CN208816050U - 一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头 - Google Patents
一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头 Download PDFInfo
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- CN208816050U CN208816050U CN201821673269.6U CN201821673269U CN208816050U CN 208816050 U CN208816050 U CN 208816050U CN 201821673269 U CN201821673269 U CN 201821673269U CN 208816050 U CN208816050 U CN 208816050U
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Abstract
本实用新型涉及一种适用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,包括钻头体、设置在钻头体上的水孔、延伸自钻头体或固定在钻头体上的若干个刀翼,刀翼上设置有固定切削元件,其特征在于:钻头还包括至少一个喷嘴,喷嘴包括混流体,混流体上形成混流腔、出射口、与所述混流腔相通的中心孔、至少一个与混流腔相通的切入槽;中心孔用于在混流腔中形成液体直流,切入槽用于在混流腔中形成液体旋流;出射口用于形成所述混流腔中液体喷出的通道。本实用新型能有效改善现有钻头在破岩过程中由于水力结构的不合理而造成的钻头工作寿命缩短以及钻进能力下降的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于石油天然气钻探工程、矿山工程、建筑基础工程钻孔施工、地质钻探、地热钻探、水文钻探、隧道工程、盾构及非开挖等技术设备领域,特别是涉及一种适用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头。
背景技术
钻头是钻井工程中用以破碎岩石、形成井筒的破岩工具,常用的有聚晶金刚石复合片钻头(PDC钻头)、牙轮钻头以及孕镶金刚石钻头。PDC钻头依靠高硬度、高耐磨性、具有自锐能力的聚晶金刚石复合片来剪切岩石,PDC钻头凭借在软到中硬地层中机械钻速高、寿命长,钻进成本低等优点,在油气勘探、地热钻井作业等工程中得到了广泛使用。以PDC钻头为代表的固定切削齿钻头通常都具有若干个刀翼,刀翼上沿着钻头径向设置有多个切削元件(对PDC钻头,切削元件主要是聚晶金刚石复合片,简称复合片或PDC齿)。
除切削结构以外,钻头上的水力结构对钻头的破岩效率、使用寿命也具有重要作用,即冷却切削齿、清洗井底、运移岩屑、辅助破岩等。由于工艺简单,目前钻头中使用的喷嘴多为直射流喷嘴,它所形成的高速射流束较细小,直接喷射冷却、清洗切削齿的区域范围也很小,而大部分切削齿则依靠水力能量不足的漫流来冷却。随着井深的增加,地层可钻性越来越差,其主要表现为温度高、研磨性强等,这些岩石性质条件可能存在各种复杂的组合、变化,且一般都具有较大的不可预知性,特别是在深井、超深井的深部地层表现尤其突出。当钻头钻遇这些地层时,切削齿温升快、温度高,一旦清洗、冷却不充分,很容易造成热磨损,这是深部地层钻头常见的非常规失效之一。特别是近年来地热钻井的迅速发展,钻头的工作温度高达150°或更高,如不能及时对切削齿冷却和清洗,钻头和切削齿的温度过高,将会显著降低钻头的使用寿命和钻进性能
采用常规喷嘴的钻头,其大部分区域的井底清洗、排屑主要是用经喷嘴后的漫流(低速)来完成。钻进软质、粘性强的地层时,钻头钻速非常快,形成的岩屑较多,由于漫流携岩能力的不足,不能及时将岩屑带入环空,容易造成岩屑和泥浆的混合物附着在钻头体或刀翼上,造成钻头泥包。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于:针对现有钻头水力结构的不足,提出一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,有效改善钻头在破岩过程中由于水力结构的不合理而造成的钻头工作寿命缩短以及钻进能力下降的问题。
本发明的目的通过以下技术方案来实现:
本发明提出了一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,包括钻头体、设置在钻头体上的水孔、延伸自钻头体或固定在钻头体上的若干个刀翼,刀翼上设置有凹窝用以固定切削元件,钻头上还包括至少一个喷嘴;喷嘴包括混流体,混流体上形成混流腔、出射口、与混流腔相通的中心孔、至少一个与混流腔相通的切入槽;中心孔用于在混流腔中形成液体直流,切入槽用于在混流腔中形成液体旋流;出射口用于形成混流腔中液体喷出的通道。
