CN204347620U - A kind of single shaft photovoltaic sun tracking system - Google Patents

A kind of single shaft photovoltaic sun tracking system Download PDF

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CN204347620U
CN204347620U CN201420579351.8U CN201420579351U CN204347620U CN 204347620 U CN204347620 U CN 204347620U CN 201420579351 U CN201420579351 U CN 201420579351U CN 204347620 U CN204347620 U CN 204347620U
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photovoltaic
axis
tracking system
solar tracking
photovoltaic solar
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毕鹏
徐�明
李为波
宁政开
李雄
吴胜
陶海莉
李伟奇
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Winworld Academy Of Central China University Of Science And Technology
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Abstract

本实用新型提供一种单轴光伏追日系统,其以单片机为控制核心,利用光敏电阻感应光照强度进而控制电机的正反转,保证光伏板时刻处于最大光照强度下,同时通过MPPT技术提高蓄电池的充电效率,实现光伏板发电效率最大化。此外在LCD显示屏上实时显示时间、发电量以及蓄电池的储电量等参数,增强整个系统的稳定性和环境应变能力,延长使用寿命。因此,本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统充分体现了节能环保的理念,具有较好的社会效应和经济效益。随着越来越多的地方使用太阳能作为清洁能源,提高太阳能转化率和它的充电效率都有待实施改进,本实用新型的应用前景十分广阔。

The utility model provides a single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system, which uses a single-chip microcomputer as the control core, uses a photosensitive resistor to sense the light intensity and then controls the positive and negative rotation of the motor to ensure that the photovoltaic panel is always under the maximum light intensity. The charging efficiency can maximize the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic panels. In addition, parameters such as time, power generation and storage capacity of the battery are displayed in real time on the LCD display, which enhances the stability of the entire system and the ability to adapt to the environment, and prolongs the service life. Therefore, the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention fully embodies the concept of energy saving and environmental protection, and has good social and economic benefits. As more and more places use solar energy as clean energy, the improvement of solar energy conversion rate and its charging efficiency needs to be improved, and the application prospect of the utility model is very broad.

Description

一种单轴光伏追日系统A single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system

技术领域 technical field

本实用新型属于能量技术领域,尤其涉及一种单轴光伏追日系统。 The utility model belongs to the field of energy technology, in particular to a single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system.

背景技术 Background technique

随着世界人口持续增长和经济的不断发展,能源供应的需求量日益增加,但在目前的能源消费结构中,仍是以煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料为主。据最新世界能源调查报告显示,化石燃料最多只能使用200年左右,而太阳能是清洁能源且相比于化石燃料是取之不尽、用之不竭的,可以有效地缓解能源危机,在日后的世界能源结构中将占据主导地位。因此,光伏发电技术是新能源技术的重要组成部分,随着人们对可再生能源认识的提高,太阳能资源的开发及应用前景将是十分广阔的。 With the continuous growth of the world's population and the continuous development of the economy, the demand for energy supply is increasing day by day. However, in the current energy consumption structure, fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are still dominant. According to the latest world energy survey report, fossil fuels can only be used for about 200 years at most, while solar energy is clean energy and is inexhaustible and inexhaustible compared to fossil fuels, which can effectively alleviate the energy crisis. will occupy a dominant position in the world's energy structure. Therefore, photovoltaic power generation technology is an important part of new energy technology. With the improvement of people's awareness of renewable energy, the development and application prospects of solar energy resources will be very broad.

然而现有的光伏发电装置中,传统单轴系统存在发电量低、结构复杂、占地面积大、维护难、太阳能利用率不高等问题。而且单轴光伏追日系统的双轴系统跟踪需要同时控制两个变量,复杂的控制使得系统运行可靠性降低,成本提高。 However, in the existing photovoltaic power generation devices, the traditional single-axis system has problems such as low power generation, complex structure, large footprint, difficult maintenance, and low solar energy utilization rate. Moreover, the dual-axis system tracking of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system needs to control two variables at the same time. The complicated control reduces the reliability of the system operation and increases the cost.

实用新型内容 Utility model content

为解决上述技术问题,本实用新型提供一种单轴光伏追日系统,其以单片机为控制核心,利用光敏电阻感应光照强度进而控制电机的正反转,保证光伏板时刻处于最大光照强度下,同时通过MPPT技术提高蓄电池的充电效率,实现光伏板发电效率最大化。此外在LCD显示屏上实时显示时间、发电量以及蓄电池的储电量等参数,增强整个系统的稳定性和环境应变能力,延长使用寿命。 In order to solve the above technical problems, the utility model provides a single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system, which uses a single-chip microcomputer as the control core, uses a photosensitive resistor to sense the light intensity and then controls the positive and negative rotation of the motor to ensure that the photovoltaic panel is always under the maximum light intensity. At the same time, the charging efficiency of the battery is improved through MPPT technology to maximize the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic panels. In addition, parameters such as time, power generation and storage capacity of the battery are displayed in real time on the LCD display, which enhances the stability of the entire system and the ability to adapt to the environment, and prolongs the service life.

