CN204794282U - Small -size charger - Google Patents

Small -size charger Download PDF

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Publication number
CN204794282U
CN204794282U CN201420766611.2U CN201420766611U CN204794282U CN 204794282 U CN204794282 U CN 204794282U CN 201420766611 U CN201420766611 U CN 201420766611U CN 204794282 U CN204794282 U CN 204794282U
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battery
voltage
circuit
charging
current
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张全柱
邓永红
雷旻
孙晓磊
赵立永
马红梅
黄成玉
张飞平
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North China Institute of Science and Technology
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North China Institute of Science and Technology
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Abstract

The utility model discloses a small -size charger, including charging nain circuit and respectively connected detection circuitry, move looks pulse control ware and based on the main control unit of singlechip, charging nain circuit comprises rectifier circuit, high frequency DC conversion circuit, the main control unit passes through the operating condition that detection circuitry detected the charger, sends the control signal that charges through moving looks pulse control ware, accomplishes the detection and control to output current and voltage, realizes the control of storage battery charging process. The utility model discloses can accomplish intelligent the charging of safety to mining large capacity lithium ion battery group, will promote the paces that mining lithium ion power batteries replaces mining traditional lead acid battery, small, light in weight has realized the miniaturization and the lightweight of charger. Same output, volume can reduce for original 13, and weight can alleviate to original 14.

Description

A kind of small charger
Technical field
The utility model relates to battery charger, particularly a kind of small charger.
Background technology
Lithium ion battery researches and develops successful novel high-energy battery 20 end of the centurys, stablizes, the advantages such as operating temperature range is wide, self-discharge rate is low, nuisanceless, substitute the main flow that lead acid accumulator becomes battery gradually at present because lithium ion battery has discharge voltage.Lithium-ion-power cell refers to the lithium ion battery of capacity at more than 3Ah, and relative to ni-mh, plumbic acid, nickel-cadmium cell, with regard to many-sides such as energy, volume, life-span, environmental protection, it has unrivaled advantage, in these years enjoys people to favor.Light-weighted high frequency small charger, the battery management system of combined with intelligent is by power electronic technology, microcomputerized control technology, detection technique and the device formed again, it is synchronous with lithium-ion-power cell and give birth to, synchronized development is the guardian technique device supporting lithium-ion-power cell application development.Battery management system carries out dynamic monitoring to battery pack and battery unit running status, accurately measures the dump energy of battery, carries out charge and discharge protecting simultaneously to battery; and make battery operated in optimum state; reach and extend its useful life, reduce operating cost, improve battery pack reliability of operation.Recent domestic starts the upsurge of research lithium-ion-power cell management system one after another, more external large car manufactures and battery production business have achieved certain achievement to the research of battery management system, as the SmartGuard system of Aerovironment company of U.S. exploitation, the BATTMAN system of Germany B.Hauck design, a lot of chip business men is had also to be proposed some Lithium-ion Battery Management IC, BM309/310 as microelectronic in BYD, can manage the battery pack of cascade majority amount.Domestic for lithium-ion-power cell, also in the development of guardian technique, give the support of certain policy and fund, but domestic a lot of aspects with regard to lithium ion battery all also do not form unified standard, at present, joint motor manufacturer of domestic a lot of colleges and universities and battery supplier are doing the research and development of this respect, as Beijing Institute of Technology, Tsing-Hua University, Beijing are handed over large etc., achieve some achievements in battery charging and management aspect.But due to all also very immature for the capacitance grade criteria for classifying of lithium-ion-power cell, testing experiment condition, therefore, for charger and the management system of lithium-ion-power cell, also have many key technologies to require study.
Although lithium-ion-power cell achieves larger progress at the investigation and application in the fields such as communication, electric automobile, but also do not use so far on the dynamoelectric equipment of colliery, until June in this year, China just put into effect " the lithium ion power battery explosion protection application of a 100Ah capacity " standard first, lithium-ion-power cell is huge at the application potential of underground coal mine.Thering is provided of such as refuge chamber electrical source of power, the equipment such as mining rail traction electric motor, traction rubber tire machine, overhead trolley, fortune people Hou Che, these are all the important transportation equipments in colliery, its operation conditions, reliability, energy consumption condition, cost of transportation etc., directly affect the safety of coal production, efficiency and economic benefit.Nowadays, the energy of these power provides also main and relies on traditional lead acid accumulator, and it exists, and volume is large, Heavy Weight, pollute heavily, not environmentally, equipment self-weight is large, inefficiency, and poor reliability, scrappage are high, safeguard loaded down with trivial details, account for a series of shortcomings such as place is large.And lithium ion battery can overcome these shortcomings completely, thus apply on coal mine equipment lithium-ion-power cell with the obvious advantage, have a high potential.The relevant criterion can applied in field, colliery for lithium-ion-power cell, its underground explosion-proof small charger technology, and research is launched in the aspect such as intelligentized battery management system, make certain gains, for lithium-ion-power cell applies service at underground coal mine, this Research Requirements is very urgent.Specifically be summarized as follows:
1, lithium ion battery researches and develops successful novel high-energy battery 20 end of the centurys, relative to ni-mh, plumbic acid, nickel-cadmium cell, with regard to many-sides such as energy, volume, life-span, environmental protection, it has unrivaled advantage, in these years enjoy people to favor, substitute the main flow that lead acid accumulator becomes battery gradually.
2, lithium-ion-power cell does not also use so far on coal mining machine electric power equipment, and lithium-ion-power cell is huge at the application potential of underground coal mine.For the relevant criterion that lithium-ion-power cell is applied in field, colliery, research is launched to aspects such as underground explosion-proof small charger technology and battery management systems, for lithium-ion-power cell applies service at underground coal mine, this Research Requirements is very urgent.
3, battery management system carries out dynamic monitoring to battery pack and battery unit running status; the dump energy of accurate measurement battery; charge and discharge protecting is carried out to battery simultaneously; and make battery operated in optimum state; reach and extend its useful life; reduce operating cost, improve battery pack reliability of operation, recent domestic starts the upsurge of research lithium-ion-power cell management system one after another.
Colliery industry is to the requirement of lithium-ion-power cell small charger:
1, consider the actual connection in series-parallel situation of colliery batteries, the capacity of charger should be not less than 55kW, and maximum charging current is 60A;
2, lithium-ion-power cell charger output voltage: 0V-100V continuously adjustabe; Output voltage precision: ± 0.5%; Output current: 0 ~ 60A continuously adjustabe; Output current precision: ± 1A;
3, lithium-ion-power cell charger will meet the requirement of battery charging, reliable, and equipment volume is little, and quality is light, is convenient to mobile, transport and maintenance;
4, consider the requirement of explosion proof of down-hole, charger is natural heat dissipation;
5, the adaptive capacity (75% ~ 120%) of underground power supply used net voltage fluctuation is automatically adapted to.
Existing charger mainly adopts several charger major loop scheme:
1, tradition is handed over-straight (AC-DC)
This is the charging scheme that current lead-acid accumulator for mine use charger generally uses.Main circuit adopts Industrial Frequency Transformer and Thyristor Three-phase rectification circuit.The continuous adjustment of output voltage is realized by Thyristor Controlled mode.
This charging scheme transformation of electrical energy is directly simple, directly be rectified into alternating current by direct current, the input and output electrical isolation effectively achieving system that adds of transformer makes simultaneously, but the weak point that this charging scheme shows has 2 points, first: according to the aufbauprinciple of transformer, Industrial Frequency Transformer be added in the volume and weight that adds somewhat to whole charging device.Next is that control system generally adopts analogue enlargement, charge mode unification, is difficult to the multistage quick-charge function realizing storage battery, departs from the acceptable charging curve of storage battery greatly, does not reach expection charging effect.
2 ,-straight-straight (AC/DC is handed over 1/ DC 2)
This charging scheme main circuit is made up of Industrial Frequency Transformer, diode rectifier circuit and chopper circuit, 660V/50Hz three-phase alternating voltage is output dc voltage after Industrial Frequency Transformer, the uncontrollable rectifier filtering of diode three-phase and IGBT copped wave, and the continuous adjustment of output voltage is realized by control IGBT chop section.
This charging scheme relies on IGBT to realize effective adjustment of voltage, and control method is novel, and automaticity is high.But adding of Industrial Frequency Transformer and adding of DC side filter inductance, considerably increase the volume and weight of equipment in main circuit, be not easy to install, carry and dismounting.
3, existing storage battery charging scheme mainly for as if lead acid accumulator, charging modes is fairly simple, only need control charging voltage voltage and charging current well realizes multistage and charges, without the need to the battery management system (BMS) of complexity, and the application of high-capacity lithium-ion power battery on colliery, just must there is the safe and intelligent charging scheme matched with it, maximumly compared with traditional lead acid battery charge scheme differently in the process of charging, add battery management system (BMS) exactly, the harmony to lithium-ion-power cell group can be realized, intelligent charging, and by rational battery charge state evaluation method, can effectively avoid overcharging and the phenomenons such as charge less.
