CN115053753A - Efficient cultivation method for mushrooms - Google Patents
Efficient cultivation method for mushrooms Download PDFInfo
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- CN115053753A CN115053753A CN202210796809.4A CN202210796809A CN115053753A CN 115053753 A CN115053753 A CN 115053753A CN 202210796809 A CN202210796809 A CN 202210796809A CN 115053753 A CN115053753 A CN 115053753A
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Mushroom Cultivation (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a high-efficiency cultivation method of mushrooms, which comprises the following steps: s1: preparing a culture medium: mixing willow branch particles with miscellaneous wood chips and bamboo chips, and soaking in rice washing water; removing part of the supernatant, adding wheat bran, gypsum, vitamin C phosphate magnesium, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, amino acid and sodium selenite, and stirring to obtain culture base material; subpackaging the culture medium material with polypropylene fungus bags with proper tightness; sterilizing with autoclave, and cooling to obtain culture medium; s2: inoculation → fungus cultivation management → bag removal → mushroom production management → harvest. The cultivation method provided by the invention is combined with the preparation of the high-efficiency cultivation substrate, so that the growth of the mushrooms can be promoted, and the yield and the quality of products are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of shiitake cultivation, and particularly relates to a high-efficiency shiitake cultivation method.
Background
Lentinus edodes (academic name: Lentinus edodes), also known as Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Mycopharyngodon comatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and Lentinus edodes, is an edible fungus. The edible part of the mushroom accounts for 72 percent, and each 100g of the edible part contains 13g of water, 1.8g of fat, 54g of carbohydrate, 7.8g of crude fiber, 4.9g of ash, 124mg of calcium, 415mg of phosphorus, 25.3mg of iron, 10.07mg of vitamin B, 21.13mg of vitamin B and 18.9mg of nicotinic acid. Besides 85-90% of water, the fresh mushroom contains 19.9% of crude protein, 4% of crude fat, 67% of soluble nitrogen-free substances, 7% of crude fiber and 3% of ash in solid matters. The shiitake mushroom is rich in provitamin D, but little in vitamin C and is deficient in provitamin A and provitamin A. Lentinan can improve the activity of helper T cells and enhance the humoral immunity function of human body. A large number of practices prove that the lentinus edodes has a wide cancer prevention and treatment range and is used for clinical treatment. The mushroom also contains various vitamins and mineral substances, and has great effects of promoting human metabolism and improving organism adaptability. Lentinus Edodes also has therapeutic effect on diabetes, pulmonary tuberculosis, infectious hepatitis, neuritis, dyspepsia, constipation, and obesity. Lentinus edodes recorded in China 'Yi Qi Bu Huo, treat wind and break blood, benefit stomach and help food' is recorded in many ancient books. Folk can be used for treating headache and dizziness by helping the induction of acne and measles. Modern researches prove that lentinan can regulate the activity of T cells with immune functions in human bodies and can reduce the tumor inducing capacity of methylcholanthrene. The mushroom has strong inhibition effect on cancer cells, the inhibition rate on the mouse sarcoma 180 is 97.5%, and the inhibition rate on the ehrlich cancer is 80%. The shiitake mushroom also contains double-stranded ribonucleic acid, can induce to generate interferon, and has antiviral ability.
From the last 80 th of the century, particularly in the last decade, the mushroom industry is vigorously developed in many areas in succession, and is used as a short, flat and fast enrichment project for developing agriculture and rural economy, and is not listed in Xiang cities (counties) and is used as a main producing area for edible mushrooms such as mushrooms, agarics and the like in our province, the edible mushroom industry plays an important role in flourishing local rural economy and increasing income of farmers, but with the development and growth of the whole industry, forest resources are seriously damaged, the ecological environment is gradually worsened, if new alternative materials are not researched for a long time, the mushroom production faces resource crisis, and the sustainable development of the mushroom production is limited.
The lentinus edodes is a very special wood-rotting fungus, broad-leaved trees are used for cultivating the lentinus edodes in production, according to measurement and calculation, 70 cubic meters of broad-leaved trees are consumed for producing one ton of basswood lentinus edodes, 180 cubic meters of broad-leaved trees are consumed for producing one ton of export lentinus edodes, and 43 cubic meters of consumed material is consumed for one ton of generation lentinus edodes, so that in a lentinus edodes production area, broad-leaved tree resources are reduced year by year, and development and utilization of non-broad-leaved tree cultivated lentinus edodes are necessary.
