Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a polishing method for laser additive high-speed steel with the surface hardness fluctuation less than or equal to 5HRC, which can obviously reduce the surface roughness of a laser cladding coating and reduce the hardness fluctuation.
The embodiment of the invention provides a polishing method for laser additive high-speed steel surface hardness fluctuation less than or equal to 5HRC, which comprises the steps of sequentially carrying out laser polishing and plasma polishing on a laser cladding coating, wherein the roughness Ra of the laser cladding coating is less than or equal to 100 mu m, and the hardness is 55-65HRC;
the polishing temperature during laser polishing is 350-400 ℃;
The laser polishing adopts pulse laser, the pulse duty ratio is less than or equal to 40%, the pulse frequency is less than or equal to 30kHz, the wavelength is 3-6 mu m, the laser energy density distribution is uniformly distributed, the laser light spots are rectangular light spots or linear light spots, and when the laser light spots are rectangular light spots, the light spot size is 1-1.5mm multiplied by 3-5mm;
After laser polishing, the polishing temperature is 120-150 ℃ when plasma polishing is carried out on the area with the surface hardness lower than the average value and the surface hardness fluctuation of 5-8HRC, and the polishing temperature is 450-500 ℃ when plasma polishing is carried out on the area with the surface hardness higher than the average value and the surface hardness fluctuation of 5-8 HRC;
In the plasma polishing process, the plasma light spots are rectangular light spots, and the size is 0.5-1mm multiplied by 2-4mm.
The front and rear of the "x" are rectangular in length, width, or width, length, respectively.
In one embodiment, the laser cladding coating is a laser cladding coating coated on the surface of the roller, and preferably, the material of the laser cladding coating is M2 high-speed steel powder.
In one embodiment, the laser polishing is performed by two oppositely arranged laser beams, the two laser polishing are of the same frequency, and the plasma polishing is performed by two oppositely arranged plasma beams.
In one embodiment, the laser polishing position is controlled, and the distance between the laser polishing position and the laser cladding position is 120-260mm.
In one embodiment, after the laser polishing and the plasma polishing, laser cladding is performed again.
In one embodiment, the laser power P of the laser polishing is 400W, the scanning speed V is 15mm/s, and the polishing time is 3min.
The polishing method can solve the problem caused by online polishing, and the online polishing generally causes roll vibration to affect forming precision. However, the vibration problem can be solved by a conventional polishing method, the roughness is reduced, the focus is that ① lasers are in a pulse form and are polished in the same frequency opposite direction, otherwise, the vibration problem caused by the opposite synchronous polishing cannot be offset, ② lasers are polished in a first rough polishing, the focus is to offset vibration and improve polishing efficiency, so that the pulse laser wave band is 3-6 mu M, ra (random) of the M2 high-speed steel surface is more than or equal to 50 mu M, ra (random) of the M2 high-speed steel surface is less than or equal to 20 mu M after polishing, ③ laser spot modes are rectangular spots or linear spots, energy density is uniformly distributed and cannot be Gaussian distributed, otherwise, polishing effect is extremely poor, ra (random) of the M2 high-speed steel surface is less than or equal to 50 mu M, ra of the M2 high-speed steel surface cannot be equal to 20 mu M after polishing is required, the ④ lasers cannot be excessively large, otherwise, the polishing effect is poor, and the proper spot size is 1-1.5mm multiplied by 3-5mm, and the spot size width cannot be more than 2mm.
After 2-beam laser opposite synchronous polishing is adopted as a rough polishing process, 2-beam plasma opposite synchronous polishing is adopted as a finish polishing process. It is particularly noted that laser polishing and plasma polishing cannot be turned on simultaneously, or else vibration caused by polishing cannot be counteracted. And the size of the plasma light spot is 0.5-1mm multiplied by 2-4mm, especially the width of the light spot size cannot be larger than 1.5mm, otherwise, the fluctuation standard deviation of the polishing finish of the surface of the additive layer is more than 3 mu m.
