CN118947442A - A kind of facility-based high-yield cultivation method of Morchella - Google Patents
A kind of facility-based high-yield cultivation method of Morchella Download PDFInfo
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- CN118947442A CN118947442A CN202411306091.1A CN202411306091A CN118947442A CN 118947442 A CN118947442 A CN 118947442A CN 202411306091 A CN202411306091 A CN 202411306091A CN 118947442 A CN118947442 A CN 118947442A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/40—Cultivation of spawn
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/60—Cultivation rooms; Equipment therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/60—Cultivation rooms; Equipment therefor
- A01G18/69—Arrangements for managing the environment, e.g. sprinklers
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Abstract
The invention discloses a morchella facility high-yield cultivation method, which is characterized in that vegetables and morchella are alternately planted by adjusting planting varieties and modes on the basis of not changing the original facility main structure of a vegetable steel frame greenhouse, and the pure income per mu is increased by more than 1 time. In addition, under the normal condition, after the harvesting of the facility grapes is finished, other agricultural crops are not planted in the field until the flowering and fruiting period of the second year, so that the land resource waste is caused, but by utilizing the neutral period to plant Morchella, the mu pure income can be remarkably increased, morchella mycelium, the foreign-assistance nutrition bag and the like can be used as a matrix or a fertilizer to return to the field in situ, the organic matter content of the soil is increased, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of Morchella cultivation, and particularly relates to a facility high-yield Morchella cultivation method.
Background
Morchella is a new variety of middle-low temperature rare edible fungi, mainly adopts facility greenhouse seasonal cultivation, has fast fruiting, high yield, edible and medicinal values, is popular with wide consumers at home and abroad, and has large market demand.
In the prior art, vegetable greenhouses are generally vegetable rotation, morchella is generally cultivated independently, and reports about vegetable rotation are not found.
The invention carries out practical research around links such as facility type selection, excellent cultivars, cultivation period determination, strain propagation, soil treatment, soil preparation, cultivation, film covering, nutrition bag manufacturing and placing, fruiting, harvesting, disease and pest prevention and control and the like, develops experimental research, summarizes key technology of Morchella facility efficient cultivation suitable for a facility vegetable greenhouse, and provides a stronger technical reference value for large-scale production and scientific research teaching.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a morchella facility high-yield cultivation method, which adopts a 'facility vegetable + morchella' rotation mode to improve planting income.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme of the present invention is summarized as follows:
the facility high-yield cultivation method for morchella is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Selecting a facility vegetable steel frame greenhouse, and starting to plant Morchella after the first stubble vegetables are planted;
The specifications of the vegetable steel frame greenhouse mainly comprise two types, wherein one type is a single greenhouse with a span (width) of 6m, the height of the ridge of the greenhouse body is 2.0-2.2 m, the other type is a single greenhouse with a span (width) of 8m, the height of the ridge of the greenhouse body is 3.2-3.5 m, and the length is determined by the field. When Morchella is cultivated, a spray irrigation system is arranged in the shed, a shed roof is covered with a film without dropping, then is covered with a sunshade net with more than 6 needles or a sunshade rate of more than 90%, and a spraying facility can be arranged on the shed roof conditionally so as to be convenient for water spraying and cooling when the fruiting period encounters high temperature. The two sides of the shed body are close to the ground and are fixed by a plastic film with the width of 0.5-0.6 m, and a movable window with the width of 0.6-0.8 m is reserved above the shed body and ventilation is utilized.
Or selecting a grape multi-span steel frame greenhouse: the facility grape mainly adopts a steel frame multi-span rain shelter greenhouse to cultivate early by single film, double film or three films, the span (width) of the single span is 6m, the ridge height of the greenhouse body is 4.2-4.5 m, and the specific number of the multi-span greenhouse is as follows and the length of the greenhouse body is determined by the field. When Morchella is cultivated, a sunshade net is paved on the lower side of the grape vines in the shed, and a hanging and sprinkling irrigation system is arranged on the lower side of the sunshade net.
Or a sunlight greenhouse is adopted: the main body of the sunlight greenhouse adopts a steel frame structure, is covered by a 'three-proofing' (anti-fog, anti-dripping and anti-aging) film, a simple heat preservation quilt covers the greenhouse film and keeps the greenhouse film, the types of the sunlight greenhouse are mainly divided into two types, one type is a east-west trend, a gable wall and a rear wall are of a rammed soil structure or a brick-concrete structure, the width of the wall is 1.0-1.3 m, the width of the greenhouse body is 9-15 m, and the length of the greenhouse body is determined by the field; the other is in the north-south direction, the width of the greenhouse body is 16-24 m, and the length of the greenhouse body is determined by the field. When the morchella is cultivated, a sunshade net is paved at the position of 1.8-2.2 m from the ground on the inner side of the shed.
(2) Preparation of the seed
A. Stock propagation
The production time of the stock is 9 late months, the stock is introduced into a series of strains of Morchella, such as six sister and seven sister, the formula of the stock culture material is 60% of wheat, 34% of corncob, 5% of bran and 1% of lime (weight percentage), the water content of the culture material before sterilization is 60-63%, and a 750mL stock plastic bottle with the specification or a polypropylene plastic bag with the diameter of 17-18 cm and the length of 33-35 cm can be selected for charging. The stock culture temperature is 18-20 ℃, and after about 20d hypha is cultured to be thoroughly cultured, the cultivated species are directly propagated or are preserved at 4 ℃ for standby.
