is trained to the missile to fix relative to the earth. The ground station can, for example a foundation or a sufficiently heavy dimensioned, on the Earth lying mass piece. For one Application on the high seas, the ground station can also use a pontoon include, over one Anchoring device or a weight attached to the seabed is. It is possible, not necessary, however, that the ground station is immobile is. The ground station can, for example, by a ship be formed, on which the missile is attached. In this way, the wind turbine can be used be to power for ships to produce and optionally also act as a sail.

Under a missile is understood in particular a component of the wind turbine, the without feed external energy can float in the air.

Under A rotor is understood in particular to mean any device which has a Airflow converts into a rotary motion. Rotors are for example a propeller, a tangential rotor, a cross-flow rotor, a Darrieus rotor, a Savonius rotor or other types. The rotor can, must but not necessarily, one-level education, d. H., that all moving parts rotate in the same direction. It is alternatively possible that the rotor is constructed in several stages. For example, the Rotor be constructed in two stages and include two propeller stages, in opposite directions rotate. That way you can Torques can be absorbed in a simple way.

Under A wind concentrator is understood in particular to mean a device bundled with the wind on the rotor becomes. A wind concentrator is designed to control the wind speed to increase the rotor.

In a preferred embodiment, the missile is designed to float in the air. In particular, the missile has a support body which is lighter than air and which is designed to act as a wind concentrator. The advantage of this is that the support body perceives two functions, namely on the one hand, the missile without supply of external energy at an altitude above on the other hand, to act as a wind concentrator, so that a particularly small and thus lighter rotor can be used. At the same time, this dual function allows a particularly simple and elegant construction that is easy to manufacture and transport.

In a preferred embodiment the rotor is rotatably mounted about a rotor axis of rotation, wherein the supporting body a streamlined, preferably a rotational elliptical, a support longitudinal axis having central body, wherein the support body longitudinal axis corresponds to the rotor axis of rotation and wherein the rotor blades transverse to Rotor axis about the central body protrude. For example, the rotor blades protrude perpendicular to the rotor axis of rotation over the central body out. In this way, air is applied near the longitudinal axis of the support on the central body to stream around the central body around on the rotor blades directed. The central body then acts as a wind concentrator

Especially Preferably, the support body has a Rotor jacket, the radially outside the rotor is arranged and forms an impeller with the rotor. In this way, a disco effect is avoided, in which on the earth's surface the sunlight is shaded and illuminated in rapid succession, what kind of Persons residing in the area are very disturbing. advantageously, In addition, the efficiency of the rotor is increased.

Around the wind turbine at excessively strong To switch off the wind, are rotor blades of the Rotor, especially all rotor blades, by moving on the Rotor axis can be brought into a slipstream of the central body. In this position they no longer experience directional flow the wind, so that no more torque is applied to the generator and This can be shut down so easily.

Prefers owns the supporting body a toroidal outer body, the radially outside of the rotor is arranged so that a rotor blade path of the rotor blades between the outer body and the central body runs. Under a toroidal outer body is a body to understand its cross section a convex closed curve has and the ring around the supporting body longitudinal axis runs. For example, the outer body has a elliptical or teardrop-shaped Cross-section. For the case of a circular Cross section results in an outer body in Shape of a torus. The torus is thus a special case of the toroidal Outer body in Meaning of this description.

Advantageous on such a designed toroidal outer body is the simple geometric Shape so that it is very easy to manufacture. Because of his Form is the toroidal outer body as well self-stabilizing. It is therefore possible, but not necessary, to that the toroidal outer body a interior framework having. The outer body can in particular semi-rigid or substantially only by an internal pressure of present in the outer body Suspension gas stabilized impact body be educated.

According to one alternative embodiment has the supporting body two prismatic outer bodies, the along parallel outer body longitudinal axes extend and with their outer body longitudinal axes are arranged side by side so that between them a flow channel is formed, wherein at least two about respective rotor longitudinal axes rotatable Savonius rotors are provided and wherein the rotor longitudinal axes parallel to the outer body longitudinal axes and between the outer body longitudinal axes run.

Prefers The Savonius rotors are arranged so that they are partially in the flow channel and partly rotate in a slipstream of the outer body. In this way a particularly high efficiency of the Savonius rotor is achieved, because the part of the Savonius rotor, which is against the wind direction moved, in the slipstream.