对于本发明所涉及的钻头体、水孔、刀翼为本领域公知的概念,在此不做赘述,可以参考图1、7、11、12及图13,为本发明钻头的结构示意图,其中,1为钻头体、2为刀翼、3为水孔。
切削元件通常也称切削齿,主要包括“刮切型元件”和“纵压型元件”两大类。“刮切型元件”是指以刮切、剪切作用破碎岩石的切削元件,主要包括PDC齿(聚晶金刚石复合片)、TSP齿(热稳定金刚石聚晶片)、斧脊齿、以及具有微切削功能的孕镶卧齿、以及其他具有非平面的金刚石切削齿。“纵压型元件”是指以纵向压碎和/或冲击作用破碎岩石的切削元件,简称纵压型牙齿或纵压齿,牙轮钻头和潜孔冲击钻钻头采用的就是这种牙齿。这种牙齿的主要齿形特征是牙齿的工作端具有外凸的曲面齿冠,牙齿具有较高的耐压、耐冲击强度。纵压型牙齿的材质一般采用硬质合金,为增强其耐磨性,有时也用金刚石对牙齿的齿冠做表面强化。切削元件的材料还可以为人造金刚石、天然金刚石、孕镶金刚石、硬质合金、立方氮化硼、陶瓷等。
本发明钻头结构的工作原理如下:
请参阅图1,通过钻头内流道进入水孔内的钻井液或液体,一部分通过混流体上的中心孔进入混流腔,另一部分则通过切入槽进入混流腔。流体通过切入槽转变成高速的旋转射流,而通过中心孔的流体则形成高速直射流,两股射流在混流腔内混合后形成直旋混合射流,并经由出射口喷出。本发明钻头喷嘴所形成的直旋混合高速射流束的覆盖范围比现有喷嘴更大,且外围旋转速度高,这种射流形式保证了高速射流的扩散性,能够以更大的高速射流范围清洗、冷却更多的切削元件,有效改善现有技术由于切削元件工作面冷却不均而造成的部分切削元件的热磨损现象。图2为本发明钻头以及现有钻头喷嘴高速射流束覆盖区域,L1为本发明钻头喷嘴高速射流束的覆盖区域,L2为现有钻头喷嘴高速射流束的覆盖区域,L1明显大于L2。同时,由于外围射流的旋切作用,对切除附着在刀翼或本体上的泥浆或岩屑,减少泥包现象的发生。
进一步的,切入槽与混流腔相连接的一端为切出口,切入槽远离混流腔的一段为切入口。
再进一步的,切入槽的切入口的大小不小于切出口。
作为优选,喷嘴还包括混流体座,混流体座上设置有用于混流腔中液体经由的流体通道、用于混流腔中液体喷出的喷口;混流体固定连接于混流体座中,或混流体与混流体座一体成型;混流体座与所述水孔固定连接。
上述结构中所述的固定连接,对本领域研究人员来讲,主要为其所熟知的连接方式,如螺纹连接、过盈配合、焊接、镶嵌、粘结、机夹、一体成型等方式。混流体和混流体座的材料可以为钢、硬质合金、金刚石、人造金刚石、陶瓷以及作金刚石表面加强的复合材料。
进一步的,混流体座上设置有容置槽,混流体通过容置槽与混流体座固定连接。
作为优选,切入槽的切入口与切出口之间的相位夹角ε的取值范围为0°<|ε|≤90°。
上述结构中,切入槽的切入口与切出口之间的相位夹角是指切入口的形心与切出口形心在垂直于混流体轴线的平面内的夹角,如图4所示。一般而言,形心是在横截面上来表述的,而切入口所在混流体的外轮廓,与切出口所在混流体的混流腔一般为回转面,因此这里所述的形心是将回转面近似为平面或横截面来描述。当混流体的外表面为平面时,切入口形心就为精确形心。这里约定相位夹角ε的正负号为:由切入口形心点向切出口形心点画线,若其趋势为逆时针则为正,反之,为负;如图4为正相位夹角,图6为负角。
作为优选,切入槽的切入口与切出口之间的高差角δ的取值范围为0°≤|δ|≤75°。
上述结构中,切入槽的切入口与切出口之间的高差角是指切入口的形心与切出口形心在平行于混流体轴线的平面内的夹角,如图5所示(图中切入槽的切入口和切出口均为圆形)。这里规定在喷嘴流体喷出方向为正向,若切出口在切入口下方,则约定为正,反之为负,如图5所示为正角度。
作为优选,切入槽的空间形态为直线型、圆弧线型、椭圆线型、螺旋线型或它们之间的组合。
作为优选,切入槽的切入口和切出口形状包括圆形、半圆形、椭圆形、矩形、菱形或它们之间的组合。
作为优选,喷嘴还包括喷嘴壳体,喷嘴壳体内部与混流腔通过中心孔和切入槽连同;混流体座固定连接于喷嘴壳体中;喷嘴壳体与所钻头体的水孔固定连接。
进一步的,混流体的混流腔、切入槽在所述喷嘴轴线方向上延伸至混流体第一端面,且混流体第一端面上设置有分流体。
上述结构中,如图3所示,混流体上远离出射口(标号54)的端面称之为第一端面(标号为501)。
再进一步的,混流体与混流体座一体成型。
作为优选,金刚石钻头还包括包含有牙轮切削结构、盘刀切削结构、冲击切削结构的金刚石钻头。
作为优选,混流体和分流体上不设置中心孔。
上述结构中,液体只由切入槽进入混流腔形成旋转射流,这样喷射出来的高速射流只有旋转射流,而没有直射流。
本发明的有益效果:
1、通过本发明钻头喷嘴的钻井液或液体能够形成高速的直旋混合射流,提高了钻井液或液体的喷射速度,利于切削元件的清洗和冷却。
2、现有钻头技术中,经过喷嘴的钻井液和液体,高速射流束较细小,而本发明技术能够大幅增加高速射流束的覆盖范围,本发明钻头能够改善在高温地热钻井中,由于各切削元件工作面液体流速不均而造成的切削元件的热磨损的现象,进而延长钻头的使用寿命。
