CN201160923Y - Adjustable artificial limb receiving cavity - Google Patents
Adjustable artificial limb receiving cavity Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN201160923Y CN201160923Y CNU2008200453425U CN200820045342U CN201160923Y CN 201160923 Y CN201160923 Y CN 201160923Y CN U2008200453425 U CNU2008200453425 U CN U2008200453425U CN 200820045342 U CN200820045342 U CN 200820045342U CN 201160923 Y CN201160923 Y CN 201160923Y
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- inner liner
- receptive cavity
- inflation
- blister cavities
- prosthetic socket
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- Expired - Fee Related
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Abstract
The utility model discloses an adjustable artificial limb receiving cavity which is characterized in that the receiving cavity comprises an elastic side-face inner gasket arranged at a side face inside the receiving cavity; a first air inflation chamber cavity is arranged between the elastic side-face inner gasket and the side face of the receiving cavity; the receiving cavity also comprises an elastic bottom inner gasket arranged at the bottom of the receiving cavity, and a second air inflation chamber cavity is arranged between the elastic bottom inner gasket and the receiving cavity; the first air inflation chamber cavity and the second air inflation chamber cavity are connected with an air inflation system through an air-inflation canula and are charged by the air inflation system. The adjustable artificial limb receiving cavity has lower cost, can be used for a long period, and can bring guarantee for the health of the handicapped.
Description
Technical field
This utility model relates to a kind of amputee's of being used for artificial limb, especially a kind of prosthetic socket of and the supporting adjustable type of artificial limb.
Background technology
Artificial limb is to remedy the AFL that limb defects and the compensatory limb function that it loses are made, assembled for the amputee.Along with the progress of society, increasing lower extremity amputee can use the prosthetic product of new science and technology.
Because developing rapidly of modern science and technology, rehabilitation medicine, particularly society is to the concern of undertakings for disabled people, many national societies ensure the development of cause, make artificial limb manufacturing, assembling develop into a marginality subject that is combined with the modern medicine technology by modern project technology (comprising biomechanics, macromolecular material, precision optical machinery, electronics, computer technology)-artificial limb from an ancient traditional handicraft and learn.The people of a lot of mutilations can come the limb function of recovered part by artificial limb is installed, but the use of artificial limb has brought new problem again.
Amputee's limbs that whenever make a move all are subjected to the impact of a body weight.If a people wears artificial limb and need walk 3 kilometers every day, then the artificial limb side is subjected to about 1,000,000 body weight impact possibly in 1 year.This body weight of 1,000,000 times is impacted and is made through regular meeting that prosthetic user's skin tenderness occurs, frays, stink with perspiration, even the situation of skin protection immune function depression, and serious also can cause the secondary amputation.At present for most artificial leg user, be merely able to the multiple wrapping by gauze or dress the function that various ankle socks realize preventing the deformed limb wearing and tearing, but because the breathability of gauze is poor, the heat that deformed limb produced that can't leave makes the easier allergy of skin.
Amputee's deformed limb is the same with other parts of health, all has the variation of the girth of a garment, makes but the receptive cavity of prior art is hard resin, does not regulate the function of size, width.Prosthetic user's deformed limb fertilizer or thin, all can cause deformed limb and receptive cavity shape not to match, or deformed limb can't insert receptive cavity, or after inserting the space be arranged.At this moment, the amputee just can't use artificial limb, recovers until the deformed limb volume.And the price of a receptive cavity is high, changes receptive cavity and can bring heavy burden to the amputee.
Make a pair and make user feel comfortable artificial limb, core is to make fit receptive cavity.But manufacturing process is only arranged, and do not have correct wearing, it is uncomfortable that user can be felt equally, and gait occurs unusual.Because artificial thigh is dressed certain standard is arranged, as when standing, two lower limb bearing objects are important evenly, and the heel height will be consistent with artificial limb or the like, and the prosthetic user has to spend a large amount of time and goes to adjust when each the wearing.This has brought very big inconvenience to them.
