CN1893231A - 水流发电机 - Google Patents

水流发电机 Download PDF

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CN1893231A
CN1893231A CNA200610100560XA CN200610100560A CN1893231A CN 1893231 A CN1893231 A CN 1893231A CN A200610100560X A CNA200610100560X A CN A200610100560XA CN 200610100560 A CN200610100560 A CN 200610100560A CN 1893231 A CN1893231 A CN 1893231A
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CN100539362C (zh
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大卫·F·布拉希尔斯
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Gencor Industries Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/12—Blades; Blade-carrying rotors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B17/00—Other machines or engines
    • F03B17/06—Other machines or engines using liquid flow with predominantly kinetic energy conversion, e.g. of swinging-flap type, "run-of-river", "ultra-low head"
    • F03B17/061—Other machines or engines using liquid flow with predominantly kinetic energy conversion, e.g. of swinging-flap type, "run-of-river", "ultra-low head" with rotation axis substantially in flow direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/70—Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706—Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7068—Application in combination with an electrical generator equipped with permanent magnets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/50—Bearings
    • F05B2240/52—Axial thrust bearings
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    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/91—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure
    • F05B2240/917—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a stationary structure attached to cables
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/20—Geometry three-dimensional
    • F05B2250/29—Geometry three-dimensional machined; miscellaneous
    • F05B2250/292—Geometry three-dimensional machined; miscellaneous tapered
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/30—Arrangement of components
    • F05B2250/31—Arrangement of components according to the direction of their main axis or their axis of rotation
    • F05B2250/314—Arrangement of components according to the direction of their main axis or their axis of rotation the axes being inclined in relation to each other
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    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/70—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades
    • F05B2260/74—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades by turning around an axis perpendicular the rotor centre line
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    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/70—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades
    • F05B2260/76—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades the adjusting mechanism using auxiliary power sources
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F05B2260/00—Function
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  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
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Abstract

一种水下发电机，包括定子芯部和反转的涡轮叶片，并且在毂中具有永磁体而在芯部壳体中具有绕组。当被壳体的突出部系留时，水流使涡轮叶片旋转以产生电流，该电流经由系链供应至陆地公用场所用于商业用途。设置压载室以将发电机保持在预定深度。在旋转的毂和芯部壳体中分别设置小定子绕组和永磁体，从而对毂中的电池充电以改变叶片的斜度，使得叶片可顺桨以停机维修。