Utility model content
For overcoming the shortcomings and deficiencies of above-mentioned prior art, the utility model provides one to be applicable to mining AC380V/660V input voltage, down-hole and ground are all applicable, and in charging process, major loop and battery management system co-ordination, carry out the small charger of safe charging to lithium ion battery.
The technical solution of the utility model is:
A kind of small charger, comprises charging main circuit and difference connected testing circuit, phase-shift pulse controller and SCM Based main control unit; Described charging main circuit is made up of rectification circuit, high-frequency direct-current translation circuit; Main control unit detects the operating state of charger by testing circuit, sends charging control signal, complete the detection and control to output current and voltage, realize the control of battery charging process by phase-shift pulse controller.
Preferably, described charging main circuit is by namely prime power inverter and the common secondary power converter of rear class power inverter form.
Preferably, described prime power inverter input three-phase AC380V50Hz AC sinusoidal voltage is through the uncontrollable diode rectification of three-phase, access capacitor filtering again, the ripple component of output voltage after rectification reduces by the energy storage effect utilizing electric capacity to have, obtain the direct current of DC510V, again through single-phase IGBT inverter conversion, obtain the ac high frequency square-wave voltage that amplitude is AC510V/20kHz; Described rear class power inverter achieves the rectifying conversion from the ac square-wave voltage to direct voltage inputting amplitude AC300V/20kHz.
Preferably, described testing circuit carries out real-time data acquisition to charging current and charging voltage and main circuit power device parameter of charging, the data gathered are supplied to single-chip microcomputer and phase-shift controller, single-chip microcomputer carries out analysis and calculation according to predetermined algorithm to data, draw corresponding control data, deliver to the input of phase-shift controller, by compared with feedback information, regulation output phase shifting angle, control the time of power device switch and conducting, thus complete the charging output voltage of main circuit, the control of electric current.
Preferably, lithium-ion-power cell to be charged is also with battery management system, and described battery management system, to the SOC estimation method of battery, adopts the evaluation method of the band weighted factor based on ampere-hour method and emf method.
Preferably, described battery management system comprises managing chip and distinguishes connected signal acquisition circuit and cell equalizing circuit; Described signal acquisition circuit comprises monomer battery voltage Acquisition Circuit, cell temperature collection circuit, total current Acquisition Circuit and total voltage Acquisition Circuit.
Preferred further, realized battery discharge by metal-oxide-semiconductor, when batteries charging, when difference between the voltage of a certain battery cell in battery pack and other battery cells exceedes set point, the partial flow bypass path that metal-oxide-semiconductor controls equalizing circuit closes, consumed the electric current of this battery by the equalizing resistance being connected in parallel on this battery cell, thus reach the order ground reducing this battery charging voltage; When the voltage of this cell is tending towards a value, metal-oxide-semiconductor will control equalizing circuit bypass and disconnect, and equalizing resistance disconnects and stops balanced with the parallel connection of this cell.
Preferred further, also comprise the peripheral circuit be made up of power supply, telecommunication circuit, buffer circuit, data storage circuitry and short-circuit protection circuit.
Described battery, with cell hardware baffle, is connected by telecommunication circuit with the master control borad of battery management system, and described telecommunication circuit adopts RS485 communication to communicate with the dual bus of CAN communication.
Preferred further, described short-circuit protection circuit is divided into two-stage: one-level is mounted in the insurance of the positive terminals of battery pack, and another pole is arranged in battery case.
The beneficial effects of the utility model have:
(1) the utility model can complete and charge to the safe and intelligent of mining high capacity lithium ion battery group, will promote the paces of the mining traditional lead acid accumulator of mining lithium-ion-power cell replacement.
(2) volume is little, lightweight, achieves miniaturization and the lightweight of charger.Same power output (capacity), volume can be reduced into original 1/3, and weight can alleviate as original 1/4.
(3) control system aspect: totally digitilized microcomputer controls to instead of traditional analogue enlargement.
(4) main circuit improvement aspect: IGBT high-frequency rectification circuit instead of thyristor power frequency phase control rectifier circuit, and high frequency DC/DC power conversion circuit instead of phase control AC/DC translation circuit.
(5) Function Extension aspect: microcomputer control realization intelligent charge, charge characteristic multistage, self adaptation, multivariable Control adjustment charging curve, extends the service life of storage battery.
(6) battery management aspect: the battery management chip AD7280A adopting specialty, BMS is added in traditional lead-acid accumulator for mine use intelligent charging machine, when charging to lithium ion battery, electric voltage equalization can be carried out to each lithium-ion battery monomer, effectively prevent overcharging or charge less of cell, adopt rational SOC estimating algorithm, can the state-of-charge of comparatively accurate estimating battery, significant for reasonably controlling charging process.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is lithium-ion-power cell charger overall structure topological diagram described in the utility model;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the prime power inverter of embodiment;
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of the rear pole power inverter of embodiment;
Fig. 4 is the control system theory diagram of embodiment;
Fig. 5 is the battery terminal voltage impulse waveform of embodiment;
Fig. 6 is the electricity of two-stage discharge test record and the curve chart of discharge-rate of embodiment;
Fig. 7 is the relative electricity of two-stage discharge test of embodiment and the logarithmic relationship figure of relative discharge electric current;
Fig. 8 is the configuration schematic diagram of the main AD7280A of embodiment;
Fig. 9 is the temperature sampling circuit schematic diagram of embodiment;
Figure 10 is the circuit theory diagrams of the thermistor terminating resistor of embodiment;
Figure 11 is the transducer pin connection layout of embodiment and primary current and output voltage curve chart;
Figure 11 (a) figure is the pin connection layout of Hall current sensor;
Figure 11 (b) is primary current and output voltage curve;
Figure 12 is the transducer pin connection layout of embodiment and primary current and output voltage curve chart;
Figure 13 is the equalizing circuit of embodiment;
Figure 14 is the power supply circuit of embodiment;
Figure 15 is the telecommunication circuit of embodiment;
Figure 15 (a) is CAN transceiver circuit;
Figure 15 (b) is 485 transceiver circuits;
Figure 16 is the buffer circuit of embodiment;
Figure 17 is the data storage circuitry of embodiment;
Figure 18 is the short-circuit protection circuit of embodiment;
Figure 19 is the PDC timer theory diagram of embodiment;
Figure 20 is the ADC theory diagram of embodiment;
Figure 21 is the control system main program flow chart of embodiment;
Figure 22 is the waveform generator interrupt routine flow chart of embodiment;
Figure 23 is the external fault interrupt routine flow chart of embodiment;
Figure 24 is the timer interrupt service program flow diagram of embodiment;
Figure 25 is the AD conversion program flow diagram of embodiment;
Figure 26 is the function diagram of the battery management system of embodiment;
Figure 27 is the battery management system main program flow chart of embodiment;
Figure 28 is the AD7280A serial line interface sequential chart of embodiment;
Figure 29 is the flow chart of the data acquisition process task of embodiment;
Figure 30 is the write operation flow chart of the AD7280A of embodiment;
Figure 31 is the read operation flow chart of the AD7280A of embodiment;
Figure 32 is that the battery failures of embodiment judges subprogram;
Figure 33 is the SOC counting subroutine flow chart of embodiment;
Figure 34 is the program flow diagram of the ampere-hour method calculating battery dump energy of embodiment;
Figure 35 is the program flow diagram of the emf method calculating battery dump energy of embodiment;
Figure 36 is the main flow chart of the communication task of embodiment.
Embodiment
The small charger master-plan block diagram that the utility model discloses as shown in Figure 1.Whole device is made up of the main circuit that charges, testing circuit, phase-shift pulse controller and the main control unit based on single-chip microcomputer SPMC75F2413A, adopts modularized design pattern.Main circuit is made up of rectification circuit (AC-DC), high-frequency direct-current translation circuit (DC-DC).Alternating current is through the input voltage of A.C. contactor as input rectifying module, and the direct voltage that rectification exports is as DC-DC converter input voltage.Control circuit is made up of SPMC75F2413A and auxiliary circuit, sends charging control signal, detects the operating state of charger, realizes man-machine interface, complete the detection and control to output current and voltage, realize the control of battery charging process.
1, charge function realizes
Direct current is formed through diode rectification filtering by 380V/660V (50HZ) three-phase alternating current, be modulated into high frequency (25KHZ) pulse voltage by electronic switch and be supplied to the former limit of high frequency transformer, its secondary is converted into action of low-voltage pulse, the DC charging voltage be applicable to needed for lithium-ion-power cell group is formed again after fast diode full-wave rectification and capacitor filtering, simultaneously, AC electric current and voltage is detected by transducer, DC voltage electric current and battery tension, carry out after digital-to-analogue conversion through sample circuit, sample information is turned as in digital processing unit, a series of control algolithm process is carried out for the signal gathered, produce the conduction pulses duty ratio that corresponding pwm control signal carrys out by-pass cock type device IGBT, thus regulate DC charging electric current and voltage.On the other hand, by battery management system, the process such as corresponding detection and control are carried out to power lithium-ion battery.
