CN1326787C - Small-town sewage treating process - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域：Technical field:
本发明涉及一种水处理工艺，特别是一种小城镇污水处理工艺。The invention relates to a water treatment process, in particular to a small town sewage treatment process.
背景技术：Background technique:
近年来，我国全面建设小康社会的步伐加快，城镇人口快速增长，涌现出许多中心城镇或小集镇，城镇周围的水体污染以及富营养化现象日渐突出。In recent years, my country has accelerated the pace of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and the urban population has grown rapidly. Many central towns or small market towns have emerged. Water pollution and eutrophication around towns have become increasingly prominent.
目前，我国的小城镇污水基本处于放任自流的状态，很多地区的小城镇位于水源保护区或水库、湖泊的库区，未经处理的污水任意排放，不仅污染大片水域，降低了水的使用价值，而且氮、磷进入水体后导致藻类大量生长，直接影响到城市或周边城镇的饮水安全性。小城镇、中心城市的城郊结合部等地域广、市镇之间分散，污水以生活类污水为主，富含氮、磷，污水的收集和统一处理十分困难，只能采用集中处理和分散处理相结合的方式，因此，污水处理设施的规模一般较小，为500～20,000m3/d，最好采用投资费用少、运行费用低、操作简单、管理方便的工艺或技术，而现有大多数污水处理技术、尤其是脱氮除磷技术不仅工艺流程长，而且基建投资和运行费用很高，难以应用于小城镇的实际情况。在我国，开发小型污水处理技术具有十分重要的意义。At present, the sewage of small towns in my country is basically in a state of letting go. Small towns in many areas are located in water source protection areas or reservoirs and lakes. Untreated sewage is discharged arbitrarily, which not only pollutes large areas of water, but also reduces the use value of water. , and after nitrogen and phosphorus enter the water body, a large number of algae will grow, which directly affects the safety of drinking water in cities or surrounding towns. Small towns and the suburban junctions of central cities have a wide area and are scattered between towns. The sewage is mainly domestic sewage, rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. It is very difficult to collect and uniformly treat sewage, and only centralized and decentralized treatment can be used. Therefore, the scale of sewage treatment facilities is generally small, ranging from 500 to 20,000m 3 /d. It is best to adopt processes or technologies with low investment costs, low operating costs, simple operation, and convenient management. Most sewage treatment technologies, especially nitrogen and phosphorus removal technologies not only have a long process, but also have high infrastructure investment and operating costs, which are difficult to apply to the actual situation of small towns. In our country, the development of small-scale sewage treatment technology is of great significance.
国内外对中小城镇污水处理的研究与应用主要集中在以下几个方面：The research and application of sewage treatment in small and medium-sized cities at home and abroad mainly focus on the following aspects:
人工湿地：主要是利用湿地内的各种生物(微生物-动物-植物)组成的生态系统来净化污水，能够去除多种污染物，但该技术占地面积庞大，负荷率低，污水的停留时间长，除污染效率受气候等环境因素的影响很大。Constructed wetland: It mainly uses the ecosystem composed of various organisms (microbes-animals-plants) in the wetland to purify sewage, which can remove a variety of pollutants, but this technology occupies a large area, the load rate is low, and the residence time of sewage Long, the pollution removal efficiency is greatly affected by environmental factors such as climate.
稳定塘：利用生态系统的天然自净作用氧化和分解污染物，优点是除污染的效率良好，污泥量少，运行费用低，但是，存在占地面积巨大、负荷率很低，容易受气候等因素的影响等缺点。Stabilization pond: Utilize the natural self-purification of the ecosystem to oxidize and decompose pollutants. The advantage is that the efficiency of pollution removal is good, the amount of sludge is small, and the operating cost is low. The influence of factors and other shortcomings.
强化一级处理：即通过化学絮凝或化学——生物絮凝组合应用去除污水的悬浮状、胶体状污染物、有的还具有一定的除磷效果。该法的缺点是对溶解性污染物尤其是生化需氧量(BOD5)和氨氮(NH3-N)的去除效果差，出水的有机氮、NH3-N等仍然很高。Intensified primary treatment: that is to remove suspended and colloidal pollutants in sewage through chemical flocculation or chemical-biological flocculation combined application, and some have a certain effect of phosphorus removal. The disadvantage of this method is that the removal effect on dissolved pollutants, especially biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N), is poor, and the organic nitrogen and NH 3 -N in the effluent are still high.