本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统,其包括:单片机控制系统、旋转电机、MPPT控制器、蓄电池、LCD显示屏、光伏板六大结构; The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present utility model includes six structures: a single-chip microcomputer control system, a rotating motor, an MPPT controller, a storage battery, an LCD display screen, and a photovoltaic panel;

单片机控制系统,利用太阳高度角和方位角的数学模型计算太阳方位,并结合自动跟踪感应器接受的光强与系统规定值的关系,发出指令控制旋转电机的转动; The single-chip microcomputer control system uses the mathematical model of the sun's altitude and azimuth to calculate the sun's position, and combines the relationship between the light intensity received by the automatic tracking sensor and the specified value of the system to issue commands to control the rotation of the rotating motor;

旋转电机,根据单片机控制系统的指令进行转动从而旋转调整光伏板,使 光伏板对准太阳对其进行追踪; The rotating motor rotates according to the instructions of the single-chip control system to rotate and adjust the photovoltaic panel, so that the photovoltaic panel is aligned with the sun to track it;

蓄电池,用于储备光伏板产生的电能,需要使用时由单片机控制系统控制蓄电池将其储备的电能供给用户使用; The storage battery is used to store the electric energy generated by the photovoltaic panel. When it needs to be used, the single-chip control system controls the battery to supply the stored electric energy to the user;

光伏板,旋转电机使光伏板在最佳位置下接收太阳光,并将太阳能转变为电能,一部分供给用户直接使用,另一部分储备在蓄电池中; Photovoltaic panels, the rotating motor enables the photovoltaic panels to receive sunlight in the best position, and convert solar energy into electrical energy, part of which is supplied to users for direct use, and the other part is stored in the battery;

MPPT模块,采用扰动观测法P&O、恒定电压控制法CVT两种方式相结合的办法来提高系统功率; The MPPT module adopts the combination of the disturbance observation method P&O and the constant voltage control method CVT to improve the system power;

LCD显示屏,用于显示日期、发电量和储电量。 LCD display for displaying date, power generation and storage power.

进一步的,自动跟踪感应器设定间歇工作,每5分钟启动一次跟踪检测。 Further, the automatic tracking sensor is set to work intermittently, and a tracking detection is started every 5 minutes.

进一步的,单轴光伏追日系统的支架分为底座、主梁和光伏系统三部分,三部分之间可拆卸并通过螺栓连接。 Furthermore, the bracket of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system is divided into three parts: the base, the main beam and the photovoltaic system, and the three parts are detachable and connected by bolts.

进一步的,光伏板的南北方向角度和东西方向角度可调,根据季节调整南北方向角度,根据太阳旋转调整东西方向角度。 Further, the north-south angle and the east-west angle of the photovoltaic panel are adjustable, the north-south angle is adjusted according to the season, and the east-west angle is adjusted according to the rotation of the sun.

效果较好的,光伏板的东西方向旋转系统采用加厚满盘钢珠万向转盘,万向转盘为旋转沙发或旋转衣柜的连接部件。 The effect is better. The east-west rotation system of the photovoltaic panel adopts a thickened steel ball universal turntable, and the universal turntable is the connecting part of the rotating sofa or rotating wardrobe.

进一步的,自动跟踪感应器包括:光敏模块,单片机模块,时钟芯片模块,驱动模块及支流电机组成;该自动跟踪感应器具有两种模式,一种为自动判断外部光强模式,该模式在光照强时采用光敏电阻构成的追踪器来实时追踪,另一种为定时驱动模式,该模式在光照较弱时采用时钟模块定时驱动,且该两种模式能够实时切换。 Further, the automatic tracking sensor includes: a photosensitive module, a single-chip microcomputer module, a clock chip module, a drive module and a branch motor; the automatic tracking sensor has two modes, one is the mode of automatically judging the external light intensity. When the light is strong, a tracker composed of a photoresistor is used to track in real time, and the other is a timing drive mode, which uses a clock module to drive regularly when the light is weak, and the two modes can be switched in real time.

进一步的,单轴光伏追日系统还包括一个备用电源,当蓄电池无法满足供电需求时,电源切换开关会自动切换到备用电源供电。 Furthermore, the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system also includes a backup power supply. When the battery cannot meet the power supply demand, the power switch will automatically switch to the backup power supply.

本实用新型的有益效果在于: The beneficial effects of the utility model are:

本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统具有结构简,成本低,维护易,兼容性强,可靠性高的强大优势。 The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the utility model has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, easy maintenance, strong compatibility and high reliability.

本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统是一种新型低成本MPPT控制单轴联动的解决方案,可在单轴条件下实现双轴效果,并使太阳能发电效率最大化,提高蓄电池充电效率。 The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the utility model is a new low-cost MPPT control single-axis linkage solution, which can realize dual-axis effects under single-axis conditions, maximize solar power generation efficiency, and improve battery charging efficiency.

本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统能够促进光伏发电装置不断地完善和发展,达到保护环境、节约资源、减少污染的目的。 The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the utility model can promote the continuous improvement and development of photovoltaic power generation devices, and achieve the purposes of protecting the environment, saving resources and reducing pollution.

本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统充分体现了节能环保的理念,具有较好的社会效应和经济效益。随着越来越多的地方使用太阳能作为清洁能源,提高太阳能转化率和它的充电效率都有待实施改进,本实用新型的应用前景十分广阔。 The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the utility model fully embodies the concept of energy saving and environmental protection, and has good social and economic benefits. As more and more places use solar energy as clean energy, improving the conversion rate of solar energy and its charging efficiency needs to be improved, and the application prospect of the utility model is very broad.