The New-type charge power supply architecture essence that this device adopts is the supplementary form of traditional high-frequency impulse charge power supply structure.The numerical value of electric current and voltage acquisition module collection DC charging voltage enters Chip Microcomputer A/D and converts digital quantity to, and compare with the DC charging voltage value that single-chip microcomputer sets, judge, then Single-chip Controlling changes the conduction ratio of PWM adjustment module output waveform, and then realizes the object of stable DC charging voltage.
2. charger main circuit
Main circuit is made up of 2 grades of power inverters, i.e. prime power inverter (AC/DC/AC1), rear class power inverter (AC2/DC), and its schematic diagram as shown in Figures 2 and 3.Prime AC/DC/AC1 power inverter input three-phase AC380V50Hz AC sinusoidal voltage is through the uncontrollable diode rectification of three-phase, access capacitor filtering again, the ripple component of output voltage after rectification reduces by the energy storage effect utilizing electric capacity to have, obtain less direct current of pulsing, the i.e. direct voltage of DC510V, again through single-phase IGBT inverter conversion, obtain the ac high frequency square-wave voltage that amplitude is AC510V/20kHz.Rear class AC2/DC power inverter achieves the rectifying conversion from the ac square-wave voltage to direct voltage inputting amplitude AC300V/20kHz.Conversion from AC1 to AC2 is the conversion of a kind of high-frequency ac voltage, by the decompression transformation of the high frequency square wave voltage of microcrystalline iron core, the ac high frequency square-wave voltage being AC510V/20kHz by amplitude is depressurized to the ac high frequency square-wave voltage that amplitude is AC300V/20kHz, namely achieves the electrical isolation between input voltage and output voltage.The charging voltage being finally supplied to lead acid accumulator is that DC0-300V is continuously adjustable, is applicable to the lead-acid batteries of different rated voltage, different capabilities.The continuous adjustment of charger output voltage has been come by the IGBT single-phase inverter in front stage converter, adopts PWM control mode.
3. major loop control circuit:
Testing circuit, protective circuit, phase-shift controller UC3875 and SCM Based main control unit constitute the control system of charging device.Its operation principle is: detecting unit carries out real-time data acquisition to charging current and the parameter such as charging voltage and main circuit power device temperature, the data gathered are supplied to single-chip microcomputer and phase-shift controller, single-chip microcomputer carries out analysis and calculation according to predetermined algorithm to data, draw corresponding control data, deliver to the input of phase-shift controller, by compared with feedback information, regulation output phase shifting angle, control the time of power device switch and conducting, thus complete the control of output voltage to charging device main circuit, electric current.
As shown in Figure 4, control circuit core is Lingyang micro-computer SPMC75F2413A and phase-shift controller UC3895 to the theory diagram of Systematical control part.Voltage detected after gathering, current information are given the inner A/D converter of single-chip microcomputer and are changed, through single-chip microcomputer treatment and analysis, export corresponding control signal by D/A mouth and send into phase-shift controller UC3895, UC3895 exports phase-shift PWM ripple by after given control signal and value of feedback process, control IGBT turns on and off, thus realizes the control to output current voltage.Simultaneously control system is to the portion voltage of main circuit and electric current and monitor in real time the temperature of IGBT module; according to the technical indicator of the temperature of establishing in advance, voltage, electric current; whether decision circuitry there is exception; the generation of effective Accident prevention, plays a very good protection to charging device.
The utility model is with mining lithium-ion-power cell charger for Research foundation, mainly studies colliery lithium-ion-power cell management system, designs the battery management system meeting mining lithium-ion-power cell charger.
4. battery management system (BMS) design
4.1 SOC estimation method adopted
4.1.1 algorithm principle
The estimation of the state-of-charge selected in conjunction with practical application native system is the evaluation method of the band weighted factor based on ampere-hour method and emf method.The method has been used and has been used the advantage that can obtain good precision at short notice, also can at the two ends of battery charging and discharging to the feature of real-time battery correction in conjunction with emf method.Give by the difference equation of the Mathematical Modeling of identification system at a upper joint:
V(k+1)-E(k+1)=[V(k)-E(k)]×a-i(k+1)×b+i(k)×c
Coefficient a, b, c in equation experimentally obtain, because i (k), i (k+1), V (k) and V (k+1) can record, as long as the initial value of given E (k) just can obtain current E (k+1) by the method for recursion:
E(k+1)=V(k+1)-[V(k)-E(k)]×a+i(k+1)×b+i(k)×c
E (k+1) has been had then to obtain the state-of-charge of current battery according to state-of-charge (SOC) and the fixing non-linear relation of electromotive force.The use emf method that the method for this calculating state-of-charge is single, its estimation precision is also closely bound up with the precision of battery model as mentioned before, therefore native system is selected ampere-hour method to combine with emf method to use, and to reduce the dependence of algorithm to model, specific algorithm is realized by following formula:
SOC(k)=SOCA(k)×w+SOCV(k)×(1-w)
SOCA(k)=SOC(k-1)+ΔSOC(k)
Δ S O C ( k ) = k I k T i ( k ) T 3600 Q 0
In formula: SOCA (k) is the battery charge state that ampere-hour method is asked, SOCV (k) is the state-of-charge of the battery that emf method is asked, and w is weighted factor.The battery charge state that middle SOC (k-1) is previous moment, Δ SOC (k) is the increment of the state-of-charge that ampere-hour method calculates.Give the discrete formula that ampere-hour method calculates state-of-charge increment in formula, in formula w get different values, algorithm has different implications:
As w=1, SOC (k)=SOCA (k) is that ampere-hour method asks state-of-charge;
As w=0, SOC (k)=SOCV (k) is that emf method asks state-of-charge;
As 0<w<1, use for band weighted factor method, when w close to 1 time, the ratio that ampere-hour method accounts for is great, when w close to 0 time, the ratio that emf method accounts for is great.When battery management system initially powers on, w can be set to is 0 then start computing, the electromotive force of battery now can be replaced with open circuit voltage, in fact be exactly adopt open circuit voltage method to be SOC initialize, then the different conditions residing for battery regulates the value of w in 0 ~ 1 scope, make algorithm carry out recursive operation, thus achieve the combination of ampere-hour method and emf method.
4.1.2 the obtaining of emf method parameter
When asking the state-of-charge of battery pack by the method for weighted factor, need method by experiment in advance to ask emf method in the value of parameter a, b, c, this parameter be asked for and must do pulse test to ferric phosphate lithium ion battery.Fig. 5 is a bit of terminal voltage impulse waveform of experiment, this waveform be ferric phosphate lithium ion battery group in 10A discharge process 1 hour static time corresponding terminal voltage waveform.As seen from the figure, this terminal voltage waveform is made up of two parts: V1 be current vanishes moment terminal voltage sudden change, this phenomenon and pure resistance are consistent in the characteristic of current vanishes moment, can be corresponding with the ohmic internal resistance of battery; V2 is the process that battery terminal voltage rises, and this process and battery polarization phenomenon correspondence, the characteristic of curve feature and inertial element is very alike, can simulate with inertial element.The value of R1, R2 and C can be obtained according to this terminal voltage impulse waveform.
Fig. 5 is the impulse waveform of terminal voltage in latter stage of discharging at 10A, the ohm voltage drop R1 that V1=28.27mv is electric current when being 10A, the polarization pressure drop R2 that V2=92.64mv is electric current when being 10A.Can be obtained by Ohm's law: R 1=V 1/ 10=28.27m Ω, R 2=V 2/ 10=92.64m Ω.The process first order inertial loop of voltage rise is simulated, its timeconstantτ=R 2c, within 3 τ times, the uphill process completed in 94%, Fig. 5 of uphill process completes 94% in 1803s, i.e. 3 τ=1803s, and τ=601s is C=t/R then 2=6847F.Then according to formula b=-R 1, c=R 1e -θ T, a can be obtained, the value of b, c.Namely the value tabulation obtaining a, b, c under different SOC in this way can be used in software programming.
4.1.3 the obtaining of ampere-hour method modifying factor
1) discharge-rate modifying factor k i
In order to revise ampere-hour method discharge-rate to the impact of battery charge state, native system adopts Peukert model and two-stage discharge test method to ask for discharge-rate modifying factor.This process is divided into three phases: the A stage, leaves standstill stage and B-stage.In the A stage: the battery pack being full of electricity carried out being discharged to electric discharge end voltage with discharge-rate to be investigated, record the electricity of now releasing, leave standstill a period of time, enter B-stage.B-stage: again discharge into end voltage with little multiplying power, record electricity now.Then adopt and battery is full of electricity, then repeat the A stage, the experimental procedure of B-stage with different discharge-rates to be investigated.Fig. 6 is with 1/6C electric discharge, leaves standstill 1 hour then with the two-stage discharge test electric current and voltage of 1/30C electric discharge and time graph.Red line in figure represents the waveform of terminal voltage and time, the oscillogram of dark line shows discharging current and time.