B. preparation of cultivars
The production time of the cultivated species is from the middle and late 10 months, the formula of the cultivated material is 60% of wheat, 30% of corncob, 8% of bran, 1% of lime and 1% of light calcium carbonate, the water content of the cultivated material before sterilization is 60-63%, and the cultivated material is selected from polypropylene plastic bags with the folded diameters of 17-18 cm and the lengths of 33-35 cm. The culture temperature of the stock is 20-22 ℃, and hypha can be thoroughly inoculated after about 25 days of inoculation.
(3) Soil treatment
Morchella has less strict requirements on soil quality, and can be cultivated in humus soil, loam soil and sandy loam soil, but the sandy loam soil with higher humus content is optimal, and the Morchella is selected to be planted in an area with flat land, convenient traffic, convenient irrigation and drainage and no living and industrial pollution within the range of 500 m. The morchella has strict requirement on the pH value of the cultivation soil, the pH value of the soil is preferably 6.5-8.0, the morchella mycelium grows slowly when the pH value is lower than 6.0, and the morchella mycelium stops growing when the pH value is higher than 8.5. Therefore, before Morchella cultivation, whether the pH of the soil is proper is detected, and if the pH of the soil is lower than 6.0, 60-100 kg of quicklime can be applied per mu for adjustment. Morchella mycelium is sensitive to bactericides, in order to prevent adverse effects on Morchella mycelium growth caused by chemical agent treatment, physical treatment measures are adopted in production, mainly vegetable wastes and weeds in a greenhouse are removed in time for 7-8 months, 75-100 kg of quicklime is sprayed per mu in combination with deep soil turning, the greenhouse film is covered for greenhouse sealing, the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 60-70 ℃ by using high temperature in summer, and the greenhouse is maintained for 20-30 days for 'stewing' treatment, germs, pests and ova in soil are killed, and infection of mixed bacteria and pests on Morchella is effectively prevented. Covering a greenhouse film 20d before sowing Morchella, spreading 5-10 kg of 5% phoxim particles per mu, flooding with large water, treating at high temperature (70-80 ℃ C., 80 ℃ C.) for 10-15 d, rotary tillage for 1 d 2d before sowing, and deeply growing for 15-20 cm.
(4) Soil preparation and furrow making
Practice shows that the Morchella strain has obvious marginal effect, so that the furrow surface width of ridging and ridging after soil preparation is 0.8-1.0 m, the furrow width is 0.3-0.4 m, and the furrow depth is 15-20 cm. Before sowing, the soil water holding capacity of the cultivation layer is preferably 70-75% under the condition of flood irrigation or hanging and spraying drip irrigation.
(5) Sowing in good time
A. Sowing time determination
In the North Subei area, sowing starts when the temperature is lower than 20 ℃ and the low temperature at the 5cm position of the surface cultivated layer is lower than 15 ℃ in the middle ten days of 11 months to 12 months continuously for 7-10 days, the early sowing temperature is higher, the mixed bacteria are easy to infect, the late sowing temperature is lower, the germination and growth of Morchella mycelium are slower, the growing period is prolonged, and the later fruiting management is affected.
B. Strain treatment
The high-quality strain with pollution and constant bacterial age is selected during sowing, the water content of the strain is preferably 62-65%, the breaking sowing is not facilitated due to the fact that the water content is too high, and the water content can be adjusted by spraying 0.2-0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution when the water content is too low. Before sowing, cleaning and sterilizing the surface of a strain bag, a strain crusher and a strain Cheng Fangrong by using 0.3% -0.5% potassium permanganate solution, sterilizing both hands by using 75% alcohol, then crushing the strain after bag removal into particles with the diameter of 0.5-0.8 cm by using a hand breaking machine, and placing the particles in a sterilized container.
C. sowing seeds
There are two modes of drill sowing (ditch sowing) and broadcast sowing in production. In drill sowing, sowing grooves with the depth of 4-5 cm are formed on the furrow surface according to the line spacing of 15-20 cm, strains are uniformly sown into the grooves, soil is uniformly raked and covered by 3-4 cm, and 140-160 kg of strains are used for acre. When sowing, the strains are uniformly sowed on the furrow surface, then furrows are made by a furrowing rotary cultivator while furrows are made, soil is covered by 3-4 cm, and 150-200 kg of strains are used for each mu. Watering is carried out in time after sowing, and watering is stopped after the water is not in the furrow surface.
(6) Post-sowing post-emergence management
Morchella belongs to medium-low temperature fungi, the mycelium growth temperature is 3-25 ℃, the optimum temperature is 15-20 ℃, the mycelium growth is unfavorable when the temperature in the facility is lower than 3 ℃ or exceeds 28 ℃, and 1 thermometer can be horizontally arranged on the furrow surface and inserted into the soil at a depth of 5cm, so that the temperature of the greenhouse and the soil layer can be checked and mastered at any time. Morchella belongs to a moisture-preference fungus, in the mycelium growth and development stage, the air humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 65-75%, the water content in the soil is kept at 30-40%, and when the soil on the surface of a cultivation ridge is whitened, water can be supplemented in a drip irrigation mode so as to meet the mycelium growth and development requirement. The growth stage of Morchella mycelium is suitable for weak illumination, and the illumination intensity is controlled to be 300-500 Lx. After the morchella is sowed, if the ventilation in the greenhouse is poor, the phenomena of increased aerial hyphae, upright hyphae and the like can occur, and ventilation is required every day to keep the air in the greenhouse fresh. The hypha penetrates through the soil-covered layer after sowing for 3-4 d, and white fungus frost appears on the furrow surface.
