DE10134793A1 - Proton exchange polymer, useful for producing membranes for fuel cell electrodes, comprising an anion exchanger in hydroxyl form - Google Patents
Proton exchange polymer, useful for producing membranes for fuel cell electrodes, comprising an anion exchanger in hydroxyl formInfo
- Publication number
- DE10134793A1 DE10134793A1 DE10134793A DE10134793A DE10134793A1 DE 10134793 A1 DE10134793 A1 DE 10134793A1 DE 10134793 A DE10134793 A DE 10134793A DE 10134793 A DE10134793 A DE 10134793A DE 10134793 A1 DE10134793 A1 DE 10134793A1
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- Prior art keywords
- acid
- polymer
- anion exchanger
- membranes
- membrane
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 title claims abstract 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- -1 Polyphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920005601 base polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003729 cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005570 flexible polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DOUHZFSGSXMPIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxidooxidosulfur(.) Chemical group [O]SO DOUHZFSGSXMPIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000412 polyarylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000323 polyazulene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001088 polycarbazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006295 polythiol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002717 polyvinylpyridine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
- B01D67/00933—Chemical modification by addition of a layer chemically bonded to the membrane
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
- B01D71/80—Block polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J41/00—Anion exchange; Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
- B01J41/08—Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
- B01J41/12—Macromolecular compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J47/00—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
- B01J47/12—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
- C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
- C08J5/2275—Heterogeneous membranes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/122—Ionic conductors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
- H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
- H01M8/1048—Ion-conducting additives, e.g. ion-conducting particles, heteropolyacids, metal phosphate or polybenzimidazole with phosphoric acid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/30—Cross-linking
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2379/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen, or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08J2361/00 - C08J2377/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2381/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Polysulfones; Derivatives of such polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ionisch vernetzte Polymere und ionisch vernetzte Polymere mit anorganischen Inhalten. The present invention relates to ionically crosslinked polymers and ionically crosslinked polymers with inorganic content.
Polymere, die in Membranen Verwendung finden sind beispielsweise Polyarylene, wie Polyphenylen und Polypyren, aromatische Polyvinylverbindungen, wie Polystyrol und Polyvinylpyridin, Polyphenylenvinylen, aromatische Polyether, wie Polyphenylenoxid, aromatische Polythioether, wie Polyphenylensulfid, Polysulfone, wie ®Radel R, und Polyetherketone, wie PEK. Weiterhin umfassen sie auch Polypyrrole, Polythiophene, Polyazole, wie Polybenzimidazol, Polyaniline, Polyazulene, Polycarbazole und Polyindophenine. Polymers that are used in membranes are, for example, polyarylenes, such as Polyphenylene and polypyrene, aromatic polyvinyl compounds such as polystyrene and Polyvinylpyridine, polyphenylene vinylene, aromatic polyethers, such as polyphenylene oxide, aromatic polythioethers such as polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones such as ®Radel R, and Polyether ketones, such as PEK. They also include polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyazoles, such as polybenzimidazole, polyanilines, polyazulenes, polycarbazoles and polyindophenines.
In letzter Zeit hat die Verwendung derartiger Polymere zur Herstellung von Membranen für den Einsatz in Brennstoffzellen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Insbesondere Polymere mit basischen und sauren Gruppen, wie Sulfonsäuregruppen und Aminogruppen werden vermehrt in der Literatur beschrieben. Die Membranen werden mit konzentrierter Phosphorsäure oder Schwefelsäure dotiert und dienen als Protonenleiter in sogenannten Polyelektrolyt-Membran- Brennstoffzellen (PEM-Brennstoffzellen). Dabei erlauben solche Membranen den Betrieb der Membran-Elektroden-Einheit (MEE) bei höheren Temperaturen und steigern auf diese Weise die Toleranz des Katalysators gegenüber dem bei der Reformierung als Nebenprodukt entstehenden Kohlenmonoxid deutlich, so dass die Gasaufbereitung bzw. Gasreinigung wesentlich vereinfacht wird. Nachteilig an diesen Membranen ist ihre mechanische Instabilität mit einem geringen E-Modul, einer geringen Reißfestigkeit und einer niedrigen oberen Fließgrenze sowie ihre relativ hohe Permeabilität für Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff und Methanol. Recently, the use of such polymers for the production of membranes for the Use in fuel cells is becoming increasingly important. Especially polymers with basic and acidic groups, such as sulfonic acid groups and amino groups are increased in described in the literature. The membranes are covered with concentrated phosphoric acid or Sulfuric acid doped and serve as proton conductors in so-called polyelectrolyte membrane Fuel cells (PEM fuel cells). Such membranes allow the operation of the Membrane electrode unit (MEE) at higher temperatures and in this way increase the Tolerance of the catalyst towards that which is formed as a by-product during the reforming Carbon monoxide significantly, so that gas processing or gas cleaning is significantly simplified becomes. A disadvantage of these membranes is their low mechanical instability Young's modulus, low tensile strength and a low upper yield point as well as their relative high permeability for hydrogen, oxygen and methanol.