What do due to this experiment is the discharge test of small area analysis, so only done the two-stage discharge test of 1/6C ~ 1/3C, test data is as shown in table 5.The electricity recorded when then drawing experiment according to form and the curve of discharge-rate are as shown in Figure 6, the electric current of actual measurement when transverse axis is 1/6C is taken the logarithm with the ratio of relative discharge practical measurement of current value, and the ratio of the electricity of releasing when the longitudinal axis represents the electricity and 1/6C of relatively releasing also is taken the logarithm.
Table 5 two-stage discharge test data
The form mathematic(al) representation of total discharge electricity amount of two-stage electric discharge and the Peukert of discharging current is:
Q n1A+Q n1B=(Q nA+Q nB)(I n/I nI) n-1
Obtained by formula: ln (Q is drawn out according to form n1/ Q n) ~ ln (I n/ I n1) figure, Tu Ounuo adopt linear fit, intercept is 0, and can obtain fitting a straight line by the matching of EXCEL neutral line, the slope of fitting a straight line is n-1, then the size of Peukert coefficient n can be determined.The slope of the fitting a straight line in Fig. 7 is 0.0199, and now Peukert coefficient is n=1+0.0199=1.0199.The then modifying factor k of discharge-rate ibe 1.0199.Discharge-rate modifying factor k is obtained by the method for fitting a straight line i, when calculating the SOC of battery, directly call modifying factor.
2) temperature correction factor k i
If Q 0for the capacity in standard (temperature 20 DEG C, electric current 1/3C) situation, Q tfor capacity time T temperature (electric current is the same with substandard electric current).The electricity that battery is put at different temperatures can be obtained by experiment, by formula k t=Q 0/ Q tcalculate table 6, the 3rd row in table are temperature correction factor.
Table 6 temperature correction factor
Temperature (DEG C) Discharge capacity (Ah) k T
-30 40.3 0.663
-10 54.4 0.896
0 58.5 0.964
20 60.7 1
40 62.4 1.028
55 62.3 1.026
4.2 signal acquisition circuit designs
Because ferric phosphate lithium cell overcharges or overdischarge requirement is very high, so strict monitoring must be carried out to often saving cell.Need the voltage to battery cell in actual use, temperature, the total voltage of charging and discharging currents and battery pack carries out real-time monitoring, the overvoltage protection of complete battery pair, under-voltage protection, overheat protector, owes temperature protection, overcurrent protection and short-circuit protection.
4.2.1 monomer battery voltage Acquisition Circuit
The measurement of monomer voltage directly has influence on the action of system to the overvoltage of cell or under-voltage etc. judgement warning and overvoltage protection and under-voltage protection, also have impact on the Balance route of cell.The battery pack that native system will detect has 16 joints, and from introducing above, every sheet AD7280A can measure voltage and the temperature of 6 joint cells, so employ 3 AD7280A to be stacked up voltage and the temperature that measurement 16 saves cell.The number measuring battery cell from egative film AD7280A to top flat AD7280A is respectively 6 joints, 5 joints, 5 joints, and 3 AD7280A are stacked up by daisy chain interface.One of characteristic of daisy chain interface be can by single conversion command start daisy chain stacking in the conversion of all devices, most egative film AD7280A is that main device is connected with CPU, when CPU sends conversion command to main AD7280A, this order is upwards transmitted successively along daisy chain.
Fig. 8 gives the configuration of main AD7280A, the power supply overvoltage of each AD7280A when the Zener diode that the power end (VDD, VSS) of AD7280A is placed is to prevent AD7280A daisy chain to be initially connected to battery pack.Analog input end VINx connect 10kW resistance not only can analog input generation overvoltage or under-voltage time; such as cell voltage input is shorted to VDD or VSS undeservedly arbitrarily; for these inputs provide protection; and when AD7280A daisy chain is initially connected to battery pack, the resistance of these 10kW also can provide protection.100nF electric capacity structure on adjacent differential input and 10kW resistance form a low pass filter, its by frequency be 80Hz.MASTER pin as main device AD7280A is connected to VDD power pins by the resistance of a 10K.The VDRIVE of main device AD7280A is driven by the 5V of outside, and is driven by the VREG of itself from the VDRIVE of device.The electric capacity of the 1uF be connected with VREF pin is storage capacitor, after ADC conversion starts, inner switch will the voltage access ADC core on VREF, at this moment the demand of a transient state stream is had, if the electric capacity on VREF is too little, the electricity stored is few, voltage on it just has very large fluctuation, so need enough electricity to maintain stable reference voltage, the voltage of analog input all compares according to this reference voltage and converts digital value to, if VREF spread of voltage will cause the instability of AD conversion result even grave error to occur.
In design, except main device, the number of the battery cell that remaining two are measured from device is 5 joints, and Fig. 8 is the connection layout of 5 voltage cell analog inputs.It should be noted that in the application of AD7280A for less than 6 voltage measurements, guarantee that each cell voltage sum exceedes minimum VDD (8V) supply voltage.Should also be noted that the voltage guaranteed in VIN6 input is more than or equal to the voltage in VDD power pins all the time.Although only need the voltage of measurement 5 cells, AD7280A can gather and change the voltage in whole 6 cell voltage input channels.The translation data of all six voltage channels, by SPI daisy chain interface supply CPU, can ignore unwanted translation data.
4.2.2 cell temperature collection circuit
Battery has a temperature range normally worked, but the change all the time with temperature in its charge and discharge process, found through experiments, the temperature of battery and have certain contacting between the capacity of battery and charging and discharging currents, is the factor of can not ignore calculating SOC.Generally, the discharge capacity when discharge capacity of lithium battery is greater than low temperature under the high temperature conditions.But temperature is too high, the performance of battery also can be affected.In addition, judging also to need temperature parameter in cell safety and heat treatment.Therefore, the temperature of Real-Time Monitoring battery cell is very necessary.Temperature sampling, what we selected is that thermistor is as temperature sensor.AD7280A provides 6 roads single-ended analog input (AUX1 ~ AUX6) to ADC, obtains temperature by the voltage of conversion thermistor temp measuring circuit.The connection of thermistor and AD7280A as shown in Figure 9.Native system uses the thermistor of negative temperature coefficient, and when rising separately, the resistance of thermistor reduces.What resistance-temperature characteristic can be similar to is expressed as:
R T = R N &times; e B ( 1 T - 1 T N ) - - - ( 1 )
In formula, RT represents the thermistor resistance when temperature T (K).RN represents the thermistor resistance when rated temperature TN (K).B is that the material constant of thermistor is heat sensitive index again.T and TN representation temperature, unit is K (T n(K)=273.15+T n(DEG C)).Native system adopt NTC thermistor rated temperature be 25 DEG C, the resistance of the thermistor under rated temperature is 10K.Usually adopt look-up table when accounting temperature, the resistance that namely the voltage standard of the thermistor that Collect conversion is next changes into is made into form, then obtains the temperature of this thermistor by looking into the relation of getting temperature and resistance.The computing formula of the road of Shi mono-shown in formula battery temperature collection below.
V ADCx=((float)V AUXx/4096)×V REG(2)
R NTCx=(10×V ADCx)/(V REG-V ADCx)(3)
In formula, V aUXxfor the sampled value of the auxiliary ADC passage of auxiliary AD7280A, i.e. the binary number of the thermistor voltage of AD7280A accessory channel collection.V aDCxfor the voltage of thermistor, unit (V).R nTCxfor thermistor resistance, unit (k Ω).The voltage of thermistor can be obtained by formula (2), the resistance of thermistor can be obtained according to formula (3), then can obtain corresponding temperature by resistance to the relation of temperature.Because thermistor is mounted on the electrode of battery, so this temperature is also just similar to the temperature thinking battery.
If use thermistor end to measure the temperature of each battery unit, then ADC input measurement is assisted for each road, thermistor termination pins AUXTERM termination thermistor can be used to input, so just terminating resistor can be required to reduce to 1 from 6 resistance.Figure 10 is the typical circuit using thermistor end AUXTERM connecting resistance, is placed in by terminating resistor between VSS and AUXTERM, and thermistor input can be connected in thermosensitive resistor and circuit by such AUXTERM input.But connect the acquisition time that thermistor end resistance option can only be used in AD7280A like this and be set up peak, and when using AUXTERM input, except the requirement having settling time, also need the corresponding position of control register that AD7280A is set.Although use the method can reduce the number of resistance, reduce the size of pcb board, free restriction, so the thermistor of native system adopts is the connection of Fig. 9.
4.2.3 total current Acquisition Circuit
The electric current that battery pack is flow through in accurate measurement accurately calculates SOC essential condition in real time, because it directly determines the precision using ampere-hour integration method to carry out SOC estimation, just because of this precision to current sample, antijamming capability, temperature drift and linearity error are proposed very high requirement.In addition to these requirements, the current measurement errors of battery pack shown in table 5 must be less than or equal to 0.2%.In addition, charging current and the discharging current working range of battery pack are different, so in the application in order to ensure that its certainty of measurement have employed two current sensor A and B.Battery pack charging current when charging is very little, and generally at about 3A, what therefore current sensor A selected is TBC06DS3.3 Hall current sensor.The specified input current of this transducer is 6A, and the scope measuring electric current is 12A, and supply voltage is 3.3V.Battery pack maximum discharging current when electric discharge reaches 20A, and what therefore current sensor B selected is TBC15DS3.3 Hall current sensor.The specified input current 15A of transducer of this model, the scope measuring electric current is 30A, and supply voltage is 3.3V.Current sensor A and B connects in circuit, if electric current exceedes the range of current sensor A, the output of A will be saturated, and its output voltage can be about 3.3V, at this moment will be as the criterion with the sampled value of current sensor B.In like manner, when electric current is all lower than the range of two transducers, the sampled value of the little transducer of range is selected to be as the criterion.The output voltage of sensors A and transducer B is all 1.65 ± 0.625V, and the curve of its pin connection layout and primary current and output voltage as shown in figure 11.