本实用新型做到了稳定最大功率点的跟踪,解决了精度差大和算法不严谨等问题,让MPPT控制器能够更迅速的追踪到最大功率点,并通过一个较小扰动量进行精确测量,有效减小了扰动法在最大功率点附近的震荡。 The utility model achieves stable tracking of the maximum power point, solves the problems of large precision difference and imprecise algorithm, etc., enables the MPPT controller to track the maximum power point more quickly, and conducts accurate measurement through a small disturbance, effectively reducing the The oscillation near the maximum power point of the perturbation method is reduced.

附图说明 Description of drawings

图1为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统结构示意图; Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图2a为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的支架的部件一结构示意图; Figure 2a is a structural schematic diagram of a component of the bracket of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图2b为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的支架的部件二结构示意图; Fig. 2b is a structural schematic diagram of part 2 of the bracket of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图2c为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的支架的部件三结构示意图; Fig. 2c is a structural schematic diagram of the third part of the bracket of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图2d为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的支架立体图; Fig. 2d is a three-dimensional view of the bracket of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图2e为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的支架示意图; Figure 2e is a schematic diagram of the bracket of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图3为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的东西方向旋转示意图; Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of east-west direction rotation of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图4为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的南北方向旋转示意图; Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of rotation in the north-south direction of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图5a为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的天球坐标系示意图; Figure 5a is a schematic diagram of the celestial coordinate system of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图5b为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的天球坐标系中太阳在空中的高度角α和方位角γ位置示意图; Fig. 5b is a schematic diagram of the altitude angle α and the azimuth angle γ position of the sun in the sky in the celestial coordinate system of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图6为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的自动跟踪感应器示意图; Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the automatic tracking sensor of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图7为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的太阳能追踪流程示意图; Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the solar tracking process of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图8为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的电源供电电流示意图; Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the power supply current of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图9为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统的MPPT模块示意图; Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the MPPT module of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention;

图10为本实用新型的单轴光伏追日系统自动一天内四季平均日照时长示意图。 Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of the average sunshine duration of four seasons in a day automatically by the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system of the present invention.

具体实施方式 Detailed ways

本实用新型包括单片机控制系统、旋转电机、MPPT控制器、蓄电池、LCD 显示屏、光伏板六大结构。实用新型整体设计如图1。该单轴光伏追日系统的工作方式如下: The utility model includes six structures including a single-chip microcomputer control system, a rotating motor, an MPPT controller, a storage battery, an LCD display screen, and a photovoltaic panel. The overall design of the utility model is shown in Figure 1. The working mode of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system is as follows:

1)晚上太阳消失时,自动跟踪感应器接受的光强小于系统规定值,单片机发出指令控制电机使光伏板转动到初始位置,以保证第二天太阳升起时开始进行光伏板的追踪。 1) When the sun disappears at night, the light intensity received by the automatic tracking sensor is less than the specified value of the system, and the single-chip microcomputer sends an instruction to control the motor to rotate the photovoltaic panel to the initial position, so as to ensure that the tracking of the photovoltaic panel starts when the sun rises the next day.

2)早上太阳出现时,单片机开始分析自动跟踪感应器的两组光敏电阻受光是否相同,当光敏电阻受光相同,则说明光伏板正对太阳。若不同,则由单片机系统控制电机旋转调整光伏板,直至其对准太阳。由于太阳的运动相对缓慢,本系统设定间歇工作,每5分钟启动一次跟踪检测。可有效实现了太阳能光伏板自动跟踪太阳的功能。 2) When the sun appears in the morning, the MCU starts to analyze whether the two sets of photoresistors of the automatic tracking sensor receive the same light. When the photoresistors receive the same light, it means that the photovoltaic panel is facing the sun. If they are different, the single-chip microcomputer system controls the motor to rotate and adjust the photovoltaic panel until it is aligned with the sun. Due to the relatively slow movement of the sun, the system is set to work intermittently and start tracking detection every 5 minutes. It can effectively realize the function of solar photovoltaic panels to automatically track the sun.

3)较弱光照或乌云遮挡时,单片机根据光敏模块反馈的信息,定时驱动光伏板以追踪太阳。当外部恢复较强光照时,能够从定时驱动模式重新转为自动跟踪太阳模式。 3) When the light is weak or covered by dark clouds, the single-chip microcomputer will drive the photovoltaic panel regularly to track the sun according to the information fed back by the photosensitive module. When the external light is restored, it can be switched from timing drive mode to automatic sun tracking mode again.

本实用新型的蓄电池储备系统方便用户,光伏板产生的电直接供给用户使用,剩余的电量储备在蓄电池中,需要使用时由单片机控制,供给用户使用。 The storage battery storage system of the utility model is convenient for users. The electricity generated by the photovoltaic panels is directly supplied to the users, and the remaining electricity is stored in the storage batteries.