Bamboo grows and plants widely in the world due to the advantages of short growth cycle, simple planting, high benefit and utilization degree and the like, is called as the second forest in the world mainly in tropical and subtropical regions in Asia-Pacific, Africa and Latin America, and the bamboo industry developed by utilizing bamboo resources becomes a globally recognized green industry and relates to a plurality of fields such as buildings, building materials, home furnishing and the like. China is the world with the most abundant bamboo resources, and bamboo products produced and processed every year are in a rapid growth trend due to rapid development of the industry, so that huge leftovers are generated along with the growth of the bamboo products, and most of the bamboo products are used as fuel. In order to improve the utilization rate of the bamboo dust, 5 chemical components of the green bamboo and the yellow bamboo are determined, and the five chemical components have no obvious difference through data analysis, wherein the basic components comprise 11.13% of moisture, 1.04% of ash, 6.05% of benzene alcohol extract, 71.27% of cellulose and 23.00% of lignin.
Chinese patent CN109804858A discloses a bamboo substrate and a method for cultivating mushrooms by using the bamboo substrate, a novel substrate for cultivating mushrooms is prepared by using granular bamboo crumbs as a main material, the source of mushroom cultivation raw materials is greatly expanded, and a novel method is provided for cultivating mushrooms. But the nutrition structure of the substrate is too single, and the substrate does not greatly contribute to the yield and the quality of the shiitake mushrooms.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an efficient mushroom cultivation method, which can promote the growth of mushrooms and improve the yield and quality of products by combining the preparation of an efficient cultivation substrate.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the efficient cultivation method of the shiitake mushrooms comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing a culture medium: mixing willow branch particles with miscellaneous wood chips and bamboo chips, and soaking in rice washing water; removing part of the supernatant, adding wheat bran, gypsum, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, amino acid and sodium selenite, and stirring to obtain a culture base material; subpackaging the culture medium material with polypropylene fungus bags with proper tightness; sterilizing with autoclave, and cooling to obtain culture medium;
s2: inoculation → fungus cultivation management → bag removal → mushroom production management → harvest.
Further, in step S1, the mass ratio of the miscellaneous wood chips, the bamboo chips and the willow branch particles is 2:5: 1; the addition amount of the wheat bran is 15-25% of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the gypsum is 1 percent of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the vitamin C magnesium phosphate is 0.5-1% of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is 0.5-2% of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the amino acid is 0.5-1% of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the sodium selenite is 0.03-0.05% of the total amount of the raw materials.
Further, in step S1, the amino acid is proline; the rice washing water is the first 1-2 rice washing water.
Further, in step S1, the soaking temperature is 20-25 ℃ and the soaking time is 10-20 h.
Further, in step S1, the water content of the cultivation base material is 58-62%, and the pH value is 4.5-6.0.
Further, in step S1, the sterilization temperature is 121 ℃ and the sterilization time is 6 hours or more.
Further, in step S2, the inoculation method includes: inoculating in a dibbling mode at the temperature of 23-25 ℃ in an aseptic environment, wherein dibbling row spacing and plant spacing are both 2 inches, and inoculating 3-4 g of cultivated species in each point.
Further, in step S2, the bacteria culture management includes the steps of: the temperature of the mushroom spores is controlled to be 22-26 ℃ in the germination period, 24-27 ℃ in the hyphal growth period, 10-12 ℃ in the primordial differentiation period and 8-16 ℃ in the sporocarp development period; controlling the air humidity to be 60-70% in the germination period and the hypha growth period of the lentinus edodes spores, and controlling the air humidity to be 75-90% in the primordium differentiation period and the sporocarp development period;
further, in step S2, the fruiting management includes the steps of: building a bamboo shed, and covering a sunshade net; transferring the fungus bags to a bamboo shed, laying flat, covering with sandy loam, spraying water, keeping the temperature below 25 ℃, and controlling the temperature difference between day and night to be 10 ℃; keeping the air humidity at 80-90%; the ventilation is maintained.