蚯蚓生态滤池技术：主要用于污水的二级处理，以去除有机污染物和生物硝化为主，工艺的负荷率较低，占地面积较大；当来水量波动大时出水的稳定性容易受到影响。Earthworm ecological filter technology: mainly used for secondary treatment of sewage, mainly to remove organic pollutants and biological nitrification, the load rate of the process is low, and the floor area is large; when the inflow fluctuates greatly, the stability of the effluent is easy affected.
可见，目前存在的小城镇污水处理技术存在一定的局限性，很多不具备脱氮除磷的能力，开发一种先进合理、除污染效率高、投资和运行费用少的工艺技术仍然十分必要。It can be seen that the current small town sewage treatment technologies have certain limitations, many of which do not have the ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. It is still necessary to develop an advanced and reasonable process technology with high pollution removal efficiency and low investment and operation costs.
发明内容：Invention content:
本发明所要解决的技术问题是：目前我国的小城镇污水基本处于放任自流的状态，很多地区的小城镇位于水源保护区或水库、湖泊的库区，未经处理的污水任意排放，不仅污染大片水域，降低了水的使用价值，而且氮、磷进入水体后导致藻类大量生长，直接影响到城市或周边城镇的饮水安全性。可是目前存在的小城镇污水处理技术存在一定的局限性，很多不具备脱氮除磷的能力，开发一种先进合理、除污染效率高、投资和运行费用少的工艺技术仍然十分必要。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is: at present, the sewage of small cities and towns in my country is basically in a state of letting go, and the small towns in many areas are located in water source protection areas or reservoirs, lakes, and the untreated sewage is discharged arbitrarily, which not only pollutes large areas The water area reduces the use value of water, and nitrogen and phosphorus enter the water body, causing a large number of algae to grow, which directly affects the safety of drinking water in cities or surrounding towns. However, the current small town sewage treatment technologies have certain limitations, and many of them do not have the ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. It is still necessary to develop an advanced and reasonable process technology with high pollution removal efficiency and low investment and operation costs.
为解决已有技术中的上述技术问题，本发明采用的技术方案是提供一种小城镇污水处理工艺，所述的这种小城镇污水处理工艺其处理单元由进水井、强化絮凝沉淀装置、流动床生物氧化装置和二次沉淀池构成，其特征在于在处理时整个系统为连续流，整个过程分为进水，强化絮凝沉淀，流动床生物氧化和后沉淀四个步骤，在进水步骤中，外部的各种污水先经过格栅除去漂浮物，然后流入所述的进水井，在强化絮凝沉淀步骤中所述的进水井中的污水经提升泵进入所述的强化絮凝沉淀装置，所述的强化絮凝沉淀装置由絮凝反应区和沉淀区两部分构成，外部的溶药箱中的絮凝剂经计量泵加入污水中，具体地，所述的絮凝剂投加点设置在所述的提升泵之前的管道，或设置在所述的提升泵之后的管道，也可以直接投加到絮凝反应区，所述的絮凝剂为高分子絮凝剂，由所述的计量泵投加，投放量为40～100mg/L，在所述的絮凝反应区中污水与絮凝剂通过搅拌而充分混合反应，具体的，所述的絮凝反应区可以设置空气搅拌装置并采用空气搅拌方式，也可以在所述的絮凝反应区中设置机械搅拌装置并采用机械搅拌方式。所述的絮凝反应区还接受来自所述的二次沉淀池的活性污泥，回流率为10～50％，污水经过絮凝反应后进入所述的沉淀区，所述的沉淀区采用重力沉淀的方式，污水经过沉淀后，沉淀区的上部分为清液，自然流入所述的流动床生物氧化装置进行后续处理，下部分为沉淀的污泥，经管道向外排放，在所述的流动床生物氧化步骤中，向所述的流动床生物氧化装置内加入悬浮状生物填料，所述的悬浮状生物填料可以自由流动于所述的流动床生物氧化装置的任何位置，填料的材质属于塑料材料，聚丙烯或聚乙烯，所述的悬浮状生物填料比表面积大于150m2/m3，填料的投加量一般为10～50％，通过曝气促使所述的悬浮状生物填料自由流动，所述的流动床生物氧化装置内可以通设置穿孔管、扩散板来进行充氧，也可以采用微孔曝气方式进行充氧，通过微生物的氧化作用分解清液中残余的污染物，所述的流动床生物氧化装置可以分隔成两个区，缺氧区和好氧区，彼此有独立的曝气控制装置，也可以不分区，全池均匀曝气，所述的流动床生物氧化装置的出水端设有回流泵，出水回流到进水端进行反硝化，在所述的后沉淀步骤中，经所述的流动床生物氧化装置处理过的出水在所述的二次沉淀池中进行沉淀，沉淀后的的清水向前排出，所述的二次沉淀池沉淀的污泥经管道排出。In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems in the prior art, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is to provide a small town sewage treatment process, the treatment unit of this small town sewage treatment process is composed of a water inlet well, an enhanced flocculation sedimentation device, a flow It is composed of bed biological oxidation device and secondary sedimentation tank. It is characterized in that the whole system is a continuous flow during treatment. The whole process is divided into four