Tangible atrophy can take place in amputee's deformed limb a year after amputation, has caused very big difficulty for preparing artificial limb immediately.But contradiction is that the preparation of artificial limb is more early good more.Because more early carry out the artificial limb assembling, deformed limb people's functional rehabilitation and mental adaptation situation can be good more.And for the people with disability who ends for many years; the girth of a garment of stature directly affects the wearing of artificial limb; fat or when reducing when the bodily form, deformed limb usually can be because of inserting receptive cavity or being to have the space can't dress artificial limb after inserting fully, and this has brought very big inconvenience for trip of people with disability.
Except that dressing inconvenience, the defective of the receptive cavity structure of the reason of amputee's common complication and artificial limb has confidential relation.Put it briefly, in the common complication, directly related with receptive cavity just have stump swelling, cicatrix, adhesion and bursitis, dermatosis, deformed limb skin infection, necrosis even a ulcer etc.For on suffer these complication the people with disability, the improper use of receptive cavity even can cause their secondary amputation.
Prosthetic socket is bad to be a big reason that causes stump swelling.Because the receptive cavity (especially artificial thigh) of modern artificial limb is the receptive cavity of artificial limb comprehensive engagement, comprehensive load-bearing, if receptive cavity can not reach comprehensive engagement, the gap will certainly occur between deformed limb and the receptive cavity, and the position that the gap occurs produces negative pressure in the below-knee prosthesis swing process.Negative pressure of every generation is pulled out cupping jar with regard to being equivalent to one time to the soft tissue of deformed limb latter end, causes deformed limb lymphatic return obstacle, forms the lymphostasis inflammation of the terminal soft tissue of deformed limb.
Deformed limb in the receptive cavity usually can contact with fabric or receptive cavity inwall on every side, thereby causes infection, ulcer and cutaneous necrosis, and these skin problems all may cause cicatrix and bone adhesion.Free skin-grafting on the deformed limb granulation wound of adhesion is easy to the damaged cicatrix that forms.The friction of unaccommodated prosthetic socket or irregular amputation stump can produce bursitis, and the expansion of bursitis, infection and ulceration increase the weight of cicatrix and adhesion again.
The receptive cavity of artificial limb is made by some chemical materialss.The people of some allergic constitution or health are in the people of hypersensitive state, when deformed limb contacts these materials closely, occur skin allergy easily, skin pruritus, erythema occur.Similarly, deformed limb is unhygienic or receptive cavity is interior moist, all can cause the growth of antibacterial and mold propagates to cause dermatosis.Have part amputee's stump cutis laxa to form fold, wear for a long time behind the artificial limb fold place through moisture, blood fortune obstacle, class eczema sample can occur and change, even form ulceration.
Be in wet, hot state when the amputee wears artificial limb in the receptive cavity, various antibacterials, mycete be easy to fast, a large amount of breeding, forms skin infection and multiple tinea, and receptive cavity the smell is awful.And the auxiliary article of existing great majority all can not satisfy the requirement that alleviates deformed limb pressure and radiate heat and ventilate simultaneously as binder and stump sock, so the amputee is difficult to the hundred intimate artificial limbs experience next to the shin of one of percentage.
In sum, though present artificial limb can remedy physical impairment and the compensatory limb function that it loses for the amputee preferably, but still exist owing to fender system deficiency, the not good deformed limb that causes of material heat dispersion are suffered from dermatosis, ulcer, stasis, even caused the problem of people with disability's secondary amputation.Simultaneously, the receptive cavity that can't regulate size has also brought a lot of inconvenience for the prosthetic user.The bigger misery that existing prosthetic socket brings to the people with disability, its comfort level can't satisfy the demands.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this utility model is to solve and is not fit to the prosthetic socket that the people with disability dresses in the prior art, provide a kind of deformed limb skin that prevents to produce bad phenomenon such as allergy, and can realize the elasticity that contacts of regulated at will deformed limb and receptive cavity, the adjustable type prosthetic socket that makes things convenient for the people with disability to dress.