It it is preferred that the central body and / or the outer body Carrying gas, in particular hydrogen or helium includes or include. The advantage of hydrogen is in addition to its availability Its particularly low density, giving a particularly high buoyancy is reached. Due to the altitude of the missile poses the hydrogen also does not pose a significant security risk. The advantage of helium is its incombustibility. It is possible that the supporting body both helium and hydrogen, for example, in redundant, separate Chambers, contains.

Prefers includes the missile an electrolyzer for electrolyzing water. On this way, carrier gas can be replenished in the form of hydrogen, inevitably by an outer shell of the support body after diffused outside.

Preferably, the missile is connected by means of a flexible connecting element with the ground station, such as a cable made of highly tear-resistant plastic. Suitable examples are high strength polyethylene fibers such as Dyneema ^®.

For deriving electrical power generated by the generator, an electrical cable is preferably provided which is connected to the connecting element. For subsequent delivery of Water to the electrolysis device, for example, a water hose is connected to the connecting element. In order to be able to pump water in the water hose over great heights without the water hose having to have a high compressive strength, according to a preferred embodiment, at least one water pump is provided for pumping the water, which is fastened to the connecting element. The water pump is electrically driven, for example. Alternatively, the water pump comprises a fuel cell for converting hydrogen generated in the missile into electricity, wherein the hydrogen is connected via a gas hose, which is also attached to the connecting element. It is also possible that a gas hose is provided to direct either hydrogen as a carrier gas to the missile or to hydrogen in the missile electrolyzed hydrogen to the ground station.

According to one embodiment own the central body and / or the outer body Scaffolding, that Surrounds carrier gas cells. In other words, the central body and / or the outer body as rigid airships educated. Alternatively you can the central body and / or the outer body as semi-rigid airships, designed in particular as Kielluftschiffe be. According to one Another alternative is the central body and / or the outer body directly filled with the carrier gas. In this case, they are designed as impact airships.

The inventive method preferably comprises the step of detecting a flying height of the missile, a Comparison of flight altitude with a target altitude and electrolyzing water to produce hydrogen and pumping as passing the hydrogen into the support body. conveniently, the electrolysis of the water in the missile itself is carried out.

in the Below are embodiments of Invention with reference to the attached Drawings closer explained. Showing:

1a a wind turbine according to the invention in a longitudinal section,

1b the wind turbine according to 1a in a cross section,

2a a schematic view of a position of rotor blades in normal operation,

2 B another position of rotor blades for switching off the wind turbine,

3a a second embodiment of a wind turbine according to the invention in a longitudinal section,

3b the wind turbine behind 3a in a cross section,

4 a further embodiment of a wind turbine according to the invention, in which the outer body has a teardrop-shaped cross-section,

5a a further embodiment of a wind turbine according to the invention in a longitudinal section,

5b a cross section through the wind turbine after 5a .

6a a longitudinal section through a further embodiment of a wind turbine according to the invention,

6b a cross section of the wind turbine after 6a .

7a an embodiment for rotors for the wind turbine according to the 6a and 6b .

7b a position for the rotors according to the 7a to switch off the wind turbine,

7c another position for the rotors according to the 7a to switch off the wind turbine,

8a a schematic representation of an energy transfer from the missile to the ground station,

8b an alternative embodiment for energy transmission from the missile to the ground station,

8c a further alternative embodiment for energy transmission from the missile to the ground station,

8d a further alternative embodiment for energy transmission from the missile to the ground station,

9a a first possibility for controlling a buoyancy of the missile,

9b Another way to control the buoyancy of the missile and

10 a schematic system overview for the embodiment according to 8b ,

1 shows a wind turbine 10 with a ground station 12 and one with the ground station 12 connected missiles 14 , a rotor in the form of a propeller 16 and one with the propel ler 16 connected generator 18 has. The ground station 12 is via a connecting element in the form of a tether 20 with a side member 22 of the missile 14 connected. The side member 22 extends along a longitudinal axis L of the missile 14 ,

The propeller 16 has four rotor blades 24.1 . 24.2 . 24.3 and 24.4 of which in 1a the rotor blades 24.1 and 24.3 are visible. In the following reference numerals without Zählsuffix denote the respective object as such. The rotor blades 24 are on an arm 26 fastened in a hub 28 around the side member 22 is rotatably mounted. On the arm 26 is a sprocket 30 rigidly attached, with a gear 32 of the generator 18 combs.

In the following reference numerals without Zählsuffix denote the corresponding object as such. The rotor blades 24 protrude over a central body 34 of the missile 14 out so that they can be flowed by wind, which is indicated by arrows W, from the central body 34 is distracted.

