CN1329219A - 变速器及采用该变速器的车辆和自行车 - Google Patents

变速器及采用该变速器的车辆和自行车 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1329219A
CN1329219A CN01122462A CN01122462A CN1329219A CN 1329219 A CN1329219 A CN 1329219A CN 01122462 A CN01122462 A CN 01122462A CN 01122462 A CN01122462 A CN 01122462A CN 1329219 A CN1329219 A CN 1329219A
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China
Prior art keywords
motor
vehicle
speed
gear
pattern
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CN01122462A
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Inventor
正木良三
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Hitachi Ltd
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Hitachi Ltd
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    • B60W20/00Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16H3/00Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/02Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B60K6/365Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings with the gears having orbital motion
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    • B60K6/50Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/543Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a continuously variable transmission
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    • B60L3/0092Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption with use of redundant elements for safety purposes
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    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
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Abstract

本文公开了一种变速器,其包括用于将一驱动源的能量分配给许多差速机构的一机构;分别与所述许多差速机构相连的许多马达;和用于结合从所述许多差速机构输出的能量的一机构。

Description

变速器及采用该变速器的车辆和自行车
本发明涉及一种包括马达和差速机构的变速器,还涉及采用该变速器的一车辆和一自行车。
采用一马达的一驱动力的一混合型车辆已经公知,其驱动系统的目的是降低发动机燃料消耗。已提出各种混合型车辆,例如一串列混合型、一并列混合型和采用两个发动机和一个行星齿轮的一串列/并列混合型。具体地说,日本专利公开平7-135701公开了一种方法,其中一发动机的一驱动力被输入一行星齿轮,并且通过由该行星齿轮的一输出轴获得的一驱动力来驱动一车辆,其中由一发电机控制该驱动力。在该方法中,由于发动机的部分能量用于通过发电机产生电能,并且由连接到输出轴的马达来辅助发动机的驱动力,因此通常可在一高效率/高扭矩区域驱动发动机,并且车辆可获得一传动功能。日本专利公开昭49-112067和昭58-191364也公开了同样的原理。在上述文档中公开的该已知方法在此后被称作“第一方法”。