Because the surface of the cold-rolled working roll is required to form the M2 high-speed steel additive layer, the hardness is more than or equal to 60HRC, and the uniform surface hardness fluctuation is less than or equal to 5HRC, the key point is that the temperature caused by polishing is controlled to be lower than the temperature of a martensitic transformation point, otherwise, the surface hardness of the M2 high-speed steel is reduced, and the temperature can be controlled by adopting an online cooling technology. But too low a surface temperature of the M2 high-speed steel also reduces polishing effect and polishing efficiency, and a suitable surface polishing temperature of the M2 high-speed steel additive layer is 350-400 ℃. Since the temperature rise is caused by the laser polishing performed first and the temperature is higher by the plasma polishing, a temperature detector is required to monitor whether the polishing temperature is maintained between 350 ℃ and 400 ℃, and once the polishing temperature is exceeded, the online cooling technology is adjusted immediately to solve the problem, otherwise, the uniformity of the surface hardness of the obtained M2 high-speed steel additive layer is larger than 5HRC.
Because the polishing temperature close to the working position of the ultra-high speed laser cladding head is more than 400 ℃, the polishing head needs to be far away from the working position of the laser cladding head by more than or equal to 120mm, but cannot be less than or equal to 260mm, otherwise, the polishing temperature is less than or equal to 350 ℃. In order to achieve the polishing effect that the fluctuation of the surface hardness of the M2 high-speed steel in the additive manufacturing is less than or equal to 5HRC, a region with the polishing position temperature of the additive layer on the surface of the cold rolling working roller being 350 ℃ is selected for polishing, because the polishing process further causes the temperature to rise, and if the polishing position with the temperature of 400 ℃ is directly selected for polishing, the polishing temperature is extremely difficult to maintain in the range of 350-400 ℃. The stable maintenance of the polishing process temperature is an important factor for determining the surface hardness fluctuation of the M2 high-speed steel manufactured by additive manufacturing to be less than or equal to 5 HRC. In order to well control the polishing temperature of the surface of the cold rolling working roll, an online cooling method is introduced to flexibly control the temperature to be maintained in the range of 350-400 ℃. For the on-line polishing of such ultra-high speed laser cladding additive manufacturing processes, temperature control is generally not contemplated, and control at 350-400 ℃ is even more not contemplated.
The embodiment of the invention provides a polishing device for laser additive high-speed steel, which comprises a laser polishing machine and a plasma polishing machine, wherein the roughness Ra of a laser cladding coating is less than or equal to 100 mu m, the hardness is 55-65HRC, and the polishing temperature during laser polishing is 350-400 ℃;
The laser polishing adopts pulse laser, the pulse duty ratio is less than or equal to 40%, the pulse frequency is less than or equal to 30kHz, the wavelength is 3-6 mu m, the laser energy density distribution is uniformly distributed, the laser light spots are rectangular light spots or linear light spots, and when the laser light spots are rectangular light spots, the light spot size is 1-1.5mm multiplied by 3-5mm;
After laser polishing, the polishing temperature is 120-150 ℃ when plasma polishing is carried out on the area with the surface hardness lower than the average value and the surface hardness fluctuation of 5-8HRC, and the polishing temperature is 450-500 ℃ when plasma polishing is carried out on the area with the surface hardness higher than the average value and the surface hardness fluctuation of 5-8 HRC;
In the plasma polishing process, the plasma light spots are rectangular light spots, and the size is 0.5-1mm multiplied by 2-4mm.
In one embodiment, the number of the laser polishing machines is two, the two laser polishing machines are oppositely arranged, the number of the plasma polishing machines is two, and the two plasma polishing machines are oppositely arranged.
In one embodiment, the position of the laser polishing machine is controlled, and the distance between the position of the laser polishing machine and the position of laser cladding is 120-260mm.
The polishing method has the advantages that the laser cladding coating of the M2 high-speed steel is taken as an example, the polishing method is adopted to manufacture the surface hardness fluctuation of the M2 high-speed steel by additive manufacturing, the surface roughness of the M2 high-speed steel additive layer is less than or equal to 5HRC, ra is more than or equal to 50 mu M before polishing, ra is less than or equal to 10 mu M after polishing, and the standard deviation of the polishing finish fluctuation of the surface of the additive layer is less than or equal to 3 mu M, which is obviously superior to that of the conventional polishing method.
The invention adopts pulse laser with proper pulse width and proper size and plasma compound polishing to realize synchronous polishing, and the same frequency opposite polishing, thereby solving the problem of counteracting the vibration influence on forming precision caused by opposite synchronous polishing. Meanwhile, the rough polishing problem is solved by firstly starting laser polishing, then closing the laser polishing, and then starting plasma polishing. Meanwhile, the online polishing temperature is maintained to be 350-400 ℃ by combining an online cooling technology, so that the effect that the surface hardness fluctuation of the M2 high-speed steel manufactured by additive is less than or equal to 5HRC is achieved.
