CN117146787A - Building inclination measurement method based on total station DR mode - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C9/00—Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels
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Abstract
The invention discloses a building inclination measurement method based on a total station DR mode, which comprises the following steps: 1. establishing a ranging error compensation model by using a ranging experiment of building feature points; 2. establishing a high-precision three-dimensional control network according to the site conditions of the building; 3. selecting a building inclination measurement characteristic point, and estimating the ground clearance of the building inclination measurement characteristic point; 4. estimating a station setting position according to the ground clearance of the building inclination measurement characteristic point, and accurately adjusting the station measuring position through a total station DR mode observation value; 5. analyzing and compensating the distance observation value according to the DR mode distance measurement error compensation model; 6. and calculating coordinates of the building inclination measurement characteristic points and acquiring the building inclination amount. The invention is based on total station DR mode ranging error correction and high-precision three-dimensional control network establishment, has high precision and good reliability, can carry out inclination measurement work on the system without touching a building, and is suitable for use in field environments with sudden extreme danger.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of building inclination measurement, and particularly relates to a building inclination measurement method based on a total station DR mode.
Background
During construction and before completion of acceptance, the upper structure, wall surface, column, etc. of building should be observed obliquely. In the construction operation stage, when inclination occurs, inclination observation should be performed in time, and the result can provide relevant reference data for design and construction departments so as to take measures in time, thereby achieving the purposes of safe construction and avoiding hidden danger. Building inclination observation is to measure the verticality of the building itself to know the stability of foundation piles at different stages of building construction. The inclination measurement of the building body should measure the inclination, inclination direction and inclination rate of the top observation point of the building relative to the bottom observation point or the upper layer relative to the lower layer observation point. The current common methods for observing the inclination of the building comprise a theodolite casting method, a front intersection method, a laser collimation method, a vertical line method, a hanging ball method, a differential settlement method and the like.
The theodolite casting method is characterized in that measuring facilities such as a horizontal reading ruler are arranged at the position of an observation point at the bottom of a building, horizontal displacement components between each pair of upper and lower observation point marks are measured according to a positive and negative mirror method, and then horizontal displacement values (inclination amounts) and displacement directions (inclination directions) are obtained according to a vector addition method; the front intersection method determines the coordinates of the unknown observation points by observing the unknown observation points on the building on a certain number of known points by a frame station, and has high requirements on the field viewing conditions, is extremely easy to be influenced by the field environment, and can not carry out observation work or has poor quality of observation results; the laser collimation method is characterized in that a receiving target is arranged at a proper position on the top of a building, a laser plumb instrument or a laser theodolite is arranged on the ground or the floor below a vertical line of the receiving target, and the horizontal displacement and the displacement direction of the top are directly read or measured on the receiving target; the vertical line method is characterized in that a vertical line with a certain protection device and auxiliary facilities for providing tension force are arranged in a building, and the displacement is read by equivalent measuring equipment of a coordinate instrument, an optical vertical line instrument and an inductive vertical line instrument which are arranged on an observation pier, so that the method has the advantages of larger workload, larger organization implementation difficulty and lower efficiency; the ball hanging method is to directly hang or pay out a ball with proper weight at the top of a building or at the position of an observation point at a required height, fix a reading device (such as a millimeter grid reading plate) at the bottom below a vertical line, directly read or measure out the horizontal displacement and displacement direction of an upper observation point relative to the bottom observation point, and the method is greatly influenced by the observation environment and cannot be used under the conditions of high field wind speed, high floor and the like; the differential settlement method is to indirectly determine the inclination condition of the building after measuring the relative settlement of the building by using measuring equipment such as a level gauge and the like, and the method needs a certain observation period and reflects the inclination condition of the building in the period, thus being not suitable for measuring the current total inclination condition of the building. The method is easy to be restricted by the field environment in the organizing and implementing process, the organizing and implementing process is complex, and the adaptability to special observation conditions is poor. The method for obliquely observing the building in the operation period has the problems that the traditional method for obliquely observing the building does not have equipment layout conditions or has high operation difficulty and the like.