steps: water intake, enhanced flocculation sedimentation, fluidized bed biological oxidation and post-sedimentation. In the water intake step The various external sewage first passes through the grid to remove floating matter, and then flows into the water inlet well, and the sewage in the water inlet well described in the step of enhanced flocculation and sedimentation enters the described enhanced flocculation and sedimentation device through a lift pump, and the described The enhanced flocculation and sedimentation device consists of two parts: a flocculation reaction zone and a sedimentation zone. The flocculant in the external drug-dissolving tank is added to the sewage through a metering pump. Specifically, the flocculant dosing point is set before the lift pump The pipeline, or the pipeline arranged after the lift pump, can also be directly fed into the flocculation reaction zone. The flocculant is a polymer flocculant, which is added by the metering pump, and the dosage is 40- 100mg/L. In the flocculation reaction zone, the sewage and the flocculant are fully mixed and reacted by stirring. Specifically, the flocculation reaction zone can be equipped with an air agitation device and adopt an air agitation method, or it can be used in the flocculation reaction zone. A mechanical stirring device is set in the reaction zone and a mechanical stirring method is adopted. The flocculation reaction zone also accepts the activated sludge from the secondary sedimentation tank, the reflux rate is 10-50%, and the sewage enters the sedimentation zone after the flocculation reaction, and the sedimentation zone adopts gravity sedimentation method, after the sewage has been settled, the upper part of the sedimentation zone is clear liquid, which naturally flows into the fluidized bed biological oxidation device for subsequent treatment, and the lower part is sedimented sludge, which is discharged through the pipeline, and in the fluidized bed In the biological oxidation step, adding suspended biological filler into the fluidized bed biological oxidation device, the suspended biological filler can flow freely in any position of the fluidized bed biological oxidation device, and the material of the filler belongs to plastic material , polypropylene or polyethylene, the specific surface area of the suspended biological filler is greater than 150m 2 /m 3 , the dosage of the filler is generally 10-50%, and the free flow of the suspended biological filler is promoted by aeration, so The above-mentioned fluidized bed biological oxidation device can be provided with perforated pipes and diffusion plates to carry out oxygenation, and can also use microporous aeration to carry out oxygenation, and decompose the residual pollutants in the clear liquid through the oxidation of microorganisms. The fluidized bed biological oxidation device can be divided into two zones, the anoxic zone and the aerobic zone, with independent aeration control devices for each other, or no partition, and the whole pool is evenly aerated. There is a reflux pump at the end, and the effluent flows back to the water inlet for denitrification. In the post-sedimentation step, the effluent treated by the fluidized bed biological oxidation device is deposited in the secondary sedimentation tank. The settled clear water is discharged forward, and the sludge settled in the secondary sedimentation tank is discharged through the pipeline.
