CN118422654A - Structure for improving water flow characteristics at junction of underground cavern and use method thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种改善地下洞室交汇处水流特性的结构及其使用方法，该结构包括竖井泄洪洞、放水洞，所述放水洞用于前期导流和后期放空，泄洪洞与放水洞交汇形成泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段，泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段与双洞交汇后退水隧洞连通，所述泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段设置与泄洪洞轴线平行的隔墙，以将泄洪洞与泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段隔开，隔墙底部设有底部孔口，隔墙靠放水洞的一侧设有用于孔口分流的隔墩。本发明可有效解决地下洞室交汇处的泄洪洞大流量和放水洞小流量交汇时水流对冲产生的涌浪问题，改善隧洞交汇处流态，使得交汇段水流稳定的进入下游退水隧洞。
The present invention provides a structure for improving the water flow characteristics at the intersection of underground caverns and a method for using the structure. The structure includes a vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel and a drainage tunnel. The drainage tunnel is used for early diversion and later emptying. The flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel intersect to form an intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel. The intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel is connected to a water retreat tunnel after the intersection of the two tunnels. The intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel is provided with a partition wall parallel to the axis of the flood discharge tunnel to separate the flood discharge tunnel from the intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel. The bottom of the partition wall is provided with a bottom orifice, and a partition pier for orifice diversion is provided on one side of the partition wall close to the drainage tunnel. The present invention can effectively solve the surge problem caused by the water flow collision when the large flow of the flood discharge tunnel and the small flow of the drainage tunnel intersect at the intersection of underground caverns, improve the flow state at the intersection of the tunnels, and make the water flow of the intersection section stably enter the downstream drainage tunnel.
Description
技术领域Technical Field
本发明涉及水利水电工程领域，具体为一种改善地下洞室交汇处水流特性的结构及其使用方法，其将导流、泄洪、输水和放空隧洞多洞合一。The present invention relates to the field of water conservancy and hydropower engineering, and in particular to a structure for improving water flow characteristics at the intersection of underground caverns and a method for using the structure, which integrates multiple tunnels for diversion, flood discharge, water delivery and emptying into one.
背景技术Background technique
传统的水利水电工程在设计时，往往将导流、泄洪、输水和放空等功能分别设计为独立的洞室或结构，这样做虽然确保了各个功能的独立性，但也带来了工程量大、投资成本高、占地面积广、管理维护复杂等问题。随着科技的发展和工程技术的进步，以及环境保护和资源节约意识的提高，如何将这些功能有效地整合到一个或多个地下洞室中，实现功能的集中化、高效化，节省工程投资、加快工程建设工期，同时降低对环境的影响和节约资源，成为了水利水电工程领域亟待解决的问题。When designing traditional water conservancy and hydropower projects, diversion, flood discharge, water delivery and emptying are often designed as independent caverns or structures. Although this ensures the independence of each function, it also brings problems such as large engineering volume, high investment cost, large land area, and complex management and maintenance. With the development of science and technology, the advancement of engineering technology, and the improvement of environmental protection and resource conservation awareness, how to effectively integrate these functions into one or more underground caverns to achieve functional centralization and efficiency, save project investment, speed up the construction period, and at the same time reduce the impact on the environment and save resources has become an urgent problem to be solved in the field of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
为此，工程设计时经常将承担不同功能的隧洞首部单独布置，实现各自功能后不同隧洞中后段合并共用一条隧洞和尾部消能设施。但在不同隧洞交汇处水流流态复杂紊乱，主要体现在：①流速分布不均：由于隧洞交汇处几何形状的变化，水流速度分布可能变得不均匀，导致局部流速过高；②涡流和回流：在隧洞交汇处，水流可能会形成涡流和回流；③水流方向变化：当水流从一个隧洞进入另一个隧洞时，方向的变化可能导致水流紊乱，形成不良流态；④水力跃迁：在某些情况下，水流在交汇处可能会经历水跃，即水流从超临界状态过渡到亚临界状态，流体的速度突然变慢，流体部分的动能被紊流消散，部分动能则转换为位能，造成液面明显变高。长期运行不良流态可能会导致水流对隧洞结构的冲刷、侵蚀，甚至危及隧洞安全运行。For this reason, the head of the tunnels with different functions are often arranged separately during engineering design. After achieving their respective functions, the middle and rear sections of different tunnels are merged to share a tunnel and tail energy dissipation facilities. However, the flow pattern at the intersection of different tunnels is complex and chaotic, which is mainly reflected in: ① Uneven velocity distribution: Due to the change in the geometric shape of the tunnel intersection, the water velocity distribution may become uneven, resulting in excessive local velocity; ② Eddy current and backflow: At the intersection of tunnels, the water flow may form eddy current and backflow; ③ Change in water flow direction: When the water flows from one tunnel to another, the change in direction may cause the water flow to be turbulent and form an undesirable flow pattern; ④ Hydraulic jump: In some cases, the water flow may experience a hydraulic jump at the intersection, that is, the water flow transitions from the supercritical state to the subcritical state, the speed of the fluid suddenly slows down, part of the kinetic energy of the fluid is dissipated by the turbulence, and part of the kinetic energy is converted into potential energy, causing the liquid level to rise significantly. Long-term operation of poor flow patterns may cause the water flow to scour and erode the tunnel structure, and even endanger the safe operation of the tunnel.