The central body 34 owns a in 1a Not shown scaffolding with which the longitudinal member 22 is held and that of a substantially gas-tight envelope 36 is surrounded. The central body 34 therefore has the structure of a Kielluftschiffs.

The central body 34 has an outer shape of an ellipsoid of revolution whose cross section is an ellipse. In this way, the wind W effectively around the central body 34 Guided around and meets there on the rotor blades 24 rotating about a rotor rotational axis R corresponding to the longitudinal axis L. The central body 34 includes schematically drawn Traggaszellen 38.1 . 38.2 . 38.3 . 38.4 that is filled with a gas that is lighter than air, such as hydrogen, so that the missile 14 is lighter than the surrounding air and thus floats in the air.

The missile 14 also has a rotor shell 40 that is radially outside the propeller 16 and is arranged concentrically with this, so that the rotor shell 40 and the propeller 16 form an impeller. Alternatively possesses the propeller 16 T-shaped bends at its radially outer ends, which lead to the same effect.

1b shows the wind turbine 10 according to 1a in a cross section. It can be seen that the rotor shell 40 over four bridges 42.1 . 42.2 . 42.3 . 42.4 on the central body 34 is attached.

2a shows a detailed view of the central body 34 and the rotor blade 24.1 which, like all other rotor blades, is radially displaceable on the arm 26 is arranged. In the in 2a shown position, the rotor blade 24.1 be swept by the wind W and drives the in 2a not shown generator on. In the in 2 B shown position is the rotor blade 24.1 radially on the longitudinal axis L has been moved so that the wind W no attack surface and the propeller 16 stands still. In this way, the wind turbine can be easily switched off when the wind is too strong. Alternatively, a pitch system is provided in which the rotor blades 24 be turned out of the wind around its longitudinal axis.

3a shows an alternative embodiment of a wind turbine according to the invention 10 in which the missile 14 no central body but instead a toroidal outer body 44 has. The toroidal outer body 44 has an elliptical and thus convex cross section and is rotationally symmetrical to the longitudinal axis L. It surrounds the propeller 16 forming a narrow radial air gap 46 and acts like the central body 34 in the 1a and 1b as a wind concentrator for the propeller 16 , The toroidal outer body 44 is built on the principle of a blimp and over in 3a not marked webs with the longitudinal member 22 connected. By filling with a gas or gas mixture which is lighter than air and which in particular comprises helium, hydrogen or a mixture of both, is the outer body 44 lighter than air, leaving the missile 14 floats. 3b shows a cross section through the wind turbine according to 3a ,

4 shows an alternative embodiment of a wind turbine according to the invention 10 in which the toroidal outer body 44 has a teardrop-shaped cross-section. Such a shaped outer body 44 has a particularly low air resistance and causes a shell turbine effect, which additionally enhances the effect as a wind concentrator.

The 5a and 5b show a further embodiment of a wind turbine according to the invention 10 used as a hybrid of the embodiments according to the 1a and 1b on the one hand and the embodiments according to the 3a and 3b on the other hand is formed.

6a shows a further embodiment of a wind turbine according to the invention 10 that have a first prismatic outer body 48.1 and a second prismatic outer body 48.2 has, both of which extend along parallel outer body longitudinal axes A1 and A2, and both are constructed according to the principle of a Kielluftschiffs. The prismatic outer body 48.1 . 48.2 are filled with a carrier gas, so the missile 14 floats. Between the prismatic outer bodies 48.1 . 48.2 is a flow channel 50 formed in the two Savonius rotors 52.1 . 52.2 protrude, which are rotatably mounted about respective rotor longitudinal axes R1 and R2.

6b shows a cross section through the wind turbine 10 according to 6a , It can be seen that the Savonius rotors 52.1 . 52.2 over left-side gears 54.1a and 54.2a or right-hand gears 54.1b respectively. 54.2b are rigidly connected with each other. About more gears 54.3a respectively. 54.3b stand the Savonius rotors 52.1 . 52.2 in operation also in torsionally rigid connection with generators 56.1 . 56.2 ,

7a schematically shows the two Savonius rotors 52.1 . 52.2 in normal operation, ie during the generation of electricity. It is possible that the respective blades 58.1 . 58.2 move on circular paths that overlap each other. Because the Savonius rotors 52.1 . 52.2 are rigidly coupled with each other, is a collision of the blades 58.1 and 58.2 not possible.

7b shows a rest position of the two Savonius rotors 52.1 . 52.2 into which these are driven to shut down the wind turbine.