Description

水流发电机
技术领域
本发明设计一种响应于水流发电的发电机，具体涉及一种具有可围绕中心体旋转的涡轮叶片的水下发电机。
背景技术
随着对环保发电需求的增加，已经提出了许多代替碳产(carbonproduced)电力的方案。例如，在美国专利No.3,209,156中公开了一种用于向水下测量和感测单元供应有限电力的水下发电机。所供应的电为海洋设备的水下通信和管理提供能量。上述专利中的发电机包括安装有多个周向隔开的叶片的中央壳体，所述叶片使轴颈安装(journal)在壳体上的毂旋转，从而永磁体和定子绕组的结构发电以向所述设备提供电力。然而，所公开的发电机以相对于传统涡轮较低的速度转动，从而导致发电潜力相当低。采用该专利的构造对于陆用商业发电尤其不可行。因此，需要研制一种水下发电机来产生用于陆地商业用途的电。
发明内容
在本发明的优选实施例中，提供了一种布置在水流中的发电机，包括：中心体，在体内承载有多个定子线圈并限定基本纵向轴线；一对环形毂，可围绕中心体旋转并由中心体承载，每个毂安装有多个涡轮叶片和多个用于产生磁通的磁体，所述毂围绕定子线圈定位，从而响应于叶片和毂围绕中心体的旋转通过磁通与线圈的交感来发电；所述叶片沿水流方向后倾并具有自由端。
在本发明的另一实施例中，提供了一种布置在水流中的发电机，包括：中心体，在体内承载有多个定子线圈并限定基本纵向轴线；一对环形毂，可围绕中心体旋转并由中心体承载，每个毂安装有多个涡轮叶片和多个用于产生磁通的磁体，所述毂围绕定子线圈定位，从而响应于叶片和毂围绕中心体的旋转通过磁通与线圈的交感来发电；所述叶片的至少部分能围绕不与所述纵向轴线平行的轴线旋转从而使所述叶片部分能够旋转运动。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明优选实施例构造的水流发电机的示意图；
图2是其剖视图；
图3是其局部放大剖视图，示出了在电池再充电操作期间系留(tethering)叶片的方法和装置；
图4是表示水支承结构(water bearing)的放大局部剖视图。
具体实施方式
现在参照附图，尤其是图1，其中示出了用于发电的水下发电机(由附图标记10总体表示)，其包括定子芯部壳体12和转子，该转子包括至少一对安装在反转涡轮毂18和20上的反转叶轮叶片或涡轮叶片14和16。如图所示，安装在毂上的叶轮叶片14和16彼此周向隔开，并且它们的径向外端敞开，即，顶端不相互连接。发电机10构成为系在水下锚22上。系链(tether)24使锚22与定子壳体12的突出部上的接合件26互连。另外，如图1所示，由发电机10产生的电优选地通过由系链24承载的电线向锚输送，然后经由电线28输送至用于商业配电的陆地公用场所。
如图2所示，各个毂18和20在它们的轴向隔开的环形阵列中承载有多个周向隔开的磁体32。多个定子线圈34与永磁体32径向相对，缠绕在铁芯周围并由芯部壳体12承载。可以理解的是，当毂18和20相对于固定的定子芯部旋转时，磁通与定子绕组配合产生电。因为产生的电力是水流速度的三次幂函数，所以非常有益的是将设备定位在高速水流区从而增加水流经过和穿过叶片的速度。为此，通过在设备的中央定位较大壳体，使正常时会穿过该区域的水必须绕过中央壳体。这提高了水经过叶片区的速度，从而改善了发电。例如，对于五百千瓦的涡轮，总直径为34英尺，芯部壳体直径可近似为14英尺。由于这些尺寸并且发电机中央被芯部壳体12堵住，因此经过转子叶片的速度显著提高例如约17％，从而使得理论可用电力增加大约60％。
参照图2和图4，毂18和20均终止于锥形后支承表面。例如，毂20的支承表面40呈锥形或沿向后和径向向外的方向倾斜。定子芯部壳体12上的配合支承表面42同样沿向后、径向向外的方向呈锥形。表面40和42优选由聚合材料形成。由于所述表面的锥形，作用在叶片上的水流抵靠芯部壳体12的锥形表面42使毂18和20座置并定心在轴线上。另外，在支承表面40和42之间形成流体动力膜。这是通过位于芯部壳体12内的泵46实现的。泵46经由导管48抽吸海水并向支承表面40与42之间泵送海水。流体动力膜降低了摩擦和磨损，并且在起动期间特别有益，因为一旦涡轮叶片以最高速度运转，叶片就会在磁力作用下对中。这还有助于高速补偿轴向推力。另外，在通向泵的吸入管路中安装磁体和过滤器来过滤受迫润滑水，将有助于防止碎屑进入定子与转子之间的间隙，并使磁性材料保持远离由转子中的永磁体和定子中的线圈所产生的磁区。
如图2中最佳所示，叶片14和16沿水流方向后倾。另外，如图1所示，叶片14和16在它们的外端处敞开。这有助于保持叶片摆脱碎屑，从而使叶片能够丢弃来自转子的碎屑。
如上所述，转子是反转的。这样，芯部壳体上的净转矩可被平衡为零，从而防止壳体12自旋并将其保持在基本不能旋转的方位。虽然叶片优选彼此独立地反转，但是叶片也可以彼此配合从而以相同的转速转动。这可以通过机械啮合或者在两个转子之间放置支重轮而实现。而且，由于两个定子电连接在一起，因此两个转子将在电力作用下被迫以相同转速转动，从而不需要机械同步。另外，预计前转子在水流中比后转子更有效。因此，后转子可具有大于前转子的直径，从而基本上平衡转矩。
在芯部壳体12中设置有压载室(ballast compartment)。具体地，设置有前压载室50和后压载室52。设置图2中所示的泵54，用于分别向前压载室50和后压载室52并从它们泵送海水。泵54的压力侧通过阀56与前压载室50、后压载室52中的任一个或两个压载室连通。压载室可进行压载以使发电机保持处于水面下可调的最佳深度。因此，可升高或降低设备以通过将设备定位在最高速的水流中而使发电最优化。另外，如果给定深度处的水流太强，则可通过调整压载物来改变深度。所示的压载室位于芯部壳体的下部，从而空出芯部壳体的上部用来安装所需的电力设备。因此，压载物用作摆动体而利于防止发电机中心体旋转。因为仅存在一个点连接，即系链24，所以发电机可以沿任何方向围绕锚点枢转以保持在水流中的方位，而不会在一侧或另一侧上导致过大的应变。而且，通过具有前、后压载室，可以调整设备在水流中的姿态。
当需要维护发电机时，尽管水下的水流继续流动，也要使叶片停止旋转。这样为了维修发电机，有必要使叶片停止旋转并停止发电。可以通过断开负载而停止发电。然而，这并不能使叶片停止旋转而且可能由于没有负载而使其转速提高。此外，发电机可能会继续产生电压，该电压和寄生电流会危害维护人员，并且由于过热和绝缘击穿而危害设备。
为了使叶片停止旋转(若不然会增加发电机的阻力从而增加系链上的负载)，使转子叶片顺桨(feather)。如所示，使叶片沿其长度扭转，从而即使在顺桨时叶片也不会有完全阻止旋转的典型位置(typicalposition)。因此，涡轮叶片14和16优选地形成为两部分，即，内叶片部分58和外叶片部分60。轴62(图3)使外叶片部分和内叶片部分互连。因此，通过使轴62相对于内叶片部分58旋转，可使外叶片部分60旋转对准至顺桨位置，即，沿与内叶片部分58的扭转相反的方向扭转的位置。这样内、外叶片部分的反向扭转趋于使整个叶片顺桨。
发电机的水下环境提出了如何在该环境下使叶片顺桨的问题。参照图3，优选在各个毂18和20中设置与定子壳体12上的多个永磁体72相对的励磁绕组70。毂和定子壳体分别用作转子和定子。定子绕组70可以很小并且仅产生足以维持位于毂中的电池(例如，电池74)上的存储电荷的电力。电池74又连接至电致动器76，该电致动器机械连接至轴62以使该轴旋转从而使外叶片部分60旋转。一旦外叶片部分60旋转至期望的顺桨操作位置，就在内、外叶片之间形成机械互锁。除了给电池74充电时之外，定子绕组70和永磁体72不会对毂的旋转施加阻力。当完全充满时，不在毂上施加负载。可以通过芯部壳体12与转子之间的信号实现致使叶片顺桨(即，致动致动器76)的电信号。转子的外部分还可以相对于彼此调整以平衡由发电机承载的负载。因此当发电机停止使用，例如维修时，使外叶片部分旋转至一位置，在该位置水流在叶片上产生的转矩很小或者没有。另外，在顺桨时，发电机主体上的合成阻力显著小于在仅例如通过制动使叶片停止的情况下所产生的阻力。一旦使叶片停止，芯部壳体12中的压载物就调整为使发电机浮向水面以维修。这样，可使由于转子旋转产生的电气和机械危害最小化。
虽然结合当前被认为是最实用和最优选的实施例描述了本发明，但应理解本发明不限于所公开的实施例，相反，本发明旨在涵盖包含在所附权利要求的精神和范围内的各种修改和等同结构。