(7) Manufacturing and placing exogenous nutrition bag
A. Exogenous nutrient bag making method
The recommended formula of the exogenous nutrition bag is 50% of wheat, 30% of rice husk, 10% of corncob, 8% of bran, 1% of light calcium carbonate and 1% of lime, and the raw materials are fresh and mildew-free, and the ratio of the raw materials to water is 1:1.5. And bagging with polyethylene or polypropylene plastic bag of 12cm×24cm or 14cm×28cm, charging with wet weight of about 600g, sealing, autoclaving for 60min, and sterilizing to obtain light brown or brown nutritional package.
B. Exogenous nutrition bag placement
And after sowing for 7-10 days, when the mycelia on the furrow surface become white to form white meristematic spores, an exogenous nutrition bag can be placed. Before placing, punching holes with 2-3 lines of mouthpieces with the length of 4-6 cm or rows of nails on the side surface of the nutrition bag, placing 2000-2500 bags of the nutrition bag per mu, placing the nutrition bag in parallel along the ridge surface with the downward buckle according to the standard of 30-35 cm of the distance between the Chinese character 'pin' and the plum blossom shape, and tightly pressing the nutrition bag on the ridge surface with force. After the nutrition bag is placed, 0.2 to 0.5 percent of monopotassium phosphate aqueous solution can be sprayed for 1 time, thereby promoting the rapid growth and proliferation of a large number of sprouting of hyphae. A rope is transversely pulled at intervals of 80-100cm in an original greenhouse at the position 50-60 cm above the Morchella external source nutrition bag, and then a black plastic film with air holes with the diameter of 1-2 cm is paved on the rope to form a small air chamber environment, so that the Morchella mycelium can develop early to form primordia for forming mushroom buds, and the primordia or young buds can be prevented from being frozen due to extreme low temperature in winter. 55-65 d after sowing, when the fungus frost on the furrow surface is removed, hypha in the furrow surface and the nutrition bag becomes rust, the nutrition bag becomes light and soft and brown or black brown, a large number of primordia appear on the furrow surface, the lowest temperature of soil is stabilized at 6-12 ℃, the future 15d air temperature is predicted to be above 4 ℃ and the surface temperature is above 5 ℃ and is in an ascending trend, and the ropes and the films are removed.
(8) Fruiting period management
55-65 D after sowing, when the fungus frost on the furrow surface is removed, hypha in the furrow surface and the nutrition bag becomes rust, the nutrition bag becomes light and soft and turns brown or black brown, a large number of primordia appear on the furrow surface, the lowest temperature of soil is stabilized at 6-12 ℃, the future 15d air temperature is predicted to be above 4 ℃ and the surface temperature is above 5 ℃ and is in an ascending trend, and the ropes and the films are removed; re-spraying or watering fruiting water once to stimulate and promote the budding, spraying water to penetrate soil layers and water accumulated in furrows to be slightly lower than the furrow surface, keeping the water content of soil at 35-45% and the relative air humidity at 80-95%, and supplementing water in a drip irrigation mode when the furrow surface soil is whitened; in the mushroom forcing period, the shed should be divided into three parts of yang and seven parts of yin, and the illumination intensity is kept at 600-1000 Lx; the ventilation is carried out for 2 to 3 times every day to keep the air fresh, the wind speed is slow, and a side or upper ventilation mode is adopted.
(9) Harvesting, drying and storing
When primordium grows for 20-25 days, umbrella-shaped mushroom covers grow to about 7-12 cm, the color is gradually changed from gray to light gray, a plurality of honeycomb-shaped pits appear on the surface of the mushroom covers, and spores are picked in time when the spores are not dispersed. When picking, the mushroom is large and small, a knife is held by one hand, the mushroom cover is gently held by the other hand, fruiting bodies are cut off at the junction of the mushroom handle and the ground surface by the knife, and the mushroom handle with the length of 2cm is used for avoiding the mushroom handle from carrying soil. After harvesting, the fresh products can be put in grades by a plastic basket and sold or dried by a dryer, and then the fresh products are put into a sealed bag with the length of 60cm multiplied by the width of 45cm multiplied by the height of 1.1m, and are stored in a cool place at low temperature for sale. After the harvesting of the first tide is finished, the management of the lower tide mushrooms can be carried out, when the fungus is cultivated for about 7-10 days, the buds start to form, the fruiting management of the second tide is carried out under the above environmental conditions, and the harvesting is carried out again after 7-10 days.
When the grape multi-span steel frame greenhouse is adopted, a small arch greenhouse is built by using bamboo chips or glass fiber rods, the greenhouse is slightly wider than the surface of a furrow, the height of the greenhouse is 0.5-0.8 m, a white film with ventilation holes is covered with the thickness of 0.002-0.003 m, and the temperature of the soil surface layer is controlled to be 6-16 ℃. When the temperature is too low or too high, the temperature is reduced or kept at a temperature in time, so that the death of the young mushrooms due to withering is avoided. In general, after 1-3 days of mushroom forcing, needle-shaped primordia are formed, and mushroom buds can be seen after 7-10 days. The proper temperature for the growth of the morchella sporophore is 6-18 ℃, the optimal temperature is 12-16 ℃, and when the temperature is overhigh in the later period, the small arch shed or the small arch shed film can be removed. The agrocybe aegerita is ripe about 7d after fruiting, and the whole harvesting period lasts for about 15-18 d.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) On the basis of not changing the main structure of the original facility, the invention turns vegetables and Morchella by adjusting the planting variety and mode, and the pure income per mu is increased by more than 1 time in the same ratio.