支架系统参考了历代光伏支架结构,分析了它们的结构思路,总结经验,然后去粗取精,推陈出新,提出了可拆卸性设计方案,实现了底座与主梁之间可拆卸,以及主梁与上部光伏系统支架之间可拆卸。历代光伏发电系统均由许多零散部件组成,安装人员待货物抵达目的地后需现场大量拼装零件,导致安装工期长、难度大、成本高,浪费人力物力。本实用新型因具有可拆卸性,出厂只有三大部分,实物运抵目的地后,只需将三部分用螺栓连接即可完成安装调试,安装效率得到了大幅提升。在保证稳定、抗风、灵活性的基础上,又提高了便携性和安装的高效性。支架结构如下图2a至图2e所示。 The bracket system refers to the structure of photovoltaic brackets in previous dynasties, analyzes their structural ideas, sums up the experience, then discards the rough and extracts the essence, introduces the old and brings forth the new, and proposes a detachable design scheme, which realizes the detachability between the base and the main beam, and the detachment between the main beam and the upper photovoltaic system. Removable between brackets. Past generations of photovoltaic power generation systems are composed of many scattered parts. After the goods arrive at the destination, installers need to assemble a large number of parts on site, resulting in long installation periods, high difficulty, high cost, and waste of manpower and material resources. Due to the detachability of the utility model, there are only three parts in the factory. After the actual product arrives at the destination, the installation and debugging can be completed by connecting the three parts with bolts, and the installation efficiency has been greatly improved. On the basis of ensuring stability, wind resistance, and flexibility, it also improves portability and installation efficiency. The scaffold structure is shown in Figure 2a to Figure 2e below.

如图3和图4所示,单轴旋转系统的设计分为两个部分,一是南北方向角度调节,二是东西方向角度调节。实现了根据季节调整南北方向角度,以及东西方向实时跟踪太阳旋转的功能。达到了使用双轴旋转系统才能够实现的调节效果,有效降低成本,简化电路,大幅提高了经济效益。 As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, the design of the single-axis rotation system is divided into two parts, one is the angle adjustment in the north-south direction, and the other is the angle adjustment in the east-west direction. Realized the function of adjusting the north-south direction angle according to the season, and tracking the sun rotation in real-time in the east-west direction. The adjustment effect that can only be achieved by using a two-axis rotation system is achieved, the cost is effectively reduced, the circuit is simplified, and the economic benefit is greatly improved.

任何一款光伏追日系统的东西方向旋转结构均为支架的核心部分,中国质量认证中心认证技术规范在实用新型的抗风,抗震,抗压等方面均提出了技术要求。根据该要求,单轴跟踪装置载重要求为20kg/m2,跟踪角度为110°,最 大安全瞬时风速为140km/h。本实用新型的东西方向旋转系统采用加厚满盘钢珠万向转盘,万向转盘常用于旋转沙发,旋转衣柜等大型高重量的连接部件。采用该部件,承重可达200kg/m2,满足在光伏产业中抗风,抗震等技术要求,且转动平滑稳定,跟踪角度高达360°,并可进行精细调整。图5a为天球坐标系示意图,图5b为天球坐标系中太阳在空中的高度角α和方位角γ位置示意图。 The east-west rotating structure of any photovoltaic solar tracking system is the core part of the bracket. The certification technical specifications of the China Quality Certification Center have put forward technical requirements in terms of wind resistance, earthquake resistance, and compression resistance for utility models. According to this requirement, the load requirement of the single-axis tracking device is 20kg/m 2 , the tracking angle is 110°, and the maximum safe instantaneous wind speed is 140km/h. The east-west rotation system of the utility model adopts a thickened steel ball universal turntable, and the universal turntable is often used for large and heavy connecting parts such as rotating sofas and rotating wardrobes. Using this component, the load-bearing capacity can reach 200kg/m 2 , which meets the technical requirements of wind resistance and earthquake resistance in the photovoltaic industry, and the rotation is smooth and stable, and the tracking angle is as high as 360°, and can be finely adjusted. Fig. 5a is a schematic diagram of the celestial coordinate system, and Fig. 5b is a schematic diagram of the altitude angle α and the azimuth angle γ position of the sun in the sky in the celestial coordinate system.

假设观测点所在地与地心距离为r,AB的长度为L。点A位于纬度φ,中午12时,AB平行于Z轴,且在Z=0的平面。在坐标系一下A点和B点的坐标分别为: Assume that the distance between the location of the observation point and the center of the earth is r, and the length of AB is L. Point A is located at latitude φ, at 12:00 noon, AB is parallel to the Z axis, and is on the Z=0 plane. In the coordinate system, the coordinates of point A and point B are:

X(A1)=rcos(φ+δ),Y(A1)=0,Z(A1)=rsin(φ+δ) X(A1)=rcos(φ+δ), Y(A1)=0, Z(A1)=rsin(φ+δ)

X(B1)=rcos(φ+δ),Y(B1)=0,Z(B1)=rsin(φ+δ)+L X(B1)=rcos(φ+δ), Y(B1)=0, Z(B1)=rsin(φ+δ)+L

在坐标系二下A点的坐标和B点的坐标分别为: In the second coordinate system, the coordinates of point A and point B are respectively:

X(A2)=rcosφ,Y(A2)=0,Z(B2)=rsinφ X(A2)=rcosφ, Y(A2)=0, Z(B2)=rsinφ

X(B2)=rcosφ+Lsin23.5°,Y(B2)=0,Z(B2)=rsinφ+Lcos23.5 X(B2)=rcosφ+Lsin23.5°, Y(B2)=0, Z(B2)=rsinφ+Lcos23.5

由上面的计算公式,本实用新型东西方向的旋转需求范围锁定在了135.5°,本实用新型设计旋转范围是360°,由此可见,东西方向的旋转系统除了能满足日常追日发电所需旋转功能,还能在检测到强风来临时,智能调整到与风向平行的角度,实现抗风、稳定、安全的目的。 According to the above calculation formula, the east-west rotation demand range of the utility model is locked at 135.5°, and the utility model design rotation range is 360°. It can be seen that the rotation system in the east-west direction can not only meet the rotation required for daily solar tracking power generation It can also intelligently adjust to an angle parallel to the wind direction when strong wind is detected, so as to achieve the purpose of wind resistance, stability and safety.