如日本专利公开昭60-95238所公开,已提出一种方法,其中一发动机的一驱动力经由马达控制的行星齿轮被传递给左、右驱动轮。该方法在此后被称作“第二方法”。
如日本专利公开昭57-47054所公开,已提出一种方法,其中由几个马达分别驱动许多行星齿轮,并且从所述许多行星齿轮中所选择的一个输出一驱动力,从而在所有时候可根据车辆的操作点执行马达的最佳驱动。该方法在此后被称作“第三方法”。
如文章“21世纪的可选车辆—一种新型个人运输范例—,RobertQ.Riley,汽车工程师协会发表,400 Commonwealth DriveWarrendale,PA 15096-0001,U.S.A.,第149页-第153页”所公开的,已提出采用一无级变速传动CVT与一行星齿轮组合的一变速器。在该方法中,由于在发动机转动的同时可停止车辆,不用采用任何离合器,通过将无级变速传动CVT的一变速比设定在一特定值,仅需通过控制无级变速传动CVT的变速比就可平滑地启动车辆。该方法在此后被称作“第四方法”。
然而,第一方法具有一问题。由于是通过发电机产生电能并且通过马达驱动车辆,以实现传动功能,因此会出现电能的损失。结果,虽然总能在良好效率的一操作点驱动发动机,但相应于电能的损失,整个车辆的效率降低了。
第二方法中,行星齿轮分别设置在左、右不同的输出轴上,其具有通过将一常用并列混合型车辆的结构向左、右车轮延伸获得的一构造。结果,该第二方法需要用于实现变速操作的电能的输入/输出,因此该方法具有与上述同样的问题。
第三方法具有通过延伸第一方法的构造获得的一构造。结果,该方法在电能损失方面具有与上述同样的问题。
第四方法具有一问题,因为发动机必须总是转动以驱动车辆,因此在发动机驱动、包括车辆停止的一时期后,在降低每单位行驶距离的燃料消耗方面具有局限。
按照前述,提出了本发明,并且本发明的第一目的是提供可采用马达实现无级变速传动功能的一变速器,并且通过使电能的损失最小来提高变速器的效率。
本发明的第二目的是提供采用上述变速器的一车辆,该车辆可降低每单位行驶距离的燃料消耗。
本发明的第三目的是提供可降低一骑行者疲劳的一自行车。
通过提供一变速器可达到上述第一目的,该变速器包括:用于将一驱动源的能量分配给许多差速机构的一机构;分别与所述许多差速机构相连的许多马达;和用于结合从所述许多差速机构输出的能量的一机构。
上述第一目的还可通过提供这样的一种变速器达到,该变速器包括:许多差速机构,其中每一差速机构在输入轴与输出轴之间旋转数目的不同是由一马达控制;其中所述许多差速机构的输入轴是作为一共用轴,并且其输出轴也是作为一共用轴。
所述许多差速机构的共用输入轴与共用输出轴之间的齿轮比最好设定为不同的值。这使得可提供能增大效率的一系统。
通过提供这样的一种车辆可达到上述第二目的,该车辆包括:用于产生驱动所述车辆的驱动能量的一发动机;第一和第二行星齿轮,其中每一行星齿轮包括一太阳齿轮、一行星元件和一齿圈;以及分别用于控制所述第一和第二行星齿轮的太阳齿轮的第一和第二马达;其中每一所述第一和第二行星齿轮的行星元件与齿圈之一连接到由所述发动机驱动的一输入轴上,而另一个则连接到用于驱动一车体的一输出轴上。
该第三目的可通过提供一种自行车达到,该自行车包括:第一和第二差速机构,每一差速机构采用由一骑行者驱动的输入力,和包括车轮的输出力;以及分别用于控制所述第一和第二差速机构的第一和第二马达。
图1是表示本发明一实施例的构成图,其用于一混合型的车辆,其中采用两个行星齿轮来实现变速器的功能,每一行星齿轮具有由一马达控制的一太阳齿轮;
图2是表示驱动图1所示混合型车辆的一控制方法的概要流程图;
图3是表示根据所存在的驱动状态判断理想的操作模式的操作点范围的特性图,其显示驱动力相对于车速的关系;
图4是表示在驱动图1所示的混合型车辆的操作模式之间的转换方法的状态转换图;
图5是表示控制图2所示的普通模式的一方法的流程图;
图6是表示控制图2所示的转换模式的一方法的流程图;
图7(a)~7(e)是扭矩-速度特性图,分别表示当车辆在一CVT(无级变速传动)模式下以增大的齿轮比驱动时,能流和速度与发动机、马达及行星齿轮的扭矩之间的关系;
图8(a)~8(e)是扭矩-速度特性图,分别表示当车辆在一CVT(无级变速传动)模式下以减小的齿轮比驱动时,能流和速度与发动机、马达及行星齿轮的扭矩之间的关系;
图9(a)~9(b)是扭矩-速度特性图,分别表示改变发动机的操作点的方法,其中发动机用于给一电池充电和辅助由电池的能量驱动的马达,此时车辆是在CVT模式下驱动;
图10是表示当马达失效时所执行的操作的一流程图;
图11是表示混合型车辆的另一实施例的构成图,其中齿轮的构造与图1所示的不同;