(2) Under the general condition, the harvesting of the facility grapes is finished until the flowering and fruiting period of the second year, other agricultural crops are not planted in the field, but Morchella is planted in the neutral period, so that the mu pure yield can be remarkably increased, and Morchella mycelium, a foreign assistance nutrition bag and the like can be returned to the field on site by a matrix or fertilizer, so that the organic matter content of the soil is increased, and the physicochemical property of the soil is improved.
(3) After the foreign nutrition bag is placed, a rope is pulled every 80-100cm above the foreign nutrition bag of Morchella, then a black plastic film is covered on the rope, and experimental researches show that the position 50cm above the Morchella is the optimal film coating height, which is most favorable for early development of Morchella mycelium to form primordia and formation of mushroom buds.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a diagram of a morchella planted in a vegetable greenhouse.
Fig. 2 is a diagram of a real object of Morchella planted in a grape greenhouse.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of the planting of Morchella in a small arch shed in a grape greenhouse.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to specific embodiments, and advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the description. However, unless otherwise indicated, all the specific examples described in the examples below were either conventional or were carried out under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer's instructions.
The technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art unless otherwise indicated. The test methods in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified. Unless otherwise indicated, all reagents and materials used are commercially available.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In addition, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the present invention. The preferred methods and materials described herein are presented for illustrative purposes only.
The facility high-yield cultivation method for morchella is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Selecting a facility vegetable steel frame greenhouse, and starting to plant Morchella after the first stubble vegetables are planted;
The specifications of the vegetable steel frame greenhouse mainly comprise two types, wherein one type is a single greenhouse with a span (width) of 6m, the height of the ridge of the greenhouse body is 2.0-2.2 m, the other type is a single greenhouse with a span (width) of 8m, the height of the ridge of the greenhouse body is 3.2-3.5 m, and the length is determined by the field. When Morchella is cultivated, a spray irrigation system is arranged in the shed, a shed roof is covered with a film without dropping, then is covered with a sunshade net with more than 6 needles or with the refractive index of more than 90%, and a spraying facility can be arranged on the shed roof conditionally so as to be convenient for water spraying and cooling when the fruiting period encounters high temperature. The two sides of the shed body are close to the ground and are fixed by a plastic film with the width of 0.5-0.6 m, and a movable window with the width of 0.6-0.8 m is reserved above the shed body and ventilation is utilized.
(2) Preparation of the seed
A. Stock propagation
The production time of the stock is 9 months later, the introduced stock is Morchella strain series six sister and seven sister, the formula of the stock culture material is 70 g of wheat, the mixed wood dust is the filling amount of the residual space, the gypsum is 1 percent, the lime is 1 percent (weight percent), the water content of the culture material before sterilization is 55 to 60 percent, and a stock plastic bottle with the specification of 750mL can be used. The stock culture temperature is 18-20 ℃, and after about 15d hypha is cultured to be thoroughly cultured, the cultivated species are directly propagated or preserved at 4 ℃ for standby.
B. preparation of cultivars
The production time of the cultivated species is 10 months from middle and late ten days, the formula of the cultivated material is 60 g of wheat, the filling amount of the miscellaneous wood dust is 1% of gypsum, 1% of lime and (weight percentage), the water content of the cultivated material before sterilization is 55-60%, and the cultivated material is filled by selecting a polypropylene plastic bag with the diameter of 17-18 cm and the length of 33-35 cm in half. The cultivation temperature of the cultivated species is 20-22 ℃, and hypha can be thoroughly cultivated after inoculation for about 20 d.
(3) Soil treatment
Morchella has less strict requirements on soil quality, and can be cultivated in humus soil, loam soil and sandy loam soil, but the sandy loam soil with higher humus content is optimal, and the Morchella is selected to be planted in an area with flat land, convenient traffic, convenient irrigation and drainage and no living and industrial pollution within the range of 500 m. The morchella has strict requirement on the pH value of the cultivation soil, the pH value of the soil is preferably 6.5-8.0, the morchella mycelium grows slowly when the pH value is lower than 6.0, and the morchella mycelium stops growing when the pH value is higher than 8.5. Therefore, before Morchella cultivation, whether the pH of the soil is proper or not is detected, and if the pH of the soil is lower than 6.0, 75-100 kg of quicklime can be applied per mu for adjustment. Morchella mycelium is sensitive to bactericides, in order to prevent adverse effects on Morchella mycelium growth caused by chemical agent treatment, physical treatment measures are adopted in production, mainly vegetable wastes and weeds in a greenhouse are removed in time for 7-8 months, 75-100 kg of quicklime is sprayed per mu in combination with deep soil turning, the greenhouse film is covered for greenhouse sealing, the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 60-70 ℃ by using high temperature in summer, and the greenhouse is maintained for 20-30 days for 'stewing' treatment, germs, pests and ova in soil are killed, and infection of mixed bacteria and pests on Morchella is effectively prevented. Covering a greenhouse film 20d before sowing Morchella, spreading 5-10 kg of 5% phoxim particles per mu, flooding with large water, treating at high temperature (70-80 ℃ C., 80 ℃ C.) for 10-15 d, rotary tillage for 1 d 2d before sowing, and deeply growing for 15-20 cm.