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明旨在通过创新性的设计理念和技术手段，实现水利水电工程中导流、泄洪、输水和放空隧洞的多洞合一布置，从而提高工程的整体性能，降低投资成本，减少对环境的影响，实现资源的节约和高效利用。针对地下隧洞交汇处的不良流态，提出一种改善地下洞室交汇处水流特性的结构及其使用方法，可有效解决地下洞室交汇处的水流对冲产生的涌浪问题，改善隧洞交汇处流态，使得交汇段水流稳定的进入下游退水隧洞。The present invention aims to realize the integrated arrangement of multiple tunnels for diversion, flood discharge, water delivery and emptying in water conservancy and hydropower projects through innovative design concepts and technical means, thereby improving the overall performance of the project, reducing investment costs, reducing the impact on the environment, and realizing resource conservation and efficient utilization. In view of the poor flow state at the intersection of underground tunnels, a structure for improving the water flow characteristics at the intersection of underground caverns and a method for using the structure are proposed, which can effectively solve the surge problem caused by the water flow collision at the intersection of underground caverns, improve the flow state at the intersection of tunnels, and make the water flow at the intersection section stably enter the downstream drainage tunnel.
为实现上述目的，本发明采用的技术方案如下：To achieve the above purpose, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:
一种改善地下洞室交汇处水流特性的结构，包括竖井泄洪洞、放水洞，所述放水洞用于前期导流和后期放空，泄洪洞与放水洞交汇形成泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段，泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段与双洞交汇后退水隧洞连通，所述泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段设置与泄洪洞轴线平行的隔墙，以将泄洪洞与泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段隔开，隔墙底部设有底部孔口，隔墙靠放水洞的一侧设有用于孔口分流的隔墩。A structure for improving water flow characteristics at the intersection of underground caverns comprises a vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel and a drainage tunnel, wherein the drainage tunnel is used for early diversion and later drainage, the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel intersect to form an intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel, the intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel is connected to a water retreat tunnel after the intersection of the two tunnels, a partition wall parallel to the axis of the flood discharge tunnel is arranged at the intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel to separate the flood discharge tunnel from the intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel, a bottom orifice is arranged at the bottom of the partition wall, and a partition pier for orifice diversion is arranged on the side of the partition wall close to the drainage tunnel.
进一步的，所述竖井泄洪洞轴线与放水洞轴线夹角在20°以内，且竖井泄洪洞流量远大于放水洞的流量。Furthermore, the angle between the axis of the vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel and the axis of the water discharge tunnel is within 20°, and the flow rate of the vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel is much greater than the flow rate of the water discharge tunnel.
进一步的，所述竖井泄洪洞包括竖井泄洪洞进口、竖井段、消能井、竖井泄洪无压隧洞、泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段以及双洞交汇后退水隧洞，竖井泄洪洞进口、竖井段、消能井由上至下依次设置，竖井泄洪无压隧洞与竖井段横向连通，竖井泄洪无压隧洞末段与放水洞末段交汇形成所述泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段。Furthermore, the vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel includes a vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel entrance, a vertical shaft section, an energy dissipation well, a vertical shaft flood discharge unpressured tunnel, an intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and a water discharge tunnel, and a water retreat tunnel after the intersection of the two tunnels. The vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel entrance, the vertical shaft section, and the energy dissipation well are arranged in sequence from top to bottom. The vertical shaft flood discharge unpressured tunnel is horizontally connected to the vertical shaft section. The end section of the vertical shaft flood discharge unpressured tunnel intersects with the end section of the water discharge tunnel to form the intersection section of the flood discharge tunnel and the water discharge tunnel.