图12是表示混合型车辆另一实施例的构成图,所述车辆包括两个行星齿轮,其中一个行星齿轮的输入与输出侧之间的齿轮比与另一行星齿轮的输入与输出侧之间的齿轮比相同;
图13是表示将本发明应用于一自行车的一实施例的构成图;和
图14是表示将本发明应用于一自行车的另一实施例的构成图,其中该自行车包括不采用任何链条的一驱动系统。
下面将结合图1描述本发明的一实施例。
图1表示这种类型的一车辆:其中车体由转动的轮胎3a和3b经一驱动轴2用一发动机1的能量驱动。作为本发明的基本构件的行星齿轮A4和B6,分别是由一太阳齿轮4s、一行星元件4p和一齿圈4r的组合,和由一太阳齿轮6s、一行星元件6p和一齿圈6r的组合构成。太阳齿轮4s和6s分别由马达A8和B9驱动,而马达则分别由动力转换器10和11控制。一电池12用于供给这些马达A8和B9所需的能量或者储存由马达A8和B9所产生的能量。行星齿轮元件4p和6p两者都被固定到同一输入轴上,从而发动机1的驱动扭矩被分配给行星齿轮A4和B6。在齿圈4r和6r的输出侧上设置具有不同齿轮比的一些齿轮。更具体地说,具有一大齿轮比的一齿轮5和具有一小齿轮比的一齿轮7分别设置在齿环4r和6r的输出侧上。这些齿轮5和7被连接到共用输出轴上,从而由行星齿轮A4和B6输出的输出扭矩τva、τvb被结合为共用输出轴上的车辆驱动扭矩τv。采用这一构造,驾驶员可根据需要来加速/减速车辆。而且,在采用动力转换器10、11控制马达扭矩τa、τb以及马达A8和B9的马达速度ωa、ωb的情况下,可通过驱动太阳齿轮4s和6s来调节车辆驱动扭矩τv和发动机速度ωe。
接着,使用图2所示的一流程图来描述控制图1所示的发动机1和马达A8、B9的一基本操作方法。在图2所示的步骤101,输入的是由驾驶员确定的操作指令,例如加速度计致动的量Xa、制动器致动的量Xb和表示前进、后退或中间模式的转变信号Xc;以及车速ωv、电池12的充电状态、各部分的温度和车辆状态。在步骤102,在上述输入值的基础上计算车辆的驱动力指令值τr。然后,在步骤103,在车辆的驱动力指令值τr和车速ωv的基础上确定表示一理想操作方法的一基准操作模式Mref。
例如,如图3所示,当车辆以低车速ωv行驶或者倒车时,选择这样的一种马达驱动模式,其中发动机1停止并且仅由马达A8和B9来驱动车辆。在图3中,由阴影线表示的马达驱动模式以外的一区域包括一第一速度模式、一第二速度模式和一CVT模式,其中在每一模式中启动发动机1并且采用发动机1的驱动力来驱动车辆。当车速ωv为低速且需要驱动力时,选择第一速度模式,以控制速度改变率在一相当于低齿轮比的值。当车速ωv为中等或者更大并且所需的扭矩低时,选择可增大发动机效率的第二速度模式。当车速ωv为中等或者更大并且需要高的扭矩时,选择可通过增加马达的驱动扭矩来获得一高的扭矩驱动力的CVT模式。此外,当驱动力指令值τr为负时,可能希望选择CVT模式,以采用马达A8和B9作为发动机来在电池12中储存再生能量。
顺便提及,图3所示的操作模式无需固定,而可根据电池12的充电状态或温度适当地改变。在目前的操作模式和根据上述方法获得的基准操作模式Mref的基础上确定实际的操作模式M。例如,在车辆被驱动于马达驱动模式的状态下,即使基准操作模式Mref变为第一操作模式,由于发动机1不能迅速地被驱动,也必须执行启动发动机1的一操作。此外,如果过分地启动/停止发动机1,就会剧烈地增大燃料消耗。因此,当在从前一模式变换来的一新的操作模式下启动或停止发动机1时,执行用于保持该新的操作模式一定周期时间的一操作。进行上述特定操作的运算是在步骤103中执行的,由此在目前的操作模式和基准操作模式Mref的基础上确定操作模式M。
在步骤104,判断操作模式M是否为图3所示的普通模式或者用于将一个操作模式改变为另一操作模式的转换模式。在判断的基础上,处理进入步骤105,在此执行普通模式下的操作;或者进入步骤106,在此执行转换模式下的操作。
图4表示操作模式M的状态转换的一状态转换图。普通模式包括马达驱动模式,第一速度模式、第二速度模式和CVT模式。转换模式包括一发动机启动模式和一锁紧装置B的释放模式。一钥匙断开模式表示钥匙断开的状态。如果钥匙接通,钥匙断开模式就转变为车辆启动模式,其中各控制器转为可控制的状态。在完成启动所有控制器的操作后,车辆启动模式转变为马达驱动模式,其中通过由驾驶员操作一加速器来转动马达A8和B9,并且车辆转为可驱动的状态。当车速ωv变为一中等速度或更大时,或者当需要一大的驱动力时,必须将马达驱动模式转变为第一速度模式、第二速度模式和CVT模式之一。此时,经过用于启动发动机的发动机启动模式,作为转换模式之一的马达驱动模式已改变为一特定的普通模式,其中采用发动机的驱动力来驱动车辆。可基本上不经任何转换模式的方法来执行第一速度模式、第二速度模式和CVT模式之间的转换;然而,在采用后述固定方式的实施例中,是采用这样的一种方法:其中通过作为转换模式之一的锁紧装置B的释放模式来将第二速度模式转变为另一普通模式。此外,出现任何失误,操作模式就转为与该失误有关的一失误模式,其中执行适于与该失误相配的一操作。而且,当钥匙断开时,执行用于安全地停止车辆的一操作。并且此后在切断模式下停止控制。