Further, in step S2, when mushroom grows to have a mature commodity character, harvesting is performed, i.e., the sporophore mycoderm is just broken and the pileus edge is kept rolled up.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the miscellaneous wood chips, the wheat bran and the gypsum are conventional raw materials of the mushroom culture medium; on the basis, 5 components of willow branches, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, amino acid and sodium selenite are additionally added, wherein the bark of the willow branches contains rich salicylic acid which is a growth regulator and can promote the growth of mushroom hyphae. Because the mushroom decomposes lignocellulose as carbon and nitrogen sources by various enzymes secreted by hypha, and absorbs inorganic salt, vitamins and the like deposited in the tree ducts; the vitamin C magnesium phosphate is a derivative of vitamin C, has all functions of the vitamin C, overcomes the defect of poor stability of the vitamin C, is easy to absorb, and can promote the growth of hypha; meanwhile, the existence of magnesium element in vitamin C magnesium phosphate can strengthen enzymatic reaction, promote nutrition transportation and improve the absorption rate of plants to nutrient substances. Because the mushroom has great demand on water, and the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose has good thickening effect and water retention, on one hand, the raw materials can be tightly connected, on the other hand, the water can be retained, and the hypha can be ensured to grow in a proper water atmosphere. Because the mushroom hyphae have strong capacity of enriching metal ions, the amino acid can reduce the toxic action of heavy metal ions such as cadmium on the hyphae, and the reason is probably to form an amino acid-cation-polyphosphoric acid compound, reduce the mobility of the heavy metal ions and further reduce the harm of the heavy metal on the hyphae; the amino acid adopted by the invention is proline, so that the stress resistance of the mushroom hyphae can be improved, the damage to organisms caused by abiotic stress such as temperature stress and the like can be relieved, the normal occurrence of enzyme reaction in the hyphae can be ensured, and the survival rate can be improved. Selenium is one of essential nutrient elements for human body, has good effect on human body aging resistance, can enhance human body immunity and resistance, and has anticancer and antitumor effects; the selenium element is added, and the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms are cultivated by utilizing the strong enrichment capacity of the shiitake mushrooms on metal ions, so that the selenium-rich shiitake mushrooms have a good economic prospect; in addition, selenium has high affinity to heavy metals, so that interaction can occur in the body of the mushroom, the selenium-enriched shiitake mushroom has a detoxifying effect on metals such as cadmium and mercury, and the selenium-enriched shiitake mushroom can supplement selenium and protect certain toxic damages caused by cadmium and mercury.
(2) The invention adopts rice washing water to soak the miscellaneous wood chips, the bamboo chips and the willow branches, and the rice washing water contains rich nutrients such as starch, protein, amino acid, vitamin, mineral substances and the like and can be absorbed by hyphae to promote growth; the first 1-2 rice washing waters are acidic, the pH value is about 5.5, the weak acid environment required by the mushrooms is met, and the growing environment requirement of hyphae is further guaranteed. And the acidity of the rice washing water can be changed by changing the soaking time so as to adapt to the condition that hyphae need different pH values at different stages.
(3) When the magnesium ascorbyl phosphate is used in cooperation with willow branches and amino acid, a synergistic effect is generated, salicylic acid, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and amino acid which are leached from the willow branches in rice washing water can be synergistically induced, the enzyme activity in mycelia is improved, the permeation of oxygen is promoted, the vitality of the mycelia is enabled to be more vigorous, the absorption and utilization of nutrient components are promoted, the accumulation of nutrient substances in mushrooms is promoted, and the product quality is improved. The amino acid and the selenium have the function of synergistically reducing the content of harmful metals in the lentinus edodes body; the magnesium ascorbyl phosphate has all functions of vitamin C and can promote the absorption of selenium; the vitamin C magnesium phosphate and the amino acid enhance the effect of enzymatic reaction, and play a certain role in catalyzing the combination of the amino acid, the selenium and the harmful metal, so that the combination of the three can synergistically detoxify the harmful metal, and the healthy growth of the shiitake mushrooms and the safety of people eating the shiitake mushrooms are protected.