进一步的，所述放水洞由导流洞改建而成，导流洞导流结束后，在导流洞内衬放水钢管与放水管工作活塞阀用于输水与放空水库，并在放水钢管的两端分别设置放水洞进水口和放水管工作阀井，放水管工作活塞阀位于放水管工作阀井内。Furthermore, the drain tunnel is converted from a diversion tunnel. After the diversion of the diversion tunnel is completed, a drain steel pipe and a drain pipe working piston valve are lined in the diversion tunnel to convey water and empty the reservoir, and a drain tunnel water inlet and a drain pipe working valve well are respectively arranged at both ends of the drain steel pipe, and the drain pipe working piston valve is located in the drain pipe working valve well.
进一步的，所述隔墙顶部宽度为0.5m～1m，隔墙底部坡度与泄洪洞底部坡度一致，顶部水平，隔墙顶高程不低于竖井泄洪洞最大下泄流量时的水位与安全超高之和。Furthermore, the width of the top of the partition wall is 0.5m to 1m, the slope of the bottom of the partition wall is consistent with the slope of the bottom of the spillway tunnel, the top is horizontal, and the elevation of the top of the partition wall is not lower than the sum of the water level at the maximum discharge flow of the vertical shaft spillway tunnel and the safety superelevation.
进一步的，所述隔墙底部设置3个底部孔口，第一个孔口中心线位于0.36倍隔墙长度位置，各孔口尺寸为2×0.75m，孔口边缘相距1.5m；所述底部孔口放水洞一侧上游设置4个隔墩，从放水洞左侧至右侧，隔墩厚度为1.66m、0.45m、0.45m和0.64m。Furthermore, three bottom openings are arranged at the bottom of the partition wall, the center line of the first opening is located at 0.36 times the length of the partition wall, the size of each opening is 2×0.75m, and the edges of the openings are 1.5m apart; four partition piers are arranged upstream on one side of the drainage hole of the bottom opening, and the thickness of the partition piers from the left side to the right side of the drainage hole are 1.66m, 0.45m, 0.45m and 0.64m.
进一步的，所述双洞交汇后退水隧洞为明流隧洞，隧洞为城门洞形。Furthermore, after the two tunnels intersect, the water retreat tunnel is an open flow tunnel, and the tunnel is in the shape of a city gate tunnel.
进一步的，所述放水洞后接1:4斜坡段，后与竖井泄洪洞交汇。Furthermore, the drainage tunnel is connected to a 1:4 slope section and then intersects with the vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel.
一种所述的改善地下洞室交汇处水流特性的结构的使用方法，包括：A method for using the structure for improving water flow characteristics at the intersection of underground caverns comprises:
在泄洪洞单独运行时，放水洞前的放水管工作活塞阀关闭，放水洞不过流，隔墙隔断泄洪洞与放水洞，泄洪洞内水流在交汇段处不会向放水洞扩散，流态不会受到放水洞的影响；在泄洪洞最大流量运行时，隔墙高度高于泄洪洞水面线，水流不会向放水洞一侧溢流和扩散，泄洪洞单独运行时流态不受交汇段影响；When the spillway is operating alone, the working piston valve of the discharge pipe in front of the discharge tunnel is closed, the discharge tunnel does not flow, the partition wall separates the spillway and the discharge tunnel, the water flow in the spillway will not spread to the discharge tunnel at the intersection, and the flow pattern will not be affected by the discharge tunnel; when the spillway is operating at the maximum flow rate, the height of the partition wall is higher than the water surface line of the spillway, the water flow will not overflow and spread to one side of the discharge tunnel, and the flow pattern will not be affected by the intersection when the spillway is operating alone;
在放水洞单独运行时，放水钢管出流经过1:4斜坡段后跌落，尾部隔墙壅高放水洞末端水位，在放水洞出口形成淹没水跃，在交汇段前充分消能，消能后部分水流穿过隔墙的底部孔口进入泄洪洞，剩余部分水流从隔墙的墙顶溢流跌入泄洪洞内，隔墙的底部孔口出流为顶部溢流形成消能水垫，充分消能后下泄流态迅速得到调整，最后进入下游退水隧洞；When the drainage tunnel is operated alone, the outflow from the drainage steel pipe falls after passing through the 1:4 slope section, and the tail partition wall raises the water level at the end of the drainage tunnel, forming a submerged water jump at the outlet of the drainage tunnel, and fully dissipates energy before the intersection section. After energy dissipation, part of the water flows through the bottom hole of the partition wall into the flood discharge tunnel, and the remaining part of the water flows overflow from the top of the partition wall and falls into the flood discharge tunnel. The outflow from the bottom hole of the partition wall is the top overflow to form an energy dissipation water cushion. After sufficient energy dissipation, the downstream flow pattern is rapidly adjusted and finally enters the downstream water withdrawal tunnel;