接着,参照图5详细描述图2所示的每一普通模式下的操作。为易于理解该描述,示出下列等式1~10,它们表示在图1所示的系统构成中。
[等式1]
ωe=kpωa+kaωv
[等式2]
ωe=kpωb+kbωv[等式3]
τe=τea+τeb[等式4]
τv=τva+τvb[等式5]
τea=τa/kp=τva/ka[等式6]
τeb=τb/kp=τvb/kb[等式7]
pe=pea+peb[等式8]
pv=pva+pvb[等式9]
pea=pa+pva[等式10]
peb=pb+pvb
在上述等式中,ωe、ωv、ωa和ωb分别表示发动机速度、车速、马达A的速度和马达B的速度;τe、τea、τeb、τa、τb、τv、τva和τvb分别表示发动机扭矩、行星齿轮A分享的发动机扭矩、行星齿轮B分享的发动机扭矩、马达A的扭矩、马达B的扭矩、车辆扭矩、行星齿轮A分享的车辆扭矩和行星齿轮B分享的车辆扭矩;并且pe、pea、peb、pa、pb、pv、pva和pvb分别表示发动机动力、行星齿轮A分享的输入动力、行星齿轮B分享的输入动力、马达A的动力、马达B的动力、车辆驱动动力、行星齿轮A分享的输出动力和行星齿轮B分享的输出动力;kp是一个常数,由图1中的行星齿轮A4的齿数决定,如式1所示,当车速ωv为零时,kp是发动机速度ωe与马达A的速度ωa之间的比,即kp=ωe/ωa(当ωv=0时)。此外,常数ka与kb之间的与齿轮比有关的关系由下列式子给出:
[式11]
ka>kb
这意味着行星齿轮A的输入侧与输出侧之间的齿轮比大于行星齿轮B的输入侧与输出侧之间的齿轮比。
如上所述,普通模式包括4个操作模式,并且在图5所示的步骤111识别操作模式M。
在马达驱动模式的情况下,执行步骤112、113和114的操作。在步骤112,根据等式2,以这样的方式控制马达B的速度ωb,以至于发动机速度ωe变为零,而车速ωv保持恒定。在步骤113,通过控制马达A的扭矩τa来控制车辆驱动扭矩τv。此时,以这样的方式执行扭矩控制,其中等式3中的τe=0,根据等式4、5和6确定车辆驱动扭矩τv。
在等式11,为了满足τv>0的关系,通常以马达A处于动力运行状态和马达B处于动力产生状态这样的方式来驱动车辆。当然,在步骤114,执行用于连续地停止发动机控制的一操作。
在第一速度模式的情况下,在步骤115执行控制马达A的速度ωa为零的一操作和在步骤116执行停止控制马达B的一操作。采用这些操作,马达A转入一电锁止状态,而马达B则转入一自由运转状态,从而由发动机1来驱动在输入侧和输出侧之间具有大的齿轮比的行星齿轮A4,其中行星齿轮A4的太阳齿轮4s处于被固定的状态。也就是说,第一速度模式的变速比等于一常用手动变速器的一低的齿轮比,因此,在第一速度模式可增大发动机扭矩τe。这样,通过在步骤117控制发动机,车辆的驱动扭矩可被控制到一需要的值。此外,在第一速度模式,不执行输向/取自马达A8和B9两者的能量输入/输出,从而可使电能的损失最小。
在CVT模式的情况下,在步骤118控制马达A的扭矩τa;在步骤119控制马达B的速度ωb;和在步骤120通过控制发动机1来控制发动机1的动力,由此实现无级变速传动的功能。此外,在后面将参照图7~9详细描述在CVT模式下的操作。
在第二速度模式的情况下,执行步骤121~126的操作。首先,在步骤121判断马达B的速度ωb是否等于零。若否,则在步骤122执行控制马达B的速度ωb为零的一操作。与此同时,在步骤123停止控制马达A,即马达A被转入一自由运转状态。采用这一控制,与第一速度模式相反,在输入侧与输出侧之间具有小的齿轮比的行星齿轮B6的太阳齿轮6s被固定,因此在第二速度模式下,变速比等于一常用手动变速器的一高的齿轮比。通过在步骤124将发动机控制成这样的一状态,总是在一高扭矩区域驱动发动机1。也就是说,在第二速度模式下,可高效率地操作发动机1。此时,与第一速度模式类似,不执行输向/取自马达A8和B9的能量输入/输出,从而可以使电能的损失最小。
此外,在步骤121,如果判断马达B的速度ωb为零,则处理跳入步骤125,在此打开一锁紧装置B13,以机械地锁止太阳齿轮6s。接着,在步骤126,停止控制马达A8和B9。然后,处理进入上述步骤124,在此通过控制发动机来控制车辆的驱动力。采用这些操作,可以消除当马达B9电锁止时因当前电流造成的电能的损失,并由此进一步降低车辆的燃料消耗。在车辆由发动机1驱动的情况下,车辆在第二速度模式下驱动一长周期的时间,此时不包括加速操作,从而第二速度模式中对电能损失的防止就大大有益于降低燃料消耗。