地球在围绕太阳旋转的过程中,通过分析其运行轨道,本申请人发现从地球观测角度来看,太阳一年四季所对应的纬度有所不同。为了增加光伏板光能接收能力,须让光伏板的南北方向角度可调。本申请进行了理论计算,假设存在一个天球,是一个假想的无限大的旋转球体,它以地球为中心,其他天体想象成在天球上,自动跟踪感应器结构如图6所示。 During the process of the earth revolving around the sun, by analyzing its orbit, the applicant found that from the perspective of earth observation, the latitude corresponding to the sun is different throughout the year. In order to increase the light receiving capacity of the photovoltaic panel, the north-south direction angle of the photovoltaic panel must be adjustable. This application has carried out theoretical calculations, assuming that there is a celestial sphere, which is an imaginary infinite rotating sphere centered on the earth, and other celestial bodies are imagined to be on the celestial sphere. The structure of the automatic tracking sensor is shown in Figure 6.

天球的南北极与地球的南北极对齐,天球赤道与地球赤道在同一个平面上。赤经线连接天球的南北极,定义春分时的赤经角(χ)为0°,此时,太阳位于地球赤道的正上方。赤经角就是从春分点沿着天球赤道自西向东由0小时至24小时,它的单位分别是时、分、秒。把一周360°平均分成24份后,可以知道其中的15°就等于1小时。天球上的赤纬角(δ)和地球纬度概念就相类似了,是纬度在天球上的投影,它的单位是度,范围在-90°到+90°之间,天球赤道的赤纬角为0度,天北半球的赤纬度数为正数,天南半球的赤纬的度数为负数。地球一直都在绕太阳公转,在天球坐标系上来看的话,就像太阳在黄道平面上绕地球旋转,并且其轨迹平面与天球赤道平面成23.45°的倾斜角。它的赤纬角范围在 -23.45°<δ<23.45°。在冬至日,δ=-23.45°,在夏至日,δ=23.45°,在春分日和秋分日,δ=0°[4]The north and south poles of the celestial sphere are aligned with those of the earth, and the celestial equator is on the same plane as the earth's equator. The right ascension line connects the north and south poles of the celestial sphere, and the right ascension angle (χ) at the spring equinox is defined as 0°. At this time, the sun is directly above the earth's equator. The right ascension angle is from the vernal equinox along the celestial equator from west to east from 0 hours to 24 hours, and its units are hours, minutes, and seconds. After dividing the 360° of a week into 24 parts on average, we can know that 15° of them is equal to 1 hour. The declination angle (δ) on the celestial sphere is similar to the concept of the earth's latitude. It is the projection of latitude on the celestial sphere. Its unit is degree, and the range is between -90° and +90°. The declination angle of the celestial equator is 0 degrees, the degree of declination in the northern hemisphere is a positive number, and the degree of declination in the southern hemisphere is a negative number. The earth has always been revolving around the sun. From the perspective of the celestial coordinate system, it is like the sun revolving around the earth on the ecliptic plane, and its trajectory plane forms an inclination angle of 23.45° with the celestial equator plane. Its declination ranges from -23.45°<δ<23.45°. On the winter solstice, δ=-23.45°, on the summer solstice, δ=23.45°, on the spring and autumn equinoxes, δ=0° [4] .

根据前面的研究分析,可以的得出目前国内各个城市的光伏板安装最佳角度均在倾斜角20°到50°之间。而我们的实用新型在南北方向倾斜角的角度调节在15°到55°之间,结构图如图5所示。可见我们的实用新型满足国内所有城市,所有地域的使用需求。 According to the previous research and analysis, it can be concluded that the best installation angle of photovoltaic panels in various domestic cities is between 20° and 50°. In our utility model, the inclination angle in the north-south direction can be adjusted between 15° and 55°, as shown in Fig. 5 . It can be seen that our utility model meets the needs of all cities and regions in China.

自动跟踪感应器结构框图如图6所示,主要由光敏模块,单片机模块,时钟芯片模块以及驱动模块组成。其工作方式主要是通过光敏模块对光强进行判断,然后传输信号到单片机进行处理,经单片机处理后驱动电机,从而实现追踪太阳的功能,使得光伏板吸收的太阳能达到最大值。当光照信号传入时会有一段时间延迟,并由光敏模块进行第二次判断,若下次信号相同则执行程序,若不同则不执行,有效地避免意外短暂光照驱动系统的问题。 The structural block diagram of the automatic tracking sensor is shown in Figure 6, which is mainly composed of a photosensitive module, a single-chip microcomputer module, a clock chip module and a drive module. Its working method is mainly to judge the light intensity through the photosensitive module, then transmit the signal to the single-chip microcomputer for processing, and drive the motor after processing by the single-chip microcomputer, so as to realize the function of tracking the sun and make the solar energy absorbed by the photovoltaic panel reach the maximum value. When the light signal comes in, there will be a period of delay, and the photosensitive module will make a second judgment. If the next signal is the same, the program will be executed, and if it is different, it will not be executed, effectively avoiding the problem of accidental short-term light drive system.