Erste Ansätze zur Lösung dieser Probleme werden in den Druckschriften DE 196 22 337, WO 99/02755 und WO 99/02756 offenbart. DE 196 22 337 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von kovalent vernetzten Ionomermembranen, das auf einer Alkylierungsreaktion von Sulfinatgruppen enthaltenden Polymeren, Polymerblends und Polymer(Blend)Membranen beruht. Dabei weist das kovalente Netzwerk eine gute Hydrolysebeständigkeit auch bei höheren Temperaturen auf. Nachteilig ist jedoch, dass die kovalent vernetzen Ionomere und Ionomermembranen wegen des hydrophoben kovalenten Netzwerkes leicht austrocknen und deswegen stark verspröden können; sie sind daher für Anwendungen in Brennstoffzellen, insbesondere bei höheren Temperaturen, nur bedingt geeignet. The first approaches to solving these problems are described in the documents DE 196 22 337, WO 99/02755 and WO 99/02756 are disclosed. DE 196 22 337 describes a process for the production of covalently crosslinked ionomer membranes based on an alkylation reaction of Polymers containing sulfinate groups, polymer blends and polymer (blend) membranes based. The covalent network has good hydrolysis resistance even at higher ones Temperatures on. The disadvantage, however, is that the covalently crosslinked ionomers and Ionomer membranes dry out easily due to the hydrophobic covalent network therefore can become brittle; they are therefore for applications in fuel cells, particularly suitable at limited temperatures.
Die Druckschriften WO 99/02756 und WO 99/02755 offenbaren ionisch vernetzte Säure-Base- Polymerblends und Polymer(Blend)Membranen. Ein Vorteil der ionisch vernetzten Säure-Base- Blendmembranen besteht darin, dass die ionischen Bindungen flexibel sind, die Polymere/Membranen auch bei höheren Temperaturen wegen der Hydrophilie der Säure-Base- Gruppen nicht so leicht austrocknen, und deshalb die Polymere/Membranen auch bei höheren Temperaturen nicht verspröden. WO 99/02756 and WO 99/02755 disclose ionically crosslinked acid-base Polymer blends and polymer (blend) membranes. An advantage of the ionically cross-linked acid-base Blended membranes are that the ionic bonds are flexible Polymers / membranes even at higher temperatures due to the hydrophilicity of the acid-base Groups do not dry out so easily, and therefore the polymers / membranes even at higher ones Temperatures do not become brittle.
Die in allen bisher veröffentlichten Druckschriften beschriebenen Verfahren zur Herstellung von ionisch vernetzten Ionomer(Membran)systeme weisen jedoch den Nachteil auf, dass bei der Herstellung eine Nachbehandlung in verdünnter Säure, meist Salzsäure, Schwefelsäure oder Phosphorsäure notwendig ist. Um die gewünschten Säure-Base Wechselwirkungen zu erhalten. The processes described in all previously published documents for the production of However, ionically crosslinked ionomer (membrane) systems have the disadvantage that the Production of an aftertreatment in dilute acid, usually hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or Phosphoric acid is necessary. To get the desired acid-base interactions.
Die in der Druckschrift DE 196 22 337 beschriebene Methode zur Darstellung von ionisch vernetzten Polymeren aus den dort hergestellten Anionentauschern offenbart ausschließlich Anionentauscher mit Halogenen als Gegenanion. The method described in DE 196 22 337 for the preparation of ionic Crosslinked polymers from the anion exchangers produced there only disclose Anion exchanger with halogens as counter anion.
Die Protonenleitfähigkeiten in diesen Druckschriften offenbaren immer nur Werte, die in verdünnter Säure gemessen wurden. The proton conductivities in these documents only disclose values that are in dilute acid were measured.