本发明与已有技术相对照，效果是积极且明显的。本发明有以下特色和优点：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has positive and obvious effects. The present invention has following characteristics and advantages:
1.首次将强化絮凝和短时生物氧化技术耦合用于小城镇污水处理领域，尤其是以流动床生物氧化技术去除小城镇污水的多种污染物，总的停留时间很短，比常规工艺缩短30％左右，因而极大地节省了占地面积；装置的除污染种类多，出水的水质好，具有良好的先进性和新颖性。1. For the first time, the coupling of enhanced flocculation and short-term biological oxidation technology is used in the field of small town sewage treatment, especially the fluidized bed biological oxidation technology is used to remove various pollutants in small town sewage, and the total residence time is very short, which is shorter than conventional processes About 30%, thus greatly saving the floor area; the device has many types of pollution removal, the water quality of the effluent is good, and it has good advancement and novelty.
2.采用短程生物硝化-反硝化及生物与化学方法组合除磷，出水的TP小于1mg/l，NH3-N小于15mg/l，能够达到国家排放一级标准；CODcr、BOD5和SS也完全可以达到或超过二级排放标准。污染物的去除效率高，出水能够用于多种需水领域。2. Using short-range biological nitrification-denitrification and combined biological and chemical methods to remove phosphorus, the TP of the effluent is less than 1mg/l, and the NH 3 -N is less than 15mg/l, which can meet the national first-level emission standards; COD cr , BOD 5 and SS It can also meet or exceed the secondary emission standard. The removal efficiency of pollutants is high, and the effluent can be used in various water-demanding fields.
3.将生物膜法与活性污泥法结合于同一个构筑物除污染，克服了单纯活性污泥法处理的污泥膨胀和流失弊端；悬浮填料具有良好的流动性，挂膜和脱膜十分容易，不会出现填料的堵塞现象，能够维持很高的生物量。3. The biofilm method and the activated sludge method are combined in the same structure to remove pollution, which overcomes the disadvantages of sludge expansion and loss caused by the simple activated sludge method; the suspended filler has good fluidity, and it is very easy to form and remove the film , There will be no plugging of the filler, and it can maintain a high biomass.
4.本工艺处理小城镇污水，操作上十分灵活，可根据需要而调节工艺流程；具有良好的抗冲击性，运行稳定可靠，管理十分简单。4. This process treats sewage in small cities and towns. It is very flexible in operation, and the process flow can be adjusted according to needs; it has good impact resistance, stable and reliable operation, and very simple management.
5.本发明应用范围广，适应不同的处理规模。可用于小城镇污水、大型生活小区的污水、城镇混合污水、水产、农产品加工等的污水处理等领域；可根据不同的处理水量而建设和加工设备，具有很强的灵活性。5. The present invention has a wide application range and is suitable for different processing scales. It can be used in sewage treatment in small towns, large living quarters, urban mixed sewage, aquatic products, agricultural product processing, etc.; it can build and process equipment according to different treatment water volumes, and has strong flexibility.
6.投资费用和运行费用很低。投资费用比常规处理技术节约20～30％，运行费用节约40％左右。6. The investment cost and operating cost are very low. Compared with conventional treatment technology, the investment cost is saved by 20-30%, and the operation cost is saved by about 40%.
本发明的目的、特征及优点将通过实施例结合附图进行详细说明。The purpose, features and advantages of the present invention will be described in detail through embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
附图说明：Description of drawings:
图1是本发明一种小城镇污水处理工艺的一个优选实施例的工艺流程示意图。Fig. 1 is a process schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of a small town sewage treatment process of the present invention.
具体实施方式：Detailed ways:
如图1所示，本发明是一种小城镇污水处理工艺，所述的这种小城镇污水处理工艺其处理单元由进水井、强化絮凝沉淀装置、流动床生物氧化装置和二次沉淀池构成，其特征在于在处理时整个系统为连续流，整个过程分为进水，强化絮凝沉淀，流动床生物氧化和后沉淀四个步骤：As shown in Figure 1, the present invention is a small town sewage treatment process. The treatment unit of this small town sewage treatment process is composed of a water inlet well, an enhanced flocculation sedimentation device, a fluidized bed biological oxidation device and a secondary sedimentation tank. , characterized in that the whole system is a continuous flow during treatment, and the whole process is divided into four steps: water inflow, enhanced flocculation sedimentation, fluidized bed biological oxidation and post-sedimentation:
1、进水1. Intake of water
本发明的进水可以是小城镇生活污水、工业与生活的混合污水、大型生活小区污水、市郊结合部的污水等。污水经过排水管道进入处理装置前经格栅拦截大的漂浮物、塑料袋、动植物残渣等，然后流入进水井。The influent water of the present invention can be domestic sewage in small towns, mixed industrial and domestic sewage, sewage in large residential quarters, sewage in suburban junctions, and the like. Before the sewage enters the treatment device through the drainage pipe, it passes through the grid to intercept large floating objects, plastic bags, animal and plant residues, etc., and then flows into the water inlet well.