In figure, (a) figure is the pin connection layout of Hall current sensor, this connection can make rated current be the rated current specified, also has two kinds of pin connection layouts that the rated current of device can be made to be respectively 1/2,1/3 of the rated current of regulation.What native system adopted is exactly scheme the method for attachment in (a), and the rated current of this method of attachment is ± 6 (± 15) A, and rated output voltage is 1.65 ± 0.625V.Figure (b) is primary current and output voltage curve, and PN represents the rated current of Hall current sensor, and such as needing by rated current is the ± current sensor of 6A, and so 1PN is 6A, 2PN is 12A.Then the magnitude of voltage of being sampled by CPU during calculating current just can obtain the total current of battery pack by output voltage according to this curve.
4.2.4 total voltage Acquisition Circuit
The total voltage of battery pack is also the key character amount of estimating battery state estimation, and this is because the open circuit total voltage of battery pack and the SOC of battery pack have direct relation.For the total voltage of battery pack, although the voltage of the cell that can be gathered by AD7280A carries out cumulative obtaining, but each monomer battery voltage that AD7280A gathers has certain error, the error that stacks up will be very large, the voltage of the cell gathered when carrying out voltage acquisition is not the magnitude of voltage of synchronization, therefore to the voltage of transient changing, the cumulative total voltage value obtained can not good reacting phase magnitude of voltage really in the same time.Because the auxiliary ADC input pin of AD7280A can change the voltage that any analog input scope is 0V to 5V, thus when using total voltage be transformed into just can select main AD7280A in 0V to 5V AUX1 input pin as the measurement of total voltage.Its measuring circuit as shown in figure 12.
When Single-chip Controlling exports 5V voltage, the conducting of N-MOS pipe, and then P-MOS manages also conducting, total voltage V zDYobtained by R1 and R2 dividing potential drop, enter the voltage V of AUX1 aUXfor: V aUX1=R 2/ (R 1+ R 2) × V zDY, choose reasonable R1 and R2 ensures that the scope of AUX1V is 0V ~ 5V.When AD7280A monitors whether battery breaks, cannot with the change of total voltage as judging the foundation whether wire ruptures, because when the wire of N batteries disconnects, the voltage of the N batteries that AD7280A measures is 1, and the voltage of the battery of an adjacent upper joint is about 5V.At this moment the total voltage difference when cumulative sum of total voltage does not break is little.
4.3 cell equalizing circuits
When charging to series battery, owing to respectively having difference between each cell, when some battery is wherein full of, and some battery is not full of, and the cell being full of electricity can be made to overcharge phenomenon if continue charging.Overcharge can produce adverse influence to cell and even have an accident, the capacity of the cell of those long-term undercharges can decline simultaneously, can there is capacity mismatch between the cell of if things go on like this battery pack, capacity mismatch can accelerate the decay of some cell capacity in battery pack.
The inconsistency solved between cell mainly contains: (1) ensures the appearance quality of battery, reduces the difference between cell as far as possible; (2) in groups time, strict screening is carried out to the consistency of cell parameter; (3), under allowing cell be in same condition when using, the voltage of all cells of Real-time Collection, then processes when Timeliness coverage monomer battery voltage and other cell have clearly in time; (4) equalizing system is configured.1. method is battery pack prerequisite in groups, if because manufacturing process to cause between cell widely different, even if rear three kinds of methods also can not reduce the consistency of battery pack.2. method is battery pack committed step in groups, if cell prerequisite has in groups had guarantee, it is also pretty troublesome for not carrying out that strict screening latter two method uses.Method 3. first, if but the battery that can change the not necessarily battery of same batch, this will cause new inconsistency.Secondly, owing to being mining product, all can there is flame proof problem in charger, the battery pack of this problem is all be placed in iron explosion-proof tank, and it is infeasible for changing battery.Even if really battery pack has problem, it is also replacing in groups.Guaranteed and carried out strict screening before in groups in the manufacturing process of cell thus, coordinate (4) kind method to be the most feasible.The impact of inconsistency on battery life of battery pack can be reduced so to greatest extent.
Conventional equalizing circuit has active equalization and passive equilibrium.Active equalization is exactly utilize the energy-storage travelling wave tube such as electric capacity, inductance by unnecessary Charger transfer to other batteries when the state of charge of battery exceedes its other batteries with group, and electric charge back and forth movement between battery finally realizes balancing electric charge simultaneously and is utilized and can not produces waste.Although use active equalization heat to be wasted, use active equalization circuit is complicated and method comparison is complicated, and it is fewer that reality uses.Passive equilibrium is exactly when the state of charge of battery exceedes other cells with group, by the resistor at these battery two ends, its unnecessary electric charge is become heat and is consumed, and institute also claims resistance balanced in this way.Although passive equilibrium have lost electricity and there is heat management problems, use the method hardware circuit and software control all fairly simple, use passive equilibrium so main in practical application.
During passive equilibrium, the selection of equalizing resistance is very important, and the voltage phase difference between cell is very large, if equalizing resistance choosing is excessive, because euqalizing current is very little, balanced needs for a long time; If use little equalizing resistance, the energy of system consumption is large, and the effect of equalizing circuit is low, increases the management difficulty of system to heat simultaneously.The thermal management policy of this problem is: stop balanced when explosion-proof the temperature inside the box is too high, and equitemperature continues balanced after being reduced to the threshold value of regulation.Its equalizing circuit is realized battery discharge by metal-oxide-semiconductor, when batteries charging, when difference between the voltage of a certain battery cell in battery pack and other battery cells exceedes set point, the partial flow bypass path that metal-oxide-semiconductor controls equalizing circuit closes, consumed the electric current of this battery by the equalizing resistance being connected in parallel on this battery cell, thus reach the order ground reducing this battery charging voltage.When the voltage of this cell is tending towards a value, metal-oxide-semiconductor will control equalizing circuit bypass and disconnect, and equalizing resistance disconnects and stops balanced with the parallel connection of this cell.If this equalizing circuit is when battery is charged to charging platform voltage, although equilibrium will need the efficiency of long time the method very low, its simple equalizing circuit is that other equalizing circuit cannot be compared.
AD7280A provides a switch mosfet, as the Q1 in Figure 13 to each cell.The cell electric discharge that Q1 can overcharge to any one, the equilibrium of resistance when Q1 is for charging.CB1 is for controlling metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1, Q1 and R1 is responsible for providing passive equilibrium, and whether R2 and D1 be at equilibrium for showing battery.When the battery discharge corresponded, D1 will be lit, and electric current forms discharge loop by battery, R1, Q1, and electric current will be consumed on equalizing resistance R1.At the end of this is battery balanced, the CB1 pin of control AD7280A turns off Q1, and so discharge loop is cut off, and D1 will extinguish.Input series connection 10K resistance R3 and R5 and adjacent differential input on 100nF electric capacity constitute low pass filter, if cell voltage generation overvoltage or under-voltage, R3, R5 can provide protection for these inputs.R1 is equalizing resistance, and the configuration of equalizing circuit also comprises the series resistance R4 placed between the CBx end of AD7280A and the grid of external cell balanced transistor.If external cell balanced transistor damages at the initial connector part of supervisory circuit and battery pack, R4 can protect AD7280A.
4.4 periphery circuit design
The periphery mainly chip power supply power supply of native system, telecommunication circuit, buffer circuit.Power supply circuits power mainly to CPU, isolating chip and telecommunication circuit.Native system adopts RS485 bus and CAN two kinds of telecommunication circuits, and buffer circuit is the isolation mainly between CPU and AD7280A battery management chip.
4.4.1 power supply
Figure 14 is the power supply circuits of lithium iron phosphate battery protecting board, and U1 is the DC-DC power source modular converter of PWB4805MD-1W5 band isolation, and this module is by battery-powered, and the input voltage range of module is 18-72V direct current, and output is 5V direct current.The 5V direct current that U1 exports becomes 3.3V direct current through U2.U2 is AMS1117-3.3 power transfer module, and this module is not with isolation.Pass through the 3.3V direct current of change to chip power supplies such as the CPU of baffle, isolating chip, JTAG emulation, DS18B20 and 24C02.Consider during design that two kinds to the method for chip power supply, one be directly by battery pack to chip power supply, another kind is powered by dispatch from foreign news agency.If circuit does not need to change when using battery-powered, if use dispatch from foreign news agency when powering, only the resistance of two in figure 0 ohm need be removed, dispatch from foreign news agency access contact pin is powered.Diode in figure prevents the reversal connection power supply when assembling from can cause damage to battery management system.