(4) Soil preparation and furrow making
Practice shows that the Morchella strain has obvious marginal effect, so that the furrow surface width of ridging and ridging after soil preparation is 0.8-1.0 m, the furrow width is 0.3-0.4 m, and the furrow depth is 15-20 cm. Before sowing, the soil water holding capacity of the cultivation layer is preferably 70-75% under the condition of flood irrigation or hanging and spraying drip irrigation.
(5) Sowing in good time
A. Sowing time determination
In the North Subei area, sowing starts when the highest temperature is lower than 20 ℃ and the low temperature at the 5cm position of the surface cultivated layer is lower than 15 ℃ in the middle ten days of 11 months to 12 months, the early sowing temperature is higher, the mixed bacteria are easy to infect, the late sowing temperature is lower, the germination and growth of Morchella mycelium are slower, the growing period is prolonged, and the later fruiting management is affected.
B. Strain treatment
The high-quality strain with no pollution and moderate bacterial age is selected during sowing, the water content of the strain is preferably 55%, the breaking sowing is not facilitated due to the fact that the water content is too high, and the water content can be adjusted by spraying 0.2-0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution when the water content is too low. Before sowing, cleaning and sterilizing the surface of the strain bag, a strain crusher and the strain Cheng Fangrong by using 0.3-0.5% potassium permanganate solution, sterilizing both hands by using 75% alcohol, crushing the strain after bag removal into particles with the diameter of 0.5-0.8 cm by using a manual or pulverizer, and placing the particles in a sterilized container.
C. sowing seeds
There are two modes of drill sowing (ditch sowing) and broadcast sowing in production. In drill sowing, sowing grooves with the depth of 4-5 cm are formed on the furrow surface according to the line spacing of 15-20 cm, strains are uniformly sown into the grooves, soil is uniformly raked and covered by 3-4 cm, and 175-200 kg of strains are used for acre. When sowing, the strains are uniformly sowed on the furrow surface, then furrows are made by a furrowing rotary cultivator while furrows are made, soil is covered for 3-4 cm, watering is performed in time after sowing, and watering is stopped after water is not on the furrow surface.
(6) Post-sowing post-emergence management
Morchella belongs to medium-low temperature fungi, the mycelium growth temperature is 3-25 ℃, the optimum temperature is 15-20 ℃, the mycelium growth is unfavorable when the temperature in the facility is lower than 3 ℃ or exceeds 28 ℃, and 1 thermometer can be horizontally arranged on the furrow surface and inserted into the soil at a depth of 5cm, so that the temperature of the greenhouse and the soil layer can be checked and mastered at any time. Morchella belongs to a moisture-preference fungus, in the mycelium growth and development stage, the air humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 65-75%, the water content in the soil is kept at 30-40%, and when the soil on the surface of a cultivation ridge is whitened, water can be supplemented in a drip irrigation mode so as to meet the mycelium growth and development requirement. The growth stage of Morchella mycelium is suitable for weak illumination, and the illumination intensity is controlled to be 300-500 Lx. After the morchella is sowed, if the ventilation in the greenhouse is poor, the phenomena of increased aerial hyphae, upright hyphae and the like can occur, and ventilation is required every day to keep the air in the greenhouse fresh. The hypha penetrates through the soil-covered layer after sowing for 3-4 d, and white fungus frost appears on the furrow surface.
(7) Manufacturing and placing exogenous nutrition bag
A. Exogenous nutrient bag making method
The recommended formula of the exogenous nutrition bag is 180 g of wheat, 1% of gypsum and 1.5% of lime, wherein the filling amount of the rice husk is mainly breathable, the raw materials are fresh and mildew-free, and the ratio of the raw materials to the water is 1:1.5. and (3) bagging by using a polyethylene or polypropylene plastic bag with the folding diameter of 12-15 cm multiplied by 28-33 cm and the thickness of 0.04mm, filling about 400g of wet weight, sealing after bagging, and sterilizing for 120min under high pressure, wherein the color of the nutritional package after sterilization is light brown or brown.
B. Exogenous nutrition bag placement
And after sowing for 7-10 days, when the mycelia on the furrow surface become white to form white meristematic spores, an exogenous nutrition bag can be placed. Before placing, 2-3 lines of openings with the length of 4-6 cm are cut on the side surface of the nutrition bag or holes are punched by using nail rows, 2000-2500 bags of the nutrition bag are placed per mu, and the cut openings are placed in parallel along the trend of the furrow surface downwards according to the standard of 30-35 cm of the distance between the Chinese character 'pin' -shaped or plum blossom-shaped, and are tightly attached to the furrow surface for forceful compaction. After the nutrition bag is placed, 0.2 to 0.5 percent of monopotassium phosphate aqueous solution can be sprayed for 1 time, thereby promoting the rapid growth and proliferation of a large number of sprouting of hyphae. If a vegetable greenhouse is adopted, a rope is pulled at a position 50cm above an exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella, a black plastic film is covered on the rope at intervals of 80-100cm in the original greenhouse, so that Morchella mycelia can develop early to form primordia, mushroom buds are formed, 55-65 d after sowing, when the fungus frost on the furrow surface is removed, mycelia in the furrow surface and the nutrition bag become rust, the nutrition bag becomes light and soft and turns brown or black brown, a large number of primordia appear on the furrow surface, the lowest temperature of soil is stabilized above 6-12 ℃, the future 15d air temperature of weather forecast is above 4 ℃, the surface temperature is above 5 ℃ and the ascending trend is achieved, and the rope and the film are removed.