在竖井泄洪洞和放水洞同时运行工况下，在泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段，放水洞一侧水流到达交汇段隔墙处后，一部分水流穿过隔墙的底部孔口与竖井泄洪洞一侧水流底层汇合，剩余水流自隔墙顶部溢流下落，与竖井泄洪洞一侧水流表层汇合，交汇段最大水面高度较低，隔墙溢流均匀性好；放水洞末端形成淹没水跃，跃首位于1:4斜坡段末端上游，从1:4斜坡段末端至隔墙范围，水面逐步上升，水跃完整，消能效果好。When the vertical shaft spillway tunnel and the water discharge tunnel are in operation at the same time, at the intersection of the spillway tunnel and the water discharge tunnel, after the water flow on one side of the water discharge tunnel reaches the partition wall of the intersection, a part of the water flow passes through the bottom hole of the partition wall and merges with the bottom layer of water flow on one side of the vertical shaft spillway tunnel, and the remaining water flow overflows from the top of the partition wall and falls, and merges with the surface layer of water flow on one side of the vertical shaft spillway tunnel. The maximum water surface height of the intersection section is relatively low, and the overflow uniformity of the partition wall is good; a submerged water jump is formed at the end of the water discharge tunnel, and the head of the jump is located upstream of the end of the 1:4 slope section. From the end of the 1:4 slope section to the partition wall range, the water surface gradually rises, the water jump is complete, and the energy dissipation effect is good.
本发明有益效果为：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1、实现了导流、泄洪、输水和放空隧洞四洞合一的工程布置方案，实现功能的集中化、高效化，节省工程投资、加快工程建设工期，同时降低对环境的影响和节约资源；1. The four-tunnel engineering layout scheme of diversion, flood discharge, water delivery and emptying tunnels was realized, which achieved the centralization and efficiency of functions, saved project investment, accelerated the construction period, reduced the impact on the environment and saved resources;
2、在双洞交汇处设置的隔墙阻挡了放水洞内水流直接冲击泄洪洞内流态，避免交汇段两股水流对冲后形成较高涌浪冲击洞顶；隔墙壅高交汇段前放水洞末端水位，在放水洞末端形成淹没水跃，消能效果良好；2. The partition wall set at the intersection of the two tunnels blocks the water flow in the discharge tunnel from directly impacting the flow state in the flood discharge tunnel, avoiding the impact of high surge waves on the cave top after the two water flows collide at the intersection; the partition wall raises the water level at the end of the discharge tunnel before the intersection, forming a submerged water jump at the end of the discharge tunnel, with good energy dissipation effect;
3、隔墙底部开孔后放水洞侧部分水流穿过孔口与泄洪洞水流汇合，剩余水流从隔墙顶部溢流进入泄洪洞，由于孔口分担了部分流量，墙顶溢流水量减小，墙顶溢流均匀性较好；3. After the hole is opened at the bottom of the partition wall, part of the water flow on the drainage hole side passes through the hole and merges with the water flow in the flood discharge hole. The remaining water overflows from the top of the partition wall into the flood discharge hole. Since the hole shares part of the flow, the overflow water volume on the top of the wall is reduced, and the overflow uniformity on the top of the wall is better.
4、隔墙底部出流为顶部溢流形成消能水垫，下泄流态迅速调整稳定后进入下游退水隧洞，交汇段沿程最大水面高度较低。4. The outflow from the bottom of the partition wall overflows from the top to form an energy dissipation water cushion. The downstream flow pattern quickly adjusts and stabilizes and then enters the downstream drainage tunnel. The maximum water surface height along the intersection section is relatively low.