接着,参照图6描述用于将一普通模式转换为另一模式的转换模式。
转换模式包括发动机启动模式和锁紧装置B的释放模式。在步骤131,判断转换模式是发动机启动模式还是锁紧装置B的释放模式。在发动机启动模式的情况下,执行在步骤132~135的操作,而在锁紧装置B的释放模式的情况下,执行在步骤136~139的操作。
通过发动机启动模式,作为普通模式之一的马达驱动模式就转入另一普通模式,在此驱动发动机1。首先,在步骤132,控制马达A8和B9的速度。由等式1和2给出下列等式12和13:
[等式12]
ωv=kp(ωa-ωb)/(ka-kb)
[等式13]
ωe=kp(kaωb-kbωa)/(ka-kb)
根据等式12和13逐渐加速发动机1,同时控制车速ωv,使之保持目前(现有)的值。采用这一控制,可将发动机速度ωe增大到一特定的发动机启动速度,而不会由于启动发动机而出现车辆扭矩的任何变化。由等式12和13可以显见,上述控制不依赖于车速ωv的大小,并且即使在停止状态或者行驶状态也可启动发动机1。在该方法中,虽然本实施例中的车辆是无离合器型的,但可通常地启动或停止发动机,同时防止由于启动发动机而产生冲击。接着,在步骤133,判断发动机1的速度是否达到一特定的发动机启动速度。若否,则在步骤135停止控制发动机。如果发动机速度充分地达到发动机的启动速度,则在步骤134启动发动机的控制,以完成从马达驱动模式向普通模式的转换,其中在普通模式控制发动机1的驱动。
执行锁紧装置B的释放模式来使第二速度模式转入图4的状态转换图所示的另一模式。首先,在步骤136断开锁紧装置B,以释放太阳齿轮6s的机械锁止状态。在步骤137,将马达B的速度ωb控制为零。采用该控制,可以防止由于释放锁紧装置B而造成车辆驱动扭矩τv的变化。在步骤138,停止控制马达A。并且,在步骤139,通过控制发动机来控制车辆的驱动扭矩τv。也就是说,通过执行与第二速度模式中同样的控制,其中释放了锁紧装置B,可以防止由于操作模式的变化而出现冲击。
此外,在不通过转换模式来使两个普通模式直接相互转换的情况下,可以改变控制马达的方法,并且因此,当操作模式变化时,新的模式下控制的初始值可以与前一模式下控制的相应值相匹配。这对防止因操作模式的变化而造成扭矩的变化是有效的。
接着,参照图7和8所示的能流,详细描述如何通过图1所示的系统构成,在上述CVT模式中实现无级(连续)变速传动功能。在这些图中,假定常数ka=2,kb=0.5。因此,第一速度模式中的齿轮比变为2,而第二速度模式中的齿轮比变为0.5。并且,下面将描述在CVT模式下,获得在上述齿轮比之间、即0.5~2之间的中间区域内的一任意变速比的操作。
图7(a)~7(e)为表示在变速比被设定在0.5~1.0的一范围内时,发动机、车辆及行星齿轮A和B的操作点的扭矩-速度特性图。如图7(a)所示,在有关发动机的操作点×的情况下,驱动车辆的一操作点○偏离在较低速度/较高扭矩侧(图中的上左侧),行星齿轮A的输入功率(动力)Pea和行星齿轮B的输入功率Peb被分别从发动机功率Pe分配给行星齿轮A4和B6。行星齿轮A4的输入速度与行星齿轮B6的相同,因为它们两者都连接在共同的输入轴上。因此,通过将发动机扭矩τe分割成行星齿轮A分享的发动机扭矩τea和行星齿轮B分享的发动机扭矩τeb,确定了分别输入到行星齿轮A4和B6的上述功率。此外,不是通过仅控制一个马达,而是通过整个能量的平衡来确定功率的上述分割比。通过采用马达A8驱动太阳齿轮4s来向行星齿轮A的从发动机输入的功率Pea增加输入的马达A的功率Pa,确定图7(b)所示的行星齿轮A的输入侧的操作点口。由于是通过增大/减小行星齿轮的速度来完成能量的输入/输出,附加的能量表示在图7(b)的横坐标上(速度方向)。如图7(c)所示,在行星齿轮A4的输出侧,是按照齿轮比ka=2来降低速度的,从而车速ωv变为值kaωv的一半,并且由行星齿轮A分享的车辆扭矩τva变为由行星齿轮A分享的发动机扭矩τve的两倍。也就是说,操作点口变换到一操作点Δ。
类似地,图7(d)表示在行星齿轮B的输入侧的一操作点口的能流。通过向太阳齿轮6s作用行星齿轮B的输入功率Peb,操作马达B9来降低其输出侧的速度,因此,马达B9转入一功率产生状态。因此,对于等于马达B的功率pb的一值,操作点口就移动,即移到图7(d)所示的一位置。在行星齿轮B6的输出侧,行星齿轮B6的速度按照齿轮比kb=0.5增大,因此,正如从操作点口到图7(e)中一操作点Δ的变化所示,车速ωv变成2倍,而由行星齿轮B分享的车辆扭矩τvb变为一半。车辆扭矩τv为由行星齿轮A分享的车辆扭矩τva和由行星齿轮B分享的车辆扭矩τvb的总和,因而在图7(a)所示的一操作点○操作车辆。采用这一操作原则,发动机1的操作点可在一低速/高扭矩区随速度变化。已揭示出在发动机1的操作点保持恒定的情况下,通过控制每一马达的功率,可自由地控制车辆的操作点。而且,通过使由马达A驱动的功率Pa的绝对值与由马达B产生的功率Pb的绝对值相匹配,可取消对电池12的充电/再充电操作的需要,因此可使得电池的容量较小。这对于降低车辆的重量是有效的。此外,第一速度模式等于在图7(a)~7(e)中马达A的速度ωa为零和马达B的扭矩τb为零的模式。也就是说,第一速度模式可以被认为是CVT模式的一种特殊情况。