2、强化絮凝沉淀2. Strengthen flocculation and sedimentation
污水在进入絮凝沉淀装置的反应区之前经过提升泵提升，此后污水进入各处理单元均采用自流方式。Before the sewage enters the reaction zone of the flocculation and sedimentation device, it is lifted by the lift pump, and then the sewage enters each treatment unit in a self-flowing manner.
絮凝药剂采用无机高分子絮凝剂如聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铁，还可以采用其它复盐高分子絮凝剂，投加剂量一般为40～100mg/L，具体可根据污水的悬浮物含量或磷的浓度而调整。如果形成的矾花细小，可少量投加聚丙烯酰胺类有机大分子，一般为0.2～1.0mg/L。絮凝药剂的投加点十分灵活，可在提升泵前投加，也可投加到提升泵的出水管内，利用水射方式投加与混合，还可以直接在絮凝反应区的进水端投加，空气搅拌混合，搅拌所需要的空气来自鼓风机，空气搅拌采用渐减曝气的方式；采用机械搅拌，则混合的速度梯度(G)控制200～400N.s/m2，矾花生长的G控制30～80N.s/m2。The flocculation agent adopts inorganic polymer flocculants such as polyaluminum chloride and polyferric chloride, and other double salt polymer flocculants can also be used. The dosage is generally 40-100mg/L, which can be determined according to the suspended matter content of sewage or Phosphorus concentration is adjusted. If the formed alum flowers are small, a small amount of polyacrylamide organic macromolecules can be added, generally 0.2-1.0 mg/L. The dosing point of the flocculation agent is very flexible. It can be added before the lift pump, or in the outlet pipe of the lift pump, and can be added and mixed by water injection. It can also be added directly at the water inlet of the flocculation reaction zone. Air stirring and mixing, the air required for stirring comes from the blower, and the air stirring adopts the method of gradually decreasing aeration; if mechanical stirring is used, the mixing speed gradient (G) is controlled at 200-400N.s/m 2 , and the G of the alum flower growth is controlled 30～80N.s/m 2 .
回流污泥直接投加到絮凝反应区的进水端。The return sludge is directly added to the water inlet of the flocculation reaction zone.
絮凝后的泥水混合液进入沉淀区进行分离。沉淀区的形状多样，可以是圆柱状，也可以做成长方体形状，布水方式采用堰流或中心筒布水。悬浮物沉降到池底，定期排放；上清液进入流动床生物氧化装置。After flocculation, the mud-water mixture enters the sedimentation area for separation. The shape of the sedimentation area is various, which can be cylindrical or cuboid, and the water distribution method adopts weir flow or central tube water distribution. The suspended matter settles to the bottom of the tank and is discharged regularly; the supernatant enters the fluidized bed biological oxidation device.
加药装置包括溶药储存箱和计量泵。The dosing device includes a dissolved medicine storage tank and a metering pump.
3、流动床生物氧化3. Fluidized bed biological oxidation
流动床生物氧化装置采用钢结构或钢混结构，长方体状或圆柱状，投加密度和水相近的悬浮状生物填料，投配率一般为10～50％。填料由半软性材质加工而成，密度一般为0.9～1.0g/cm3，呈球状、柱状、环状、海绵状或其它不规则形状，比表面积超过150m2/m3，能够停留于池内的任何位置。装置内有悬浮状的活性污泥和附着于填料生长的生物膜，污泥浓度可达5g/l以上，污水的停留时间3～5小时。The fluidized bed biological oxidation device adopts a steel structure or a steel-concrete structure, in the shape of a cuboid or a cylinder, and feeds suspended biological fillers with a density similar to that of water, and the feeding rate is generally 10 to 50%. The filler is made of semi-soft material, the density is generally 0.9~1.0g/cm 3 , it is spherical, columnar, ring, sponge or other irregular shapes, the specific surface area exceeds 150m 2 /m 3 , and it can stay in the pool any location. There are suspended activated sludge and biofilm attached to the filler in the device. The sludge concentration can reach more than 5g/l, and the residence time of sewage is 3 to 5 hours.