For reaching above purpose, this utility model is to be achieved through the following technical solutions: comprise receptive cavity, the receptive cavity inner side is provided with the elastic side inner liner, also is provided with the first inflation blister cavities between this elastic side inner liner and the receptive cavity side; This receptive cavity bottom is provided with elasticity bottom surface inner liner, also is provided with the second inflation blister cavities between this elasticity bottom surface inner liner and the receptive cavity; The described first inflation blister cavities is connected with gas charging system by inflating catheter with the second inflation blister cavities, and by this gas charging system inflation.
Owing to adopted the structure setting of inflation blister cavities, thereby make the flexibility and the mobility of deformed limb utilization inflation blister cavities can reduce wearing and tearing and the bump of receptive cavity inwall to stump, the inflation blister cavities links to each other with inflating catheter, in order to regulate receptive cavity side elasticity, fills up the unnecessary space of intracavity.Because aeration quantity is controlled, can also reduce to a certain extent because of the deformed limb girth of a garment changes, the deformed limb atrophy causes needs the frequent problem of changing receptive cavity.The flexible liner pad is positioned at the side and the bottom surface of receptive cavity, the place of thigh load-bearing just.Before the dress, earlier the gas in the inflation blister cavities is drained, at this moment the receptive cavity volume is bigger, can more successfully introduce deformed limb in the receptive cavity, can alleviate the passing use of prosthetic user so greatly and draw the misery that cloth is worn.After the inflation blister cavities charged into an amount of gas, inner liner can be adjacent to deformed limb skin, provides enough big static friction that artificial limb is fixed.
Described first gas cell, the second inflation blister cavities, elastic side inner liner and elasticity bottom surface inner liner are silastic material system.Because silastic material has characteristics such as good gas permeability, elasticity, fungus resistance, chemical stability and biocompatibility, can solve the problem of prosthetic user's skin allergy; Simultaneously, the feel of silicone rubber is fine, can with make stump skin more comfortable, prevent that skin from directly contacting with receptive cavity, avoiding prosthetic user's deformed limb to be subjected in the resin receptive cavity rough hard thing stimulates and causes pruritus or scratch.The flexibility of silicon gel makes deformed limb feel comfortable, has significantly reduced the skin pruritus that causes because of the concavo-convex thing stimulation of receptive cavity inwall.
Described inflating catheter is derived from self-closing's valve of described receptive cavity.After gas replenishment process finishes, directly break and go to realize the airtight of inner liner and airbag chamber with just being connected of gas charging system.
Comprise also from what described self-closing's valve was derived and test the pressure conduit that this is tested and presses conduit and described second to inflate blister cavities to be connected.
Described gas charging system comprises inflator pump, pressure transmitter and digital display controller, one end of this inflator pump presses conduit to be connected with inflating catheter with testing, its other end presses mouth to be connected with the inflation interface on being arranged on described gas charging system panel with testing, one end of described pressure transmitter is connected on the inflator pump, and the other end is connected with described digital display controller.Inflator pump can produce the very big air of volume, and be easy to carry, can inflate easily and deflated operation under very low pressure, simplifies inflation procedure, meets disabled human needs; Pressure transmitter can be responded to the gas pressure of inflation blister cavities in real time and transfer the signal of telecommunication to, and outputs in the gas charging system.
The inner surface of described side inner liner and bottom surface inner liner is evenly distributed with pore.The inner surface of this part many pores that closely and equably distributed directly contact with the lateral skin of deformed limb when this surface, can make the intracavity gas circulation, effectively alleviate the sultry air-locked problem of intracavity, have prevented the generation of abnormal flavour.