Claims (11)

1、一种布置在水流中的发电机，包括：
中心体，在体内承载有多个定子线圈并限定基本纵向轴线；
一对环形毂，可围绕所述中心体旋转并由所述中心体承载，每个所述毂安装有多个涡轮叶片和多个用于产生磁通的磁体，所述毂围绕所述定子线圈定位，从而响应于所述叶片和毂围绕所述中心体的旋转通过所述磁通与所述线圈的交感来发电；
所述叶片沿水流方向后倾并具有自由端；并且
所述毂和所述中心体包括配准的支承表面，并且由所述中心体支承的泵用于将水泵送到支承结构中以在所述支承表面之间产生流体动力膜。
2、如权利要求1所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述支承表面相对于所述纵向轴线倾斜，从而使所述毂自定心在所述中心体上。
3、如权利要求1所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述叶片的至少部分能围绕不与所述纵向轴线平行的轴线旋转，从而使所述叶片部分能够旋转运动。
4、如权利要求3所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述叶片部分由均具有轴线的轴承载，并包括用于使所述叶片部分围绕所述轴的轴线旋转的致动器。
5、如权利要求4所述的发电机，其特征在于，包括由所述中心体承载的第二磁体和由所述毂中的至少一个承载的第二励磁绕组，从而通过所述第二磁体的磁通与所述第二励磁绕组的交感来发电而驱动所述致动器。
6、如权利要求5所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述第二磁体和所述第二励磁绕组电连接至由可旋转的所述一个毂及其承载的叶片承载的至少一个电池，用于在所述一个毂和叶片相对于所述中心体旋转时对所述电池进行充电。
7、如权利要求6所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述电池电连接至所述致动器以使所述叶片部分旋转。
8、如权利要求1所述的发电机，其特征在于，包括连接至所述中心体的系链。
9、一种布置在水流中的发电机，包括：
中心体，在体内承载多个定子线圈并限定基本纵向轴线；
一对环形毂，可围绕所述中心体旋转并由所述中心体承载，每个所述毂安装有多个涡轮叶片和多个用于产生磁通的磁体，所述毂围绕所述定子线圈定位，从而响应于所述叶片和毂围绕所述中心体的旋转通过所述磁通与所述线圈的交感来发电；
所述叶片的至少部分能围绕不与所述纵向轴线平行的轴线旋转，从而使所述叶片部分能够旋转运动；
所述叶片部分由均具有轴线的轴承载，并包括用于使所述叶片部分围绕所述轴的轴线旋转的致动器、由所述中心体承载的第二磁体以及由所述毂中的至少一个承载的第二励磁绕组，从而通过所述第二磁体的磁通与所述第二励磁绕组的交感来发电而驱动所述致动器；并且
所述第二磁体和所述第二励磁绕组电连接至由可旋转的所述一个毂及其承载的叶片承载的至少一个电池，用于在所述一个毂和叶片相对于所述中心体旋转时对所述电池进行充电。
10、如权利要求9所述的发电机，其特征在于，所述电池电连接至所述致动器以使所述叶片部分旋转。
11、如权利要求9所述的发电机，其特征在于，包括连接至所述中心体的系链。
CNB200610100560XA 2005-07-05 2006-07-03 水流发电机 Expired - Fee Related CN100539362C (zh)

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