图8(a)~8(e)为表示在变速比被设定在1~2的一范围内时,发动机、车辆和行星齿轮A及B的操作的扭矩-速度特性图。图8(a)表示当发动机的一操作点×随速度变化为车辆的一操作点○时的一操作原则。当与图7(b)和7(c)所示的情况相比时,图8(b)和8(c)所示的行星齿轮A在输入侧和输出侧的操作点分别转换到较高速度/较低扭矩侧。马达A8在高速下以低扭矩驱动。相反,如图8(d)和8(e)所示,行星齿轮B在输入侧和输出侧的操作点这样设置,以至于当分别与图7(d)和7(e)所示的情况相比时,马达B的速度ωb较小和马达B的扭矩τb较大。在第二速度模式,马达A的扭矩τa为零且马达B的速度ωb为零,因此,通过在从第一速度模式到第二速度模式的一区域控制马达A和B,可以获得无级变速传动功能。采用这一构造,由于是在一普通的低扭矩操作下执行最小齿轮比的控制,因此可在高扭矩/高效率的操作点驱动发动机1,并且如果需要一高扭矩,模式可快速转入CVT模式,结果可获得一舒适的驱动特性。
图9(a)和9(b)表示两个例子,其中改变发动机的操作点,以如此地控制车辆,以至于实现一高输出的混合型车辆,该车辆可有效地利用安装在车辆上的电池12。图9(a)是当图7(a)所示的发动机的操作点×从一点×变化到一点Y时的一特性图。当在车辆的一操作点○保持恒定的情况下控制马达A和B时,由发动机1产生的能量变得过剩,结果马达A的用于驱动车辆所需的功率Pa降低,并且马达B的用于产生电能的功率Pb的绝对值增大。因此通过高效地驱动发动机1所获得的过剩的能量就被充入电池12中。
图9(b)表示发动机的操作点变化、以有效地利用储存在电池12中能量的例子。在该例子中,通过在车辆的操作点○保持恒定时降低发动机的输出,图8(a)所示的发动机的操作点×从一点U变化到一点V。具体地,为了使发动机的操作点×从点U变化到点V,增大马达A的速度ωa,使马达A的功率Pa变大,并且降低马达B的速度ωb,使所产生的功率Pb变小。这意味着通过马达的驱动力来相对地辅助发动机的驱动力。实际上,通过控制电池的输入/输出功率,使得发动机在良好的燃料消耗的一操作点下驱动,可以降低燃料消耗。
图10是表示当两个马达中的任一个失效时执行的一操作过程的流程图。在步骤141,判断两个马达中的至少一个是可被正常地控制的还是两个都失效了。如果存在一个可正常地操作的马达,则处理进入步骤142,而如果两个马达都失效了,则处理进入步骤148。在至少一个马达可正常地控制的情况下,在步骤142判断发动机1是否在转动。若否,则通过执行步骤142~145中的操作启动发动机1,并且此后通过执行步骤146和147中的操作、采用发动机1和可正常地控制的马达来控制车辆的驱动。如果在步骤142判断发动机转动,则可执行步骤146和147中的操作。
在步骤143,根据车速ωv来判断车辆的行驶状态。如果车辆未在行驶,则处理进入步骤144,在此执行用于锁止轮胎3a和3b的一操作,以使车辆停止。通过提供一可固定/可打开的制动装置以及采用一控制器自动地控制该制动装置,或者通过提供指示驾驶员车辆状态的一报警装置,并且允许驾驶员根据从该报警装置输送的指示值来判断是否启动制动器,可以完成该操作。在步骤145,通过增大可正常地控制的马达的速度,发动机速度ωe增大到发动机1的启动速度。在车辆停止时,由于车辆在步骤144被锁止,通过反作用就防止了车辆后退。此外,在车辆行驶过程中,通过根据车速ωv增大马达速度,可以启动发动机1。此时,虽然通过克服启动发动机1的力的反作用而向车辆轻微地施加了一负的扭矩,但由于车体的惯性远大于发动机1的惯性,故驱动能力不会降低。在此方法中,当发动机速度ωe达到启动速度时,通过控制发动机,例如通过燃料喷射控制或油门控制可驱动发动机。在步骤146通过控制可正常地驱动的马达的速度,可将发动机1的速度ωe控制到一特定的值。此外,由于通过控制发动机可控制车辆扭矩τv,因此即使一个马达失效,也可使车辆行驶。另外,由于根据储存在电池12中的能量来限制辅助时间与马达功率,因此有时通过车速ωv来限制操作方法。