(4) The preparation method of the mushroom culture medium is green and environment-friendly, is simple to operate, has easily obtained raw materials and low production cost, and is easy for industrial development; the prepared culture medium is used for cultivating the shiitake mushrooms, and has the advantages of short period, high yield and high quality.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate a better understanding of the invention, the following examples are given to illustrate, but not to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The efficient cultivation method of the shiitake mushrooms comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing sundry wood chips, bamboo chips and willow branch particles with the particle size of 0.5mm according to the mass ratio of 2:5: 1; mixing willow branch particles with miscellaneous wood chips and bamboo chips, and soaking the mixture in first 1-pass rice washing water at 20 ℃ for 10 hours; removing part of the supernatant, adding wheat bran accounting for 15% of the total amount of the raw materials, gypsum accounting for 1% of the total amount of the raw materials, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate accounting for 0.5% of the total amount of the raw materials, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose accounting for 0.5% of the total amount of the raw materials, proline accounting for 0.5% of the total amount of the raw materials and sodium selenite accounting for 0.03% of the total amount of the raw materials, and uniformly stirring to obtain a cultivation base material with a pH value of 4.5 and a water content of 58%; subpackaging the culture medium material with polypropylene fungus bags with proper tightness; sterilizing with autoclave at 121 deg.C for 6 hr, and cooling to obtain Lentinus Edodes culture medium;
s2: inoculating in a dibbling mode at 23 deg.C under sterile environment, wherein dibbling row spacing and plant spacing are both 2 inches, and inoculating 3g of cultivar per point;
s3: the temperature of the mushroom spores in the germination period is controlled to be 22 ℃, the temperature of the hypha in the growth period is controlled to be 24 ℃, the temperature of the primordium in the differentiation period is controlled to be 10 ℃, and the temperature of the fruiting body in the development period is controlled to be 8 ℃; controlling the air humidity to be 60% in the germination period and the hypha growth period of the lentinus edodes spores, and controlling the air humidity to be 75% in the primordium differentiation period and the sporocarp development period;
s4: building a bamboo shed, and covering a sunshade net; transferring the fungus bags to a bamboo shed, removing the bags, laying flat, covering with sandy loam, spraying water, keeping the temperature below 25 ℃, and controlling the temperature difference between day and night to be 10 ℃; keeping the air humidity at 800%; the ventilation is maintained.
Example 2
The efficient cultivation method of the shiitake mushrooms comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing sundry wood chips, bamboo chips and willow branch particles with the particle size of 0.6mm according to the mass ratio of 2:5: 1; mixing willow branch particles with miscellaneous wood chips and bamboo chips, and soaking with first 2 rice washing water at 22 ℃ for 20 h; removing part of the supernatant, adding wheat bran accounting for 18% of the total amount of the raw materials, gypsum accounting for 1% of the total amount of the raw materials, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate accounting for 0.6% of the total amount of the raw materials, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose accounting for 0.8% of the total amount of the raw materials, proline accounting for 0.6% of the total amount of the raw materials and sodium selenite accounting for 0.04% of the total amount of the raw materials, and uniformly stirring to obtain a cultivation base material with a pH value of 5.0 and a water content of 60%; subpackaging the culture medium material by polypropylene fungus bags, wherein the tightness is proper; sterilizing with autoclave at 121 deg.C for 8 hr, and cooling to obtain Lentinus Edodes culture medium;
s2: inoculating in a dibbling mode at 24 deg.C under sterile environment, wherein dibbling row spacing and plant spacing are both 2 inches, and inoculating 4g of cultivar per point;
s3: the temperature of the mushroom spores in the germination period is controlled to be 23 ℃, the temperature of the hypha in the growth period is controlled to be 25 ℃, the temperature of the primordium in the differentiation period is controlled to be 11 ℃, and the temperature of the fruiting body in the development period is controlled to be 10 ℃; controlling the air humidity to be 65% in the germination period and the hypha growth period of the lentinus edodes spores, and controlling the air humidity to be 80% in the primordium differentiation period and the sporocarp development period;
s4: building a bamboo shed and covering a sunshade net; transferring the fungus bag to a bamboo shed, removing the bag, laying flat, covering with sandy loam, spraying water, keeping the temperature below 25 ℃, and controlling the day and night temperature difference to be 10 ℃; keeping the air humidity at 85%; the ventilation is maintained.