Also be provided with the sponge of surperficial perforate between described second inflation blister cavities and the bottom surface inner liner.Silicone sponge has good water absorbing properties, can absorb the excretory perspiration of deformed limb, and simultaneously, its ageing resistance is strong, and long service life is easy to clean, can suppress the bacteria breed of intracavity, prevents the generation of intracavity abnormal flavour.Silicone sponge also has good shock-absorbing capacity, lowers the impact that is subjected to when the terminal stressed person of deformed limb moves.Inflation blister cavities below the silicone sponge can work the effect of regulating the stress surface height, can improve the not adaptive problem of receptive cavity that the deformed limb atrophy causes to a certain extent; And for the deformed limb end can not be stressed user, they can control the height of silicone sponge flexibly by the inflation blister cavities, make it slightly to contact with deformed limb is terminal, silicone sponge just can in time absorb the perspiration that stays along deformed limb so, alleviates perspiration and is trapped in the discomfort that the deformed limb end is brought.
This utility model compared with prior art, have following advantage: two blister cavities inner liner structures of this kind prosthetic socket are utilized the flexibility of silicon gel layer and comfort level and the safety that mobility has improved prosthetic wearing to a great extent, in the good shock-absorbing capacity of performance silicon gel, provide possibility for regulating the receptive cavity internal capacity; In addition, use the silastic surface treatment technology to make the inside of whole receptive cavity become ventilated, and increased favourable static friction, reformed the original vacuum adsorption formula receptive cavity that uses of popularizing, make the impression of the sultry discomfort of prosthetic user become history; And be provided with silicone sponge on receptive cavity ground, as the material of bottom absorbing sweat, biocompatibility that it is superior and water absorption are that user is removed from and being made soaked with sweat or discomfort hypersensitive; This receptive cavity can solve preferably to be ignored in the passing deformed limb structure, or problems such as the buffering of not resolving, heat radiation, disease such as effectively prevent skin allergy, infect, fester, and the secondary amputation that causes preventing skin ulceration has very big effect; On the other hand, this kind prosthetic socket has satisfied the requirement of regulating the inboard degree of tightness of receptive cavity with the airflow layer of adjustable thickness again, it can assist to regulate the receptive cavity elasticity effectively, make the prosthetic user can reduce the number of times of changing receptive cavity, user just can be away from change the worry that can't use artificial limb because of the girth of a garment so.In order to cooperate entire product, also supportingly simultaneously designed intelligent gas charging system, make the use of inner liner convenient, safety; This adjustable type prosthetic socket cost is lower, can repeatedly use for a long time, can do a the guarantee for people with disability's health.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is this utility model receptive cavity and gas charging system syndeton sketch map;
Fig. 2 is this utility model system principle sketch map;
Fig. 3 is this utility model system wiring sketch map;
Description of reference numerals: 1, receptive cavity, 11, the elastic side inner liner, 12, elasticity bottom surface inner liner, 13, the first inflation blister cavities, 14, the second inflation blister cavities, 2, artificial limb, 3, gas charging system, 31, inflator pump, 32, inflating catheter, 33, digital display controller, 34, self-closing's valve, 35, test the pressure conduit, 36, the inflation interface, 37, test and press mouthful, 38, pressure transmitter.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments content of the present utility model is described in further details.
Embodiment one
As described in Figure 1, a kind of adjustable type prosthetic socket comprises the elastic side inner liner 11 that is arranged at receptive cavity 1 inner side, also is provided with the first inflation blister cavities 13 between this elastic side inner liner 11 and receptive cavity 1 side; Be arranged at the elasticity bottom surface inner liner 12 of this receptive cavity 1 bottom, also be provided with the second inflation blister cavities 14 between this elasticity bottom surface inner liner 12 and the receptive cavity 1; The first inflation blister cavities 13 is connected with gas charging system 3 by inflating catheter 32 with the second inflation blister cavities 14, and by these gas charging system 3 inflations.