When the grape multi-span steel frame greenhouse is adopted, a small arch greenhouse is built by using bamboo chips or glass fiber rods, the greenhouse is slightly wider than the surface of a furrow, the height of the greenhouse is 0.5-0.8 m, a white film with ventilation holes is covered with the thickness of 0.002-0.003 m, and the temperature of the soil surface layer is controlled to be 6-16 ℃. When the temperature is too low or too high, the temperature is reduced or kept at a temperature in time, so that the young mushrooms are prevented from withering and dying. In general, after 1-3 days of mushroom forcing, needle-shaped primordia are formed, and mushroom buds can be seen after 7-10 days. The proper temperature for the fruiting body growth of Morchella is 6-20deg.C, the optimal temperature is 12-18deg.C, and the small arch shed or small arch shed film can be removed when the temperature is too high in the later stage. The young mushrooms are ripened for about 15 days, and the whole harvesting period lasts for about 15-18 days.
(8) Fruiting period management
55-65 D after sowing, when the fungus frost on the furrow surface is removed, hypha in the furrow surface and the nutrition bag becomes rust, the nutrition bag becomes light and soft and turns brown or black brown, a large number of primordia appear on the furrow surface, the lowest temperature of soil is stabilized at 6-12 ℃, the future 15d air temperature is predicted to be above 4 ℃ and the surface temperature is above 5 ℃ and is in an ascending trend, and the ropes and the films are removed; re-spraying or watering fruiting water once to stimulate and promote the budding, spraying water to penetrate soil layers and water accumulated in furrows to be slightly lower than the furrow surface, keeping the water content of soil at 35-45% and the relative air humidity at 80-95%, and supplementing water in a drip irrigation mode when the furrow surface soil is whitened; in the mushroom forcing period, the shed should be divided into three parts of yang and seven parts of yin, and the illumination intensity is kept at 600-1000 Lx; the ventilation is carried out for 2 to 3 times every day to keep the air fresh, the wind speed is slow, and a side or upper ventilation mode is adopted.
(9) Harvesting, drying and storing
When primordium grows for 20-25 days, the umbrella-shaped mushroom cap grows to about 7-12 cm, the color of the sister mushroom cap gradually changes into black, a plurality of honeycomb-shaped pits appear on the surface of the mushroom cap, and spores are picked in time when the spores are not dispersed. When picking, the mushroom is large and small, a knife is held by one hand, the mushroom cover is gently held by the other hand, fruiting bodies are cut off at the junction of the mushroom handle and the ground surface by the knife, and the mushroom handle with the length of 2cm is used for avoiding the mushroom handle from carrying soil. After harvesting, the fresh products can be put in grades by a plastic basket and sold or dried by a dryer, and then the fresh products are put into a sealed bag with the length of 60cm multiplied by the width of 45cm multiplied by the height of 1.1m, and are stored in a cool place at low temperature for sale. After the harvesting of the first tide is finished, the management of the lower tide mushrooms can be carried out, when the fungus is cultivated for about 7-10 days, the buds start to form, the fruiting management of the second tide is carried out under the above environmental conditions, and the harvesting is carried out again after 7-10 days.
The inventor finds that, in planting practice, because the existing vegetable greenhouse is not as high as a grape greenhouse and a small arch greenhouse is not practical to set up, a rope is pulled at a position 50cm above a Morchella esculenta exogenous nutrition bag at intervals of 80-100cm in an original greenhouse, then a black plastic film is covered on the rope, and researches are conducted on the height, and compared with the position 100cm above the Morchella esculenta exogenous nutrition bag and a mulching film directly above the Morchella esculenta exogenous nutrition bag, the result shows that the mulching film effect is optimal at the position 50cm, the primordium formation amount is highest, and the method is possibly related to the fact that a microenvironment capable of promoting the growth and development of Morchella esculenta is formed at the position 50 cm.
In addition, the inventor of the invention also compares the economic benefits of the two modes with the original planting condition.
By adopting a rotation mode of 'facility vegetables and morchella', the crop rotation is 7 months in the current year to 4 months in the next year, the per mu yield is 1500 jin (the high yield level can reach more than 2000 jin), the unit price is 40 yuan, the cost of strains, labor and the like is 10000 yuan per mu, and the pure income per mu is 50000 yuan.
If vegetables are planted in two batches in the same period, planting varieties such as celery, green vegetables and the like in 7-10 months, wherein the yield per mu of the celery is 8000 jin, the unit price is 0.6 yuan, the production management cost per mu of seeds, fertilizers, labor, greenhouse depreciation and the like is 800 yuan, and the pure income per mu is 4000 yuan; the planting of pepper, tomatoes, cucumbers and other varieties in the period of 4 months from 11 months to 4 years is taken as an example, the yield per mu is 14000 jin, the unit price is 1.5 yuan, the sales per mu is 21000 yuan, the production management cost per mu of seedlings, fertilizers, labor, greenhouse depreciation and the like is 6000 yuan, and the pure income per mu is 15000 yuan; the total pure income per mu is 19000 yuan, and accounts for about 50% of the income of the rotation mode of vegetable and morchella, and the economic benefit of peasants can be greatly improved by adjusting the planting variety and mode and increasing the same ratio of the pure income per mu by more than 1 time on the basis of not changing the main structure of the original facility.
