CN205352770U - Water sample automatic acquisition controlling means suitable for buoy uses - Google Patents
Water sample automatic acquisition controlling means suitable for buoy uses Download PDFInfo
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- CN205352770U CN205352770U CN201620023488.4U CN201620023488U CN205352770U CN 205352770 U CN205352770 U CN 205352770U CN 201620023488 U CN201620023488 U CN 201620023488U CN 205352770 U CN205352770 U CN 205352770U
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 172
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008400 supply water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本实用新型公开了一种适用于浮标使用的水样自动采集控制装置，包括下壳体，所述下壳体内部设置有抽水控制阀、抽水泵、冲水泵、样品存储容器、排液泵、废液收集容器、多个水质监测仪和水样分配阀，还包括控制器和设置在所述下壳体上的上壳体，所述上壳体的上部安装有下沉水泵、上浮水泵、控制器和无线信号收发装置；本实用新型的适用于浮标使用的水样自动采集控制装置通过控制器远程操控不同的水泵进行工作，不同水泵工作可以使上壳体内的水增多或减少，使得整个采集装置的整体重力增大或减少，实现了水样采集装置的上浮或下沉，抽水泵即可采集到不同水层的水样，使得测量数据精确，具备参考价值。
The utility model discloses an automatic collection and control device for water samples suitable for buoys, which comprises a lower casing. The lower casing is provided with a pumping control valve, a pumping pump, a flushing pump, a sample storage container, a liquid drainage pump, The waste liquid collection container, multiple water quality monitors and water sample distribution valves also include a controller and an upper casing arranged on the lower casing, and the upper part of the upper casing is equipped with a sinking water pump, a floating water pump, Controller and wireless signal transceiving device; the utility model is suitable for the water sample automatic collection control device used by the buoy to work through the remote control of different water pumps by the controller, and the work of different water pumps can increase or decrease the water in the upper shell, so that the whole The increase or decrease of the overall gravity of the collection device realizes the floating or sinking of the water sample collection device, and the water pump can collect water samples from different water layers, making the measurement data accurate and of reference value.
Description
技术领域technical field
本实用新型涉及环保领域，尤其涉及的是一种适用于浮标使用的水样自动采集控制装置。The utility model relates to the field of environmental protection, in particular to an automatic water sample collection control device suitable for buoys.
背景技术Background technique
水质监测是监视和测定水体中污染物的种类、各类污染物的浓度及变化趋势，评价水质状况的过程。监测范围十分广泛，包括未被污染和已受污染的天然水(江、河、湖、海和地下水)及各种各样的工业排水等。当今，由于资源的过度利用及污染对环境的破坏等原因，水质恶化加剧，采用先进完善的水质检测技术，是遏制水质污染、保护人类生命之源的重要手段。水质监测可以掌握水质环境现状和变化规律，为开发、利用和保护水环境提供有力的支持。目前国内水质监测工作一般包括实验室检测仪器、流动检测、检测站检测和监测船监测，对于河流、水库、湖泊、海洋等监测点，利用船舶临时抽样，不能满足实时监测的需要。Water quality monitoring is the process of monitoring and measuring the types of pollutants in the water body, the concentration and change trend of various pollutants, and evaluating the water quality status. The scope of monitoring is very wide, including unpolluted and polluted natural water (river, river, lake, sea and groundwater) and various industrial drainage. Today, due to the excessive use of resources and the damage to the environment caused by pollution, the deterioration of water quality has intensified. The use of advanced and perfect water quality detection technology is an important means to curb water pollution and protect the source of human life. Water quality monitoring can grasp the current situation and changing laws of water quality environment, and provide strong support for the development, utilization and protection of water environment. At present, domestic water quality monitoring generally includes laboratory testing instruments, mobile testing, testing station testing and monitoring of monitoring ships. For monitoring points such as rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and oceans, temporary sampling by ships cannot meet the needs of real-time monitoring.
安装在水体指定位置的水质监测浮标可以长期、实时地进行工作，是针对大面积水体指定点的有效的监测手段，也是监测方法和空间的补充特别是对海洋监测来说，是未来的发展方向，水质监测浮标具有无人值守、定点监测、实时采集、长期监控、无线接收等优势，浮标上可以搭载多台水质监测仪器一起同时开展工作。Water quality monitoring buoys installed at designated locations on water bodies can work long-term and in real time. They are effective monitoring methods for designated points on large areas of water bodies, and are also supplements to monitoring methods and spaces. Especially for marine monitoring, they are the future development direction. , The water quality monitoring buoy has the advantages of unattended, fixed-point monitoring, real-time collection, long-term monitoring, wireless reception, etc. The buoy can carry multiple water quality monitoring instruments to work together at the same time.