Example 3
The efficient cultivation method of the shiitake mushrooms comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing sundry wood chips, bamboo chips and willow branch particles with the particle size of 0.8mm according to the mass ratio of 2:5: 1; mixing willow branch particles with miscellaneous wood chips and bamboo chips, and soaking the mixture in first 1-pass rice washing water at 22 ℃ for 12 hours; removing part of the supernatant, adding wheat bran accounting for 22% of the total amount of the raw materials, gypsum accounting for 1% of the total amount of the raw materials, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate accounting for 0.8% of the total amount of the raw materials, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose accounting for 1.2% of the total amount of the raw materials, proline accounting for 0.8% of the total amount of the raw materials and sodium selenite accounting for 0.04% of the total amount of the raw materials, and uniformly stirring to obtain a cultivation base material with a pH value of 5.5 and a water content of 59%; subpackaging the culture medium material with polypropylene fungus bags with proper tightness; sterilizing with autoclave at 121 deg.C for 10 hr, and cooling to obtain Lentinus Edodes culture medium;
s2: inoculating in a dibbling mode at 25 deg.C under sterile environment, wherein dibbling row spacing and plant spacing are both 2 inches, and inoculating 3g of cultivar per point;
s3: the germination period of the lentinus edodes spores is controlled at 24 ℃, the growth period of hyphae is controlled at 26 ℃, the differentiation period of primordium is controlled at 12 ℃, and the development period of sporophores is controlled at 12 ℃; controlling the air humidity to be 65% in the germination period and the hypha growth period of the lentinus edodes spores, and controlling the air humidity to be 85% in the primordium differentiation period and the sporocarp development period;
s4: building a bamboo shed, and covering a sunshade net; transferring the fungus bags to a bamboo shed, removing the bags, laying flat, covering with sandy loam, spraying water, keeping the temperature below 25 ℃, and controlling the temperature difference between day and night to be 10 ℃; maintaining the air humidity at 85%; the ventilation is maintained.
Example 4
The efficient cultivation method of the shiitake mushrooms comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing sundry wood chips, bamboo chips and willow branch particles with the particle size of 0.7mm according to the mass ratio of 2:5: 1; mixing willow branch particles with miscellaneous sawdust and bamboo sawdust, and soaking in first 2 times of rice washing water at 21 deg.C for 18 h; removing part of supernatant, adding wheat bran accounting for 20% of the total amount of the raw materials, gypsum accounting for 1% of the total amount of the raw materials, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate accounting for 0.9% of the total amount of the raw materials, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose accounting for 1% of the total amount of the raw materials, proline accounting for 1% of the total amount of the raw materials and sodium selenite accounting for 0.05% of the total amount of the raw materials, and uniformly stirring to obtain a cultivation base material with the pH value of 4.5 and the water content of 62%; subpackaging the culture medium material with polypropylene fungus bags with proper tightness; sterilizing at 121 deg.C for 12 hr, and cooling to obtain Lentinus Edodes culture medium;
s2: inoculating in a dibbling mode at 24 deg.C under sterile environment, wherein dibbling row spacing and plant spacing are both 2 inches, and inoculating 4g of cultivar per point;
s3: the temperature of the mushroom spores is controlled to be 25 ℃ in the germination period, 27 ℃ in the hyphal growth period, 12 ℃ in the primordial differentiation period and 8-16 ℃ in the fruiting body development period; controlling the air humidity to be 70% in the germination period and the hypha growth period of the lentinus edodes spores, and controlling the air humidity to be 90% in the primordium differentiation period and the sporocarp development period;
s4: building a bamboo shed and covering a sunshade net; transferring the fungus bags to a bamboo shed, removing the bags, laying flat, covering with sandy loam, spraying water, keeping the temperature below 25 ℃, and controlling the temperature difference between day and night to be 10 ℃; keeping the air humidity at 90%; the ventilation is maintained.