处理装置分为前后两段：The processing device is divided into two sections: front and back:
(1)前段为缺氧区，采用隔墙或隔板与后段分开；缺氧区控制溶解氧不大于0.5mg/l；进水端有污水回流管，好氧处理出水回流至此进行反硝化。(1) The front section is an anoxic zone, which is separated from the rear section by a partition wall or partition; the anoxic zone controls dissolved oxygen to no more than 0.5 mg/l; there is a sewage return pipe at the water inlet, and the aerobic treatment effluent flows back here for denitrification .
(2)后段为好氧区，在正常强度的空气搅动作用下，填料处于流动状态，溶解氧充足，一般控制为2～4mg/l，污泥总量包括生物载体填料附着的生物量和悬浮状生长的活性污泥，浓度控制5g/L以上。(2) The rear section is an aerobic zone. Under the normal strength of air agitation, the filler is in a flowing state and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient, generally controlled at 2-4 mg/l. The total amount of sludge includes the biomass attached to the biological carrier filler and Activated sludge growing in suspension, the concentration is controlled above 5g/L.
生物氧化装置采用穿孔管或其它曝气方式，出水端设置栅栏，防止填料流出。The biological oxidation device adopts perforated pipe or other aeration methods, and a fence is set at the water outlet to prevent the filler from flowing out.
当小城镇污水对总氮没有去除要求时，流动床生物氧化装置的两个区均匀充氧，各处均为好氧状态，生化出水不回流，装置主要用于去除NH3-N和BOD5。When the sewage in small cities and towns does not require the removal of total nitrogen, the two zones of the fluidized bed biological oxidation device are evenly oxygenated, and all are in an aerobic state, and the biochemical effluent does not flow back. The device is mainly used to remove NH 3 -N and BOD 5 .
4、后沉淀4. After precipitation
二次沉淀池采用钢结构或钢混结构，装置的形状为圆柱状或长方体状，池底呈斗状，作为积泥区，定期排泥。沉淀污泥的一部分回流到絮凝沉淀装置的反应区，回流率根据来水的水质而变化；剩余污泥经过浓缩和脱水后外运。二沉池的出水直接外排。The secondary sedimentation tank adopts steel structure or steel-concrete structure. The shape of the device is cylindrical or cuboid, and the bottom of the tank is bucket-shaped. Part of the settled sludge is returned to the reaction zone of the flocculation and sedimentation device, and the return rate changes according to the water quality of the incoming water; the remaining sludge is transported outside after being concentrated and dehydrated. The effluent from the secondary settling tank is directly discharged outside.
小城镇污水经过本装置处理后可以合格排放。Sewage from small cities and towns can be discharged after being treated by this device.
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| CN100415666C (en) * | 2005-10-09 | 2008-09-03 | 徐祖信 | Combined process of reinforced biochemical flocculation and artificial wet land treatment of sewage |
| CN103058385B (en) * | 2011-10-20 | 2014-05-21 | 中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所 | A process for treating high-density aquaculture sewage |
| CN102690029A (en) * | 2012-06-18 | 2012-09-26 | 桑德集团有限公司 | Sewage treatment method |
| CN103496820A (en) * | 2013-09-18 | 2014-01-08 | 苏州市阳澄湖现代农业产业园特种水产养殖有限公司 | Aquaculture sewage treating method |
| CN105621791A (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2016-06-01 | 中机国际工程设计研究院有限责任公司 | Method for treating high-concentration pectin wastewater generated in citrus processing |
| CN106115970B (en) * | 2016-06-27 | 2021-06-11 | 浙江圣立建设有限公司 | Self-circulation type urban central landscape park water quality treatment system and method |
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