CN1311228C - 具有流体隔离阻障的传感器 - Google Patents
具有流体隔离阻障的传感器 Download PDFInfo
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- G01L9/00—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
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Abstract
一种传感器膜盒(20、98、120、220),适合用于在工业过程流体变送器中。传感器膜盒(20、98、120、220)包括具有传感器安装孔(30、130、230)的块(24、224)。所述块(24、224)包括两个半块(26、28;146、148;226、228),所述半块(26、28;146、148;226、228)沿匹配表面(22、23;222、223)纵向地经过传感器安装孔而接合。传感器(50、128、250)具有传感器颈(25、252),所述传感器颈(25、252)经过传感器安装孔(30、130、230)。所述传感器颈(52、252)密封至传感器安装孔(30、130、230)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于检测工业流体的属性以进行过程控制的传感器。具体而言,本发明涉及在工业流体和传感器导线之间具有隔离的传感器。
背景技术
工业变送器用于检测诸如压力、温度、流速和pH的流体参数,并将所检测到的流体参数值传输到诸如控制系统的较远的位置。这些变送器包括安置在变送器中或者靠近变送器的传感器。所述传感器具有检测表面,所述检测表面接触工业流体,以及电传感导线。为了保证各传感器的准确、可靠操作,使用了不同类型的隔离。电传感器导线不与工业流体接触而流体隔离以避免腐蚀导线。所述传感表面与安装应力机械地隔离,以减小由于机械应力而导致的传感器的电输出中的误差,尤其是在温度极端的情况下。传感器的电学电路自工业液体电学隔离以避免游离接地电流所导致的误差。这三种类型的绝缘需要在较宽的操作温度范围中稳定并有效以使用在工业变送器中。
将传感器以传感器导线抗腐蚀、足够的机械应力隔离以及电隔离的方式安置在变送器中是比较困难的。由于工业变送器使用在较宽的操作温度范围,这个问题加剧了。当温度升高时,昂贵的玻璃-金属密封可能泄漏,安装部件以不同速率膨胀,从而导致机械应力,并且电泄漏随着温度增加而增加。
尤其是,当传感器被小型化并具有大约5mm(0.2英寸)的矩形横截面尺寸时,就难于在传感器安装块中准确加工出对应的矩形开口,所述传感器安装块以较小的间隙固定到小型化传感器横截面,所述较小间隙可以被可靠密封。
传感器膜盒被设置用于在封装中提供应力隔离、流体隔离和电隔离,所述封装的尺寸为小型化传感器而调整并适于在工业变送器中使用。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种适合用于工业过程流体变送器的传感器膜盒。
一种传感器膜盒,包括:具有传感器安装孔的块,所述传感器安装孔长度自第一外部块表面延展到块中的压力腔中;所述块还包括流体入口孔,所述流体入口孔自第二外部块表面延展到压力腔中;所述块包括两个半块,所述半块沿着匹配表面纵向地通过传感器安装孔;传感器,所述传感器具有经过传感器安装孔的传感器颈、悬于压力腔中的流体检测表面以及压力腔外部的传感器电连接;传感器颈通过间隙自传感器安装孔分离,所述间隙围绕传感器颈在连续的路径中延展;以及传感器钎焊连接,所述传感器钎焊连接填充所述间隙以将传感器颈接合到传感器安装孔。
一种传感器膜盒,包括:具有传感器安装孔的块,所述传感器安装孔长度自第一外部块表面延展到块中的压力腔中;所述块还包括流体入口孔,所述流体入口孔自第二外部块表面延展到压力腔中;所述块包括两个半块,所述半块沿着匹配表面纵向地通过传感器安装孔;传感器,所述传感器具有经过传感器安装孔的传感器颈、悬于压力腔中的流体检测表面以及压力腔外部的传感器电连接;传感器颈通过间隙自传感器安装孔分离,所述间隙围绕传感器颈在连续的路径中延展;以及密封化合物,所述密封化合物填充所述间隙以将传感器颈接合到传感器安装孔。
这些和其它特征以及优点将从说明书已经相关附图中变得非常明显。
附图说明
图1示出了传感器膜盒的等大视图;