By adopting a 'facility grape and morchella' intercropping mode, the planted crops for rotation can be arranged after the late-maturing varieties such as the sun roses are harvested, soil treatment is carried out by utilizing a field management neutral period, strains are prepared, timely sowing is carried out, harvesting is started until the middle and lower part of the next 3 months, harvesting is finished in the last 4 months, stubble cleaning and soil preparation are carried out, the yield per mu of morchella is 1000 jin (the high yield level can reach more than 2000 jin), the unit price is 40 yuan, the cost of the strains, the labor and the like per mu is 10000 yuan, and the pure income per mu can be increased by 30000 yuan.
Under the general condition, after harvesting of the facility grapes is finished, other agricultural crops are not planted in the field until the flowering and fruiting period of the second year, but Morchella is planted in the neutral period, so that the mu average pure yield can be remarkably increased, morchella mycelium, foreign assistance nutrition bags and the like can be used as matrixes or fertilizers to be returned to the field in situ, the organic matter content of the soil is increased, and the physicochemical property of the soil is improved.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, which are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and other embodiments can be easily made by those skilled in the art through substitution or modification according to the technical disclosure in the present specification, so that all changes and modifications made in the principle of the present invention shall be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The facility high-yield cultivation method for morchella is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Selecting a greenhouse with a span of 6-8 m and a facility vegetable steel frame, and starting to plant Morchella after planting first stubble vegetables;
(2) Preparation of strains:
A. Propagating stock seeds: the production time of the stock is 9 late months, the stock is introduced into series strains of Morchella esculenta and Morchella esculenta, the stock culture material is prepared, the water content of the culture material before sterilization is 55-60%, the material is filled, the stock culture temperature is 18-20 ℃, and the culture of 15d hyphae is directly propagated after eating the culture material for cultivation or is preserved at 4 ℃ for standby;
B. Preparing cultivars: the production time of the cultivated species is 10 months from middle and late ten days, the water content of the cultivated species culture material is 55-60% before sterilization, the material is filled, the stock culture temperature is 18-20 ℃, and the mycelia are cultivated for 15d after inoculation to eat the culture material;
(3) Preparing soil and making furrows: 7-8 months of timely removing vegetable stalks and fallen leaves and fruits in the greenhouse, applying 75-100 kg of quicklime per mu, deeply turning soil, only turning over without harrowing, covering a greenhouse film and sealing the greenhouse, and carrying out greenhouse stewing treatment by using high temperature in summer to enable the temperature in the greenhouse to reach 60-70 ℃ and maintaining for 20-30 days, so as to kill germs, pests and ova in the soil and effectively prevent infection of mixed bacteria and pests on Morchella; covering a greenhouse film 20d before sowing Morchella, spreading 5-10 kg of 5% phoxim particles per mu, flooding with large water, treating at high temperature for 10-15 d, rotary tillage for 1 time 2d before sowing, and deeply growing for 15-20 cm; ridging and ridging, wherein the width of a furrow surface is 0.8-1.0 m, the width of a furrow is 0.3-0.4 m, and the depth of the furrow is 15-20 cm;
(4) And (3) strain treatment: the high-quality strain with no pollution and moderate bacterial age is selected, the water content of the strain is preferably 62-65%, the water content is too high to be beneficial to breaking and sowing, and the water content can be adjusted by spraying 0.2-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution when the water content is too low. Before sowing, cleaning and sterilizing the surface of a strain bag, a strain crusher and a strain Cheng Fangrong by using 0.3-0.5% potassium permanganate solution, sterilizing both hands by using 75% alcohol, crushing the strain after bag removal into particles with the diameter of 0.5-0.8 cm by using a hand breaking machine, and placing the particles in a sterilized container;
(5) Sowing: sowing is started when the highest temperature is lower than 20 ℃ and the low temperature at the 5cm position of the surface cultivated layer is lower than 15 ℃ in the middle of 11 months to the middle of 12 months continuously for 7-10 days;
(6) Post-sowing post-emergence management
The growth temperature of Morchella mycelium is 3-25 ℃, the air humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 65-75%, the water content of the soil is kept at 30-40%, and when the soil on the surface of a cultivation ridge is whitened, water is supplemented in a hanging and drip irrigation mode so as to meet the growth and development requirements of mycelium; controlling the illumination intensity to 300-500 Lx, and keeping the air in the shed fresh by ventilation every day;
(7) Manufacturing and placing exogenous nutrition bag
A. And (3) manufacturing an exogenous nutrition bag: the formula of the exogenous nutrition bag comprises 50% of wheat, 30% of rice husk, 10% of corncob, 8% of bran, 1% of light calcium carbonate and 1% of lime, wherein the weight percentage is that the ratio of feed to water is 1:1.5; the nutrition bag is a folded angle bag with the length of 12cm multiplied by 24cm or 14cm multiplied by 28cm, the wet weight of the material is 400 to 600g, the sealing is carried out under the high pressure of 1.5MPa for more than 120 minutes after the bagging, and the color of the nutrition bag material is light brown or brown after the sterilization;