当四个光敏电阻同时受环境自然光线作用时,若光照强度不同则电阻将改变,因此左右光敏元件间电压也随之发生改变,同时将左右光敏电阻间的电压值给予正相输入端,两个串联100k电阻电压给予反相输入端,通过LM358比较器比较得到高低电平经过单片机处理驱动电机,从而实现光伏板的自动对光的功能。本实用新型的太阳能追踪流程如下图7所示。 When the four photoresistors are affected by the natural light of the environment at the same time, if the light intensity is different, the resistance will change, so the voltage between the left and right photosensitive elements will also change accordingly, and at the same time, the voltage value between the left and right photosensitive resistors will be given to the positive phase input terminal. A 100k series resistor voltage is given to the inverting input terminal, and the high and low levels are compared by the LM358 comparator to drive the motor through the processing of the single-chip microcomputer, so as to realize the automatic light-aligning function of the photovoltaic panel. The solar tracking process of the utility model is shown in Figure 7 below.

系统电源整体电路结构框图如图8所示,其主要由光伏板与蓄电池组成。可有效保证追踪旋转机构、电机驱动机构和MPPT控制器的供电。为保证供电稳定性,电源部分还增加了一个规格为200V/50HZ交流电的备用电源,其采用LS01-15B12S电源模块对市电整流输出12V的直流电,当蓄电池无法满足供电需求时,电源切换开关会自动切换到备用电源供电,从而保证系统的稳定以及供电的可靠。 The block diagram of the overall circuit structure of the system power supply is shown in Figure 8, which is mainly composed of photovoltaic panels and batteries. It can effectively guarantee the power supply of the tracking rotation mechanism, motor drive mechanism and MPPT controller. In order to ensure the stability of the power supply, a backup power supply with a specification of 200V/50HZ AC is added to the power supply. It uses the LS01-15B12S power module to rectify the mains and output 12V DC. When the battery cannot meet the power supply demand, the power switch will Automatically switch to the backup power supply to ensure the stability of the system and the reliability of the power supply.

硬件电路各模块电路的设计已经完成,并在测试后进行整体电路板焊接。 The design of each module circuit of the hardware circuit has been completed, and the overall circuit board is welded after the test.

为了提高太阳能吸收和利用效率,我们引入最大功率点跟踪技术(MPPT),该技术可以有效提高太阳能电池板的输出效率。我们在这个原有的基础上设计了综合型的最大功率点跟踪的电路:采用扰动观测法(P&O)、恒定电压控制法(CVT)[7]两种方式相结合的办法来进一步提高功率,使最终的效率提高20%-30%。MPPT模块流程见图9所示。 In order to improve the efficiency of solar energy absorption and utilization, we introduce maximum power point tracking technology (MPPT), which can effectively improve the output efficiency of solar panels. Based on this original basis, we designed a comprehensive maximum power point tracking circuit: using a combination of disturbance and observation method (P&O) and constant voltage control method (CVT) [7] to further increase the power, Make the final efficiency increase by 20%-30%. The MPPT module process is shown in Figure 9.

在电路设计上引用扰动观测法和恒定电压控制法,做到了稳定最大功率点 的跟踪,解决了精度差大和算法不严谨等问题,让MPPT控制器能够更快的追踪到最大功率点,并通过一个较小扰动量进行精确测量,有效减小了扰动法在最大功率点附近的震荡。 In the circuit design, the disturbance observation method and the constant voltage control method are used to achieve stable tracking of the maximum power point, which solves the problems of large accuracy difference and imprecise algorithm, so that the MPPT controller can track the maximum power point faster, and through A small amount of disturbance is used for accurate measurement, which effectively reduces the oscillation near the maximum power point of the disturbance method.

以现有固定式和现有的单轴追踪为参照,以地理上太阳运动方位[8]为依据,分析本实用新型单轴自动一天内四季平均日照时长,如图10所示。 Taking the existing fixed type and the existing single-axis tracking as a reference, and based on the geographical solar movement azimuth [8] , the utility model single-axis automatic one-day average sunshine duration in four seasons is analyzed, as shown in Figure 10.

由图10分析可知,固定式追踪由于光伏板固定,日照时间由自然地理气候决定,太阳日照利用率很小,光伏板吸收的光照能量少,发电量少;单轴虽然可以追踪,可是只能控制东西方向,角度不可以调节,因此太阳日照利用率仍然很低,发电效率低。我们的实用新型可以达到全方位追踪,使太阳光照射角度达到最大,发电效率高。并且在对蓄电池的充电过程中,本实用新型对比普通的“三段式”充电方式额外提供约30%左右的电能利用率。 As can be seen from the analysis in Figure 10, since the photovoltaic panels are fixed for fixed tracking, the sunshine time is determined by the natural geographical climate, the utilization rate of solar sunshine is very small, the solar energy absorbed by the photovoltaic panels is small, and the power generation is small; although the single axis can be tracked, it can only The east-west direction is controlled, and the angle cannot be adjusted, so the utilization rate of solar sunlight is still very low, and the power generation efficiency is low. Our utility model can achieve all-round tracking, maximize the angle of sunlight irradiation, and have high power generation efficiency. And in the process of charging the accumulator, the utility model provides an additional power utilization rate of about 30% compared with the common "three-stage" charging method.