在步骤141,如果判断没有可正常地控制的马达,则执行步骤148~151的操作。首先,在步骤148,确认发动机1是否在转动。如果是,则在步骤149执行执行发动机控制,并且在步骤150执行锁紧装置B13的开-关控制,以防止发动机1停止。在发动机1没有停止的情况中,例如,当车速ωv为中等速度或更大时,希望打开锁紧装置B13来锁止太阳齿轮6s。
如果发动机1未在转动,就不能驱动车辆。在此情形中,在步骤151执行打开一失效(故障)灯的操作。采用这些操作,由于即使在马达失效的情况下仍能或多或少地驱动车辆,故可提高车辆的可靠性。
在该实施例中,通常可在这样的一区域驱动车辆,以至于电能的输入/输出最小并且发动机的效率最大,且因此可以大大地降低燃料消耗。而且,由于通过控制相互配合的两个马达,可获得可与一无级变速传动装置相比的功能,因此可以实现能防止因传动而出现的冲击的车辆。
图11表示混合型车辆的另一实施例,其与图1所示的车辆的区别在于系统、例如齿轮的结构。在该系统中,用一电容器14来代替电池12。由于电容器14的单位重量的功率可大于电池12的,故可大大地降低安装在车辆上的储能装置的重量。这对于降低车辆的重量是有效的,因而可进一步改善单位行驶里程的燃料消耗。此外,由于电容器的能量密度小于电池的,故电容器14的能量输入/输出可被控制得小于图1所示实施例的电池12的。
该实施例与图1所示实施例的不同点还在于其锁紧装置17、18和19是设置在发动机1、马达A8和车辆驱动轴的转动部位上;并且图1所示的用于使在行星齿轮A4与齿轮5之间的齿轮比不同于在行星齿轮B6与齿轮7之间齿轮比的齿轮5和7被改变为齿轮15和16。
锁紧装置17、18和19具有下列功能。首先,锁紧装置17用来停止发动机1的转动。在不是由发动机1来驱动车辆的情况下,打开锁紧装置17来固定发动机1。当在这样的状态下执行马达驱动模式下的控制时,由于不需要控制马达A8和B9的速度与其它的相匹配,以控制发动机的速度ωe为零,可通过马达之一或者两者来控制车辆扭矩τv。也就是说,可以大大地简化控制马达的方法。此外,在图1所示的实施例中,如果两个马达彼此相配地控制,则一个马达转入驱动状态,而另一个马达转入产生功率的状态,从而输入/输出电能变大;然而,在该实施例中,可采用驱动车辆的最小的电能需求,从而可进一步降低电能的损失。
此外,锁紧装置17可被构造为一单向离合器。在采用单向离合器作为锁紧装置17的情况中,即使在发动机1停止期间出现在反转方向转动发动机1的一扭矩,也可通过作为锁紧装置17的单向离合器来自动地保持发动机1的停止状态。这在消除需要控制锁紧装置17方面是有利的。
锁紧装置18用来锁止马达A8。在第一速度模式,在马达A的速度ωa被控制为零后,打开锁紧装置18。然后,停止马达A8的控制。在该方法中,即使在第一速度模式,不用采用马达的任何电能也可驱动发动机1,这样可进一步降低燃料消耗。
由于可以控制锁紧装置18以锁止车辆,可采用一控制器自动地执行图10所示的在步骤143的车辆锁止操作,从而无需给驾驶员带来任何负担即可在马达失效时执行发动机的启动。
通过将图1所示的齿轮5和7改变为齿轮15和16,不仅可获得同样的效果,而且从行星齿轮A4和B6到驱动轴2的结构可简化。结果,可以以一种紧凑的方式配置一传动部分,其包括围绕驱动轴的马达A8和B9,因此尽管车辆在混合型的,也可在车辆的发动机室内自由地配置发动机。
如上所述,按照该实施例,可进一步增强系统的效率。
图12是表示不同于图1所示实施例的另一实施例的一构造简图。在该系统中,在行星齿轮20的输入侧与输出侧之间的一齿轮比与在行星齿轮21的输入与输出侧之间的一齿轮比相同。在该系统中,没有获得通过改变齿轮比来建立第一速度模式和第二速度模式的效果;然而,获得了作为一并列混合型车辆的一新的效果。也就是说,在采用电池12的能量由马达来辅助发动机1的驱动力的情形中,当用于辅助发动机1的驱动力的驱动扭矩小时,仅可驱动马达A8和B9中的一个,结果可在有效的操作点控制马达;而当用于辅助发动机1的驱动力的驱动扭矩大于一个马达的容量时,可采用两个马达来获得驱动扭矩。结果,同并行混合型车辆的相关技术相比,可以使系统紧凑。
图13表示将本发明的传动装置(变速器)应用于一自行车的一实施例。安装在自行车的一车体22上的一变速器23用于改变一旋转驱动力的速度,其中该旋转驱动力是当由一骑行者致动踏板24a和24b时获得的。旋转驱动力如此变化,使其速度经一链条30传递给后轮的轮胎25b,由此驱动自行车前进。变速器23包括薄型马达26和27以及由马达26和27控制的行星齿轮28和29。类似于图1所示的实施例,通过使行星齿轮28的输入与输出侧之间的一齿轮比不同于行星齿轮29的输入与输出侧之间的一齿轮比,可以实现一第一速度模式、第二速度模式和CVT模式。并且,采用一变速指示器(未示出)将马达26和27控制在骑行者所希望的一变速比下,从而骑行者大多喜欢舒畅地操作车辆。按此方法,根据该实施例可提供具有舒适的驱动性能的一自行车。而且,通过在自行车上安装储能装置,采用在一下坡或一平路上行驶过程中逐渐充入的能量,自行车可以以最佳变速比容易地爬上一坡路。