安装在浮标上的水质监测仪器需要使用现场采集的水样开展工作，从待测水体环境中取得有效的样品，是环境监测的关键环节之一，有研究指出采样是分析过程中最困难和复杂的步骤，这个领域仍需很多研究工作，比如海水中的污染物质浓度都比较低，有些还属痕量成分，影响样品真实性的因素很多，水样的质量会直接影响监测的真实性，若取样不当将给测量结果带来较大的误差甚至是错误的分析结果。The water quality monitoring instruments installed on the buoy need to use the water samples collected on site to carry out their work. Obtaining effective samples from the water environment to be tested is one of the key links in environmental monitoring. Some studies have pointed out that sampling is the most difficult and complicated analysis process. A lot of research work is still needed in this field. For example, the concentration of pollutants in seawater is relatively low, and some of them are trace components. There are many factors that affect the authenticity of samples. The quality of water samples will directly affect the authenticity of monitoring. Improper sampling will bring large errors or even wrong analysis results to the measurement results.
目前现有的船用大型水样采集装置因结构复杂、耗电多等诸多弊端，不能用于浮标使用，因此需要开发设计适用于浮标使用的水样自动采集控制装置。At present, the existing large-scale water sample collection devices for ships cannot be used for buoys due to many disadvantages such as complex structure and high power consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and design an automatic water sample collection control device suitable for buoys.
实用新型内容Utility model content
本实用新型的目的在于克服现有技术的不足，提供了一种适用于浮标使用的水样自动采集控制装置，以解决现有的船用大型水样采集装置结构复杂、耗电多等诸多技术问题。The purpose of the utility model is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a water sample automatic collection control device suitable for buoys to solve many technical problems such as complex structure and high power consumption of the existing large-scale water sample collection device for ships .
本实用新型是通过以下技术方案实现的：The utility model is achieved through the following technical solutions:
本实用新型提供了一种适用于浮标使用的水样自动采集控制装置，包括下壳体，所述下壳体内部设置有抽水控制阀、抽水泵、冲水泵、样品存储容器、排液泵、废液收集容器、多个水质监测仪和水样分配阀，所述抽水控制阀的一端通过一抽水管道置于所述下壳体外部，所述抽水控制阀的另一端连接另两根抽水管道，其中一根抽水管道与冲水泵连接后，置于所述样品存储容器内的底部，另一根抽水管道与抽水泵连接后，置于所述样品存储容器内的上部，所述样品存储容器的下部通过一排水管道连接至所述水样分配阀的进水端，所述水样分配阀的出水端通过若干分配管道分别连接多个水质监测仪的进水端和废液收集容器的上部，多个水质监测仪的出水端通过监测管道连接至所述废液收集容器的上部，所述排液泵的进水端通过一排液管道连接所述废液收集容器内的底部，所述排液泵的出水端通过另一排液管道置于所述下壳体外部；所述水样自动采集控制装置还包括控制器和设置在所述下壳体上的上壳体，所述上壳体为内部为空的长方体盒子，所述上壳体的上部安装有下沉水泵、上浮水泵、控制器和无线信号收发装置，所述控制器的控制信号输出端分别与所述下沉水泵的控制信号输入端和所述上浮水泵的控制信号输入端连接，所述控制器的信号端口与所述无线信号收发装置的信号端口连接，所述控制器与所述无线信号收发装置无线通讯连接，所述下沉水泵的水流进入端连接管道后置于所述下壳体的侧边底部，所述下沉水泵的水流输出端连接管道后置于所述上壳体内部，所述上浮水泵的水流输出端连接管道后置于所述下壳体的侧边底部，所述上浮水泵的水流进入端连接管道后置于所述上壳体内部。The utility model provides an automatic water sample collection control device suitable for buoys, which includes a lower casing, and the lower casing is provided with a pumping control valve, a pump, a flushing pump, a sample storage container, a liquid drainage pump, A waste liquid collection container, a plurality of water quality monitors and a water sample distribution valve, one end of the pumping control valve is placed outside the lower casing through a pumping pipe, and the other end of the pumping control valve is connected to the other two pumping pipes , wherein one of the suction pipes is connected to the flushing pump and placed at the bottom of the sample storage container, and the other suction pipe is connected to the suction pump and placed at the top of the sample storage container, the sample storage container The lower part of the water sample distribution valve is connected to the water inlet end of the water sample distribution valve through a drainage pipe, and the water outlet end of the water sample distribution valve is respectively connected to the water inlet ends of multiple water quality monitors and the upper part of the waste liquid collection container through several distribution pipes , the water outlets of a plurality of water quality monitors are connected to the upper part of the waste liquid collection container through monitoring pipes, the water inlet end of the drainage pump is connected to the bottom of the waste liquid collection container through a liquid discharge pipe, and the The outlet end of the drainage pump is placed outside the lower casing through another drainage pipe; the automatic water sample collection control device also includes a controller and an upper casing arranged on the lower casing, the upper casing The housing is a hollow cuboid box. The upper part of the upper housing is equipped with a sinking water pump, a floating water pump, a controller and a wireless signal transceiver. The control signal output ends of the controller are respectively connected to the sinking water pump The control signal input end of the control signal is connected with the control signal input end of the floating water pump, the signal port of the controller is connected with the signal port of the wireless signal transceiving device, and the controller is connected with the wireless signal transceiving device for wireless communication , the water flow inlet end of the sinking water pump is connected to the pipeline and placed on the side bottom of the lower casing, the water flow output end of the sinking water pump is connected to the pipeline and placed inside the upper casing, and the floating water pump The water flow output end of the floating water pump is connected to the pipeline and placed on the side bottom of the lower casing, and the water flow inlet end of the floating water pump is connected to the pipeline and placed inside the upper casing.