图2示出图1中所示传感器膜盒的前部截面图;
图3示出图1中所示传感器膜盒的侧面截面图;
图4示出了图1的传感器膜盒中的示例钎焊腔的倾斜部分视图;
图5示出图4中所示钎焊腔中所形成的示例传感器钎焊连接;
图6示出安装在隔离器组件上的传感器膜盒;
图7示出了具有压力环的传感器膜盒的等大视图;
图8示出了一体形成有隔离器组件的传感器膜盒;
图9示出了用于传感器膜盒的模制块的前部视图;
图10示出了图9的模制块沿着线10-10’的截面图;
图11示出了图9的模制块沿着线11-11’的截面图;
图12示出了图9的模制块中的传感器的安装的前部截面细节。
具体实施方式
在下述实施例中,微型陶瓷传感器具有通过传感器安装孔的传感器颈。传感器颈和传感器安装孔之间的间隙填充以密封材料,所述密封材料可以是钎焊连接或者是密封化合物。微型陶瓷传感器通常具有大约5mm(0.2英寸)的较小尺寸的矩形横截面。
当具有这种较小尺寸和紧密间距公差时,很难在不是圆形的并且具有较尖的拐角的块中精确加工出孔。为了克服上述问题,所述块由两个半块组成,所述半块可以彼此相同也可以彼此不相同。两个半块具有接合或者匹配表面,所述表面在形成完整的块后彼此接合在一起。在接合前,每个匹配表面提供开口表面,所述开口表面可以方便地注射模制而成或者使用数控铣床加工以提供通常为矩形的半腔,所述半腔的形状用于容纳传感器颈。当加工时,在铣床中可以使用普通商用切割刀头,不需要设计定制刀头或者使用外部切割工艺。当进行模制时,可以使用简单模具。在固体块内非常难于加工或者模制的内压腔使用传统工具刀片加工,所述传统工具刀片在半块的接合表面切割刀开口表面中。可选地,可以很方便地进行模制。为了方便地组装半块,可以提供定位孔和销、或者模制定位窝。如果需要,诸如在传感器密封过程中协助定位的爪也可以很方便地形成到传感器安装孔中。可选的爪有助于间隙形成得更均匀并在传感器钎焊连接方面具有更高的生产量。实现了块中的传感器安装孔与陶瓷传感器体之间的直接钎焊密封。所述爪趋于在大约中心位置保持传感器,从而允许密封材料整个围绕传感器颈的周长流动。一旦密封材料完全围绕传感器颈流动,毛细作用使得进一步将传感器颈居于传感器安装孔的中心,保证围绕周向的密封材料的厚度的均匀。均匀厚度传感器钎焊连接或者密封化合物连接提供了流体绝缘的高质量密封。
所述传感器具有检测表面,所述传感表面自传感密封接头隔开并悬在块中的压力腔中,保证了较好的机械应力隔离。传感器体优选地为非导电陶瓷材料,保证所述块与电传感器电路之间的较好的电隔离。避免使用了昂贵的玻璃-金属密封,所形成的传感器膜盒具有较宽的操作温度范围。
如果需要,“井(well)”可以被包括在围绕传感器安装孔的外部块表面中。所述井可以填充准确测量量的钎焊材料微粒。所述密封使用将传感器保持位的销固化,并且钎焊材料熔化并流入所述间隙中,不会有多余量的钎焊材料溢入压力腔。所述销然后在传感器膜盒被使用之前移除。
当使用密封化合物时,所述井用于协助视觉检测密封化合物的填充水平。
示例传感器膜盒20显示在图1-3中。图1示出了传感器膜盒20的等大视图。图2示出了传感器膜盒20的前部截面图。图3示出了传感器膜盒20的侧面截面图。图3中的视图通常沿着块24的半块26、28之间的接合表面。
如图1-3中所示,传感器膜盒20包括具有传感器安装孔30的块24,传感器安装孔长度32自外部块表面34延展至块24中的压力腔36。外部块表面34处于井35的底部。将结合图4-5对井35进行更为详细的说明。
块24可以使用任何合适的材料和成形方法来形成,但是块24如所示那样形成为两个半块26、28,并在接合表面22、23接合在一起。半块26、28可以通过使用粉末金属、注射粉末金属或者其它已知工艺铣制而成。在一个优选实施例中,半块26、28由镍200形成并在大约980摄氏度通过金镍钎焊而接合。作为选择,半块26、28可以由合金46形成,或者银铜钎焊可以用于接合半块26、28。
在另外的实施例中,半块26、28可以由陶瓷形成。当半块26、28是陶瓷时,它们可以通过反应粘结或者化学粘结而彼此接合在一起,例如,在美国专利4,050,956 de Bruin等的专利中所示。其它已知陶瓷粘结工艺也可以被使用。
为了在接合过程中定位半块26、28的方便,半块26、28可以设有定位孔37和销(或者管)38。销38在钎焊过程中在半块26、28之间延展以保证半块26、28的精确定位,尤其是围绕传感器安装孔30。在一个优选实施例中,两个定位销38由直径为1/16英寸、长度为0.100英寸的镍管制造。块24的总尺寸优选地大约小于25mm(1英寸)。