At this time, the direct reflection mode of DR (Direct Reflection, DR) which is the non-contact measurement of the total station can directly perform measurement on the target meeting the ranging condition without using the cooperative target, the prism, the reflective sheet, etc., and is particularly suitable for being used in special measurement scenes where the cooperative target cannot be set, such as building corner points where the prism or the reflective sheet cannot be set. The total station DR mode calculates the equivalent distance according to the whole reflection area irradiated by the collected laser spots, and is not only affected by factors such as color, roughness, measuring point area and the like of the surface of the measured object, but also poor reliability of the measurement result is often caused by weak reflection signals of the measured object or simultaneous reception of reflection signals of a plurality of objects in the practical application process.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the building inclination measurement method based on the total station DR mode, which is used for analyzing and correcting the ranging error of the total station DR mode, can improve the precision and stability of three-dimensional point coordinate measurement to a certain extent, can rapidly and accurately perform inclination measurement on a building, timely and effectively feeds back inclination measurement information, provides basic data support and informationized guidance for building safety state analysis and decision, and is convenient to popularize and use.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method for measuring the inclination of a building based on the DR mode of a total station, comprising the steps of:
step one, calculating a change sequence of the size of a light spot along with the propagation distance of laser according to the divergence of laser beams of a total station, and establishing a ranging error compensation model by using a ranging experiment of building feature points;
step two, a high-precision three-dimensional control network is established according to the site conditions of the building, and a global coordinate reference standard is provided for the inclination measurement of the building;
selecting building inclination measurement characteristic points from the building characteristic points, and estimating the ground clearance of the building inclination measurement characteristic points;
estimating a station setting position according to the ground clearance of the building inclination measurement characteristic points, and accurately adjusting the station measuring position through a total station DR mode observation value;
collecting building inclination measurement characteristic point data by using a total station DR mode, and analyzing and compensating a distance observation value according to a DR mode ranging error compensation model;
and step six, calculating the coordinates of the building inclination measurement characteristic points by using the compensated distance allowance value, and calculating the building inclination amount according to the coordinates of the building inclination measurement characteristic points.
The building inclination measurement method based on the total station DR mode is characterized by comprising the following steps of: in the first step, the building feature points comprise building internal corner feature points, building external corner feature points and building special external corner feature points, the building internal corner feature points comprise straight three-plane corner feature points and straight dihedral corner feature points, the building external corner feature points are straight dihedral corner complementary feature points, and the building special external corners are special external corners formed by three mutually perpendicular planes.
The building inclination measurement method based on the total station DR mode is characterized by comprising the following steps of: firstly, arranging a plurality of prisms at the periphery of a building site to serve as global control points for orientation of each measuring station; and secondly, planning the number of measuring stations according to the number of building characteristic points, and carrying out adjustment calculation by taking any measuring station as a reference to establish a high-precision three-dimensional control network.
The building inclination measurement method based on the total station DR mode is characterized by comprising the following steps of: firstly, selecting building inclination measurement feature points according to groups, wherein each group comprises two building inclination measurement feature points, and marking the height of each group of two building inclination measurement feature points from low to high as a low feature point and a high feature point respectively; and secondly, estimating the ground clearance of each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points, and providing reference data for total station setting.
The building inclination measurement method based on the total station DR mode is characterized by comprising the following steps of: determining the station setting direction of the total station by taking horizontal projection angle bisectors of the positions of the inclined measurement feature points of each group of buildings as references; the station setting position is determined by taking the height difference of the design of the high and low characteristic points as the reference distance from the center of the total station to the straight line of each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points; taking the ground-leaving height of the low characteristic point in each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points as the reference height of the setting station; and initially observing the ground clearance of the high and low characteristic points, and taking the ground clearance as a reference to accurately adjust the position of the measuring station.
The building inclination measurement method based on the total station DR mode is characterized by comprising the following steps of: step five, acquiring a building inclination measurement characteristic point angle and a distance observation value by using a total station DR mode; and analyzing and compensating the distance observation value by taking the total station DR mode distance observation value as a basis.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention is hardly limited by site conditions, has strong environmental adaptability, is particularly suitable for the inclination measurement of buildings in an operation state, and is convenient for popularization and use.
2. The invention is based on total station DR mode ranging error correction and high-precision three-dimensional control network establishment, the precision and reliability are ensured, the reliability is stable, and the use effect is good.
3. The method has simple steps, belongs to non-contact measurement, can carry out inclination measurement on the building under the condition of not contacting the building, has simple operation, is suitable for being used in field environments with sudden extreme danger, ensures the safety of observers to a certain extent, and is convenient to popularize and use.
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail through the drawings and the embodiments.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block flow diagram of the method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the invention simulating the internal corners (right triangular corners) of a building.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of the invention simulating the internal corner (straight dihedral angle) of a building.
Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of the simulated building external angle (straight dihedral complement) of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of a simulated building specific external corner of the present invention.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 to 5, the building inclination measurement method based on the total station DR mode of the present invention includes the steps of:
step one, calculating a change sequence of the size of a light spot along with the propagation distance of laser according to the divergence of laser beams of a total station, and establishing a ranging error compensation model by using a ranging experiment of building feature points;
step two, a high-precision three-dimensional control network is established according to the site conditions of the building, and a global coordinate reference standard is provided for the inclination measurement of the building;
selecting building inclination measurement characteristic points from the building characteristic points, and estimating the ground clearance of the building inclination measurement characteristic points;
estimating a station setting position according to the ground clearance of the building inclination measurement characteristic points, and accurately adjusting the station measuring position through a total station DR mode observation value;
collecting building inclination measurement characteristic point data by using a total station DR mode, and analyzing and compensating a distance observation value according to a DR mode ranging error compensation model;
and step six, calculating the coordinates of the building inclination measurement characteristic points by using the compensated distance allowance value, and calculating the building inclination amount according to the coordinates of the building inclination measurement characteristic points.
In this embodiment, in the first step, the building feature point location includes a building internal corner feature point location, a building external corner feature point location, and a building special external corner feature point location, the building internal corner feature point location includes a straight three-face corner feature point location and a straight two-face corner feature point location, the building external corner feature point location is a straight two-face corner complement feature point location, and the building special external corner is a special external corner formed by three mutually perpendicular faces.
In the second embodiment, firstly, arranging a plurality of prisms at the periphery of a building site as global control points for orientation of each measuring station; and secondly, planning the number of measuring stations according to the number of building characteristic points, and carrying out adjustment calculation by taking any measuring station as a reference to establish a high-precision three-dimensional control network.
In the embodiment, in the third step, firstly, building inclination measurement feature points are selected according to groups, two of the building inclination measurement feature points in each group are respectively recorded as a low feature point and a high feature point from low to high according to the ground height; and secondly, estimating the ground clearance of each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points, and providing reference data for total station setting.
In the fourth step, the station setting direction of the total station is determined by taking the horizontal projection angle bisector of the position of each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points as a reference; the station setting position is determined by taking the height difference of the design of the high and low characteristic points as the reference distance from the center of the total station to the straight line of each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points; taking the ground-leaving height of the low characteristic point in each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points as the reference height of the setting station; and initially observing the ground clearance of the high and low characteristic points, and taking the ground clearance as a reference to accurately adjust the position of the measuring station.
In the fifth step, the angle and the distance observation value of the building inclination measurement feature point are obtained by using a total station DR mode; and analyzing and compensating the distance observation value by taking the total station DR mode distance observation value as a basis.
The prism measurement mode of the total station has the same angle measurement accuracy as the DR mode, and the former has a certain advantage in distance measurement accuracy, so that the former has higher point measurement accuracy than the latter. In the practical application process, the situation that the cooperative targets such as a prism cannot be set often happens, and the total station DR mode is used for carrying out measurement work. The building in operation has a complex outer facade decoration structure and does not have the condition of a cooperative target, so that the DR mode of the total station is required to be utilized for carrying out the inclination measurement work.
Taking the Tianbao S8 total station as an example, the instrument comprises visible and invisible laser sources. The laser diode which performs distance measurement and completes the function of the laser sighting device in the DR mode works at 660nm (visible light), the beam divergence is 0.4x0.4mrad, and the output power is less than 1mW (when the emitted beam is coaxial with the telescope); the laser diode which completes the distance measurement function in the prism mode works at 660nm (visible light), the beam divergence is 0.4x0.4mrad, and the output power is less than 0.017mW (when the emitted beam is coaxial with the telescope); the auto-lock mode laser diode operates at 785nm (non-visible infrared light), beam divergence of 38.5mrad, output power <0.35mw (when the emitted beam is coaxial with the telescope).
Calculating the change sequence of the spot size along with the distance according to the divergence of the laser beam of the DR mode, and calculating the formula according to the divergence angle of monochromatic laser, namelyWhere D is the diameter of the beam and L is the distance.
The beam divergence of the total station of the Tianbao S8 is known to be 0.4x0.4mrad, and according to the above, the change of the laser spot diameter along with the propagation of the beam along with the distance in the DR mode can be deduced, as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
In theory, the distance acquired by the DR mode of the total station is after the laser beam is naturally reflected by the measured objectEquivalent signals of all reflected signals, equivalent distances generated by the equivalent signals are as follows:wherein E is the number of the reflected signals, E is the total number of the reflected signals, q e Is the distance from the e-th reflected signal to the center of the instrument, P e Is the weight occupied by the e-th reflected signal.