3、直旋混合射流的外围具有高的旋切速度,能够有效去除粘附在钻头体或刀翼上的泥浆或岩屑,改善钻头泥包现象。
4、此外,由于水射流的旋切作用,增强了外围射流对岩石的剪切和拉伸破坏效果,能够形成机械—水力联合破岩的效果。
5、本发明结构简单,尺寸缩放范围较大,可适用于多种作业工况。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施方式的技术方案,下面将对实施方式中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,应当理解,以下附图仅示出了本发明的某些实施例,因此不应被看作是对范围的限定,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他相关的附图。
图1为本发明实施方式提供的钻头结构的局部剖视图。
图2为本发明钻头和现有钻头喷嘴高速射流覆盖区域的示意图。
图3为混流体结构示意图。
图4为切入槽相位夹角定义示意图。
图5为切入槽高差角定义示意图。
图6为具有三个切入槽的混流体结构剖视图,且切入槽的相位夹角为负。
图7为本发明喷嘴不同出口形状的钻头结构示意图。
图8为混流体不设置中心孔的结构示意图。
图9为设置有喷嘴壳体的喷嘴结构示意图。
图10为分流体结构示意图。
图11为本发明金刚石钻头包含有牙轮切削结构的钻头示意图。
图12为本发明金刚石钻头包含有盘刀切削结构的钻头示意图。
图13为本发明金刚石钻头包含有冲击切削结构的钻头示意图。
图中标记相应名称:1-钻头体、2-刀翼、3-水孔、4-切削元件、5-混流体、6-混流体座、7-钻头中心线、8-喷嘴、9-喷嘴壳体、10-分流板、11-牙轮切削结构、12-盘刀切削结构、13-冲击切削结构、51-中心孔、52-切入槽、53-混流腔、54-出射口、61-流体通道、62-容置槽、63-喷口、501-混流体第一端面、521-切入槽切入口、522-切入槽切出口。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施方式的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明实施方式中的附图,对本发明实施方式中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施方式是本发明一部分实施方式,而不是全部的实施方式。基于本发明中的实施方式,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施方式,都属于本发明保护的范围。因此,以下对在附图中提供的本发明的实施方式的详细描述并非旨在限制要求保护的本发明的范围,而是仅仅表示本发明的选定实施方式。
实施例
本发明实施例提供了一种适用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头。请参阅图1-5,该钻头包括钻头体1、设置在钻头体1上的水孔3以及延伸自钻头体1或固定在钻头体1上的若干个刀翼2,刀翼2上设置有通过凹窝固定的切削元件4。钻头体1上设置有至少一个喷嘴8,喷嘴8包括混流体5,混流体5上形成混流腔53、出射口54、与所述混流腔53相通的中心孔51、至少两个与所述混流腔53相通的切入槽52。中心孔51用于在所述混流腔53中形成液体直流,切入槽52用于在所述混流腔53中形成液体旋流。出射口54用于形成所述混流腔53中液体喷出的通道。本例中,喷嘴8还包括混流体座6,混流体座6设置有容置槽62、流体通道61、喷口63。混流体5通过混流体座6上的容置槽62与所述混流体座6固定连接,混流体座6上的流体通道61与混流体5的出射口54相通,混流体座6固定连接在所述钻头体1的水孔3内。
钻头还包括钻头轴线7,在破岩过程中,钻头可绕钻头轴线7转动,使刀翼2上的切削元件4与岩石之间发生相对运动,从而破碎岩石。
本发明钻头的工作原理:
在钻压和扭矩的驱动下,钻头的切削元件4与井底岩石发生相对运动,当切削元件4产生的载荷超过其前方的岩石强度时,岩石破碎,形成岩屑。通过钻头内流道14进入水孔3内的钻井液或液体,一部分通过混流体5上的中心孔51进入混流腔53,另一部分则通过混流体5与水孔3之间的环空15经由切入槽52进入混流腔53。由于切入口521和切出口522的相位夹角差,流体通过切入槽52转变成高速的旋转射流,而通过中心孔51的流体则形成高速直射流,两股射流在混流腔53中混合,形成直旋混合射流,并经由出射口54进入混流体座6的流体通道,在通过混流体座6流体通道61收缩段的束窄作用下,两股射流形成加强后的直旋混合射流,并通过喷口63喷出。经过喷口63后的液体将岩屑带入环空,并及时清洗井底,冷却切削元件4。本发明钻头喷嘴8所形成的直旋混合高速射流束覆盖范围比现有喷嘴更大(请参阅图2,图2a为本发明钻头以及现有钻头喷嘴高速射流束覆盖区域L1,图2b为本发明钻头喷嘴高速射流束的覆盖区域,L2为现有钻头喷嘴高速射流束的覆盖区域,L1明显大于L2),且外围旋转速度高,这种射流形式保证了高速射流的扩散性,能够以更大的高速射流范围清洗、冷却更多的切削元件4,同时由于外围射流的旋切作用,对切除附着在刀翼2或钻头本体1上的泥浆或岩屑,减少泥包现象的发生。此外,由于高速射流旋切作用,增强了外围射流对岩石的剪切和拉伸破坏效果,起到机械—水力联合破岩的效果。