在半块26、28被钎焊在一起的同时流体入口管40被钎焊到块24。在优选实施例中,陶瓷管42设置在流体入口管40和所述块24之间。陶瓷管40电绝缘并在流体入口管40与所述块24之间提供电隔离。钎焊连接44将流体入口管密封至陶瓷管42,钎焊连接46将陶瓷管42密封至块24。流体入口管40中空并开口朝向块24中的压力腔36,以将流体传输到压力腔36。流体入口管40具有远端48,所述远端48可连接至流体源。提供到远端48的流体通过流体入口管40至压力腔36,在压力腔36中流体与传感器50的变湿的部分相接触。典型地,提供到远端48的流体是隔离器流体,诸如硅油,所述隔离器流体将压力连通至传感器50,所述传感器50典型地为压力传感器。
所述传感器50具有位于传感器安装孔30中的传感器颈52。传感器颈52通过传感器钎焊连接58被钎焊至传感器安装孔30。传感器钎焊连接58在传感器颈52与传感器安装孔30之间填充钎焊腔59。在一些应用中,传感器颈52可以喷涂金属以加速钎焊。将结合图4、5中的示例对传感器钎焊连接58和钎焊腔59进行更详细的说明。
传感器细长并具有悬于压力腔36中的流体检测表面54。流体检测表面54与传感器颈52分离。流体传感器表面54与传感器颈52之间的空间对流体检测表面54提供机械应力隔离。
传感器50具有传感器电连接56,所述传感器电连接56在块24之外可连接获取。典型地,电连接56被连接到带状电缆(在图1-3中未示出)。传感器50典型地为绝对压力传感器,所述绝对压力传感器的外体由陶瓷材料形成。外体优选地包括单晶蓝宝石层形式的氧化铝。传感器结构的示例如美国同时待审专利申请09/477,689 2000年1月6日申请的标题为“Pressure sensor capsule with improved isolation”,以及美国专利6,089,097(授予Frick等)。
图4示出了图1的半块26的上端的倾斜部分视图。图4中所示的半块26的特征也包括在半块28中,为了清楚起见,传感器钎焊连接58没有显示在图4中,但是单独显示在下面的图5中。
多个爪70围绕传感器颈52设置在传感器安装孔30之内。每个爪70在小于传感器安装孔长度32之上延展,形成相邻于爪70的间隙72。
图5示出了传感器钎焊连接58的示例,所述传感器钎焊连接58可以形成在图4中所示的传感器安装孔30中。传感器钎焊连接58填充靠近爪70的间隙72,并将传感器颈52接合至传感器安装孔30。传感器钎焊连接58具有的壁围绕周长80的厚度通常是均匀的。但是,传感器钎焊连接58具有槽口84,在槽口传感器钎焊连接58的厚度被减小,爪70突入通常是均匀的厚度中。传感器钎焊连接58围绕临近于爪的传感器颈52的周长80而完全延展。在周长80上(换言之,在爪70之间的间隙中),传感器钎焊连接58的均匀厚度处于0.025至0.076毫米(0.001至0.003英寸)的范围中。围绕周长80的传感器钎焊连接58的厚度允许了最佳的间隔,来使得传感器钎焊连接的芯吸和毛细作用最大化,同时保持传感器安装孔30中的传感器颈52的紧密定位。传感器安装孔30通常是矩形的并具有安置在其拐角的八(8)个爪70,如图所示。八爪70将传感器放置在传感器安装孔30的中心,这样在钎焊后,传感器50被定位。通过使用销82(参考图2-3)或者其它装置来临时支撑传感器50的质量,并依靠爪70和围绕周长80的毛细作用而将传感器50安置在传感器安装孔30的中心,使得定位成为可能。在钎焊完成之后,销82被移除。
所述爪70垂直于传感器50的长度来放置传感器50,以使得传感器钎焊连接58中的毛细作用最优化。包括小销82的夹具(未示出)将传感器50安置在相对块24的正确高度上。夹具也将块24保持在位,这样传感器50在传感器安装孔30中用于钎焊定位。
井35被安置临近于传感器安装孔30。井35提供凹处来保持钎焊材料珠在位,同时所述块和传感器安置在真空炉中以进行加热。传感器钎焊连接58优选地为金锗钎焊,所述金锗钎焊在450摄氏度流出井35并进入传感器钎焊连接58。围绕传感器颈52的传感器钎焊连接58的钎焊温度比半块26、28的接合表面22、23之间的块钎焊连接25的钎焊温度要低很多。传感器钎焊连接58可以在半块26、28之间不熔化块钎焊连接25而完成。其它诸如感应或者焊炬的钎焊方法也可以使用。