4.4.2 telecommunication circuit
In order to improve the reliability of communication system, this ferric phosphate lithium ion battery hardware protection plate (being hereinafter all called for short baffle) and master control borad adopt dual bus to communicate, i.e. RS485 communication and CAN communication.Figure 15 is the CAN transceiver circuit used of baffle and 485 transceiver circuits, and wherein ADM3053 is CAN transceiver, and ADM2587 is RS485 transceiver.ADM3053 is signal and isolated from power formula transceiver, its inner integrated isolated DC-DC transducer.Can find out that there are two power supplies the logic side of ADM3053, be respectively 5V and 3.3V, 5V powers to DC-DC insulating power supply modular converter, and 3.3V powers to the logic side of CAN transceiver.ADM3053 can make between CAN controller and bus interface completely isolated, and can with the data rate work of the highest 1Mbps.ADM2587 is that isolated RS-485 transceiver can adopt 3.3V or 5V DC power supply, be low level when needing high level, receiver effective during this chip enable, forbidding time enable receiver can export and enter high impedance status.The Limited Current that this chip has and temperature too high time the characteristic that turns off, prevent the situation of the output short-circuit of chip and the situation of bus contention occur.
4.4.3 buffer circuit
Shown in Figure 16 is buffer circuit.This buffer circuit is mainly used in the isolation between the bottom device of AD7280A daisy chain and STM32F103RBT6.The AD conversion needing the signal of isolation to comprise SPI communication pin SDO, SDI, SCLK, CS, AD7280A controls pin CNVST, alarm signal pin ALERT and shutoff input pin PD.ADUM5401 is the four-way isolator of integrated DC/DC transducer, and it has 3 logic inputs and 1 logic to export.The SPI just in time corresponding to AD7280A and CPU communicates corresponding, and wherein CPU is respectively as 3 logic inputs of main device: SDI, SCLK, CS pin, logic exports as SDO pin.ADUM1201 is two-channel digital isolator, and a logic inputs a logic and exports, and wherein CNVST switching signal has CPU to send, and alarm signal A LERT sends to CPU by AD7280A.Turn off input pin to be controlled by CPU, CPU control ADG849 single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT), determine whether power to two isolating chip ADUM5401 and ADUM1201 by this switch.ADG8479S is a single chip CMOS single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT), and power supply is by 3.3V Power supply, and he has ultralow conducting resistance, and representative value is 0.5 ohm, is applicable to very much the application requiring pole low switch distortion.
4.4.4 data storage circuitry
In battery management system, need the data stored to mainly contain the daily record of battery operation, fault data recorder, Protection parameters and battery operation data record.In order to reliably record these data accurately, adopt 24C02 as storage chip.This chip has 32 pages, and every page has 8 bytes.Its reference circuit as shown in figure 17.
4.4.5 short-circuit protection circuit
Short-circuit protection is to prevent battery pack to be short-circuited situation, and the short-circuit protection of native system design is divided into two-stage.One-level is mounted in the insurance of the positive terminals of battery pack, prevents dangerous generation.When a short circuit occurs, fuse melting, battery pack disconnects, but insurance reaction for some time, when possible plank burns, insurance does not also fuse.In addition, insurance is mounted in battery case, and when fuse melting, even if plank does not burn out, it is also very troublesome for changing insurance.Based on above reason, native system devises secondary short-circuit protection circuit as shown in figure 18.
In Figure 18, the BATTERY-of network label represents the negative pole of battery pack, and what network label Sensor represented is the current input terminal of Hall current sensor, and the electric current fan-out of Hall current sensor receives the positive pole of battery pack.When the circuit is on, by three resistance R91, R92, R93 samplings in parallel, then amplified by operational amplifier, then compare to export with the value of setting through comparator and control turning on and off of triode Q24.When comparator exports high level i.e. short circuit, triode ON, R56 short circuit, Q17 closes, and circuit disconnects.UC_CONTROL in figure is controlled by CPU, and when CPU output low level time, Q17 and Q18 is in conducting state, and when CPU exports high level time, Q17 and Q18 is in off state.Also can turn off with the conducting of uC_CONTROL control circuit when short circuit, but this time is long, turning off with the conducting of uC_CONTROL control circuit is here holding circuit conducting or shutoff.Real short-circuit protection turns off and is controlled by BH1 and BH2.BH1 with BH2 in figure is through that isolating chip is connected with CPU, and BH1 is to the signal of CPU, and when CPU detects that BH1 is high level, CPU will to export the BH1 output low level that high level is by control BH2.
The Software for Design of 5 charger control system
The module of charger control system is divided into: data acquisition module, main control module, pulse control module and host computer human-machine interface module.Data acquisition module employs single-chip microcomputer SPMC75F2413A chip and uses as data acquisition, main control module employs the data communication that a slice SPMC75F2413A chip is responsible between each module equally, pulse control module employs UC3875 and is used for producing pwm pulse, and host computer human-machine interface module also uses SPMC75F2413A chip to be responsible for the process of keyboard commands input and display section.Corresponding software of having write comprises man-machine interface program, data acquisition chip program, master control borad program and Pulse Width Control program.Each program is again by the main program of this program, and interrupt service routine forms with the subprogram completing each functions of modules.Develop primarily of assembler language.
The function that wherein man-machine interface program will realize has had/has shut down control, work method control, the display of charging system operating state and malfunction coefficient.Enter holding state after system electrification initialization and wait for input through keyboard and communication request.If there is input, then program enters corresponding work shape thought according to input information, calls subprograms corresponding work.Data acquisition program is floating voltage mainly, the change of electric current, completes the detection of various amount of information.After fault message being detected, program enters troubleshooting subprogram at once, sends failure code simultaneously and shows and report to the police.Realize carrying out AD conversion to data timing and to master control borad and display terminal by the transmission of SMbus bus.The maincenter that master control borad transmits as data, is responsible for the exchange of data between each module.The function that Pulse Width Control program realizes is receive the data of data acquisition module and deal with data, and pwm pulse occurs.
5.1 programming requirements
According to system requirements and hardware construction, in this design, the main task of software is the set-point of output constant current constant voltage, and the signal that process sample circuit feeds back is protected system, realized the smooth transition of constant current constant voltage.
5.2 programmed environment
unSPIDE
5.3 ports are selected
Select for PWM wave output terminal mouth, because SPMC75F2413A provides 5 general purpose timers (PDC0, PDC1, TPM2, MCP3 and MCP4), each MCP timer has independently three-phase six road PWM wave form output; Each PDC timer comprises 3 programmable specific function pins, is used for carrying out catching, comparing output, PWM output and position detecting; TPM2 is a general purpose timer, is used for carrying out catching input, compares output and PWM output.And our design needs output 1 road PWM ripple as simulation specified rate, so we utilize PDC0 timer as PWM generator, its principle, as Figure 19, selects IOB8/TIO0C the delivery outlet of a pin as PWM ripple.
In addition, select the higher fault input pin FTIN of priority ratio as the input pin of fault interrupt signal FAULT, during to enable to break down, effectively turn off UC3875 fast, stop PWM ripple to export, realize software protection.In order to receive fault-signal when the system failure and remove fault-signal when System recover is normal, we select IOD7, IOD9 as the input pin of overcurrent and short-circuit protection fault-signal, select output pin IOC/BZO as output reset signal U2-69.Due to the general ADC module of high-performance 10 of a 100Ksps switching rate embedded in SPMC75F2413A chip, adopt SAR (Approach by inchmeal) structure.It and IOA [7..0] multiplexing pins are as input channel, and most multipotency provides 8 tunnel analog input abilities.Meanwhile, ADC module has multiple-working mode optional, to meet different application.The theory diagram of ADC as shown in figure 20.Therefore we select IOA0 ~ IOA7 as analog input channel, select 5V voltage as reference voltage.Input analog amount is the detection of outside given, output voltage, electric current, DC bus-bar voltage, the temperature of two IGBT module and the temperature detection of high frequency transformer respectively.
5.4 program flow diagram
Figure 21 ~ 25 are the whole control program flow chart realizing charger constant-current constant-voltage charging process respectively, comprise main program, Interruption service routine, waveform generator interrupt service routine and fault interrupting service routine etc.
The Software for Design of 6 battery management systems
6.1 software development environment
Capacity products in the STM32F103RBT6 that this battery protecting plate uses ST company to produce.Can know according to STM32 series of products naming rule, in STM32F103RBT6, SMT32 represents that this product is 32 8-digit microcontrollers based on ARM, F represents that this product is universal class, 103 represent that this product is enhancement mode, R represents that this product has 64 pins, B represents that this product has the flash memories of 128K byte, and T represents that the encapsulated type of this product is LQPF, and the temperature range of 6 these product works of expression is technical grade temperature ranges :-40 DEG C-85 DEG C.STM32 series of products are low capacity, middle capacity or Large Copacity according to its flash memory capacity determination product.Small-capacity product refers to that flash memory capacity scope is between 16k-32K, and middle capacity products refers to that flash memory capacity scope is between 64K-128K, and products with larger capacity refers to that flash memory capacity scope is between 256K-512K.Interconnection type product is also had except low capacity, middle capacity and products with larger capacity.