当混流体5上不设置中心孔51时,钻井液或液体只能从切入槽52进入,喷嘴8只能形成旋转射流,请参阅图8。
如本领域研究人员所熟知的,切入槽52切入口521和切出口522的形状还包括圆形、半圆形、椭圆形、矩形、菱形或它们之间的组合。
显然,喷嘴8的喷口63形状也可以为不同的结构形状,如圆形、椭圆形、跑道形、腰果形、扇形、或它们之间的组合,图7显示了不同喷嘴出口形状的钻头。
很容易想到的是,在混流体座6外设置一个喷嘴壳体9的结构,请参阅图9。该方案中混流体5与混流体座6一体成型,混流体5上切入槽52延伸至第一端面501。在混流体5上端设置有分流体10(请参阅图10),其功能是将要进入混流腔53的液体分为两中形式进入,一部分通过分流板的凹槽102经由切入槽52的切入口处521进入,一部分从分流体10上的中心孔101进入。这样的结构方案,便于螺旋型切入槽52的加工,结构牢靠,使工作寿命更长。同样的,分流体10上方也可以不设置中心孔101。
需要特殊说明的是:
本例中,以固定齿金刚石钻头为例对本发明的技术方案进行了说明,对于本领域研究人员很容易想到,金刚石钻头还包括具有牙轮切削结构11的金刚石钻头(图11)、具有盘刀切削结构12的金刚石钻头(图12)、具有冲击切削结构13的金刚石钻头(图13)。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施方式而已,并不用于限制本发明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,包括钻头体、设置在钻头体上的水孔、延伸自钻头体或固定在钻头体上的若干个刀翼,所述刀翼上设置有凹窝用以固定切削元件,其特征在于:所述钻头还包括至少一个喷嘴,所述喷嘴包括混流体,所述混流体上形成混流腔、出射口、与所述混流腔相通的中心孔、至少一个与所述混流腔相通的切入槽;
所述中心孔用于在所述混流腔中形成液体直流,所述切入槽用于在所述混流腔中形成液体旋流;
所述出射口用于形成所述混流腔中液体喷出的通道。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述切入槽与所述混流腔相连的一端为切出口,所述切入槽远离所述混流腔的一端为切入口。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述喷嘴还包括混流体座,所述混流体座设置有用于混流腔中液体经由的流体通道、用于混流腔中液体喷出的喷口;所述流体通道与所述出射口相通;所述混流体固定连接于所述混流体座中,或所述混流体与所述混流体座一体成型;所述混流体座与所述水孔固定连接。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述混流体座上设有容置槽,所述混流体通过所述容置槽与所述混流体座固定相连。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述切入槽的切入口与切出口之间的相位夹角ε的取值范围为0°<|ε|≤90°。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述切入槽的切入口与切出口之间的高差角δ的取值范围为0°≤|δ|≤75°。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述切入槽的空间形态包括直线型、圆弧线型、椭圆线型、螺旋线型或它们之间的组合。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述喷嘴还包括喷嘴壳体,所述喷嘴壳体内部与所述混流腔通过中心孔和切入槽连通;所述混流体座固定连接于所述喷嘴壳体中;所述喷嘴壳体与所述钻头体上的水孔固定连接。
9.根据权利要求8所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述混流体的混流腔、切入槽延伸至混流体第一端面,且在所述混流体第一端面上设置有分流体。
10.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于全面钻进的金刚石钻头,其特征在于:所述金刚石钻头包括包含有牙轮切削结构、盘刀切削结构、冲击切削结构的金刚石钻头。
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