CN1926954A - Annually intercropping method for orchard - Google Patents

Abstract

An annual intercropping method between rows in an orchard, the intercropping mode is: "Tuber mustard (October to next March) - soybean (March to August) - unframed cowpea (August to October)". The annual intercropping rotation between the orchard rows is beneficial to the protection of orchard biodiversity, the protection and utilization of soil beneficial microbial resources, and the reduction of the use of herbicides and pesticides; Provide nitrogen nutrition and reduce fertilizer application; it can not only increase the yield of fruit trees, increase the income of intercropping crops, and increase the economic income per unit of land area, but also effectively control the soil erosion of sloping orchards and have a good ecological environment. benefit.

Description

Annual Intercropping Method in Rows of Orchard

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method for annual intercropping between orchard rows.

Background technique

In the life cycle of fruit trees, they have to go through the juvenile period or vegetative growth period before putting into production. During this period, the crown of the tree is small, the soil coverage is low, and the results are few. investment expenditures. In order to improve the economic benefits of the orchard before the fruit trees are put into production, short-term crops are often intercropped between rows in the orchard to grow long with short. On the other hand, most orchards in our country are built on mountains and slopes. The fruit trees are young and the surface is almost completely bare. In the rainy season, the sediment will flow down with the runoff, causing serious soil erosion, soil degradation and fertility decline, especially in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River. Mountains and hills account for 95.7% of the total area of the reservoir area, and mountains account for 74%. In hillside and hilly orchards, how to control soil erosion, improve soil fertility, and restore the productivity of the ecosystem is a major issue facing the sustainable development of fruit tree production and fruit ecosystems in the reservoir area.

Traditionally, a low-stem and shallow-rooted crop is selected, and this type of single short-term crop intercropping often has a short growth period, so the surface of the orchard is still in a clear or bare state most of the time. This intercropping model neither fully utilizes the effective land and natural resources, nor effectively reduces surface runoff and soil erosion. Moreover, during the period of clear plowing and leisure, weeds are seriously harmful, the cost of weeding and fertilizer input is high, and the land utilization rate is relatively low, which affects the overall economic benefits of the orchard. So far, there is no report on the method of annual intercropping in orchards.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of annual intercropping method between orchard rows, and the intercropping mode is: "stem mustard (October～March next year)-soybean (March～August)-unframed cowpea (August～March) October)". This method can overcome the shortcomings of the traditional cultivation mode such as short intercropping time, disjointed annual stubble change, and low land utilization rate, and improve the overall economic and ecological benefits of the orchard.

The present invention is realized through the following steps:

(1) Sow Tumor mustard from September 10 to 15, and transplant when there are 5 to 6 leaves in mid-October. No plowing, plowing the ground between rows of fruit trees to a depth of 15cm, digging nests and planting, conventional management, harvesting from late February to early March;

(2) In the first ten days of March, soybeans were sown after the tuber mustard was harvested. Before sowing, the land in the orchard was sorted out, and the land within 0.8m with the fruit tree as the center was not plowed. Nest sowing, conventional management, in late July when the leaves turn yellow and the pods are more than 95% ripe;

(3) From late July to early August, sow unframed cowpea after the harvest of soybeans. Before sowing, the land in the orchard shall be sorted out. The land within 0.8m with the fruit tree as the center shall not be plowed, and the ground shall be plowed 15cm deep between the rows of fruit trees. , Digging nests and sowing, conventional management, harvesting in early and mid-October.