图6示出了诸如图1-3中所示的安装到隔离器组件90的传感器膜盒20的传感器膜盒。隔离器组件90包括隔离器支撑板92,隔离器隔膜被焊接或者钎焊到隔离器板92的底面。传感器膜盒20的管40被焊接或者钎焊到支撑板92。填充管96也被焊接或者钎焊到支撑板92。在将传感器膜盒20组装到隔离器组件90之后,填充管96的内部通道和腔、隔离器支撑板92和传感器膜盒20中被抽真空。在抽真空之后,整个组件被填充隔离器流体,诸如硅油,填充管96夹断以及焊接关闭。图6中的装置然后被安装到压力变送器(此处未示出),可柔韧印刷电路连接到传感器50上的触点56。
图7示出了传感器膜盒98的等大视图,所述传感器膜盒98被调整包括围绕传感器安装孔30的支撑环104。在传感器膜盒98中,各半块26、28被修改以具有半圆柱部分100、102,所述半圆柱部分100、102容纳支撑环104。传感器膜盒98的压力完善性通过添加支撑环而得以加强。支撑环104优选地包括不锈钢环,所述不锈钢环钎焊到围绕传感器安装孔30的块上的半圆柱部分100、102。
图8示出了与隔离器组件122一体形成的传感器膜盒120。传感器膜盒120在半块146、148沿着接合表面以钎焊连接150钎焊在一起时形成。传感器安装孔130可以包括可选的爪,所述可选爪结合图4-5在上述中进行了说明。图8中的传感器钎焊连接132与图1-3中所示的传感器钎焊连接58相似。压力腔134通过流体通道136连接至隔离器隔膜138的后侧。流体通道136包括变窄部分137,所述变窄部分137在隔离器隔膜138膜与传感器腔134之间提供耐火性能。
隔离器隔膜138连接至半块146。填充管126通过钎焊连接钎焊至半块148。然后,半块146在钎焊连接150钎焊至半块148。与图2-3中销82相似的销(未在图8中显示)临时插入填充管126以支撑传感器128,同时传感器128通过传感器钎焊连接132被钎焊至传感器安装孔130。接着,抽真空,然后传感器膜盒120和隔离器组件122中的腔和通道被填充诸如硅油的隔离器流体156。最后,填充管126被夹断并使用焊缝154焊接闭合以在整个组件中密封受控量的隔离器流体156。当压力施加到隔离器隔膜138时,压力通过隔离器流体156被传输到传感器134。
可变形印刷电路140被添加,以将传感器128上的触点142连接至电路(未示出)。柔韧印刷电路140通过供给管126上的焊接连接144支撑。
传感器膜盒220的另外的实施例显示在图9-12中。如图9-12中所示,传感器膜盒220包括块224,所述块224通常具有矩形传感器安装孔230,传感器安装孔长度232(图12)自外部块表面234延展至块224中的压力腔236。外部块表面234位于井235的底部。将结合图12对井235进行详细说明。
块224可以使用任何合适的成形技术形成,但是,块224如所述那样以两半块226、228形成,并在接合表面222、223接合在一起。半块226、228可以通过注射成形或者其它已知的成形工艺形成。在优选实施例中,半块226、228由塑料形成并通过溶剂粘结或者粘结剂接合在一起。半块226、228优选地为相同的匹配部分。特别是当它们由塑料形成时,半块226、228包括径向支撑半盘227和纵向支撑轨229。半盘227和支撑轨229提供结构支撑以帮助在压力腔236中容纳压力。
为了在连接过程中定位半块226、228的方便,半块226、228优选地设有凸起的定位窝237和凹陷的定位窝238。定位窝237在半块226、228结合过程中套入定位窝238以保证在半块226、228的接合过程中精确地定位,优选地围绕传感器安装孔230。在优选布置中,两个定位窝237、238直径大约是1/16英寸,并在注射成形过程中与半块226、228一体形成。块224的总的尺寸优选地大约小于25毫米(1英寸)。
流体入口管240在注射成形过程中一体形成到半块226、228。流体入口管240电绝缘并对传感器250提供从连接管(未示出)的电隔离。流体入口管240中空并在块224中朝压力腔236敞开以将流体传输到压力腔236。每个流体入口管240具有可以连接到流体源的远端248。如果需要,流体可以被安置以流经传感器膜盒220,或者流体入口管之一可以可选地塞上。提供到远端248的流体流经流体入口管240至压力腔236,在压力腔236中,流体与传感器250的变湿的部分相接触。典型地,提供到远端248的流体是隔离器流体,诸如硅油,其将压力传输到传感器250,所述传感器250典型地为压力传感器。