图14是变速器的转动方向从图13所示的实施例中改变90度时的另一实施例。该实施例与图13所示实施例的不同点在于变速器31的配置方向改变了90度并且一驱动力经取代链条30的一轴37传递给轮胎25b。踏板24a和24b的旋转驱动力经一伞齿轮传递给轴36并且被输入变速器31内。变速器31包括马达32和33以及行星齿轮34和35,并且其具有类似于前一实施例的一传动功能;但是,变速器的转动方向是垂直于自行车前进方向的一横置方向。由于随速度变化的旋转驱动力经轴37传递给轮胎25b,因此无需采用链条。这对于采用一简单的结构获得具有良好传动效率的一自行车是有利的。在图14所示的实施例中,由于配置在踏板之间的变速器的宽度可以小于图13所示实施例的,故也提高了变速器在自行车上的安装特性。按照该实施例,骑行者可以以一较轻的力蹬踩踏板来驾驶自行车。此外,通过将变速器的转动轴配置在垂直方向,可给变速器增添一陀螺仪的效果,从而可稳定自行车的姿势。
在上述实施例中,变速器包括由马达控制的两个行星齿轮,并且已描述了采用这种变速器的混合器车辆和自行车。此外,通过采用3个或多个行星齿轮,本发明可实现一多级(三级或更多)变速器。在上述实施例中,描述了马达主要控制行星齿轮的太阳齿轮的方法;但是,可改用马达控制另一齿轮的方法。此外,例如可采用一种不对称的构造,其中通过马达控制一行星齿轮的太阳齿轮和通过马达控制另一行星齿轮的行星元件。虽然采用行星齿轮作为上述实施例中的差速机构,但可由一通用的差速齿轮来代替,并且还可由静止的一谐波齿轮来代替。此外,本发明当然不仅可应用于车辆,还可应用于船舶和铁道车辆。
根据本发明,提供了一种变速器,包括:用于将一驱动源的能量分配给许多差速机构的一机构;分别与所述许多差速机构相连的许多马达;和用于结合从所述许多差速机构输出的能量的一机构,或者提供了这样的一种变速器,包括:许多差速机构,其中每一差速机构在输入轴与输出轴之间旋转数目的不同是由一马达控制;所述许多差速机构的输入轴是作为一共用轴,并且其输出轴也是作为一共用轴。具有上述构造的变速器使得可采用马达实现无级变速传动功能,并且通过使电能的损失最小来增大效率。
根据本发明,还提供了一种车辆,包括:用于产生驱动车辆的驱动能量的一发动机;第一和第二行星齿轮,其中每一行星齿轮包括一太阳齿轮、一行星元件和一齿圈;以及分别用于控制第一和第二行星齿轮的太阳齿轮的第一和第二马达;其中每一第一和第二行星齿轮的行星元件与齿圈之一连接到由发动机驱动的一输入轴上,而另一个则连接到用于驱动一车体的一输出轴上。具有上述构造的该车辆使得可实现一无级变速传动功能,其能通过机械齿轮传递一驱动扭矩,除了在加速时其无需使用电能,并且通常在一高效率的操作点驱动发动机,因此可降低每单位行驶距离的燃料消耗。
根据本发明,还提供了一种自行车,包括:第一和第二差速机构,每一差速机构采用由一骑行者产生的一驱动力作为输入力,和采用用于驱动一车轮的一驱动力作为一输出力;以及分别用于控制所述第一和第二差速机构的第一和第二马达。具有上述构造的该自行车使得可降低在骑行自行车的过程中骑行者的疲劳。

Claims (1)

1.一种变速器,包括:
许多差速机构,其中每一差速机构在输入轴与输出轴之间旋转数目的不同是由一马达控制;
其特征是所述许多差速机构的输入轴是作为一共用轴,并且其输出轴也是作为一共用轴。
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US6053833A (en) 2000-04-25
EP0937600A2 (en) 1999-08-25
CN1328932A (zh) 2002-01-02
KR19990072728A (ko) 1999-09-27
CN1328933A (zh) 2002-01-02
CN1328931A (zh) 2002-01-02
CN1328935A (zh) 2002-01-02
EP0937600B1 (en) 2005-12-14
EP0937600A3 (en) 2004-03-24
CN1226496A (zh) 1999-08-25
CA2259771C (en) 2003-04-01
CA2259771A1 (en) 1999-08-19
US6248036B1 (en) 2001-06-19
CN1328934A (zh) 2002-01-02
DE69928846T2 (de) 2006-08-10
DE69928846D1 (de) 2006-01-19

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