Example 5
The efficient cultivation method of the shiitake mushrooms comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing miscellaneous wood chips, bamboo chips and willow branch particles with the particle size of 1mm according to the mass ratio of 2:5: 1; mixing willow branch particles with miscellaneous wood chips and bamboo chips, and soaking the mixture in first 1-pass rice washing water at 25 ℃ for 10 hours; removing part of supernatant, adding wheat bran accounting for 25% of the total amount of the raw materials, gypsum accounting for 1% of the total amount of the raw materials, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate accounting for 1% of the total amount of the raw materials, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose accounting for 2% of the total amount of the raw materials, proline accounting for 0.9% of the total amount of the raw materials and sodium selenite accounting for 0.05% of the total amount of the raw materials, and uniformly stirring to obtain a cultivation base material with the pH value of 6.0 and the water content of 60%; subpackaging the culture medium material with polypropylene fungus bags with proper tightness; sterilizing with autoclave at 121 deg.C for 15 hr, and cooling to obtain Lentinus Edodes culture medium;
s2: inoculating in a dibbling mode at 23 deg.C under sterile environment, wherein dibbling row spacing and plant spacing are both 2 inches, and inoculating 3g of cultivar per point;
s3: the temperature of the mushroom spores in the germination period is controlled to be 26 ℃, the temperature of the hypha in the growth period is controlled to be 24 ℃, the temperature of the primordium in the differentiation period is controlled to be 12 ℃, and the temperature of the fruiting body in the development period is controlled to be 16 ℃; controlling the air humidity to be 60% in the germination period and the hypha growth period of the lentinus edodes spores, and controlling the air humidity to be 90% in the primordium differentiation period and the sporocarp development period;
s4: building a bamboo shed, and covering a sunshade net; transferring the fungus bag to a bamboo shed, removing the bag, laying flat, covering with sandy loam, spraying water, keeping the temperature below 25 ℃, and controlling the day and night temperature difference to be 10 ℃; keeping the air humidity at 90%; the ventilation is maintained.
Comparative example 1
The preparation method of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium is basically the same as that of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium in the embodiment 3, except that the raw materials for preparing the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium do not contain willow branch particles, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and amino acid, and the content of other components is not changed.
Comparative example 2
The preparation method of the high-efficiency mushroom culture medium is basically the same as that of the high-efficiency mushroom culture medium in the example 3, except that the raw materials for preparing the high-efficiency mushroom culture medium do not contain willow branch particles and amino acid, and the content of other components is not changed.
Comparative example 3
The preparation method of the high-efficiency mushroom culture medium is basically the same as that of the high-efficiency mushroom culture medium in the example 3, except that the raw materials for preparing the high-efficiency mushroom culture medium do not contain willow branch particles and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, and the content of other components is unchanged.
Comparative example 4
The preparation method of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium is basically the same as that of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium in the example 3, except that the raw materials for preparing the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium do not contain vitamin C magnesium phosphate and amino acid, and the content of other components is not changed.
Comparative example 5
The formula of Chinese patent CN109804858A, particle bamboo sawdust 40%, miscellaneous wood dust 40%, wheat bran 19%, gypsum 1% and the method of example 3 were used as control groups.
Comparative example 6
The preparation method of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium is basically the same as that of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium in the example 3, except that the raw materials for preparing the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium do not contain vitamin C magnesium phosphate, amino acid and sodium selenate, and the content of other components is not changed.
Comparative example 7
The preparation method of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium is basically the same as that of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium in the example 3, except that the raw materials for preparing the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium do not contain vitamin C, magnesium phosphate and sodium selenate, and the content of other components is not changed.
Comparative example 8
The preparation method of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium is basically the same as that of the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium in the example 3, except that the raw materials for preparing the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium do not contain vitamin C magnesium phosphate and amino acid, and the content of other components is not changed.
Comparative example 9
The preparation method of the mushroom culture medium is basically the same as that of the mushroom culture medium in the example 3, except that the raw materials for preparing the mushroom high-efficiency culture medium do not contain sodium selenate and amino acid, and the content of other components is not changed.
Comparative experiment
First, cultivation site and time
1. A cultivation place: eight-step edible fungus planting base in Hezhou city.
2. Cultivation time: and (4) carrying out soil covering cultivation in summer, bag making and inoculation at the bottom of 2021 year 2 month, carrying out fungus cultivation management in 3-5 months, carrying out mushroom fruiting management in 6-10 months, and counting the first two times of mushrooms.