In order to ensure the high yield of intercropping and improve economic benefits, in step (1) of the above method, "Fuza No. 1" and "Yong'an Xiaoye" can be selected for the stem mustard varieties, and the land with deep soil layer, loose texture and sunny terrain should be selected when raising seedlings. Make a seedbed, make a furrow of 1.3-1.5m, apply enough base fertilizer and mix it evenly with the bed soil, sow 400g in 667m ² , and manage it as usual after emergence. Digging and planting at a plant row spacing of ×33cm, topdressing with clear fertilizer water 20 days after transplanting; 50 days after transplanting, apply 12kg of urea or 35 tons of manure water per mu; 75-80 days after transplanting, apply 20 tons of manure water per mu Left and right, intertillage weeding and pest control are carried out according to the routine;

The soybean varieties in step (2) can be selected as "Yudou No. 1" and "Zhechun No. 3". Before sowing, the soil should be leveled and fined, and the nest should be planted according to the row spacing of 26 × 26 cm. Each nest should use 4 seeds. ~5 grains, cover the nest with slag fertilizer after sowing, and leave two plants in each nest after seedlings become seedlings. When sowing, molybdenum fertilizer is used as a seed dressing. The base fertilizer is 30kg of superphosphate per mu, and it is applied to the soil, and weeding and weeding are carried out according to the routine, and pest control ;

In step (3), the unframed cowpea varieties can be selected from "Takata Jipioneer", "American unframed cowpea", and "Zhecui Wuframe". Mix evenly, dig nests and sow according to the row spacing of 35×50cm, sow 4 to 5 grains in each nest, pour enough bottom water, cover with fine soil after sowing, then cover with chaff or draft stalks to keep moisture, set 2 seedlings after emergence, pay attention to drought resistance Protect the seedlings, reapply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers twice during the flowering and pod setting period, and use 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate as root topdressing for foliar spraying, and carry out intertillage and weeding as usual, and pest control.

The advantages of the present invention are: (1) the annual intercropping rotation between rows of orchards is beneficial to the protection of orchard biodiversity, the protection and utilization of soil beneficial microbial resources, and the use of herbicides and pesticides is reduced; nitrogen fixation, provide nitrogen nutrition for fruit trees and stem mustards, and reduce fertilizer application; (3) can increase fruit tree yield, increase intercropping income, and increase economic income per unit land area. At the same time, the annual coverage between orchard rows can also Effective control of soil erosion in slope orchards has good ecological benefits.

Detailed ways

Example:

From 2002 to 2005, in the fruit tree experimental base of Southwest University, annual intercropping was carried out in the orchard according to the above method for 4 consecutive years. The fruit trees were early-maturing pears, the varieties were Cuiguan and Zhongli No. 1, and the traditional clear tillage was used as the control. The result is as follows:

(1) The impact of ecological planting mode on the micro-ecological environment of orchards

Experiments show that the selected ecological planting mode increases the ground coverage, prevents the rapid rise of soil temperature during the high temperature period, and plays a role of heat preservation in winter and night, reducing the adverse effects of high temperature, summer drought and low temperature in winter on fruit trees. The results show that the demonstration orchards effectively improved the water and heat conditions in summer, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Effects of pear orchard intercropping soybeans on orchard microenvironment deal with Surface soil temperature in August (℃) August 20cm soil temperature (℃) Soil moisture content% in August Leaf Relative Water Content% natural moisture loss Annual intercropping mode clear tillage 28.4c38.7a 25.4c33.2a 20.718.5 78.6±2.2b64.7±1.8d 21.4±2.3c35.3±1.9a

The above results indicated that the soil hydrothermal conditions were more suitable for the root growth of pear trees in high temperature and drought seasons after intercropping.

(2) Soil erosion control and soil improvement by ecological planting mode

The selected planting mode, the intercropping "Tuber mustard (October-March) - soybean (March-August) - unframed cowpea (August-October)", realizes the annual greenness of the orchard. Covering becomes a permanent "biological dam" that can effectively intercept surface runoff and sediment, effectively reducing soil erosion. And increase the organic matter and nitrogen content of the orchard, as shown in Table 2. Compared with developed countries with fruit tree production, the soil fertility of orchards in my country is low, especially the organic matter content. This model and technical measures have significantly improved the soil organic matter content and soil fertility level.