Alle bisher beschriebenen Säure-Base-Blends offenbaren nur Membranen, in denen die Ionenaustauscherkapazität der polymeren Säure gesenkt wird um den Anteil der hinzugegebenen Base. All acid-base blends described so far only disclose membranes in which the Ion exchange capacity of the polymeric acid is reduced by the proportion of added Base.
Die Protonenaustauscherkapazität der polymeren Säure, im Folgenden kurz IEC(H+) genannt, sinkt um den Anteil der hinzugegebenen Base, im Folgenden kurz IEC(B-) genannt. Dies muß so sein aufgrund der gewünschten Wechselwirkung zwischen der Säure und Base. Zur Protonenleitung tragen nach Ausbildung der Wasserstoffbrücken nur die freien verbleibenden Säuregruppen bei. Diese lassen sich über Titration bestimmen und man erhält den sehr genau den theoretisch berechneten Wert. The proton exchange capacity of the polymeric acid, hereinafter referred to as IEC (H +), decreases by the proportion of the base added, hereinafter referred to as IEC (B-). This must be the case due to the desired interaction between the acid and base. to After the hydrogen bonds have been formed, proton lines only carry the free ones Acid groups at. These can be determined via titration and you get that very precisely theoretically calculated value.
Dieser Sachverhalt ist sehr genau beschrieben in "Synthesis of novel engineering polymers containing basic side groups and their application in acid-base polymer Blend membranes". Von J. Kerres und A. Ullrich; Separation and Purification Technology 22-23 (2001), S. 1-15. This situation is described very precisely in "Synthesis of novel engineering polymers containing basic side groups and their application in acid-base polymer blend membranes " J. Kerres and A. Ullrich; Separation and Purification Technology 22-23 (2001), pp. 1-15.
In der Brennstoffzelle existieren im Betrieb aber nur Protonen. Halogenanionen in der Membran sind äußerst nachteilig. Um die beschriebenen Säure-Base-Blends von überschüssiger Säure zu befreien wird in Wasser gewaschen. However, only protons exist in the fuel cell during operation. Halogen anions in the membrane are extremely disadvantageous. To the described acid-base blends of excess acid too rid is washed in water.
Die Säure-Base-Blends aus der Offenbarung DE 196 22 337 mit den dort beschriebenen Anionentauscher enthalten als Gegenion naturgemäß auch die Anionen der zur Oxidation eingesetzten Säure. Darüber hinaus muß die eingesetzte Polymere Säure protonenneutralisiert sein, da es sonst zu einer Komplexbildung bereits beim Zumischen der Komponenten kommt. The acid-base blends from the disclosure DE 196 22 337 with those described there Anion exchangers naturally also contain the anions for oxidation as counterions acid used. In addition, the polymeric acid used must be proton-neutralized be otherwise complex formation already occurs when the components are mixed in.
Verwendet man Kationentauscher und Anionentauscher in ein und derselben Membran, so sinkt nach gängiger Lehrmeinung die Protonenleitfähigkeit der Membran, da sich ja nun in der Membran zusätzlich positive Ladung befindet, die dem Transport der Protonen entgegen steht. If cation exchangers and anion exchangers are used in one and the same membrane, the sink rate is reduced according to current teaching opinion, the proton conductivity of the membrane, since it is now in the Membrane is also positive charge that opposes the transport of the protons.
In Anbetracht des Standes der Technik ist es nun Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein protonenleitendes, gegebenenfalls ionisch vernetztes, Polymer mit verbesserten Eigenschaften zur Verfügung zu stellen. Das erfindungsgemäße Polymer soll einen geringen spezifischen Durchgangswiderstand, vorzugsweise kleiner oder gleich 200 Ohm × cm bei 25°C in Wasser, und geringe Permeabilität für Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff und Methanol zeigen. In view of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention Proton-conducting, optionally ionically crosslinked, polymer with improved properties to provide. The polymer of the invention is said to have a low specific Volume resistance, preferably less than or equal to 200 Ohm × cm at 25 ° C in water, and show low permeability to hydrogen, oxygen and methanol.
Darüber hinaus soll es eine möglichst gute mechanische Stabilität, insbesondere einen verbesserten E-Modul, eine höhere Reißfestigkeit und ein verbessertes Quellverhalten aufweisen. Vorzugsweise soll es bei einer Temperatur von 90°C in deionisiertem Wasser um wendiger als 100% quellen. In addition, it should have the best possible mechanical stability, in particular one improved modulus of elasticity, higher tear strength and improved swelling behavior. Preferably, it should be more agile than at a temperature of 90 ° C in deionized water 100% swell.