Second, statistics of biological indicators
1. Vegetative growth phase
The statistics of the data in the vegetative growth stage include the growth speed of hyphae, the bag filling time and the bud emergence time.
The hypha growth rate is measured by cross measurement of hypha diameter after inoculation for a period of time and when hypha rings are not connected, 10 hypha rings are randomly selected from each treatment group to obtain an average value.
The bag-full time is the average of the time for each treatment group to grow full of hyphae per repetition.
The budding time is the average value of the time that more than 5% of mushroom buds appear in each cell of each treatment group, and the mushroom buds are sporocarp with the size capable of being cut or with differentiated pileus and stipe.
2. Reproductive growth stage
Recording of the yield: the sum of the fresh weight of fruiting bodies in each cell of each treatment group of the first and second tide was counted and the biological efficiency, i.e. the fresh weight of the fruiting body/dry weight of the compost, BE, was calculated.
3. Morphological characteristics of fruit bodies
The morphological characteristics of the fruiting body are evaluated by the fresh weight of the single mushroom, the diameter of the pileus of the fruiting body, the thickness of the pileus, the diameter of the stipe and the length of the stipe.
The fresh weight of the single mushroom is the ratio of the fresh weight of the sporocarp to the corresponding number of the sporocarp, each treatment group randomly counts three times per tide, and the sporocarps of the first two tides are counted.
Randomly selecting 10 fruiting bodies with mature commodity characters from each cell of each treatment group in each tide, and measuring the diameter and thickness of pileus, the diameter and length of stipe.
4. Measurement of chemical composition of fruit body
The chemical component determination of the fruit body comprises three nutrient components and a heavy metal, wherein the content of the protein, the crude fiber, the ash content and the cadmium content are respectively determined, and the determination standards are GB5009.5-2010, GB5009.10-2003, GB5009.4-2010 and GB5009.15-2003 respectively. Selecting the fruiting body of the second tide for each cultivation matrix in each cultivation mode, wherein each formula should select commodity fragrant gourd with consistent size, cleaning with distilled water, drying, and pulverizing for use.
Third, data analysis
All data were analyzed by multiplex comparison using the complex pole difference method (Duncan' multiple range) in the SPSS17.0 analysis software.
Fourth, results and analysis
1. In a summer soil-covered cultivation mode, a main cultivation strain of the ficus pumila is used as a test strain, examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-4 are used as experimental groups, and comparative example 5 is used as a control group, and in the whole cultivation process of the lentinus edodes, the biological properties of the ficus pumila are measured, wherein the biological properties comprise hypha growth speed, full bag time and bud emergence time in a vegetative growth stage, and fruiting body yield, biological efficiency, fruiting body commodity properties and chemical components in a reproductive growth stage.
2. The results of the growth rate of hyphae, the time to fill bags and the time to bud in the vegetative growth stage, and the yield and biological efficiency of fruiting bodies in the reproductive growth stage are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 statistic of indexes of vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage of Lentinus edodes
As can be seen from Table 1:
(1) as a whole, example 3 is the most preferred example; compared with the comparative example 5, in the examples 1 to 5 of the invention, no matter in the vegetative growth stage or the reproductive growth stage of the mushrooms, all indexes are better, and the conditions are represented as that hyphae grow faster, and the bag filling time and the bud emergence time are shorter. The late budding time adversely affects the yield, so that the yield and biological efficiency of examples 1-5 of the present invention are also higher than those of comparative example 5.
(2) As can be seen from the data of example 3 and comparative examples 1 to 4, the hypha growth rate, the total yield and the biological efficiency of comparative examples 1 to 4 are all reduced, and the bag filling time and the bud forming time are both prolonged compared with example 3. The increment of the embodiment 3 compared with the comparative example 1 is higher than the sum of the increments of the comparative examples 2-4 respectively compared with the comparative example 1, and therefore, the willow branches, the magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and the amino acid can be mixed, the hypha growth rate, the total yield and the biological efficiency can be synergistically improved, and the bag filling time and the bud forming time can be shortened.