Table 2 Soil and water loss in orchard under different farming systems deal with Soil loss (t.hm ² ) N loss (g.100m ² ) Loss of P ₂ O ₅ (g.100m ² ) K ₂ O loss (g.100m ² ) Soil Available Nitrogen % Soil organic matter % Annual intercropping mode clear plowing orchard 4.850.6 17.250.4 1.213.34 61.15201.56 0.122% 0.108% 1.52%, 0.66%,

(3) Economic benefits of annual intercropping mode

From the perspective of application benefits, it is also the best model to improve economic benefits. Its remarkable performance is that firstly, soybean and unframed cowpea are leguminous crops, and there are a large number of rhizobia in the root, which is beneficial to the ecological fertilizer of the soil; secondly, the plants of soybean and unframed cowpea are short, which play a good role in the green coverage of the soil. The effect is to form a high and low three-dimensional match with the pear tree, and the roots of the intercropping are shallow, which will not harm the growth of the pear tree. It also prevents soil erosion; thirdly, the intercropping mode has a group advantage, which seals the soil in a short period of time and greatly inhibits the growth of weeds. Compared with the pear orchards without soybeans, the pear orchards without soybeans are basically covered by weeds, which seriously affects the normal growth of pear trees. Fourth, the products are sold well, with less labor and less investment. It has been determined that the yield of stem mustard is 1,800 kg per mu, with a unit price of 0.2 yuan/kg; the yield of soybeans is 112 kg, with a unit price of 4.0 yuan/kg; the yield of unframed cowpea is 70 kg, with a unit price of 1.6 yuan/kg; the increase in income per mu of crops in the orchard is 920 Yuan.

Claims (2)

1. An annual intercropping method between rows of orchards, characterized in that, it is realized through the following steps: (1) Sow Tumor mustard from September 10 to 15, and transplant when there are 5 to 6 leaves in mid-October. No plowing, plowing the ground between rows of fruit trees to a depth of 15cm, digging nests and planting, conventional management, harvesting from late February to early March; (2) In the first ten days of March, soybeans were sown after the tuber mustard was harvested. Before sowing, the land in the orchard was sorted out, and the land within 0.8m with the fruit tree as the center was not plowed. Nest sowing, conventional management, in late July when the leaves turn yellow and the pods are more than 95% ripe; (3) From late July to early August, sow unframed cowpea after the harvest of soybeans. Before sowing, the land in the orchard shall be sorted out. The land within 0.8m with the fruit tree as the center shall not be plowed, and the ground shall be plowed 15cm deep between the rows of fruit trees. , Digging nests and sowing, conventional management, harvesting in early and mid-October. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in step (1) of the above method, the stem mustard variety is "Fuza No. 1" or "Yong'an Xiaoye", and when raising seedlings, the soil layer is deep, the texture is loose, The sunny land is used as a seedbed, and the bed is 1.3-1.5m long. Apply enough base fertilizer and mix it evenly with the bed soil. ^Sow 400g in 667m2. Digging and planting at a plant row spacing of ×33cm, topdressing with clear fertilizer water 20 days after transplanting; 50 days after transplanting, apply 12kg of urea or 35 tons of manure water per mu; 75-80 days after transplanting, apply 20 tons of manure water per mu Left and right, carry out intertillage weeding and pest control according to the routine; the soybean variety in step (2) is "Yudou No. 1" or "Zhechun No. 3", and the land is leveled and fined before sowing. Sow, use 4-5 seeds for each litter, cover the nest with slag fertilizer after sowing, leave two plants in each litter after seedlings become seedlings, mix seeds with molybdenum fertilizer when sowing, use superphosphate 30kg per mu as the base fertilizer, apply it to the soil, and apply it to the soil as usual Carry out intertillage and weeding, disease and insect control; In the step (3), the variety of unframed cowpea is "Takata Pioneer", "American unframed cowpea" or "Zhecui Wuframe". Mix evenly with the garden soil, dig nests and sow according to the row spacing of 35×50cm, sow 4 to 5 grains per nest, pour enough water, cover with fine soil after sowing, then cover chaff or draft stalks to keep moisture, and set seedlings for 2 plants after emergence , pay attention to drought resistance and seedling protection, reapply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers twice during the flowering and pod setting period, and use 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate as root topdressing for foliar spraying, and perform intertillage and weeding as usual, and pest control.