Eine weitere Aufgabe bestand darin, ein Polymer anzugeben, das in Brennstoffzellen verwendet werden kann. Insbesondere soll das Polymer für den Einsatz in Direktmethanolbrennstoffzellen geeignet sein. Another object was to specify a polymer used in fuel cells can be. In particular, the polymer is intended for use in direct methanol fuel cells be suitable.
Aufgabe der Erfindung war es auch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung des ionisch vernetzten Polymers zur Verfügung zu stellen, das auf einfache Art und Weise, kostengünstig und großtechnisch durchführbar ist. The object of the invention was also a process for producing the ionically crosslinked To provide polymers that are simple, inexpensive and is feasible on an industrial scale.
Es war auch Aufgabe ein Verfahren zur Verfügung zu stellen, das es ermöglicht, als Gegenion bei Anionentauschern Hydroxylionen zu verwenden. It was also the task to provide a method that makes it possible as a counterion to use hydroxyl ions in anion exchangers.
Es wurde überraschend festgestellt, dass Anionentauscher, die als Gegenion Hydroxylionen aufweisen und die mit bekannten Kationentauschern, vorzugsweise die in WO 99/02756 und WO 99/02755 genannten, zu Membranen verarbeitet wurden, eine höhere Protonenleitfähigkeit aufweisen als die Kontrolle, in denen die Anionentauscher Halogenanionen als Gegenion aufweisen. It was surprisingly found that anion exchangers, which act as counterions, hydroxyl ions have and with known cation exchangers, preferably those in WO 99/02756 and WO 99/02755, processed into membranes, a higher proton conductivity have as the control, in which the anion exchanger halogen anions as counterions exhibit.
Nach den bisher offenbarten Verfahren ist dies nicht möglich. Es wird erfindungsgemäß dabei folgendes Verfahren verwendet. Der polymere Anionentauscher wird mit verdünnter NaOH versetzt und die Gegenionen werden in Hydroxylionen ausgetauscht. Danach wird der Anionentauscher mit Wasser bis zur Neutralität des Waschwassers gespült. Daraufhin getrocknet und in einem geeigneten vorzugsweise aprotischen Lösungmittel aufgelöst. According to the previously disclosed methods, this is not possible. According to the invention uses the following procedure. The polymeric anion exchanger is diluted with NaOH are added and the counterions are exchanged for hydroxyl ions. Then the Anion exchanger rinsed with water until the wash water is neutral. Then dried and dissolved in a suitable, preferably aprotic, solvent.
Die polymere Säure wird in der Salzform, vorzugsweise wird ein Metallsalz verwendet, hinzu gegeben. Das Gemisch wird zu einer Membran nach dem Stand der Technik verarbeitet. Die polymere Säure ist nach dem Trocknen immer noch in der Salzform. Um sie nun in die notwendige Säureform zu überführen wird ein Kationentauscherharz verwendet. Es ist auch jeder weitere bekannte Prozeß zur Überführung in die Säuregruppe geeignet, der ausschließt, daß Anionen mit dem Anionentauscher reagieren und zur Folge hat, daß die Hydroylionen verdrängt werden. Ist die polymere Säure in der Membran nun ausgetauscht, so liegt sie in der protonierten Form vor und parallel dazu liegt der Anionentauscher mit dem Hydroxylion in der Membran vor. Bei der nachfolgenden Weiterverarbeitung der Membran zur Brennstoffzelle ist darauf zu achten, daß die Membran keinesfalls austauschbaren Anionen ausgesetzt wird. The polymeric acid is added in the salt form, preferably a metal salt is used given. The mixture is processed into a membrane according to the prior art. The polymeric acid is still in the salt form after drying. To put them in the To convert the necessary acid form, a cation exchange resin is used. It is everyone too further known process suitable for conversion into the acid group, which excludes that Anions react with the anion exchanger and has the consequence that the hydroyl ions are displaced become. If the polymeric acid in the membrane is now exchanged, it is in the protonated one The anion exchanger with the hydroxyl ion is present in the membrane before and parallel to it. In the subsequent further processing of the membrane to form the fuel cell, this is important ensure that the membrane is never exposed to exchangeable anions.
Diese Membranen zeigen eine verringerte Methanolpermeabilität bei gleichzeitig erhöhter Protonenleitfähigkeit (gemessen in Wasser) im Vergleich zur Kontrolle. These membranes show a reduced methanol permeability with increased at the same time Proton conductivity (measured in water) compared to the control.