The ranging experiments were performed using the internal corners (right triangular corners) of the simulated building, and the ranging results thereof are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
As can be seen from table 2, in the building internal angle (right triangle) scene, the difference between the prism mode and the DR mode has a certain relationship with the spot diameter, and the following model is established:wherein K is 1 Is the difference coefficient, s 1 And d is the diameter of a light spot, and L is the ranging result in the DR mode.
Distance-measuring error compensation value V under building internal angle (right-angle-of-three) scene calculated through the method 1 。
Ranging experiments were performed in DR mode using simulated building planes, internal angles (right dihedral angles), external angles (complement angles of right dihedral angles), and ranging results thereof are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 Table 3
Further, it can be seen from the above table that in the scene of building plane, internal angle (straight dihedral angle), external angle (complement angle of straight dihedral angle), the difference value of DR mode has a certain relation with the spot diameter, and the following model is established:wherein K is 2 As the coefficient of difference between flat yin and K 3 Is the coefficient of the difference between the sun and the flat sun, s 2 Is the difference between the level and the negative in DR mode, s 3 And d is the spot diameter, and L is the ranging result in the DR mode.
The distance measurement error compensation value V in the internal angle (straight dihedral angle) scene can be calculated through the method 2 Distance-finding error compensation value V in external angle (complementary angle to right dihedral angle) scene 3 。
The error compensation model of the special external corner of the building (the special external corner formed by three mutually perpendicular surfaces, the reflection effect of which is approximately equal to the combination of the external corners of the internal corner of the right side and the complementary angle of the right side) can be calculated:
the distance measurement error compensation value V of the special external corner of the building can be calculated through the method 4 . So far, the distance measurement error compensation model of the common feature points of the building is established.
And arranging n control points around the building, arranging m measuring stations around the building by using an S8 total station, and observing angles and distances of the control points at each measuring station by using the S8 total station, thereby forming a space three-dimensional corner net.
The observation values of the angle and distance of the ith station to the jth control point are set as (Hz ij ,V ij ,S ij ) From this, the coordinate of the jth control point in the ith station is calculated as (X ij ,Y ij ,Z ij ). Let the rotation parameters from the ith station coordinate system to the global coordinate system of the S8 total station beTranslation parameter is->The j-th control point has a coordinate (X j ,Y j ,Z j ). The coordinate system conversion principle can be known as follows: />Wherein n is i1 ,n i2 ,n i3 ,o i1 ,o i2 ,o i3 ,a i1 ,a i2 ,a i3 For the ith station rotation parameter +.>If the rotation is performed in the order of X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis, there is +.>
S8, each station of the total station is strictly leveled, and at the moment, the rotation parameters from the ith station coordinate system to the global coordinate system becomeThe above can be changed into +.>
Further, the observation values of the angle and distance of the ith station to the jth control point are (Hz ij ,V ij ,S ij ) Station coordinate system O of jth control point in ith station i -X i Y i Z i The coordinates of (X) ij ,Y ij ,Z ij ). The horizontal angle observed quantity and the zenith distance observed quantity can be calculated by the coordinates of the control points:
the coordinates of the control points in the above coordinate system are the coordinates in the coordinate system of the measuring station, and can be transferred to the measuring coordinate system by the above coordinate conversion formula, and then the following are:
in the measurement coordinate system, the point coordinates and the distance are observedThe functional relationship of the quantities is:
linearizing the observation value formulas, and reserving a term after expanding according to the Taylor series to construct an error equation: V=A.delta.X-l, wherein,is the residual vector of all observed values, A is the coefficient matrix, δX is the residual vector of each parameter, and l is the constant term vector.
Let the observation value weight matrix be P, solve the unknown parameter residual value by the least square principle as δX= (A) T PA) -1 ·A T Pl。
Let the initial value of the parameter be X 0 Initial value of parameter X 0 And adding the residual value delta X to obtain a parameter allowance value.
In actual building inclination measurement, L is used as 1 The station is the starting station of the whole network to carry out the whole network adjustment, and the data of the rest stations are calculated to L 1 Under the coordinate system of the measuring station, namely, the coordinates of the parameters and the control points of each measuring station after the adjustment is calculated are all in L 1 Data in the coordinate system of the measuring station.