During inflation, at first from elasticity bottom surface inner liner, inflating catheter is connected (owing to load and unload the inner liner that artificial limb does not need to adjust the bottom at ordinary times with the inflation interface, its function is just regulated the height of silicone sponge, therefore be not provided with and test airway), dressing and directly inflating catheter is being extracted after artificial limb is regulated, self-closing's valve automatic close sealing.Carry out elastic side inner liner when inflation, and test the pressure conduit inflating catheter and be connected with corresponding interface respectively.When using first, open manual gas-filled switching tube earlier, by the comfort tuning aeration quantity.When the sensation aeration quantity is suitable, close gas-filled switching tube, the record digital display controller air pressure number of degrees.Directly extract inflating catheter after inflation finishes and test pressure conduit, self-closing's valve auto-closing.Enter the intelligent pattern of digital display controller then, with the numerical value input of record just now.When using from now on, directly allow controller carry out intelligence inflation, convenient and swift, inflation is inhomogeneous and cause the deformed limb stasis in the time of can avoiding using simultaneously at every turn.After the inflation, only need inflating catheter and test airway and self-closing's valve is put back in the receptive cavity along former vacuum adsorption formula valve.Because cavity space filled by airbag chamber mostly, tubule and valve volume are little, thereby device such as gas tube can not move when the sport for the disabled.
In actual use, the prosthetic user generally can not carry out removal at darg in the time after before travel carrying out prosthetic wearing, and the air-tightness of this product is good, also can not cause gas leakage under body pressure impacts, and does not therefore need to carry functional aerating device.
As shown in Figure 2, be this utility model system principle sketch map; Its inflator pump motor by pressure sensing input and output control constitutes feedback control system.Fig. 3 is this utility model system wiring sketch map, and wherein pressure transmitter U1 has a plurality of pins, and wherein second pin is connected with pressure transducer with the 24 pin, and controls the pressure changing of gas in its induction inflation blister cavities.
Present embodiment adopts the direct current drive inflator pump, can utilize 12V/24V voltage commonly used such as automobile and ships and light boats as power supply; The AK-2 pressure transmitter that it adopts, be applicable to various dynamically, the pressure measxurement of static state, general corrosion gas, liquid; Adopt the Kunlun-CH6 series digital display instrument, can cooperate with pick off, the transmitter of all kinds of analog quantity outputs, finish measurement, conversion, demonstration and control to temperature, gas and fluid pressure, flow, liquid level, the physical quantity that becomes to grade, this digital display instrument has adopted the novel switched power supply of wide operating voltage range, only, promptly can receive various types of inputs such as voltage, electric current, thermocouple, thermal resistance by panel button.
Above-listed detailed description is at the specifying of this utility model possible embodiments, and this embodiment is not in order to limiting claim of the present utility model, does not allly break away from the equivalence that this utility model does and implements or change, all should be contained in the claim of this case.
Claims (7)
1, a kind of adjustable type prosthetic socket comprises receptive cavity, it is characterized in that: described receptive cavity inner side is provided with the elastic side inner liner, also is provided with the first inflation blister cavities between this elastic side inner liner and the receptive cavity side; The receptive cavity bottom is provided with elasticity bottom surface inner liner, also is provided with the second inflation blister cavities between this elasticity bottom surface inner liner and the receptive cavity; The described first inflation blister cavities is connected with gas charging system by inflating catheter with the second inflation blister cavities, and by this gas charging system inflation.
2, adjustable type prosthetic socket according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described first gas cell, the second inflation blister cavities, elastic side inner liner and elasticity bottom surface inner liner are silastic material system.
3, adjustable type prosthetic socket according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described inflating catheter is derived from self-closing's valve of described receptive cavity.
4, adjustable type prosthetic socket according to claim 3 is characterized in that: comprise also from what described self-closing's valve was derived and test the pressure conduit that this is tested and presses conduit and described second to inflate blister cavities to be connected.
5, adjustable type prosthetic socket according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described gas charging system comprises inflator pump, pressure transmitter and digital display controller, one end of this inflator pump presses conduit to be connected with inflating catheter with testing, its other end presses mouth to be connected with the inflation interface on being arranged on described gas charging system panel with testing, one end of described pressure transmitter is connected on the inflator pump, and the other end is connected with described digital display controller.
6, adjustable type prosthetic socket according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the inner surface of described elastic side inner liner and elasticity bottom surface inner liner is evenly distributed with pore.
