CN86101425A - 不用水蒸汽的大气式热力除氧方法 - Google Patents

不用水蒸汽的大气式热力除氧方法 Download PDF

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CN86101425A
CN86101425A CN86101425.1A CN86101425A CN86101425A CN 86101425 A CN86101425 A CN 86101425A CN 86101425 A CN86101425 A CN 86101425A CN 86101425 A CN86101425 A CN 86101425A
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丁明舫
李雨亭
黄雅康
邹永钖
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NANJING OIL REFINERY OF JINLING PETROLEUM CHEMICAL CO
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Abstract

本发明适用于锅炉给水除氧。它的原理是利用工艺余热，经换热器将压力＞4kg/cm2的软水加热到高于除氧压力下的沸腾温度。软水进入除氧器，因压力降低而沸腾，从而达到除氧目的。本发明与利用工艺余热产生蒸汽，再用蒸汽加热除氧相比，相当于把工艺余热的温位提高了60～70℃，节约了大量燃料和高温位余热。为利用石油、化工企业中大量难于回收的150℃以下的热源提供了新的方法。

Description

本发明属于锅炉或蒸汽发生器（以下简称锅炉）给水除氧范等。
锅炉是石油、化工企业中最常用的设备之一。为了防止氧腐蚀，锅炉给水必须除氧。锅炉给水不但需要除氧，还要提高水温。所以，热力除氧是最经济，使用最广泛的除氧方法。
目前热力除氧有两类：第一类是全部或部分使用水蒸汽（以下简称蒸汽）作热源的大气式热力除氧。例如，目前使用最广泛的大气式喷雾填料除氧（文献号DE2906654）。第二类是真空除氧（文献号J60007998）。
大气式喷雾填料除氧的工作原理见图1。压力为3-4kg/cm2，（表压，下同）年均温度为20℃的软化水或除盐水（以下简称软水）（1），进入除氧器的配水母管（2）后，被母管上的喷咀（3）雾化成许多小水滴，由进入除氧器上部的蒸汽（4）混合加热，水滴被加热到除氧器压力下（0.2kg/cm2）的沸腾温度104.25℃，软水中的溶解氧被脱除，随同少量蒸汽经分离挡板（5）汽水分离后，从排汽管（6）排出。为了防止水滴没有被加热到沸腾温度，在配水母管的下方设有不锈钢制成的Ω型填料层（7）。水向下流经填料层时，与从填料层下部进入的蒸汽（8）换热，以确保水滴被加热到沸腾温度，从而把软水中的氧脱除。除氧后的水进入水箱（9）储存起来。
大气式热力喷雾填料除氧的效果较好，但锅炉每生产一吨蒸汽，要消耗较多的自用蒸汽。如果进除氧器的水温是20℃，则需要128公斤蒸汽。如果将进除氧器的软水予热到80℃，则需要42.3公斤蒸汽。
真空除氧的工作原理是利用射汽或射水抽气器，或利用真空泵，维持除氧器内真空，使进入除氧器的软水温度稍高于除氧器压力下的沸腾温度。压力较高的软水进入真空除氧器，因压力降低而沸腾，软水中的氧被脱除。
真空除氧虽然可以不用或少用蒸汽，但真空除氧需要一套抽真空的设备，并要消耗一定的蒸汽或电力，用以维持除氧器真空。真空除氧后的水温较低，约为35～70℃，需要加热提高水温后才能作为锅炉给水。
石油、化工企业中有大量的工艺余热，特别是150℃以下的所谓低温热，不能或只能产生少量压力很低的饱和蒸汽，其使用价值很低。其它利用低温热的途径，如，低温发电，吸收式制冷，由于系统复杂，设备投资很大，使其应用受到很大限制。往往造成石油、化工企业中大量的低温热被冷却水白白带走。
本发明的原理是利用工艺余热，经表面式换热器，将压力＞4kg/cm2，年均温度为20℃的软水加热到高于除氧器压力下的沸腾温度，确保进除氧器的软水压力≥3kg/cm2，温度≥107℃。软水进入除氧器，因压力降低而沸腾，软水中的氧被脱除。
本发明特别适用于石油、化工企业中的节能技术改造。因为只要工艺余热的温度≥120℃都可以采用本方法，所以，与用工艺余热产生蒸汽，再用蒸汽作热源除氧相比，相当于把工艺余热的温位提高了60～70℃。本发明不但可以使难于利用的低温热得到充分利用，而且设备简单，只需增加一至二台换热器，原有的大气式热力喷雾填料除氧器，只要作适当的改进即可满足使用要求。
本发明的工作流程及原理见图2。软水箱（10）内的软水（1），经软水泵（11）升压后，进入换热器（12），与需要冷却的工艺余热（13）换热后，压力≥3kg/cm2，温度≥107℃的软水，进入除氧器的配水母管（2），经喷咀（3）雾化后，因压力降至除氧器的工作压力0.2kg/cm2，软水沸腾，软水中的氧脱除，随同产生的蒸汽，经分离挡板（5）汽水分离后，由排汽管（6）排出。除过氧的水向下流入水箱（9）储存起来。
氧气的分子量是32，氧气的重度是蒸汽的1.78倍。因此，软水中脱除的氧气有下沉的趋势，对及时排出氧气和维持软水周围较低的氧气分压不利。当采用蒸汽加热除氧时，由于下部蒸汽的上升作用，氧气排出条件较好，只要维持除氧水量0.3%的排汽量，即可有效地将脱除的氧气排出。采用本发明的除氧方法，失去了下部加热蒸汽上升的有利条件，仅靠软水沸腾产生的蒸汽，将脱除的氧气携带出排汽管，其排氧效果不如前者。因此，为了降低软水周围的氧气分压，要将除氧器的排汽量增大到除氧水量的0.7～0.9%。
对于需要冷却的工艺余热，除氧器排汽量的增加并不增大能耗，因为多排出的热量取自需要冷却的工艺余热，对降低冷却水消耗量有利。
应用实例：
1、流程说明：南京炼油厂催化裂化炼油装置，为了控制汽油干点，从分馏塔第26层塔盘抽出温度为135～140℃，相当于煤油的馏分（以下简称顶回流），冷却至60～65℃后，回到分馏塔第30层塔盘，以保持塔顶温度为105～110℃。
控制流程图见图3。顶回流（13），经流量记录调节（14），分两路进入用不锈钢（1Cr18Ni9Ti）管做管束的U型管换热器（12）的壳程，换热器的型号为YB1000-290-16/16-4。与来自锅炉的软水（1）换热后，分别进入冷却器（19），最后经温度记录调节（16），控制分馏塔顶温度在105～110℃范围内。软水（1）分两路进入U型管换热器的管程，与顶回流（13）换热后，经除氧器液位记录调节（17），控制进入除氧器的流量。软水全部通过U型管换热器（12），其换热后温度由温度记录调节（15）和换热器（12）的副线（18）控制。
操作条件为：进除氧器的软水温度为107～110℃，压力为3-4kg/cm2，除氧器的工作压力为0.14～0.2kg/cm2。
2、软水除氧质量
各种压力等级锅炉给水含氧量、含铁量标准及用蒸汽加热除氧和本发明的除氧方法所达到的水平见下表：
Figure 86101425_IMG1
3、经济效益：
仅与利用工艺余热将软水予热到80℃，再用蒸汽加热到104.25℃相比，采用本发明的除氧方法，锅炉每产一吨蒸汽可节约压力为10kg/cm2，温度为250℃的蒸汽42.3公斤。84年和85年共产中压汽1532400吨，按每吨蒸汽8.1元计算，两年共节约人民币为：
1532400×0.0423×8.1＝525046元