进一步地，抽水控制阀的一端通过抽水管道置于所述下壳体外部的地方设置有过滤器。Further, one end of the pumping control valve is provided with a filter at the place outside the lower casing through the pumping pipe.
进一步地，所述过滤器为由尼龙材料制作的过滤网，过滤网的大孔孔径为2mm，过滤网的小孔孔径为0.5mm；过滤网的大孔孔径是防止水体中体积稍大的生物或颗粒进入管道，过滤网的小孔孔径只允许小于规定粒径的杂物进入系统。Further, the filter is a filter screen made of nylon material, the large pore diameter of the filter screen is 2mm, and the small pore diameter of the filter screen is 0.5mm; the large pore diameter of the filter screen is to prevent slightly larger biological Or particles enter the pipeline, and the small hole diameter of the filter only allows debris smaller than the specified particle size to enter the system.
进一步地，所述水质监测仪包括有机物监测仪器和无机物监测仪器。Further, the water quality monitoring instrument includes an organic matter monitoring instrument and an inorganic matter monitoring instrument.
进一步地，所述管道均包括内管道和外管道，外管道为不锈钢材料，内管道为蛇皮软管。Further, the pipes each include an inner pipe and an outer pipe, the outer pipe is made of stainless steel, and the inner pipe is a snakeskin hose.
进一步地，所述抽水控制阀选用孔径为5mm的不锈钢电磁阀，所述抽水泵选用流量为650ml/min的真空泵，吸程大于2m。Further, the pumping control valve is a stainless steel solenoid valve with an aperture of 5mm, and the pumping pump is a vacuum pump with a flow rate of 650ml/min, and the suction stroke is greater than 2m.
进一步地，样品存储容器采用不锈钢材料制作，容量为5L。Furthermore, the sample storage container is made of stainless steel with a capacity of 5L.
进一步地，所述水样分配阀采用三位三通电磁阀，所述三位三通电磁阀包括关闭、1-2通、1-3通三个状态，该三个状态分别对应贮水、冲洗和供水。Further, the water sample distribution valve adopts a three-position three-way solenoid valve, and the three-position three-way solenoid valve includes three states: closed, 1-2 pass, and 1-3 pass, and the three states correspond to water storage, Rinse and supply water.
本实用新型相比现有技术具有以下优点：本实用新型提供了一种适用于浮标使用的水样自动采集控制装置，该装置通过控制器远程传输控制信号至无线信号收发装置，无线信号收发装置将信号传送至控制器，控制器将控制信号进行转换后，分别操控不同的水泵进行工作，不同水泵工作可以使上壳体内的水增多或减少，使得整个采集装置的整体重力增大或减少，实现了水样采集装置的上浮或下沉，抽水泵即可采集到不同水层的水样，使得测量数据精确，具备参考价值。Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the following advantages: the utility model provides a water sample automatic collection control device suitable for buoys, the device remotely transmits control signals to the wireless signal transceiver device through the controller, and the wireless signal transceiver device The signal is sent to the controller, the controller converts the control signal, and controls different water pumps to work respectively. The operation of different water pumps can increase or decrease the water in the upper casing, so that the overall gravity of the entire collection device increases or decreases. The floating or sinking of the water sample collection device is realized, and the water pump can collect water samples of different water layers, so that the measurement data is accurate and has reference value.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本实用新型的纵剖视图；Fig. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of the utility model;
图2是本实用新型的立体结构示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the utility model.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面对本实用新型的实施例作详细说明，本实施例在以本实用新型技术方案为前提下进行实施，给出了详细的实施方式和具体的操作过程，但本实用新型的保护范围不限于下述的实施例。The following is a detailed description of the embodiments of the present utility model. This embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present utility model, and detailed implementation methods and specific operating procedures are provided, but the protection scope of the present utility model is not limited to the following the described embodiment.