The polishing effect of the M2 high-speed steel surface hardness fluctuation less than or equal to 5HRC manufactured by laser additive is achieved by the following steps and technical parameters:
1. The surface roughness Ra of the M2 high-speed steel additive layer must be less than or equal to 100 mu M, because the surface roughness is in direct proportion to the fluctuation of the surface hardness. If the surface roughness Ra is more than 100 mu m, the surface hardness fluctuation is more than 5HRC in the laser material adding process layer by layer, which can cause that the surface hardness fluctuation of the high-speed steel material adding layer is difficult to be less than or equal to 5HRC by adopting the conventional online polishing. This is a requirement and is also a very easily negligible problem.
2. After laser polishing, the surface hardness of the additive layer is lower than the average value, the surface hardness fluctuation is more than 5HRC, the hardness fluctuation is less than or equal to 8HRC, the polishing temperature of the area is controlled within the range of 120-150 ℃, and plasma polishing is carried out, so that the surface hardness value can be improved, and the hardness fluctuation is reduced by less than or equal to 5HRC. That is, such a low hardness for the region but large fluctuation of hardness is also conditional, and not any large fluctuation of hardness for the region can be solved by polishing.
3. And after laser polishing, the surface hardness of the additive layer is higher than the average value, the surface hardness fluctuation is more than 5HRC, the hardness fluctuation is less than or equal to 8HRC, the polishing temperature of the area is controlled within the range of 450-500 ℃, and plasma polishing is carried out, so that the surface hardness value can be reduced, and the hardness fluctuation is reduced to be less than or equal to 5HRC. That is, such a low hardness for a region but large fluctuation in hardness is also conditional. Not any large regional hardness fluctuation values can be solved by polishing.
4. The rough polishing problem is solved by adopting laser polishing, and the finish polishing problem is solved by adopting plasma polishing. For solving the problem of excessive regional hardness fluctuation of the M2 high-speed steel, the method can only be solved before plasma polishing.
5. The vibration generated by counteracting polishing is given to the surface of the material-adding layer of the cold-rolling working roller by adopting two laser beams or plasma beams to counter-polish synchronously, the lasers are in pulse form, but the same-frequency counter-polishing is required, the pulse duty ratio is required to be less than or equal to 40 percent, and the pulse frequency is required to be less than or equal to 30kHz in order to solve the vibration problem caused by counter-synchronous polishing. Two metrics are required to be implemented simultaneously.
6. The parameters can only aim at the effect that the surface hardness of the M2 high-speed steel is 55-65HRC, and the fluctuation of the surface hardness is less than or equal to 5 HRC. If the surface hardness is not within the range, the above parameters cannot be achieved.
Detailed Description
Example 1.
A laser cladding coating polishing method is characterized in that the laser cladding coating is positioned on the surface of a roller, as shown in figure 1, the roller is clad with the laser cladding coating under the action of a cladding head 1, and the laser cladding coating is prepared by selecting a Cr12MoV roller as a base material, the size is phi 100mm multiplied by 2800mm, the roller is a forged piece, the surface hardness is 58 HRC-60 HRC, the cladding material is M2 high-speed steel powder, and the granularity distribution is 30-50 mu M. The powder feeding mode is adopted, three paths of coaxial powder feeding are adopted outside light, the protection gas and the powder feeding gas are both nitrogen (the purity is 99.9%), the gas flow is 15L/min, the laser power P is 2500W, the scanning speed V is 15mm/s, the spot diameter D is 1.4 mm, and the powder feeding speed is 6.5g/min.
And detecting the performance of the laser cladding coating, wherein the roughness Ra is 50-80 mu m, and the hardness is 56-64 HRC.
After cladding, the roller sequentially passes through a cooling piece 2, two laser polishing machines 3 arranged oppositely and two plasma polishing machines 4 arranged oppositely.
The laser cladding coating of the roller is subjected to laser polishing and plasma polishing in sequence, wherein the laser polishing is performed by adopting two oppositely arranged laser beams, and the plasma polishing is performed by adopting two oppositely arranged plasma beams. And controlling the laser polishing position, wherein the distance between the laser polishing position and the laser cladding position is 200mm.