附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
图1为根据本发明实施例的竖井泄洪洞与放水洞平面布置图；FIG1 is a plan view of a vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel and a water discharge tunnel according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2为根据本发明实施例的竖井泄洪洞纵剖面布置图；FIG2 is a longitudinal section layout diagram of a vertical shaft spillway according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图3为根据本发明实施例的放水洞纵剖面图；FIG3 is a longitudinal sectional view of a drain hole according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图4为根据本发明实施例的一种改善地下洞室交汇处水流特性的结构示意图；FIG4 is a schematic diagram of a structure for improving water flow characteristics at the intersection of underground caverns according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图5为图4中隔墙结构布置图；FIG5 is a diagram showing the partition wall structure arrangement in FIG4 ;
图6为图4中A-A剖面图；Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A in Fig. 4;
图7为隔墙沿程最高水面线分布图；Figure 7 is the distribution diagram of the highest water surface line along the partition wall;
图中附图标记分述如下：The reference numerals in the figure are described as follows:
1-竖井泄洪洞进口；2-竖井泄洪洞竖井段；3-竖井泄洪洞消能井；4-竖井泄洪无压隧洞；5-放水洞进水口；6-放水钢管；7-放水管工作活塞阀；8-放水管工作阀井；9-放水洞；10-泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段；11-双洞交汇后退水隧洞；12-隔墙；13-底部孔口；14-隔墩；15-隔墙顶放水洞溢流水面线。1-inlet of vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel; 2-vertical shaft section of vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel; 3-energy dissipation well of vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel; 4-pressure-free tunnel of vertical shaft flood discharge; 5-water inlet of drainage tunnel; 6-drainage steel pipe; 7-drainage pipe working piston valve; 8-drainage pipe working valve well; 9-drainage tunnel; 10-intersection section of flood discharge tunnel and drainage tunnel; 11-water retreat tunnel after the intersection of the two tunnels; 12-partition wall; 13-bottom opening; 14-partition pier; 15-overflow water surface line of drainage tunnel on the top of partition wall.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明的一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
请参阅图1～图7，本发明实施例提供一种改善地下洞室交汇处水流特性的结构，包括竖井泄洪洞、放水洞9(兼顾放空功能)、泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10、双洞交汇后退水隧洞11、隔墙12，其中隔墙12用于隔断竖井泄洪洞与放水洞9，隔墙12底部设有底部孔口13，隔墙12靠放水洞9的一侧设有用于孔口分流的隔墩14。Please refer to Figures 1 to 7. An embodiment of the present invention provides a structure for improving the water flow characteristics at the intersection of underground caverns, including a vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel, a drainage tunnel 9 (which also has a drainage function), an intersection section 10 of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel, a water retreat tunnel 11 after the intersection of the two tunnels, and a partition wall 12, wherein the partition wall 12 is used to separate the vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel 9, a bottom orifice 13 is provided at the bottom of the partition wall 12, and a partition pier 14 for orifice diversion is provided on the side of the partition wall 12 close to the drainage tunnel 9.
所述竖井泄洪洞为连通上游库区水流与大坝下游河道的通道，汛期洪水通过此通道进入下游河道，以宣泄多余洪水。所述竖井泄洪洞包括竖井泄洪洞进口1(设环形溢流堰)、竖井段2、消能井3、竖井泄洪无压隧洞4、泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10以及双洞交汇后退水隧洞11，竖井泄洪洞进口1、竖井段2、消能井3由上至下依次设置，竖井泄洪无压隧洞4与竖井段2横向连通，竖井泄洪无压隧洞4末段与放水洞9末段交汇形成所述泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10，泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10与双洞交汇后退水隧洞11连通。双洞交汇后退水隧洞11为明流隧洞，隧洞为城门洞形。The vertical shaft spillway is a channel connecting the water flow in the upstream reservoir area and the river channel downstream of the dam. During the flood season, flood water enters the downstream river channel through this channel to discharge excess flood water. The vertical shaft spillway includes a vertical shaft spillway entrance 1 (with a circular overflow weir), a vertical shaft section 2, an energy dissipation well 3, a vertical shaft spillway pressure-free tunnel 4, a spillway and water discharge tunnel intersection section 10, and a double-tunnel intersection backwater tunnel 11. The vertical shaft spillway entrance 1, the vertical shaft section 2, and the energy dissipation well 3 are arranged in sequence from top to bottom. The vertical shaft spillway pressure-free tunnel 4 is horizontally connected to the vertical shaft section 2. The end section of the vertical shaft spillway pressure-free tunnel 4 is connected to the end section of the water discharge tunnel 9 to form the spillway and water discharge tunnel intersection section 10. The spillway and water discharge tunnel intersection section 10 is connected to the double-tunnel intersection backwater tunnel 11. The double-tunnel intersection backwater tunnel 11 is an open flow tunnel, and the tunnel is in the shape of a city gate tunnel.