传感器250具有传感器颈252,所述传感器颈252安置在传感器安装孔230中。传感器颈252通过密封化合物258连接至传感器安装孔230。密封化合物258填充传感器颈252和传感器安装孔230之间的密封腔259。在一些应用中,传感器颈252或者传感器安装孔230可以涂底漆或者蚀刻以方便粘结。密封化合物258可以使用皮下注射器针头作为液体施加,然后允许累积或者固化。井235允许视觉观察到使用密封化合物258填充密封腔259的完成。可以使用诸如RTV(室温硫化橡胶)的密封化合物或者环氧树脂,这依赖应用的需要。密封腔259长且窄以抵抗当压力腔236受压时传感器250的移动。密封腔256的底部设有一个或者多个围绕传感器颈252的脊或者爪260。脊或者爪260如所示薄且锥化,并且在当传感器250受压到位时变形,从而在密封腔256的底部形成暂时密封。通过脊或者爪260形成的密封在密封化合物258固化时使得密封化合物258的泄漏最小化。
传感器250长且具有悬于压力腔236中的流体检测表面254。流体检测表面254自传感器颈252分离。流体检测表面54与传感器颈252之间的间隙提供机械应力隔离。
传感器250具有传感器电连接256,所述电连接256可以自块224的外部获取连接。典型地,电连接256连接到带状电缆(图9-12中未示出)。传感器250典型地为绝对压力传感器,外体由陶瓷材料形成。外体优选地包括以单晶蓝宝石层形式的氧化铝。传感器结构的示例如美国同时待审专利申请09/477,689 2000年1月6日申请的标题为“Pressure sensor capsulewith improved isolation”,以及美国专利6,089,097(授予Frick等)。
尽管对本发明的一些实施例进行了展示和说明,本领域技术人员将会理解在不偏离本发明的原理和实质的情况下,可对这些实施例进行改变,其范围也落入本发明的权利要求及其等同物所限定的范围内。
Claims (20)
1.一种传感器膜盒,包括:
具有传感器安装孔的块,所述传感器安装孔长度自第一外部块表面延展到块中的压力腔中;所述块还包括流体入口孔,所述流体入口孔自第二外部块表面延展到压力腔中;所述块包括两个半块,所述半块沿着匹配表面纵向地通过传感器安装孔;
传感器,所述传感器具有经过传感器安装孔的传感器颈、悬于压力腔中的流体检测表面以及压力腔外部的传感器电连接;传感器颈通过间隙自传感器安装孔分离,所述间隙围绕传感器颈在连续的路径中延展;以及
传感器钎焊连接,所述传感器钎焊连接填充所述间隙以将传感器颈接合到传感器安装孔。
2.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,传感器钎焊连接包括金和锗。
3.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,间隙中的传感器钎焊连接的厚度在0.025至0.076毫米范围中。
4.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,第一外部块表面包括井形状,所述井形状的体积至少等于传感器钎焊连接的体积。
5.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,还包括多个爪,所述爪安置在传感器安装孔中以支撑传感器颈,每个爪延展小于传感器安装孔的长度。
6.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,还包括块钎焊连接,所述块钎焊连接接合半块的匹配表面。
7.根据权利要求6所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,传感器钎焊连接的熔化温度低于块钎焊连接的熔化温度。
8.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,所述传感器颈包括陶瓷材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,所述陶瓷材料包括氧化铝。
10.根据权利要求9所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,所述氧化铝包括单晶蓝宝石层。