Claims (4)

1、锅炉或蒸汽发生器给水要除氧。采用大气式热力除氧时，均用水蒸汽作热源。本发明的特征是不用水蒸汽而用工艺余热作热源，实现大气式热力除氧。
2、根据权利要求1所述的工艺余热是指温度≥120℃的流体所含的显热，或温度≥120℃的流体所含的潜热和显热。（以上所说的流体中，水蒸汽除外）。
3、根据权利要求2所述的工艺余热的利用是通过表面式换热器，将压力＞4kg/cm2的软水，加热到高于除氧器压力下的沸腾温度，确保进除氧器的软水压力≥3kg/cm2，温度≥107℃。
4、如权利要求3所述的除氧器，其排汽管截面应比用水蒸汽加热除氧的除氧器排汽管截面大1-2倍。
CN86101425A 1986-03-12 1986-03-12 不用水蒸汽的大气式热力除氧方法 Expired CN1009304B (zh)

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CN101655103B (zh) * 2009-08-30 2011-09-07 丰原宿州生物化工有限公司 用于输送低温乙烯的离心泵的预冷方法
CN102506413A (zh) * 2011-10-09 2012-06-20 中国石油化工股份有限公司 催化裂化装置低温热利用的无盐水高压除氧系统及方法
CN103508503A (zh) * 2013-09-25 2014-01-15 浙江力聚热水机有限公司 一种换热除氧装置
CN106195458A (zh) * 2015-04-29 2016-12-07 天津市英坦圣纸制品有限责任公司 一种用于蒸汽冷凝水回收装置的水管
CN110454768A (zh) * 2019-08-05 2019-11-15 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 一种延长锅炉给水系统使用寿命的方法
CN114535226A (zh) * 2022-03-18 2022-05-27 中山市沧浪之水环保科技有限公司 一种基于变频脉冲电解的全自动除垢机

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