所述放水洞9用于实现库区输水和放空功能，在常规运行时，放水洞放水实现输水功能；在库区检修或其他紧急情况下，承担放空水库的作用；所述放水洞由导流洞改建而成，导流洞导流结束后，在导流洞内衬放水钢管6与放水管工作活塞阀7用于输水与放空水库，并设置放水洞进水口5和放水管工作阀井8(如图3所示)。放水钢管6在放水管工作活塞阀7后接放水洞9，放水管工作活塞阀7位于放水管工作阀井8内，放水洞9后接1:4斜坡段，后与泄洪洞交汇，交汇后进入下游的双洞交汇后退水隧洞11。The drainage tunnel 9 is used to realize the water delivery and emptying functions of the reservoir area. During normal operation, the drainage tunnel discharges water to realize the water delivery function; during maintenance or other emergency situations in the reservoir area, it plays the role of emptying the reservoir; the drainage tunnel is rebuilt from the diversion tunnel. After the diversion of the diversion tunnel is completed, the drainage steel pipe 6 and the drainage pipe working piston valve 7 are lined in the diversion tunnel for water delivery and emptying the reservoir, and the drainage tunnel water inlet 5 and the drainage pipe working valve well 8 are set (as shown in Figure 3). The drainage steel pipe 6 is connected to the drainage tunnel 9 after the drainage pipe working piston valve 7, and the drainage pipe working piston valve 7 is located in the drainage pipe working valve well 8. The drainage tunnel 9 is connected to the 1:4 slope section, and then intersects with the flood discharge tunnel. After the intersection, it enters the downstream double-tunnel intersection rear water retreat tunnel 11.
所述竖井泄洪洞与放水洞9首部单独布置，泄洪洞轴线与放水洞轴线在20°以内(本实施例呈17.5°)直接交汇，交汇后共用一条退水隧洞，实现了导流、泄洪、输水和放空隧洞四洞合一的工程布置方案。具体实施步骤如下：The vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel 9 are arranged separately, and the axis of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel are directly intersected within 20° (17.5° in this embodiment), and after the intersection, they share a water withdrawal tunnel, realizing the engineering layout plan of integrating diversion, flood discharge, water delivery and drainage tunnels. The specific implementation steps are as follows:
①在工程施工导流期间，仅建造放水洞9(不内衬放水钢管6)以及双洞交汇后退水隧洞11，水流通过放水洞9→泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10→双洞交汇后退水隧洞11进入下游河道，实现工程的导流作用；① During the diversion period of the project construction, only the drainage tunnel 9 (without the drainage steel pipe 6) and the retreat tunnel 11 after the intersection of the two tunnels are built. The water flows through the drainage tunnel 9 → the intersection section 10 of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel → the retreat tunnel 11 after the intersection of the two tunnels into the downstream river channel, thus realizing the diversion effect of the project;
②待导流完成后，在放水洞9内衬放水钢管6与放水管工作活塞阀7，水流通过5→6→7→9→10→11实现工程的输水与放空功能，其中放水管工作活塞阀7可调节输水与放空流量；② After the diversion is completed, the drainage steel pipe 6 and the drainage pipe working piston valve 7 are lined in the drainage hole 9, and the water flows through 5→6→7→9→10→11 to realize the water delivery and draining functions of the project, among which the drainage pipe working piston valve 7 can adjust the water delivery and draining flow;
③待导流完成后，泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10贯通，水流通过1→2→3→4→10→11进入下游河道，实现工程的泄洪功能；③ After the diversion is completed, the flood discharge tunnel and the water discharge tunnel intersection section 10 are connected, and the water flows through 1→2→3→4→10→11 into the downstream river channel, realizing the flood discharge function of the project;
所述泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10设置一道与泄洪洞(竖井泄洪无压隧洞4)轴线平行的隔墙12(如图4所示)，将泄洪洞与泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10隔开。隔墙12为重力式挡墙，采用钢筋混凝土结构。The intersection section 10 of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel is provided with a partition wall 12 (as shown in FIG4 ) parallel to the axis of the flood discharge tunnel (the vertical shaft flood discharge unpressured tunnel 4), separating the flood discharge tunnel from the intersection section 10 of the flood discharge tunnel and the drainage tunnel. The partition wall 12 is a gravity retaining wall, and adopts a reinforced concrete structure.