7c shows another way to the wind turbine 10 to sit still. These are the Savonius rotors 52.1 . 52.2 in a lee of prismati rule outer body 48.1 respectively. 48.2 driven in, so that they can not be flown by the wind.

8a shows a schematic representation of lines coming from the ground station 12 to the missile 14 to lead. To complain the missile 14 this one can be a ballast tank 60 own, over a water hose 62 with the ground station 12 connected is. The weighting is used to control the altitude of the missile 14 , The carrying guest cells 38 can via a gas hose 64 with a carrying gas supply in the ground station 12 be connected. The generator 56 is for transmitting the electricity generated via a power cable 66 with the ground station 12 connected. The water hose 62 , the gas hose 64 and the power cable 66 are with the in 8a not shown tether 20 connected, which absorbs their weight. In the ground station 12 an electrical control is provided which is adapted to the altitude of the missile 14 to capture and the missile 14 Ballast through the water hose 62 feed when the altitude is to be reduced.

8b shows an alternative embodiment in which the water hose 62 Water in the ballast tank 60 transported, in turn, with an electrolysis device 68 communicates. The electrolysis device 68 draws electricity from the generator 56 and thus generates hydrogen 70 , the baby carrying cells 38 is supplied. In this way, by electrolyzing water, the amount of carrier gas in the support body can be changed, so that there is always enough carrier gas to the missile 14 to hold in the balance. It's like in the 8a described embodiment, a correspondingly established control available.

8c represents a further alternative embodiment in which the carrier gas cells 38 over the gas hose 64 with carrying gas from the ground station 12 be supplied. The control of the altitude of the missile 14 is done by controlling the gas volume in the missile 14 , For this purpose, a correspondingly configured electrical control is provided in the ground station, which increases the gas volume of carrier gas when the missile 14 to gain height.

8d is an illustration of another embodiment, in the diffusion losses of carrier gas by carrier gas from the gas hose 64 be compensated. The height control of the missile 14 happens as in the embodiments of the 8a and 8b by adding and removing ballast from the ballast tank 60 ,

9a shows another way to control the buoyancy of the missile 14 , In a compressed gas storage 72 Carrying gas is present, if necessary in the carrier gas cell 38 can be initiated. Is the buoyancy too strong, can from the carrier gas cell 38 Carrying gas through an outlet 74 be drained. It is also possible over the water hose 62 Water in the ballast tank 60 to pump and drain from there again.

9b shows the possibility of the carrier gas cell 38 directly over the gas hose 64 with the ground station 12 connect to. 10 shows a synopsis of the above, with additional pumps 76 . 78 , an uninterruptible power supply 82.1 . 82.2 , a hydrogen storage 84 , a water reservoir 86 and collision warning lights 88 are drawn.

10

Wind turbine

12

ground station

14

missile

16

propeller

18

generator

20

tether

22

longitudinal beams

24

rotor blade

26

poor

28

hub

30

sprocket

32

gear

34

central body

36

shell

38.1 .2,

38.3, .4

Lifting gas cell

40

rotor casing

42

web

44

toroidal outer body

46

air gap

48.1, 48.2

prismatic outer body

50

flow channel

52.1, 52.2

Savonius rotor

54

gear

56.1, 56.2

generator

58.1, 58.2

shovel

60

ballast tank

62

water hose

64

gas hose

66

power cable

68

electrolyzer

70

Hydrogen line

72

Compressed gas storage

74

outlet

76

pump

78

pump

80

pump

82

uninterruptible power supply

84

Hydrogen storage

86

water-tank

88

Collision lights

L

longitudinal axis

W

wind

R

Rotor axis of rotation

A1, A2

Outer body longitudinal axis

R1, R2

rotor axis

Claims (24)