实施例1Example 1
本实施例提供的一种适用于浮标使用的水样自动采集控制装置，具有如图1-2所示的结构，包括下壳体10，下壳体10内部设置有抽水控制阀2、抽水泵3、冲水泵4、样品存储容器5、排液泵6、废液收集容器7、多个水质监测仪8和水样分配阀9，抽水控制阀2的一端通过一抽水管道置于下壳体10外部，抽水控制阀2的另一端连接另两根抽水管道，一根抽水管道连接冲水泵4后置于样品存储容器5内的底部，另一根抽水管道连接抽水泵3后置于样品存储容器5内的上部，样品存储容器5的下部通过一排水管道连接水样分配阀9的进水端，水样分配阀9的出水端通过若干分配管道分别连接多个水质监测仪8的进水端和废液收集容器7内的上部，多个水质监测仪8的出水端通过监测管道连接后再连接废液收集容器7内的上部，排液泵6的进水端通过排液管道连接废液收集容器7内的底部，排液泵6的出水端通过另一排液管道置于下壳体10外部。A water sample automatic collection and control device suitable for buoys provided in this embodiment has a structure as shown in Figure 1-2, including a lower casing 10, and the lower casing 10 is internally provided with a pumping control valve 2 and a pumping pump. 3. Flushing pump 4, sample storage container 5, drain pump 6, waste liquid collection container 7, multiple water quality monitors 8 and water sample distribution valve 9, one end of the pumping control valve 2 is placed in the lower casing through a pumping pipe 10 outside, the other end of the pumping control valve 2 is connected to the other two pumping pipes, one pumping pipe is connected to the flushing pump 4 and placed at the bottom of the sample storage container 5, and the other pumping pipe is connected to the pump 3 and placed in the sample storage The upper part of the container 5 and the lower part of the sample storage container 5 are connected to the water inlet of the water sample distribution valve 9 through a drainage pipe, and the water outlet of the water sample distribution valve 9 is respectively connected to the water inlets of a plurality of water quality monitors 8 through several distribution pipes. end and the upper part in the waste liquid collection container 7, the water outlet ends of a plurality of water quality monitors 8 are connected through monitoring pipelines and then connected to the upper part in the waste liquid collection container 7, and the water inlet end of the drain pump 6 is connected to the waste liquid through a drain pipe. The bottom in the liquid collection container 7, the water outlet end of the drain pump 6 is placed outside the lower housing 10 through another drain pipe.
所述水样自动采集控制装置还包括控制器和设置在下壳体10上的上壳体11，上壳体11为内部为空的长方体盒子，上壳体11的上部安装有下沉水泵12、上浮水泵13、控制器14和无线信号收发装置15，控制器14的控制信号输出端分别与下沉水泵12的控制信号输入端和上浮水泵13的控制信号输入端连接，控制器14的信号端口与无线信号收发装置15的信号端口连接，控制器与无线信号收发装置15无线通讯连接，下沉水泵12的水流进入端连接管道后置于下壳体10的侧边底部，下沉水泵12的水流输出端连接管道后置于上壳体11内部，上浮水泵13的水流输出端连接管道后置于下壳体10的侧边底部，上浮水泵13的水流进入端连接管道后置于上壳体11内部。The water sample automatic collection control device also includes a controller and an upper housing 11 arranged on the lower housing 10, the upper housing 11 is a hollow cuboid box inside, and the upper part of the upper housing 11 is equipped with a submerged water pump 12, Floating water pump 13, controller 14 and wireless signal transceiving device 15, the control signal output end of controller 14 is respectively connected with the control signal input end of sinking water pump 12 and the control signal input end of floating water pump 13, the signal port of controller 14 It is connected with the signal port of the wireless signal transceiver device 15, and the controller is connected with the wireless signal transceiver device 15 through wireless communication. The water flow output end is connected to the pipeline and placed inside the upper casing 11, the water flow output end of the floating water pump 13 is connected to the pipeline and placed at the side bottom of the lower casing 10, and the water flow inlet end of the floating water pump 13 is connected to the pipeline and placed in the upper casing 11 inside.