That the utility model is selected is the Integrated Development Environment RealViewMDK that ARM company issued in March, 2011, and it is integrated with the perfect matching that KeiluVision4 achieves compiler, debugging acid and ARM device.Utilize the feature of its automatic code generating, greatly can improve development rate.KeiluVision4 provides feature richness and window interface easily.Coordinate simulator, running status and the inner space that can monitor whole program are distributed, and by arranging breakpoint and single step run program, the defect of trace routine.Program on-line debugging is that debug command is all transmitted by these data wires and control line by JTMS (PA13), the JTCK (PA14) of 20 pin JATG interfaces of standard and STM32, JTDI (PA15), NRST (7 pin), JTDO (PB3), JNTRST (PB4) pin according to certain sequential serial transfer program code and data.
6.2 overall system design block diagrams
According to development requirement, devise 16 joint 60Ah lithium iron phosphate battery management systems herein, this battery pack is applied to mining light source of charger.According to the requirement of mine power resource and the task of battery management system, this battery protecting plate mainly completes following functions:
(1) Real-time Collection of battery pack information.
(2) management of charging and discharging of battery pack, mainly comprise and the voltage of battery pack, electric current and temperature and prior voltage, temperature and the current threshold set are compared, see whether overvoltage occurs, the situation such as under-voltage, high temperature, low temperature, overcurrent and short circuit reporting to the police, and condition according to the rules stops battery charge or discharge.
(3) battery pack SOC estimation.
(4) equilibrium of battery pack.
(5) communication function, provides the interface that data transmit, and comprises communicating and RS485 communication of same host computer communication and CAN part.
Figure 26 is the function diagram of lithium ion battery management system, and system adopts dual bus communication: CAN communication communicates with RS485, completes communicating of baffle and master control borad two parts.This problem just completes baffle part, the hardware designs of completing circuit and software programming, and realizes and the communicating of host computer.Master control borad in figure and can be communicated by RS485 between baffle and CAN communication realizes transmission and the control of data.Master board is mainly used in display, and control the discharge and recharge of battery pack, a master control borad hangs at most 10 battery protecting plates.Each battery protecting plate controls 16 joint cells, and its main task is data acquisition, i.e. the voltage of 16 joint cells and temperature, total voltage, the Balance route of battery, the SOC of estimating battery, the storage of data.
As seen from the figure, battery management system functionally can be divided into three aspects: baffle completes the collection of data as bottom, and process, analysis and control, intermediate layer is exchange and the transmission that data are carried out in data communication, and master control borad completes Presentation Function as top layer.System adopts STM32F103RBT6 as controller, and relies on a sophisticated software program and each hardware circuit functional module linked together, the functions such as settling signal detection, data processing, funcall, data storage, data communication.Therefore software also occupies very large proportion in battery management system, and it manages just as the brain of people, and each function is ruly carries out.Can system the work of normal reliable, and outside the Pass having with the appropriate design of hardware, the software programming also with scientific and reasonable is inseparable.This section mainly introduces the Software for Design of battery protecting plate, and when Software for Design, the function that will will realize according to system is analyzed, and then carries out modularized design, finally modules is carried out combination debugging, realizes the repertoire needed.
6.3 overall system design block diagrams
Use RT-Thread operating system in program, this operating system completes 3 tasks.Be respectively: data acquisition and carry out breakdown judge, 485 communication and SOC estimation.Each task has oneself correlator program, introduces the flow chart of these these programs below respectively.
6.3.1 program design
What the user program entrance of RealViewMDK also adopted is main () function, so the main program of system is also in main () function.Figure 27 is exactly the main flow chart of program, as can be seen from the figure only have invoked rtthread_startup () function in main program, this is because this function is the unified entrance of RT-Thread.
Rtthread_startup () function comprises 4 parts, and each application thread of the hardware that initialization system is relevant, initializing system components, initialization system equipment and initialization also starts scheduler.Native system has three these three threads of application thread and sets up in rt_application_init () function.Just define the priority size of each task when setting up thread, RT_Thread supports 256 priority, and the less priority of numerical value is higher, and the thread scheduler provided in RT_Thread is the scheduling based on full Preemptive priority.When system first time startup first time dispatches, system is just executed the task according to the priority size arranged when setting up thread.
6.3.2 data acquisition process
The voltage of battery cell, the temperature of battery cell and total voltage are gathered by battery management chip AD7280A, and way circuit is gathered by the output of the AD conversion channel acquisition current sensor of STM32F103RBT6.First the serial line interface of battery management chip AD7280A is introduced below, then at the program flow diagram introducing data acquisition and Processing tasks.
The serial line interface of 1.AD7280A
AD7280A serial interface communication mode is SPI communication, and clock polarity is 0, and clock phase is 1.Be made up of CS, SCLK, SDI, SDO tetra-signals its interface section known above.Wherein SDI to be used for sending data in sheet in register; SDO is for reading register and transformation result register in sheet; SCLK is the serial clock input of flagship, and all data are input or output is all carry out relative to SCLK; CS input is used for carrying out data frame transfer to the serial data of dealing device.Because AD7280A only supports 32 bit data transmission, at rising edge reset counter of CS, guarantee AD7280A CS each trailing edge automatically and CPU re-synchronization, in order to correctly build 32 order of the bit, use single 32 bit wide CS frames.Figure 28 gives the sequential chart of AD7280A serial line interface.
In battery management system, owing between battery being series connection, therefore when writing AD7280A except comprising the data that will write, each write operation also must comprise address of devices and register address.AD7280A uses 32 can upgrade the register of any device in daisy chain for write cycle time, and its write sequence is as shown in table 7.1.
Table 6.1AD7280A position write cycle time
The read operation of AD7280A has two classes, and a class reads AD conversion result, and another kind of is read register data.Table 6.2 is 32 transformation result read cycles, and table 6.3 is 32 bit register data read cycle.No matter be read cycle or write cycle time, address of devices is all configure in the mode that LSB is preferential.Register address except address of devices, data bit and CRC position are then input with MSB mode of priority.
A table 6.232 transformation result read cycle
Table 6.332 is register data read cycle
2. data acquisition and process
Figure 29 is the program flow diagram of data acquisition and Processing tasks.Read battery information in 2EPROM after system electrification, the information of battery comprises the address of battery pack, overvoltage protection value, under-voltage protection value, overvoltage protection recovery value, under-voltage protection recovery value, high temperature protection value, low-temperature protection value, overtemperature prote recovery value, overcurrent protection value and capacitance grade.When writing E2PROM, finally with CRC check value, so when reading E2PROM, the crc value of read value also can be calculated, if the crc value of write is the same with the crc value that retaking of a year or grade calculates, just illustrate that the data of retaking of a year or grade are correct.Just start to operate AD7280A after retaking of a year or grade is correct.First, initialization AD7280A, the task that initialization mainly completes arranges an address to each AD7280A in daisy chain, is convenient to the register of any one device of CPU addressing and any device like this.During initialization success, AD7280A carries out Self-checking, and testing oneself is operating state in order to the ADC and reference voltage buffer verifying AD7280A, if the code of the transformation result of testing oneself of retaking of a year or grade illustrates that between 970 and 990 the ADC conversion of AD7280A is no problem.
Test oneself successfully and reset fault flag of testing oneself, then whether check circuit is short-circuited and over current fault, adjusts AD7280A data acquisition routines after confirming do not have these faults.If according to the result gathered, the result of data acquisition correctly will judge whether battery other fault occurs, then calculate the power consumption of battery, finally make baffle the same as the address set in ground and the battery information of slave station.In initialization AD7280A address, AD7280A test oneself and AD7280A data acquisition time, all will perform write operation to AD7280A, the flow chart of write operation is as shown in figure 29.
When performing write operation to AD7280A, as shown in figure 30, first judge that whether write operation is effective, just return write error mark if invalid, if correctly judge that whether address of devices is correct again.Here the address determined when the address of devices said refers to AD7280A initialization, in daisy chain, the address of each AD7280A is unique.After completing initialization, the address from main AD7280A to the AD7280A of most top layer is respectively 0,1,2.If address of devices be mistake with regard to error flag position, return address, if correctly just then transmitted by DMA according to 32 write cycle time construction datas.Can find out from the serial sequential chart of flow chart and AD7280A when writing AD7280A, be set to low level, so transmit handle before data at DMA pin drags down.
Have two kinds by the read operation of known AD7280A above, one reads transformation result, and one is read register.In often kind of situation, first must write the reading register of selected device, correct data are provided by output in order to configure this device, the value write when reading transformation result and read register as can be seen from Figure 31 and step are different, but which reads all has a step to be exactly handle when startup DMA transmission drag down, and at the end of draw high.When reading transformation result, in order to pass through pin starts conversion, needs 0x02 to write control register, when starting to change trailing edge can start conversion.And by arranging control register and arrange the voltage that reads all devices and auxiliary ADC inputting, so just can read the voltage of 16 batteries, temperature and total voltage.Then the voltage of battery cell can be expressed as formula (6.1), the temperature of battery cell and total voltage computational methods chapter 4 by the agency of.