B. Placing exogenous nutrition bags: 7-10 d after sowing, when the mycelia on the furrow surface become white to form white meristematic spores, an exogenous nutrition bag can be placed; before placing, punching 2-3 lines of mouthpieces with the length of 4-6 cm or rows of nails on the side surface of the nutrition bag, placing 2000-2500 bags of the nutrition bag per mu, placing the nutrition bag in parallel along the ridge surface with the downward buckle at the standard of 30-35 cm spacing in a 'delta' -shape or plum blossom shape, and tightly pressing the nutrition bag on the ridge surface with force; after the nutrition bag is placed, 0.2 to 0.5 percent of monopotassium phosphate aqueous solution is sprayed for 1 time, so that a great deal of germination, rapid growth and proliferation of hyphae are promoted;
(8) A rope is transversely pulled at intervals of 80-100cm in an original greenhouse at the position 50-60 cm above the Morchella external source nutrition bag, and then a black plastic film is paved on the rope, wherein the film is provided with air holes with the diameter of 1-2 cm, so that a small air chamber environment is formed, the Morchella mycelium can develop early to form primordia for forming mushroom buds, and the primordia or young buds can be prevented from being frozen due to extreme low temperature in winter; 55-65 d after sowing, when the fungus frost on the furrow surface is removed, hypha in the furrow surface and the nutrition bag becomes rust, the nutrition bag becomes light and soft and brown or black brown, a large number of primordia appear on the furrow surface, the lowest temperature of soil is stabilized at 6-12 ℃, the future 15d air temperature is predicted to be above 4 ℃ and the surface temperature is above 5 ℃ and is in an ascending trend, and the film and the ropes are removed.
2. The morchella high yield cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the stock culture material formula is 60% of wheat, 34% of corncob, 5% of bran, 1% of lime, the cultivation seed culture material formula is 60% of wheat, 30% of corncob, 8% of bran, 1% of lime, 1% of light calcium carbonate, the percentages are weight percentages.
3. The morchella-made high yield cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the soil is treated before soil preparation and furrow making: the pH value of the soil is adjusted to 6.5-8.0,7-8 months, vegetable wastes, grape branches and weeds in the greenhouse are timely removed, 75-100 kg of quicklime is sprayed per mu in combination with deep soil turning, the greenhouse film is covered for greenhouse sealing, the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 60-70 ℃ by using high temperature in summer, and the greenhouse is maintained for 20-30 days for 'stewing' treatment, so that germs, pests and ova in the soil are killed, and the infection of mixed bacteria and pests to Morchella is effectively prevented; covering a greenhouse film 20d before sowing Morchella, spreading 5-10 kg of 5% phoxim particles per mu, flooding with large water, treating at high temperature for 10-15 d, rotary tillage for 1 time 2d before sowing, and deeply growing for 15-20 cm.
4. The method for facility high-yield cultivation of morchella according to claim 3, wherein the high temperature is 70-80 ℃ and the ground temperature is 80 ℃.
5. The morchella facility high yield cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the sowing is both a drill sowing and a broadcast sowing; in drill sowing, sowing grooves with the depth of 4-5 cm are formed on the furrow surface according to the line spacing of 15-20 cm, strains are uniformly sown into the grooves, then soil is uniformly raked and covered by 3-4 cm, and 140-160 kg of strains are used for each mu; during sowing, the strains are uniformly sown on the furrow surface, then furrows are made by a furrowing rotary cultivator while furrows are made, soil is covered for 3-4 cm, and 150-200 kg of strains are used for each mu; watering is carried out in time after sowing, and watering is stopped after the water is not in the furrow surface.
6. The method for facility high-yield cultivation of morchella according to claim 1, wherein after removing the ropes and the films, spraying or watering the fruiting water once to stimulate the budding, wherein the watering is to thoroughly water the soil layer, the accumulated water in the ditch is slightly lower than the surface of the furrow, and thereafter, keeping the water content of the soil at 35-45%, the relative humidity of the air at 80-95%, and when the soil of the furrow surface is whitened, supplementing water by drip irrigation.
7. The morchella-made high-yield cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises harvesting, drying and storing, when primordium grows for 20-25 days, umbrella-shaped mushroom covers grow to 7-12 cm, the color is gradually deepened, six sister series are darkened, a plurality of honeycomb-shaped depressions appear on the surface of the mushroom covers, and spores are timely picked when the spores are not dispersed; after harvesting, placing the fresh products in grades by using a plastic basket, selling the fresh products or drying the fresh products by using a dryer, putting the fresh products into a sealed bag with the length of 60cm multiplied by the width of 45cm multiplied by the height of 1.1m, and storing the fresh products in a low-temperature shade place; after the harvesting of the first tide is finished, the next tide mushroom management is carried out, when the mushroom is cultivated for 7-10 d, the mushroom buds start to form, the 2 nd tide mushroom fruiting management is carried out under the environmental conditions, and the harvesting is carried out again after 10-15 d.
8. The morchella-made high-yield cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the facility vegetable steel frame greenhouse can be replaced by a grape multi-span steel frame greenhouse or a sunlight greenhouse.
9. The morchella facility high yield cultivation method according to claim 8, wherein when the grape multi-span steel frame greenhouse is adopted, the black plastic film is not covered on the pull rope, but the small arch greenhouse is built in the original greenhouse.
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