抽水控制阀2的一端通过管道置于下壳体10外部的地方设置有过滤器1。One end of the pumping control valve 2 is provided with a filter 1 at the place outside the lower casing 10 through a pipeline.
过滤器1尼龙材料制作的过滤网，过滤网的大孔孔径为2mm，过滤网的小孔孔径为0.5mm；水质监测仪8包括有机物监测仪器和无机物监测仪器；所述管道均由内管道和外管道组成，其中：外管道为不锈钢材料，内管道为蛇皮软管；抽水控制阀2选用孔径为5mm的不锈钢电磁阀，抽水泵3选用流量为650ml/min的真空泵，吸程大于2m；样品存储容器5采用不锈钢材料制作，容量为5L；水样分配阀9采用三位三通电磁阀，该三位三通电磁阀包括关闭、1-2通、1-3通三个状态，该三个状态分别对应贮水、冲洗和供水。The filter screen that filter 1 nylon material is made, the large hole aperture of filter screen is 2mm, and the aperture of small hole of filter screen is 0.5mm; Water quality monitoring instrument 8 comprises organic matter monitoring instrument and inorganic matter monitoring instrument; Composed of external pipelines, wherein: the external pipeline is made of stainless steel, and the internal pipeline is snakeskin hose; the pumping control valve 2 is a stainless steel solenoid valve with an aperture of 5mm, and the pumping pump 3 is a vacuum pump with a flow rate of 650ml/min, and the suction stroke is greater than 2m The sample storage container 5 is made of stainless steel with a capacity of 5L; the water sample distribution valve 9 adopts a three-position three-way solenoid valve, and the three-position three-way solenoid valve includes three states of closing, 1-2 pass, and 1-3 pass. The three states correspond to water storage, flushing and water supply respectively.
工作过程步骤如下：The working process steps are as follows:
1、通过控制器远程传输控制信号至无线信号收发装置15，无线信号收发装置15将信号传送至控制器14，控制器14将控制信号进行转换后，分别操控不同的水泵进行工作，不同水泵工作可以使上壳体11内的水增多或减少，使得整个采集装置的整体重力增大或减少，实现了水样采集装置的上浮或下沉。1. Remotely transmit the control signal to the wireless signal transceiver device 15 through the controller. The wireless signal transceiver device 15 transmits the signal to the controller 14. After the controller 14 converts the control signal, it controls different water pumps to work respectively. Different water pumps work The water in the upper casing 11 can be increased or decreased, so that the overall gravity of the entire collection device can be increased or decreased, and the water sample collection device can float or sink.
2、当达到需要采样的水层时候，控制样品存储容器5下方的水样分配阀9到排空位置使容器内残留的水样排空，流到废液收集容器7。2. When the water layer that needs to be sampled is reached, control the water sample distribution valve 9 below the sample storage container 5 to the emptying position so that the residual water sample in the container is emptied and flows into the waste liquid collection container 7 .
3、打开抽水泵3抽取水样，同时打开抽水控制阀2，开始抽水冲洗。抽取的水样首先用来冲洗管道，冲刷管道中的沉淀物以减少上次水样残留的影响。3. Turn on the water pump 3 to take water samples, and at the same time open the water control valve 2 to start water flushing. The extracted water samples are first used to flush the pipes, flushing the sediment in the pipes to reduce the influence of the residual water samples from the previous time.
4、控制水样分配阀9为关闭状态，样品存储容器5开始存水，水位到规定高度时关闭抽水泵3，同时关闭抽水控制阀2。4. Control the water sample dispensing valve 9 to be in the closed state, the sample storage container 5 starts to store water, and when the water level reaches the specified height, the water pump 3 is turned off, and the water pumping control valve 2 is closed at the same time.
5、控制水样分配阀9为供水状态，给水质监测仪8供水，供水时间根据水质监测仪需要设定为一个固定的时间段，供水结束后控制水样分配阀9为关闭状态。5. Control the water sample distribution valve 9 to be in the water supply state, supply water to the water quality monitor 8, and set the water supply time to a fixed time period according to the needs of the water quality monitor, and control the water sample distribution valve 9 to be in the closed state after the water supply ends.
6、水质监测仪8用过的水样排入废液收集容器7，水位到设定的高水位时，启动排液泵6开始把废液排出到下壳体10外部，水位下降到低水位时，控制排液泵6停止排水。6. The water sample used by the water quality monitor 8 is discharged into the waste liquid collection container 7. When the water level reaches the set high water level, the liquid discharge pump 6 is started to discharge the waste liquid to the outside of the lower casing 10, and the water level drops to the low water level. , control the drainage pump 6 to stop draining.
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