以75kW的一个光伏太阳能发电系统为例。我们把不同的追踪方式和我们实用新型经行一个经济效益的对比,如表1所示。 Take a 75kW photovoltaic solar power generation system as an example. We compare the economic benefits of different tracking methods with our utility model, as shown in Table 1.

表1 Table 1

注:年节约电费参考武汉市普通居民用电收费标准:0.87/度。假设一个2兆瓦系统全部使用我们的实用新型产生的效益如下: Note: The annual saving of electricity costs refers to the electricity charging standard for ordinary residents in Wuhan: 0.87/kwh. Assuming that a 2 MW system uses our utility model in its entirety, the benefits are as follows:

1)节电量:使用我们的实用新型每年可以产电277.33万度电,产生更大的经济效益,节约资源、保护环境。 1) Power saving: Using our utility model can produce 2.7733 million kilowatt-hours of electricity every year, resulting in greater economic benefits, saving resources and protecting the environment.

2)节煤量:根据使用本实用新型每年产生277.33万度电,可以节约使用煤112.04万吨。2773300kw·h×0.404kg/kw·h=112.04万吨。 2) Coal saving: According to the use of the utility model, 2.7733 million kilowatt-hours of electricity can be generated every year, and 1.1204 million tons of coal can be saved. 2773300kw h × 0.404kg/kw h = 1.1204 million tons.

3)减排量:使用我们的实用新型,每年节约使用112.04万吨的煤,可减少二氧化碳排放112.04万吨*2.66=298.02万吨,二氧化硫排放112.04万吨*8.46%=9.48万吨。 3) Emission reduction: Using our utility model, 1.1204 million tons of coal can be saved every year, which can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.1204 million tons*2.66=2.9802 million tons, and sulfur dioxide emissions by 1.1204 million tons*8.46%=94,800 tons.

计算可得,如果使用我们的发电装置,可以产生最大的经济效益,节约资源,保护环境。 It can be calculated that if our power generation device is used, it can generate the greatest economic benefits, save resources and protect the environment.

综上所述,本实用新型的创新点具体如下: In summary, the innovations of the utility model are as follows:

1)实用新型采用单轴装置,与现有的单轴和固定轴相比,可以更大角度的追踪太阳光,使太阳辐射到达最大,发电效率高;与双轴相比,不需要具有两个独立的动力执行机构,控制系统简单,设计成本低,使用寿命长,可维修性好,经济效益高。 1) The utility model adopts a single-axis device. Compared with the existing single-axis and fixed axis, it can track sunlight at a larger angle to maximize solar radiation and high power generation efficiency; compared with double-axis, it does not need to have two An independent power actuator, simple control system, low design cost, long service life, good maintainability and high economic benefits.

2)角度实时可调,不同的地方,太阳光的直射角度不同,我们利用太阳高度角和方位角的数学模型,计算出太阳在此条件下的方位,从而使光伏系统朝向阳光照射的最佳位置对其进行有效跟踪,使太阳能光伏板始终保持能吸收最大的太阳光强,大大提高光伏发电量,提高系统的发电效率。 2) The angle can be adjusted in real time. In different places, the angle of direct sunlight is different. We use the mathematical model of the sun's altitude angle and azimuth angle to calculate the sun's orientation under this condition, so that the photovoltaic system is oriented to the best sunlight. The position is effectively tracked, so that the solar photovoltaic panels can always absorb the maximum sunlight intensity, greatly increasing the photovoltaic power generation capacity and improving the power generation efficiency of the system.

3)最大功率追踪法(MPPT),由于目前光伏电池的成本高、转换效率低,并且其输出功率易受光照强度、电池温度等因素的影响,因此,为了提高光伏系统的效率,我们设计的实用新型系统实时地跟踪光伏电池的最大功率点,使光伏电池的输出功率始终保持最大。 3) The maximum power tracking method (MPPT). Due to the high cost and low conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells, and its output power is easily affected by factors such as light intensity and battery temperature, in order to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic systems, we designed The utility model system tracks the maximum power point of the photovoltaic cell in real time, so that the output power of the photovoltaic cell is always at the maximum.

惟以上所述者,仅为本实用新型的较佳实施例而已,举凡熟悉此项技艺的专业人士。在了解本实用新型的技术手段之后,自然能依据实际的需要,在本实用新型的教导下加以变化。因此凡依本实用新型申请专利范围所作的同等变化与修饰,都应仍属本实用新型专利涵盖的范围。 But the above-mentioned person is only the preferred embodiment of the present utility model, and all the professionals who are familiar with this skill. After understanding technical means of the utility model, can change under the teaching of the utility model according to actual needs naturally. Therefore all equivalent changes and modifications made according to the patent scope of the utility model should still belong to the scope covered by the utility model patent.