The temperature of the laser polishing position is detected, the temperature of the laser polishing position is controlled to be 350 ℃, the control method is that the cooling force of the cooling piece 2 is regulated, the cooling piece 2 is arranged at a position 100mm away from the laser cladding position, and the cooling source is 40% purity liquid nitrogen.
The laser polishing adopts pulse laser, the pulse duty ratio is 30%, the pulse frequency is 30kHz, the wavelength is 5 mu m, the laser energy density distribution is uniformly distributed, the laser light spot is a rectangular light spot, and the light spot size is 1.5mm multiplied by 4mm;
After laser polishing, the polishing temperature is 130 ℃ when plasma polishing is carried out on the area with the surface hardness lower than the average value and the surface hardness fluctuation of 5-8HRC, and the polishing temperature is 480 ℃ when plasma polishing is carried out on the area with the surface hardness higher than the average value and the surface hardness fluctuation of 5-8 HRC;
in the plasma polishing process, the plasma light spots are rectangular light spots, and the size is 0.5mm multiplied by 2.0mm.
The laser power P of the laser polishing was 400W, the scanning speed V was 15mm/s, and the polishing time was 3min.
And detecting the performance of the laser cladding coating after plasma polishing, wherein the average roughness Ra is 10 mu m, and the surface hardness fluctuation is less than or equal to 5HRC. It can be seen that polishing significantly reduced surface roughness and improved finish and hardness uniformity.
Comparative example 1
The difference compared with example 1 is that the temperature of the laser polishing position is controlled to 200℃and otherwise the same as example 1.
The performance of the laser cladding coating after plasma polishing was examined, and the roughness Ra was 22 μm and the surface hardness uniformity was 7HRC. It can be seen that polishing significantly reduced surface roughness and improved finish and hardness uniformity.
Comparative example 2
The difference from example 1 is that the laser polishing was performed using a pulsed laser with a pulse duty ratio of 50%, a pulse frequency of 40kHz, and a wavelength of 2. Mu.m, and the other steps were the same as in example 1.
The performance of the laser cladding coating after plasma polishing was examined, and the roughness Ra was 30 μm and the surface hardness uniformity was 11HRC. It can be seen that polishing significantly reduced surface roughness and improved finish and hardness uniformity.
Comparative example 3
The difference from example 1 is that the laser energy density distribution is gaussian, and the other is the same as example 1.
The performance of the laser cladding coating after plasma polishing was examined, the roughness Ra was 25 μm, and the surface hardness uniformity was 9HRC. It can be seen that polishing significantly reduced surface roughness and improved finish and hardness uniformity.
Comparative example 4
The difference compared with example 1 is that the laser spot is a rectangular spot with a spot size of 2mm×6mm, otherwise the same as example 1.
The performance of the laser cladding coating after plasma polishing was examined, the roughness Ra was 15 μm, and the surface hardness uniformity was 8HRC. It can be seen that polishing significantly reduced surface roughness and improved finish and hardness uniformity.
Comparative example 5
The difference compared with example 1 is that the plasma spot was a rectangular spot with a size of 2mm×5mm in the plasma polishing, and otherwise the same as in example 1.
The performance of the laser cladding coating after plasma polishing was examined, the roughness Ra was 18 μm, and the surface hardness uniformity was 20HRC.
Comparative example 6
The difference compared with example 1 is that the polishing temperature at the time of plasma polishing was 350℃and otherwise the same as in example 1.
The performance of the laser cladding coating after plasma polishing was examined, and the roughness Ra was 28 μm and the surface hardness uniformity was 24HRC.
It can be seen that the parameters of laser polishing and plasma polishing are controlled, so that the surface roughness is obviously reduced, and the smoothness and hardness uniformity are improved.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the above discussion of any embodiment is merely exemplary and is not intended to imply that the scope of the application is limited to these examples, that combinations of technical features in the above embodiments or in different embodiments may also be implemented in any order, and that many other variations of the different aspects of one or more embodiments of the application as described above exist within the spirit of the application, which are not provided in detail for the sake of brevity.
One or more embodiments of the present application are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the broad scope of the present application. Accordingly, any omissions, modifications, equivalents, improvements and others which are within the spirit and principles of the one or more embodiments of the application are intended to be included within the scope of the application.