11.根据权利要求9所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,所述氧化铝被金属化。
12.根据权利要求9所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,所述块包括合金46。
13.根据权利要求9所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,所述块包括镍200合金。
14.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,还包括支撑环,所述支撑环安装在围绕传感器安装孔的块上。
15.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,还包括管,所述管密封在流体入口孔中并适于将流体传输到压力腔中。
16.根据权利要求13所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,还包括连接到所述管的隔离器隔膜组件。
17.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,还包括隔离器隔膜,所述隔离器隔膜在流体入口孔之上安装到第二外部块表面上。
18.根据权利要求1所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,还包括柔韧电路,所述柔韧电路电连接传感器电连接并机械地支撑在块上。
19.一种传感器膜盒,包括:
具有传感器安装孔的块,所述传感器安装孔长度自第一外部块表面延展到块中的压力腔中;所述块还包括流体入口孔,所述流体入口孔自第二外部块表面延展到压力腔中;所述块包括两个半块,所述半块沿着匹配表面纵向地通过传感器安装孔;
传感器,所述传感器具有经过传感器安装孔的传感器颈、悬于压力腔中的流体检测表面以及压力腔外部的传感器电连接;传感器颈通过间隙自传感器安装孔分离,所述间隙围绕传感器颈在连续的路径中延展;以及
密封化合物,所述密封化合物填充所述间隙以将传感器颈接合到传感器安装孔。
20.根据权利要求19所述的传感器膜盒,其特征在于,所述半块是塑料半块。
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- 2002-09-24 EP EP02761800A patent/EP1436583B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-24 DE DE60238498T patent/DE60238498D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-24 WO PCT/US2002/030206 patent/WO2003034018A1/en active Application Filing
- 2002-09-24 CN CNB028242629A patent/CN1311228C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1633588A (zh) | 2005-06-29 |
WO2003034018A1 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
JP4159991B2 (ja) | 2008-10-01 |
JP2005526232A (ja) | 2005-09-02 |
US20020100333A1 (en) | 2002-08-01 |
EP1436583B1 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
DE60238498D1 (de) | 2011-01-13 |
US6561038B2 (en) | 2003-05-13 |
RU2004114873A (ru) | 2005-04-10 |
EP1436583A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
RU2292019C2 (ru) | 2007-01-20 |
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