隔墙12顶部宽度为0.5m～1m(本实施例取0.5m)，隔墙12底部坡度与泄洪洞底部坡度一致，顶部水平，隔墙顶高程不低于竖井泄洪洞最大下泄流量时的水位与安全超高之和。所述隔墙12右侧靠放水洞一侧设置隔墩14，底部设置3个底部孔口13。从上游至下游，第一个孔口13中心线位于0.36倍隔墙12长度位置，各孔口尺寸为2×0.75m，孔口边缘相距1.5m。所述底部孔口13放水洞一侧上游设置4个隔墩14，从放水洞左侧至右侧，隔墩厚度为1.66m、0.45m、0.45m和0.64m，隔墩14用于孔口分流。The width of the top of the partition wall 12 is 0.5m to 1m (0.5m is taken in this embodiment), the bottom slope of the partition wall 12 is consistent with the bottom slope of the spillway tunnel, the top is horizontal, and the elevation of the top of the partition wall is not lower than the sum of the water level and the safety superelevation at the maximum discharge flow of the vertical shaft spillway tunnel. A partition pier 14 is set on the right side of the partition wall 12 close to the drainage tunnel, and three bottom orifices 13 are set at the bottom. From upstream to downstream, the center line of the first orifice 13 is located at 0.36 times the length of the partition wall 12, and the size of each orifice is 2×0.75m, and the edges of the orifices are 1.5m apart. Four partition piers 14 are set upstream of the drainage tunnel side of the bottom orifice 13. From the left side to the right side of the drainage tunnel, the thickness of the partition piers is 1.66m, 0.45m, 0.45m and 0.64m, and the partition pier 14 is used for orifice diversion.
在泄洪洞单独运行时，放水洞9前的放水管工作活塞阀7关闭，放水洞不过流，本实施例提供的隔墙12隔断泄洪洞与放水洞，泄洪洞内水流在交汇段处不会向放水洞9扩散，流态不会受到放水洞9的影响；且在泄洪洞9、最大流量运行时，隔墙12高度高于泄洪洞水面线，水流亦不会向放水洞9一侧溢流和扩散，因此泄洪洞单独运行时流态不受交汇段影响。When the spillway tunnel is operated alone, the discharge pipe working piston valve 7 in front of the discharge tunnel 9 is closed, and the discharge tunnel does not flow. The partition wall 12 provided in this embodiment separates the spillway tunnel and the discharge tunnel, and the water flow in the spillway tunnel will not diffuse to the discharge tunnel 9 at the intersection section, and the flow pattern will not be affected by the discharge tunnel 9; and when the spillway tunnel 9 is operated at the maximum flow rate, the height of the partition wall 12 is higher than the water surface line of the spillway tunnel, and the water flow will not overflow and diffuse to one side of the discharge tunnel 9. Therefore, when the spillway tunnel is operated alone, the flow pattern is not affected by the intersection section.
在放水洞单独运行时，放水钢管6出流经过1:4斜坡段后跌落，尾部隔墙12壅高了放水洞末端水位，在放水洞9出口形成淹没水跃，在交汇段前充分消能。消能后部分水流穿过隔墙12的底部孔口13进入泄洪洞，剩余部分水流从隔墙12的墙顶溢流跌入泄洪洞内，隔墙12阻断了放水洞内水流直接冲击泄洪洞左侧边墙，避免引起较高的涌浪；隔墙12底部设置的底部孔口13，分担了放水洞部分流量，避免隔墙12顶部溢流时产生较高的涌浪。另外，隔墙12的底部孔口13出流为顶部溢流形成消能水垫，下泄流态迅速调整稳定后进入下游退水隧洞11。When the drainage tunnel is operated alone, the outflow of the drainage steel pipe 6 falls after passing through the 1:4 slope section, and the tail partition wall 12 raises the water level at the end of the drainage tunnel, forming a submerged water jump at the outlet of the drainage tunnel 9, and fully dissipating energy before the intersection section. After energy dissipation, part of the water flows through the bottom orifice 13 of the partition wall 12 and enters the flood discharge tunnel, and the remaining part of the water flows overflow from the top of the partition wall 12 and falls into the flood discharge tunnel. The partition wall 12 blocks the water flow in the drainage tunnel from directly impacting the left side wall of the flood discharge tunnel to avoid causing higher surges; the bottom orifice 13 set at the bottom of the partition wall 12 shares part of the flow of the drainage tunnel to avoid the generation of higher surges when the top of the partition wall 12 overflows. In addition, the outflow of the bottom orifice 13 of the partition wall 12 is an energy dissipation water cushion formed by the top overflow, and the downstream flow state quickly adjusts and stabilizes and enters the downstream retreat tunnel 11.