Weiter ist Teil der Erfindung ein Verfahren, das auf Protonierung mittels einer Säure verzichtet und alleine mit einer Nachbehandlung in Wasser auskommt. Dazu wird die polymere Säure in ihr Zirkon- bzw. Titansalz überführt und danach in einem geeigneten aprotischen Lösungsmittel, insbesondere DMAc und NMP aufgelöst. Die Säure wird danach mit einer polymeren Base oder einem Anionentauscher geblendet und zu einer Folie verarbeitet. Die getrocknete Folie wird in Wasser, vorzugsweise bei erhöhter Temperatur, nachbehandelt. Es fällt Zirkondioxid und Titandioxid in der Membran aus. Dies hat die in der Technik bereits beschriebenen Vorteile. Die Säure-Base-Wechselwirkung kann sich dennoch ausbilden. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren dient zur Herstellung von neuen Säure-Base-Blends. Furthermore, part of the invention is a method which does not protonate using an acid and only needs one aftertreatment in water. To do this, the polymeric acid in it Transferred zirconium or titanium salt and then in a suitable aprotic solvent, in particular DMAc and NMP resolved. The acid is then mixed with a polymeric base or blinded by an anion exchanger and processed into a film. The dried film is in Water, preferably at elevated temperature, aftertreated. It drops zirconia and Titanium dioxide in the membrane. This has the advantages already described in the art. The Acid-base interaction can still develop. The method according to the invention is used to produce new acid-base blends.
Weiterhin ist Teil der Erfindung die Verwendung von polymer gebunden Farbstoffen, die mindestens zwei Heteroatome aufweisen. Diese Farbstoffe müssen mindestens zwei Grenzstrukturen aufweisen. Es wurde überraschenderweise festgestellt, daß die Wassertransportzahlen durch die Membran im Brennstoffzellenbetrieb für jedes transportierte Proton abnehmen bei Verwendung von Farbstoffen insbesondere polymer gebundenen Farbstoffen. Es wurde auch festgestellt, daß die Methanolpermeabilität durch die zugesetzten Farbstoffe geringer war als die Kontrolle ohne die Farbstoffe. Dieselben Effekte wurden auch beobachtet bei Zusatz von Polyanilin zur Membran. Dabei ist jedoch darauf zu achten, daß die Elektronenleitfähigkeit des Polyanilins nicht über die gesamte Membrandicke ausreicht. Zusätze von 2 bis 10 Gew.-% des Polyanilins sind vollkommen ausreichend für die Effekte. Furthermore, part of the invention is the use of polymer-bound dyes have at least two heteroatoms. These dyes need at least two Show border structures. It was surprisingly found that the Water transport numbers for each transported through the membrane in fuel cell operation Proton decrease when using dyes, especially polymer-bound Dyes. It was also found that the methanol permeability was due to the added Dyes were less than the control without the dyes. The same effects were also observed when polyaniline is added to the membrane. However, it must be ensured that the Electron conductivity of the polyaniline is not sufficient across the entire membrane thickness. additions from 2 to 10% by weight of the polyaniline is completely sufficient for the effects.
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DE10134793A DE10134793A1 (en) | 2001-07-07 | 2001-07-07 | Proton exchange polymer, useful for producing membranes for fuel cell electrodes, comprising an anion exchanger in hydroxyl form |
PCT/EP2002/007585 WO2003014201A2 (en) | 2001-07-07 | 2002-07-08 | Membranes for ion transport |
AU2002336925A AU2002336925A1 (en) | 2001-07-07 | 2002-07-08 | Membranes for ion transport |
DE10293515T DE10293515D2 (en) | 2001-07-07 | 2002-07-08 | Membranes for ion transport |
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WO2007072139A2 (en) * | 2005-10-03 | 2007-06-28 | The Board Of Management Of Saigon Hi-Tech Park | Electrolyte membrane for fuel cell utilizing nano composite |
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WO2007072139A2 (en) * | 2005-10-03 | 2007-06-28 | The Board Of Management Of Saigon Hi-Tech Park | Electrolyte membrane for fuel cell utilizing nano composite |
WO2007072139A3 (en) * | 2005-10-03 | 2007-11-15 | Man Of Saigon Hi Tech Park Boa | Electrolyte membrane for fuel cell utilizing nano composite |
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