7, according to arbitrary described adjustable type prosthetic socket in the claim 1 to 6, it is characterized in that: the sponge that also is provided with surperficial perforate between described second inflation blister cavities and the elasticity bottom surface inner liner.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNU2008200453425U CN201160923Y (en) | 2008-03-25 | 2008-03-25 | Adjustable artificial limb receiving cavity |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNU2008200453425U CN201160923Y (en) | 2008-03-25 | 2008-03-25 | Adjustable artificial limb receiving cavity |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN201160923Y true CN201160923Y (en) | 2008-12-10 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNU2008200453425U Expired - Fee Related CN201160923Y (en) | 2008-03-25 | 2008-03-25 | Adjustable artificial limb receiving cavity |
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| CN (1) | CN201160923Y (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102256632A (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2011-11-23 | 奥托·博克保健有限公司 | Orthopaedic cushion and method for production thereof |
| CN105796216A (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2016-07-27 | 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院 | Anti-falling system of prosthetic socket |
| CN106659572A (en) * | 2014-07-28 | 2017-05-10 | 奥托·博克保健有限公司 | Prosthetic foot, system of a prosthetic foot and a shoe, and method for adapting the heel height of a prosthetic foot |
| CN108742958A (en) * | 2018-04-03 | 2018-11-06 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of adaptive prosthetic socket of flexibility |
| CN109223261A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2019-01-18 | 湖南海弘医疗科技有限公司 | A kind of artificial limb |
| CN109223259A (en) * | 2018-08-30 | 2019-01-18 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Artificial limb |
| CN110013371A (en) * | 2019-03-01 | 2019-07-16 | 北京联合大学 | A kind of adaptive connection part being connect based on human body artificial limb with deformed limb |
-
2008
- 2008-03-25 CN CNU2008200453425U patent/CN201160923Y/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8999428B2 (en) | 2008-12-19 | 2015-04-07 | Otto Bock Healthcare Gmbh | Orthopedic cushion and method for production thereof |
| CN102256632B (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2015-08-05 | 奥托·博克保健有限公司 | Orthopaedic pad and manufacture method thereof |
| CN102256632A (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2011-11-23 | 奥托·博克保健有限公司 | Orthopaedic cushion and method for production thereof |
| US10588760B2 (en) | 2014-07-28 | 2020-03-17 | Ottobock Se & Co. Kgaa | Prosthetic foot, system of a prosthetic foot and a shoe, and method for adapting the heel height of a prosthetic foot |
| CN106659572A (en) * | 2014-07-28 | 2017-05-10 | 奥托·博克保健有限公司 | Prosthetic foot, system of a prosthetic foot and a shoe, and method for adapting the heel height of a prosthetic foot |
| US11633295B2 (en) | 2014-07-28 | 2023-04-25 | Ottobock Se & Co. Kgaa | Method for adapting the heel height of a prosthetic foot |
| CN105796216A (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2016-07-27 | 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院 | Anti-falling system of prosthetic socket |
| CN105796216B (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2017-09-26 | 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院 | A kind of anti-dropout system of prosthetic socket |
| CN108742958A (en) * | 2018-04-03 | 2018-11-06 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of adaptive prosthetic socket of flexibility |
| CN109223259A (en) * | 2018-08-30 | 2019-01-18 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Artificial limb |
| CN109223259B (en) * | 2018-08-30 | 2021-01-22 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Artificial limb |
| US11007071B2 (en) | 2018-08-30 | 2021-05-18 | Beijing Boe Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. | Artificial limb |
| CN109223261A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2019-01-18 | 湖南海弘医疗科技有限公司 | A kind of artificial limb |
| CN110013371A (en) * | 2019-03-01 | 2019-07-16 | 北京联合大学 | A kind of adaptive connection part being connect based on human body artificial limb with deformed limb |
| CN110013371B (en) * | 2019-03-01 | 2021-11-19 | 北京联合大学 | Self-adaptive connecting piece based on connection of human artificial limb and stump |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| C17 | Cessation of patent right | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20081210 Termination date: 20110325 |