Claims (7)

1.一种单轴光伏追日系统,其特征在于,包括:单片机控制系统、旋转电机、MPPT控制器、蓄电池、LCD显示屏、光伏板六大结构; 1. A single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system, characterized in that it includes: a single-chip microcomputer control system, a rotating motor, an MPPT controller, a battery, an LCD display screen, and six structures of photovoltaic panels; 单片机控制系统,利用太阳高度角和方位角的数学模型计算太阳方位,并结合自动跟踪感应器接受的光强与系统规定值的关系,发出指令控制旋转电机的转动; The single-chip microcomputer control system uses the mathematical model of the sun's altitude and azimuth to calculate the sun's position, and combines the relationship between the light intensity received by the automatic tracking sensor and the specified value of the system to issue commands to control the rotation of the rotating motor; 旋转电机,根据单片机控制系统的指令进行转动从而旋转调整光伏板,使光伏板对准太阳对其进行追踪; The rotating motor rotates according to the instructions of the single-chip control system to rotate and adjust the photovoltaic panel, so that the photovoltaic panel is aligned with the sun to track it; 蓄电池,用于储备光伏板产生的电能,需要使用时由单片机控制系统控制蓄电池将其储备的电能供给用户使用; The storage battery is used to store the electric energy generated by the photovoltaic panel. When it needs to be used, the single-chip control system controls the battery to supply the stored electric energy to the user; 光伏板,旋转电机使光伏板在最佳位置下接收太阳光,并将太阳能转变为电能,一部分供给用户直接使用,另一部分储备在蓄电池中; Photovoltaic panels, the rotating motor enables the photovoltaic panels to receive sunlight in the best position, and convert solar energy into electrical energy, part of which is supplied to users for direct use, and the other part is stored in the battery; MPPT模块,采用扰动观测法P&O、恒定电压控制法CVT两种方式相结合的办法来提高系统功率; The MPPT module adopts the combination of the disturbance observation method P&O and the constant voltage control method CVT to improve the system power; LCD显示屏,用于显示日期、发电量和储电量。 LCD display for displaying date, power generation and storage power. 2.如权利要求1所述的单轴光伏追日系统,其特征在于, 2. The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system according to claim 1, characterized in that, 自动跟踪感应器设定间歇工作,每5分钟启动一次跟踪检测。 The automatic tracking sensor is set to work intermittently, and a tracking detection is started every 5 minutes. 3.如权利要求1所述的单轴光伏追日系统,其特征在于, 3. The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system according to claim 1, characterized in that, 单轴光伏追日系统的支架分为底座、主梁和光伏系统三部分,三部分之间可拆卸并通过螺栓连接。 The support of the single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system is divided into three parts: the base, the main beam and the photovoltaic system. The three parts are detachable and connected by bolts. 4.如权利要求1所述的单轴光伏追日系统,其特征在于, 4. The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system according to claim 1, characterized in that, 光伏板的南北方向角度和东西方向角度可调,根据季节调整南北方向角度,根据太阳旋转调整东西方向角度。 The north-south angle and the east-west angle of the photovoltaic panel are adjustable, and the north-south angle is adjusted according to the season, and the east-west angle is adjusted according to the sun's rotation. 5.如权利要求4所述的单轴光伏追日系统,其特征在于, 5. The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system according to claim 4, characterized in that, 光伏板的东西方向旋转系统采用加厚满盘钢珠万向转盘,万向转盘为旋转沙发或旋转衣柜的连接部件。 The east-west rotation system of the photovoltaic panel adopts a thickened steel ball universal turntable, which is the connecting part of the rotating sofa or rotating wardrobe. 6.如权利要求1所述的单轴光伏追日系统,其特征在于, 6. The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system according to claim 1, characterized in that, 自动跟踪感应器包括:光敏模块,单片机模块,时钟芯片模块,驱动模块及支流电机; The automatic tracking sensor includes: photosensitive module, single-chip microcomputer module, clock chip module, drive module and branch motor; 进一步的,该自动跟踪感应器具有两种模式,一种为自动判断外部光强 模式,该模式在光照强时采用光敏电阻构成的追踪器来实时追踪,另一种为定时驱动模式,该模式在光照较弱时采用时钟模块定时驱动,且该两种模式能够实时切换。 Further, the automatic tracking sensor has two modes, one is the mode of automatically judging the external light intensity, this mode uses a tracker composed of a photoresistor to track in real time when the light is strong, and the other is a timing drive mode, this mode When the light is weak, the clock module is used to drive regularly, and the two modes can be switched in real time. 7.如权利要求1所述的单轴光伏追日系统,其特征在于, 7. The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system according to claim 1, characterized in that, 单轴光伏追日系统还包括一个备用电源,当蓄电池无法满足供电需求时,电源切换开关会自动切换到备用电源供电。 The single-axis photovoltaic solar tracking system also includes a backup power supply. When the battery cannot meet the power supply demand, the power switch will automatically switch to the backup power supply.
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CN112234928A (en) * 2020-11-03 2021-01-15 济南一建集团有限公司 A solar energy environmental protection and energy saving building system and its energy saving method
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CN114020049A (en) * 2021-11-05 2022-02-08 江扬科技(无锡)有限公司 Single-shaft tracking type photovoltaic system
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