在竖井泄洪洞和放水洞同时运行工况下，在泄洪洞与放水洞交汇段10，放水洞9一侧水流到达交汇段隔墙12处后，一部分水流穿过隔墙12的底部孔口13与竖井泄洪洞一侧水流底层汇合，剩余水流自隔墙顶溢流下落，与竖井泄洪洞一侧水流表层汇合，交汇段最大水面高度较低(图7)。在放水洞9末端形成淹没水跃，跃首位于1:4斜坡段末端上游，从1:4斜坡段末端至隔墙范围，水面逐步上升，水跃完整，墙顶溢流均匀性较好。Under the condition that the vertical shaft spillway and the drainage tunnel are in operation at the same time, at the intersection section 10 of the spillway and the drainage tunnel, after the water flow on one side of the drainage tunnel 9 reaches the partition wall 12 of the intersection section, part of the water flows through the bottom opening 13 of the partition wall 12 and merges with the bottom layer of the water flow on one side of the vertical shaft spillway, and the remaining water flows down from the top of the partition wall and merges with the surface layer of the water flow on one side of the vertical shaft spillway. The maximum water surface height of the intersection section is relatively low (Figure 7). A submerged water jump is formed at the end of the drainage tunnel 9, and the jump head is located upstream of the end of the 1:4 slope section. From the end of the 1:4 slope section to the partition wall range, the water surface gradually rises, the water jump is complete, and the overflow uniformity of the wall top is good.
本发明改善地下洞室交汇处水流特性的结构，所述竖井泄洪洞与放水洞仅首部单独布置，随后共用一条退水隧洞，实现了导流、泄洪、输水和放空隧洞四洞合一的工程布置方案，在双洞交汇处设置的隔墙12阻挡了放水洞内水流直接冲击泄洪洞内流态，避免交汇段两股水流对冲后形成较高涌浪冲击洞顶；隔墙12壅高交汇段前放水洞末端水位，在放水洞末端形成淹没水跃，消能效果良好；隔墙底部开孔后放水洞侧部分水流穿过孔口与泄洪洞水流汇合，剩余水流从隔墙顶部溢流进入泄洪洞，由于孔口分担了部分流量，墙顶溢流水量减小，墙顶溢流均匀性较好；隔墙底部出流为顶部溢流形成消能水垫，下泄流态迅速调整稳定后进入下游退水隧洞，交汇段沿程最大水面高度较低。本发明可有效解决地下洞室交汇处的水流对冲产生的涌浪问题，改善隧洞交汇处流态，使得交汇段水流稳定的进入下游退水隧洞。The structure of the present invention improves the water flow characteristics at the intersection of underground caverns. The vertical shaft flood discharge tunnel and the water discharge tunnel are arranged separately at the head only, and then share a water withdrawal tunnel, realizing the engineering layout scheme of four tunnels in one, namely, diversion, flood discharge, water delivery and emptying tunnel. The partition wall 12 arranged at the intersection of the two tunnels blocks the water flow in the water discharge tunnel from directly impacting the flow state in the flood discharge tunnel, avoiding the formation of high surge waves impacting the cave top after the two water flows in the intersection section collide; the partition wall 12 blocks the water at the end of the water discharge tunnel in front of the intersection section. The bottom of the partition wall is opened, and a submerged water jump is formed at the end of the drainage tunnel, with a good energy dissipation effect; after the bottom of the partition wall is opened, part of the water flow on the drainage tunnel side passes through the orifice and merges with the water flow in the flood discharge tunnel, and the remaining water flow overflows from the top of the partition wall into the flood discharge tunnel. Since the orifice shares part of the flow, the overflow water volume on the top of the wall is reduced, and the overflow uniformity on the top of the wall is better; the outflow at the bottom of the partition wall is the top overflow to form an energy dissipation water cushion, and the downstream flow state is quickly adjusted and stabilized before entering the downstream drainage tunnel, and the maximum water surface height along the intersection section is relatively low. The present invention can effectively solve the problem of surge waves caused by the water flow collision at the intersection of underground caverns, improve the flow state at the intersection of tunnels, and make the water flow in the intersection section stably enter the downstream drainage tunnel.
以上所述，仅为本发明的具体实施方式，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何属于本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内，可轻易想到的变化或替换，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。因此，本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求的保护范围为准。The above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the claims.
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