V_cell[i]=4.0*(V_temp[i]/4096)+1(6-1)
In formula: V_cell [i] represents the voltage of battery cell, unit: V; V_temp [i] represents the value of the ADC conversion of reading.The analog input scope of AD7280A voltage input is 1V to 5V, and the code transition on continuous integral number LSB can be made so little, increases the precision of voltage measurement.
Figure 32 is that battery failures judges subprogram, has four kinds in native system to the operation of battery: start the operation to battery, suspend operation to battery, stop the operation of battery and the operation that terminates battery.When battery arrives upper voltage limit, at this moment battery will suspend every operation to battery; When battery overcurrent, low temperature and high temperature, the operation to battery will be stopped; When the voltage of battery and temperature acquisition thread breakage, metal-oxide-semiconductor turn off lost efficacy and the under-voltage problem that these cannot be solved by software control time will terminate to battery operation; When there is no any fault of more than generation, the operation to battery at this moment just can be started.The state of battery mainly contains charged state, discharge condition and shelves state, so the operation of battery just refers to action battery being carried out to discharge and recharge.The judgement of fault is divided into as shown in the figure has dispatch from foreign news agency and does not have dispatch from foreign news agency two kinds of situations, all will judge whether metal-oxide-semiconductor turns off inefficacy and whether gathering line ruptures with or without dispatch from foreign news agency.It is the most dangerous that metal-oxide-semiconductor turns off inefficacy, and this not only easily causes the overcharge of battery pack and overdischarge but also the fault metal-oxide-semiconductor that ought be short-circuited to turn off the danger easily causing battery pack to explode not in time.If gathering line fracture finds to cause erroneous judgement not in time, can battery pack overcharge be caused, if things go on like this will shorten the useful life of battery pack.
6.3.3SOC algorithm task
The estimation strategy of the SOC that native system uses is the SOC estimation strategy of band weighted factor, battery dump energy estimation part is encapsulated in a subprogram, called by the timing of inquiry flag bit in main program, the benefit made like this be change battery dump energy evaluation method time only need change the content of subprogram, and without the need to changing the structure of whole program.
Program first time can judge whether first time powers on, and collection plate will read the voltage of battery if first time powers on when powering on, and judge voltage whether on voltage platform, if on voltage platform, it is 1 that system will charge to SOC to battery pack; If just do not calculate the initial SOC of battery by open circuit voltage method on voltage platform.When program be not power on first time time, first system is called ampere-hour method and is calculated the SOCA (k) of battery, calls the SOCV (k) that emf method calculates battery.Then call weight factor counting subroutine and calculate weight factor, finally calculate the SOC of battery according to formula (3-23).But use formula (3-23) also will determine weighted factor w, and the value of w is determined as the case may be.If first time calls SOC and calculates the voltage of washing procedure and battery not on voltage platform, the value of w should be set to 0, is exactly now simple emf method.SOC counting subroutine is called if not first time, will determine whether SOC converts part slowly at cell voltage, if the weight of the dump energy that emf method is tried to achieve will be being reduced, if at two ends, there is higher precision with the SOCV (k) that emf method is tried to achieve, therefore when programming, the dump energy of battery is divided into three parts: 0% ~ 30%, 30% ~ 80%, 80% ~ 100%, there is different weighted values in different intervals.Namely Figure 33 is SOC counting subroutine flow chart.
Figure 34 and 35 is the program flow diagram that ampere-hour method and electromotive force calculate battery dump energy respectively.When calling ampere-hour method and calculating the dump energy of battery, first table look-up determine electric current adjusted coefficient K i and temperature correction coefficient Kt according to the electric current of sampling, temperature information, then calculate increment XSOC (k) of dump energy according to formula (3-24), complete the calculating of ampere-hour method.Then the current power gesture of battery is calculated according to (3-22), but before the computation must each term coefficient in calculating formula, and native system is that experimentally method obtains these parameters.Carry out identification according to great many of experiments to system before programming to obtain the form that coefficient makes coefficient and SOC relation and leave in EEPROM, only need in a program root SOC table look-up and linear interpolation obtain current coefficient value, the current power gesture of battery can be calculated after determining coefficient according to (3-22).Then find according to the form of electromotive force and SOC battery dump energy SOCV (k) that emf method obtains.
6.3.4 communication task
Although native system design is based on CAN and RS485 bus, only achieve RS485 communication, communication protocol uses MODBUS communication protocol.What MODBUS communication adopted is the communication of principal and subordinate's question and answer mode, and namely main equipment sends request signal, from device responds.MODBUS communication protocol has two kinds of transmission meanss, be respectively MODBUSRTU pattern and MODBUSASCII pattern, relative to MODBUSASCII pattern, the figure place that the informational needs that MODBUSRTU mode transfer is identical is less, namely under identical traffic rate, have larger data traffic, what therefore select herein is RTU pattern.
As shown in figure 36, in native system, battery protecting plate is as slave station, and main website is by the request of giving an order, and slave station receives laggard row data analysis, if the command request that main website sends meets communication protocol, slave station will make response.The command request that in native system, main website sends mainly comprise read holding register, write single register, read input register and write multiple register, corresponding function code is 0x03,0x06,0x04 and 0x10.Verify function code after master station acquires, perform different response formats according to different function codes, if function code is abnormal, slave station will return an errored response.The error code of errored response is that function code adds 80H, and exception code has 0x02 and 0,x03 two kinds.0x02 represents illegal data address, and 0x03 represents illegal data, and these two exception codes are all relevant with request.
Table 6.4 is for reading the communication format of holding register, and its function code is 0x03, and in table, N represents register number.In the communication format of master station acquires, tributary address is the same with the address arranged in battery information, first judge that when slave station receives the request of main website whether the tributary address sent is the same with the tributary address arranged in battery information, if equally continue judgement below, would not respond if different.What read that holding register mainly reads is battery failures mark, main circuit current, current battery charge, energy ezpenditure, equilibrium, battery dump energy, electricity to the operation of battery, battery consumption, gathering line fracture and reference voltage.
The communication format of holding register read by table 6.4
Table 6.5 is for writing the communication format of single register, and its function code is 0x06.Writing single register master station acquires is as can be seen from the table the same with the form that slave station is replied.Write in the amendment that single register is mainly used in battery information, if a certain item in battery information needs amendment, main website can send to slave station the item that will revise and the value that will revise, and first slave station judges register address whether within the scope of regulation, if will read E 2the value of battery information in PROM, and cover original value by the value that will revise, and carry out CRC check.Finally, new battery information write E 2in PROM.
The communication format of single register write by table 6.5
Table 6.6 is the communication format of read input register, and its function code is 0x04.Read input register mainly reads battery information in the present system, and the information having introduced battery above comprises the address of battery pack, overvoltage protection value, under-voltage protection value, overvoltage protection recovery value, under-voltage protection recovery value, high temperature protection value, low-temperature protection value, overtemperature prote recovery value, overcurrent protection value and capacitance grade.
The communication format of table 6.6 read input register
Table 6.7 is for writing the communication format of multiple register, and its function code is 0x10.Write multiple register and mainly receive the system time that main website passes over, dispatch from foreign news agency mark and battery pack export and control.Wherein dispatch from foreign news agency mark shows whether have dispatch from foreign news agency, just can carry out equilibrium to battery when there being dispatch from foreign news agency, and the output of battery pack controls to be turn off realization by opening of metal-oxide-semiconductor.
The communication format of multiple register write by table 6.7

Claims (3)

1. a small charger, is characterized in that: comprise charging main circuit and difference connected testing circuit, phase-shift pulse controller and SCM Based main control unit; Described charging main circuit is made up of rectification circuit, high-frequency direct-current translation circuit; Main control unit detects the operating state of charger by testing circuit, sends charging control signal, complete the detection and control to output current and voltage, realize the control of battery charging process by phase-shift pulse controller.
2. small charger according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described charging main circuit is by namely prime power inverter and the common secondary power converter of rear class power inverter form.
3. small charger according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: described prime power inverter input three-phase AC380V50Hz AC sinusoidal voltage is through the uncontrollable diode rectification of three-phase, access capacitor filtering again, the ripple component of output voltage after rectification reduces by the energy storage effect utilizing electric capacity to have, obtain the direct current of DC510V, again through single-phase IGBT inverter conversion, obtain the ac high frequency square-wave voltage that amplitude is AC510V/20kHz; Described rear class power inverter achieves the rectifying conversion from the ac square-wave voltage to direct voltage inputting amplitude AC300V/20kHz.
CN201420766611.2U 2014-12-05 2014-12-05 Small -size charger Expired - Fee Related CN204794282U (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110970982A (en) * 2019-12-31 2020-04-07 杭州简弈科技有限公司 Power supply table with position-variable power supply unit

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110970982A (en) * 2019-12-31 2020-04-07 杭州简弈科技有限公司 Power supply table with position-variable power supply unit

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