Wind turbine ( 10 ) with (a) a ground station ( 12 ) and (b) one with the ground station ( 12 ) associated missile ( 14 ), the at least one rotor ( 16 ; 52 ) and one with the rotor ( 16 ; 52 ) connected generator ( 18 ), characterized by (c) one with the rotor ( 16 ) cooperating wind concentrator ( 34 ; 40 ; 44 ; 48 ). Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the missile ( 14 ) is designed to float in the air. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the missile ( 14 ) a supporting body ( 34 ; 44 ; 48 ), which is lighter than air and wind concentrator. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to claim 3, characterized in that - the rotor ( 16 ) is mounted rotatably about a rotor axis of rotation (R), - the carrier body has a central body, in particular essentially rotationally ellipsoidal, a carrier body longitudinal axis (L) ( 34 ), wherein the support longitudinal axis (L) of the rotor axis of rotation (R) corresponds, and - the rotor blades ( 24.1 . 24.2 . 24.3 . 24.4 ) transversely to the rotor axis of rotation (R) via the central body ( 34 ) protrude. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to claim 4, characterized in that the supporting body has a rotor shell ( 40 ), which is radially outside the rotor ( 16 ) is arranged and with the rotor ( 16 ) forms an impeller. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of claims 4 or 5, characterized in that rotor blades ( 24.1 . 24.2 . 24.3 . 24.4 ) of the rotor ( 16 ) by moving on the rotor axis of rotation (R) to a slipstream of the central body ( 34 ) are brought. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the supporting body has a toroidal outer body ( 44 ), which is radially outside the rotor ( 16 ) is arranged so that a rotor blade track of the rotor blades ( 24.1 . 24.2 . 24.3 . 24.4 ) between the outer body ( 44 ) and the central body ( 34 ) runs. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to claim 7, characterized in that the outer body ( 44 ) has a c _W value of less than 0.25 and in particular has an elliptical or teardrop-shaped cross-section. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that - the support body has two prismatic outer bodies ( 48.1 . 48.2 ), which extend along parallel outer body longitudinal axes (A1, A2) and with their outer body longitudinal axes (A1, A2) are arranged side by side so that a flow channel ( 50 ) between the two outer bodies ( 48.1 . 48.2 ), and - that at least two Savonius rotors rotatable about respective rotor longitudinal axes (R1, R2) ( 52.1 . 52.2 ), wherein the rotor longitudinal axes (R1, R2) extend parallel to the outer body longitudinal axes (A1, A2) and between the outer body longitudinal axes (A1, A2). Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to claim 9, characterized in that the Savonius rotors ( 52.1 . 52.2 ) are arranged so that they partially in the flow channel ( 50 ) and partly in a lee of the outer body ( 48.1 . 48.2 rotate). Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the central body ( 34 ) and / or the outer body ( 44 ; 48.1 . 48.2 ) include or include a carrier gas, in particular a hydrogen. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the missile ( 14 ) an electrolysis device ( 68 ) for electrolyzing water. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the missile ( 14 ) by means of a flexible connecting element ( 20 ) with the ground station ( 12 ) connected is. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to claim 13, characterized in that the connecting element ( 20 ) an electrical cable ( 66 ). Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that the connecting element is a water hose ( 62 ) for transporting water to the missile ( 14 ). Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to claim 15, characterized in that the connecting element ( 62 ) comprises at least one water pump for pumping the water, wherein the water pump comprises in particular a fuel cell. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that the connecting element ( 62 ) a gas hose ( 64 ) for passing hydrogen to the water pump and / or to the ground station ( 12 ) or to a hydrogen pump. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the central body ( 34 ) and / or the outer body ( 44 ; 48.1 . 48.2 ) has or has a framework, the carrier gas cells ( 38.1 . 38.2 . 38.3 . 38.4 ) surrounds. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the central body ( 34 ) and / or the outer body ( 44 ; 48.1 . 48.2 ) are constructed as a semi-rigid airship, in particular as a Kielluftschiff. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the central body ( 34 ) and / or the outer body ( 44 ; 48.1 . 48.2 ) are filled with the carrier gas. Wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by an electrical control which is arranged to carry out a method according to one of claims 23 or 24. Method for operating a wind turbine ( 10 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a wind turbine ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, (b) filling the missile ( 14 ) with a carrier gas so that it floats and (c) rotating the rotor ( 16 ) and generating an electric current with the generator ( 18 ). A method according to claim 22, characterized by the steps of: (a) detecting a flying height of the missile ( 14 ), (b) comparing the altitude with a target altitude, (c) falling below the target altitude, providing carrier gas from a reservoir and / or electrolyzing water to produce hydrogen, and passing the hydrogen into a carrier of the missile ( 14 ) and / or discharging a liquid ballast, in particular water, from one in the missile ( 14 ) arranged ballast tank ( 60 ). A method according to claim 23, characterized by the steps of: (a) detecting a flying height of the missile ( 14 ), (b) comparing the flight altitude with a target flight altitude (c) when the target flight altitude is exceeded, discharging carrier gas from the carrier body and / or filling one in the missile ( 14 ) ballast tanks ( 60 ) with liquid ballast, especially with water.