According to a building design drawing and in combination with on-site environmental conditions, selecting a point position with a shape representative characteristic as a point position to be measured of the inclination measurement characteristic position on the outer surface of the building, such as a building internal angle (a straight dihedral angle), a female angle (a straight dihedral angle), a male angle (a complementary angle of the straight dihedral angle), a special male angle and the like, and estimating the ground clearance of the characteristic point according to the building design drawing.
And (3) calculating a station setting position according to the estimated height outline of the feature points from the ground, and determining the station setting direction by taking the horizontal projection angle bisector of the external angle or the internal angle of each group of feature points as a reference. And taking the height difference between the design of the high and low characteristic points as the reference distance from the instrument center to the straight line where each group of characteristic points are located to determine the station setting position. The low feature point ground clearance is taken as the set station reference height.
And initially observing the ground clearance height of the high and low characteristic points, and accurately adjusting the position of the measuring station by taking the ground clearance height as a reference.
And collecting characteristic point data by using the established high-precision three-dimensional control network as a reference and utilizing a total station DR mode, and analyzing and compensating a distance observation value according to the DR mode ranging error compensation model. And calculating the coordinates of the characteristic points of the building by using the compensated distance allowance value, and calculating the inclination condition of the building according to the coordinates of the characteristic points.
The foregoing description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and any simple modification, variation and equivalent structural changes made to the above embodiment according to the technical substance of the present invention still fall within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for measuring the inclination of a building based on the DR mode of a total station, comprising the steps of:
step one, calculating a change sequence of the size of a light spot along with the propagation distance of laser according to the divergence of laser beams of a total station, and establishing a ranging error compensation model by using a ranging experiment of building feature points;
step two, a high-precision three-dimensional control network is established according to the site conditions of the building, and a global coordinate reference standard is provided for the inclination measurement of the building;
selecting building inclination measurement characteristic points from the building characteristic points, and estimating the ground clearance of the building inclination measurement characteristic points;
estimating a station setting position according to the ground clearance of the building inclination measurement characteristic points, and accurately adjusting the station measuring position through a total station DR mode observation value;
collecting building inclination measurement characteristic point data by using a total station DR mode, and analyzing and compensating a distance observation value according to a DR mode ranging error compensation model;
and step six, calculating the coordinates of the building inclination measurement characteristic points by using the compensated distance allowance value, and calculating the building inclination amount according to the coordinates of the building inclination measurement characteristic points.
2. A building inclination measuring method based on a total station DR mode according to claim 1, wherein: in the first step, the building feature points comprise building internal corner feature points, building external corner feature points and building special external corner feature points, the building internal corner feature points comprise straight three-plane corner feature points and straight dihedral corner feature points, the building external corner feature points are straight dihedral corner complementary feature points, and the building special external corners are special external corners formed by three mutually perpendicular planes.
3. A building inclination measuring method based on a total station DR mode according to claim 1, wherein: firstly, arranging a plurality of prisms at the periphery of a building site to serve as global control points for orientation of each measuring station; and secondly, planning the number of measuring stations according to the number of building characteristic points, and carrying out adjustment calculation by taking any measuring station as a reference to establish a high-precision three-dimensional control network.
4. A building inclination measuring method based on a total station DR mode according to claim 1, wherein: firstly, selecting building inclination measurement feature points according to groups, wherein each group comprises two building inclination measurement feature points, and marking the height of each group of two building inclination measurement feature points from low to high as a low feature point and a high feature point respectively; and secondly, estimating the ground clearance of each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points, and providing reference data for total station setting.
5. A total station DR mode based building inclination measuring method according to claim 4, wherein: determining the station setting direction of the total station by taking horizontal projection angle bisectors of the positions of the inclined measurement feature points of each group of buildings as references; the station setting position is determined by taking the height difference of the design of the high and low characteristic points as the reference distance from the center of the total station to the straight line of each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points; taking the ground-leaving height of the low characteristic point in each group of building inclination measurement characteristic points as the reference height of the setting station; and initially observing the ground clearance of the high and low characteristic points, and taking the ground clearance as a reference to accurately adjust the position of the measuring station.
6. A building inclination measuring method based on a total station DR mode according to claim 1, wherein: step five, acquiring a building inclination measurement characteristic point angle and a distance observation value by using a total station DR mode; and analyzing and compensating the distance observation value by taking the total station DR mode distance observation value as a basis.
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| CN118565369A (en) * | 2024-05-08 | 2024-08-30 | 浙江瑞邦科特检测有限公司 | House deformation measuring device and method based on laser ranging |
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