3. The commercial properties of the fruiting body of Lentinus edodes are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 commercial properties of fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes
As can be seen from Table 2: on the whole, compared with the comparative example 5, the commercial properties of the example 3 of the invention are better in each index condition, and are represented as big, fat, thick and heavy. In comparative examples 1-4, each index is reduced compared with example 3; the increment of the embodiment 3 compared with the comparative example 1 is higher than the sum of the increments of the comparative examples 2-4 respectively compared with the comparative example 1, so that the mixture of willow branches, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and amino acid can synergistically improve the commodity characters of the fruiting bodies of the lentinus edodes and improve the product quality.
4. The results of the chemical composition analysis of the fruit body of the second tide are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 analysis of chemical composition of fruiting body of Lentinus edodes
As can be seen from table 3, the protein, crude fiber content was higher in example 3 of the present invention, but the ash content was also higher, compared to comparative example 5; the cadmium content of inventive example 5 is significantly lower than comparative example 5. Comparative examples 6-9 have higher protein and crude fiber contents, but lower ash contents than example 3; and for the cadmium content, the reduction amount of the embodiment 3 compared with the comparative example 6 is larger than the sum of the reduction amounts of the comparative examples 7-9 compared with the comparative example 6 respectively, so that the combination of the vitamin C, the magnesium phosphate, the amino acid and the sodium selenite can synergistically reduce the cadmium content in the lentinus edodes body and improve the safety.
The above description should not be taken as limiting the invention to the particular embodiments described herein, but rather as providing the skilled person with the ability to make numerous simplifications or substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention, which should be construed in part as broadly as the invention is defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The efficient cultivation method of the shiitake mushrooms is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: preparing a culture medium: mixing willow branch particles with miscellaneous wood chips and bamboo chips, and soaking in rice washing water; removing part of the supernatant, adding wheat bran, gypsum, vitamin C phosphate magnesium, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, amino acid and sodium selenite, and stirring to obtain culture base material; subpackaging the culture medium material with polypropylene fungus bags with proper tightness; sterilizing with autoclave, and cooling to obtain culture medium;
s2: inoculation → fungus cultivation management → bag removal → mushroom production management → harvest.
2. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S1, the mass ratio of the miscellaneous tree chips, the bamboo chips and the willow branch particles is 2:5: 1; the addition amount of the wheat bran is 15-25% of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the gypsum is 1 percent of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the vitamin C magnesium phosphate is 0.5-1% of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is 0.5-2% of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the amino acid is 0.5-1% of the total amount of the raw materials; the addition amount of the sodium selenite is 0.03-0.05% of the total amount of the raw materials.
3. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S1, the amino acid is proline; the rice washing water is the first 1-2 rice washing water.
4. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S1, the soaking temperature is 20-25 ℃ and the soaking time is 10-20 h.
5. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S1, the water content of the cultivation base material is 58-62%, and the pH value is 4.5-6.0.
6. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S1, the sterilization temperature is 121 ℃, and the sterilization time is more than 6 h.
7. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S2, the inoculation method is: inoculating in a dibbling mode at the temperature of 23-25 ℃ in an aseptic environment, wherein dibbling row spacing and plant spacing are both 2 inches, and inoculating 3-4 g of cultivated species in each point.
8. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S2, the bacteria culture management includes the steps of: the temperature of the mushroom spores is controlled to be 22-26 ℃ in the germination period, 24-27 ℃ in the hyphal growth period, 10-12 ℃ in the primordial differentiation period and 8-16 ℃ in the sporocarp development period; the air humidity is controlled to be 60-70% in the germination period and the hypha growth period of the lentinula edodes spores, and is controlled to be 75-90% in the primordium differentiation period and the sporocarp development period.
9. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S2, the fruiting management includes the following steps: building a bamboo shed, and covering a sunshade net; transferring the fungus bags to a bamboo shed, laying flat, covering with sandy loam, spraying water, keeping the temperature below 25 ℃, and controlling the temperature difference between day and night to be 10 ℃; keeping the air humidity at 80-90%; the ventilation is maintained.
10. The efficient cultivation method of shiitake mushrooms according to claim 1, wherein: in step S2, when the mushroom grows to have a mature commercial character, it is harvested, i.e., the fruiting body fungal lamella is just broken and the pileus edge is kept rolled up.
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