CN115038192A - Improved non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization method and evaluation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an improved non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization method, which is used for grading medical data; setting the size of an initial backoff window; setting a back-off window and a back-off time slot; carrying out channel detection, adjusting the length of a contention window, and accessing an end node to a channel; and performing backoff according to the setting of the backoff times, and performing retransmission according to the setting of the retransmission times. The invention also discloses an improved non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization evaluation method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wireless sensor networks, and particularly relates to an improved non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization method, and an improved non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization evaluation method, which is suitable for improving the transmission performance of a ZigBee network system.
Background
In a low-speed wireless personal area network, there may be a separation into a beacon-enabled network and a non-beacon-enabled network according to whether a coordinator node among the networks generates a network beacon. In the beacon-enabled network, a common device first needs to listen to a beacon frame in a receiving network, and if the beacon frame is received, the common device synchronizes with a node of a superframe which starts to transmit a beacon, and uses a time slot CSMA/CA algorithm to compete for a channel after synchronization. In the non-beacon-enabled network, when a common node sends data to a coordinator node, a non-slotted CSMA/CA algorithm is used for competing a channel to transmit data packets.
In the MAC protocol based on the non-time slot CSMA/CA algorithm, the purpose of the back-off algorithm is to give a moderate back-off time to the nodes so as to correctly reflect the channel competition situation near the nodes. Most wireless communication protocols adopt binary exponential backoff, and the process of the algorithm is mainly determined by three variables, namely backoff times NB (number of backoffs), contention Window length CW (content Window length), and backoff index BE (backoff exponents). BE has a minimum value of 3, a maximum value of 8, and a backoff counter of [0,2 ] at the standard setting BE -1]By default, CW value of 2.
With the rapid development of wireless sensor networks, the flow rate of network communication is also getting larger and larger, and the situation of serious packet loss rate, high delay and the like due to too large flow rate cannot be tolerated by the medical industry, so stable transmission of data, especially important data, is required to be ensured, most programs require high reliability and low delay, and even some programs require high reliability and low delay at the same time.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an improved non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization method and an improved non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization evaluation method aiming at the problems of the non-time slot CSMA/CA algorithm of the IEEE 802.15.4 network.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimization method, comprising the steps of:
Initial backoff window size in step 2 as described aboveThe macMinBE is the minimum value of the backoff index, and the backoff number initial value is set to 0 as the minimum value macMinBE of the backoff index corresponding to the medical data packet with higher priority is smaller.
As described above, the backoff window corresponding to the ith backoff in step 3,For the initial back-off window size,whereinis the maximum value of the backoff index macMaxBE,is the minimum value of the backoff index, macMinBE,
the back-off time slots corresponding to the medical data packets with different priorities are set as,Cache team in ZigBee gateway for medical data packetThe cache occupancy of a column is determined,is a priority factor, X isAn integer within the interval.
An improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimized evaluation method, comprising the steps of:
Wherein,indicates the number of back-offs at time t,indicates the state of the backoff counter at time t, the backoff counter having a value ofA random value in between, and a random value,representing the retransmission times at the time t, defining m to represent the maximum backoff times, and r to represent the maximum retransmission times;
wherein,denoted as backoff i, backoff window j, probability at retransmission k,expressed as the i-th backoff, the probability of CCA occurring at the k-th retransmission,expressed as the probability of successful receipt of the medical data packet,indicating the probability that the terminal node does not receive the ACK acknowledgement frame after successfully sending the medical data packet,representing the probability of discarding the medical data packet as a transmission failure of the medical data packet;
wherein,probability of random backoff being completed for the first time by the terminal node,a probability is generated for the medical data packet,as is the probability of a CCA failure,in order to be the probability of retransmission,,,indicating the time slot length corresponding to the length of the medical data packet,indicating the ACK acknowledgement frame latency time,indicating the length of the time slot corresponding to the length of the ACK acknowledgment frame,indicating the length of the time slot corresponding to the interval of the medical data packet,indicating ACK timeout time, parameter,,
= delay of backoff stage+ delay of successful transmission of data packet+ delay of retransmission procedure;
Wherein,is a unit time of a time slot,in order to initiate the back-off window,a delay indicating a failure in transmission of the medical data packet at the k-th retransmission,。
compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the hardware transmission module selected by the invention is a ZigBee module chip CC2530, the ZigBee module adopts a default CSMA/CA algorithm to avoid collision, important data can not be transmitted in time, even serious packet loss occurs, according to the non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization method provided by the invention, the MAC layer protocol in the ZigBee protocol stack is changed, and the medical data packet can be transmitted more stably.
2. Due to the particularity of the medical system, the priority of the medical data packets is set through the priority factor and the cache proportion, so that the transmission proportion of the high-priority data packets is increased in the transmission process, and the transmission of the high-priority data packets is in line with the actual situation.
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Figure 1 is a diagram of a three-dimensional markov chain model;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the impact of retransmission times on reliability versus comparison;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the effect of maximum backoff number on reliability versus comparison;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the effect of backoff index minimum values on reliability versus comparison;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the effect of retransmission times on delay versus comparison;
fig. 6 is a graph of the effect of maximum backoff number on delay versus comparison;
figure 7 is a graph of the effect of backoff index minimum values on delay versus comparison;
FIG. 8 is a graph of different priority data channel access probabilities;
fig. 9 is a graph of different priority packet throughput.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to examples in order to facilitate understanding and practice of the invention by those of ordinary skill in the art, and it should be understood that the examples described herein are for illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the invention.
In the non-beacon-enabled network, when the terminal node transmits the medical data to the coordinator node, the non-slotted CSMA/CA algorithm is used for competing the channel to transmit the medical data packet. The default CSMA/CA algorithm can not meet the condition that high reliability and low delay are required to be met under the medical condition, and the existing CSMA/CA algorithms only can meet the high reliability and only can meet the low delay, so that the invention optimizes the prior art and provides an improved non-time slot CSMA/CA optimization method, which comprises the following steps:
the medical data is classified by a terminal node, the judgment of the medical data grade mainly depends on the importance of each body index in the treatment process, the main medical data in the medical field comprises physical sign data of a human body, such as heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen and the like, alarm signals of emergency situations, distress signals sent by patients and the like, and low-priority medical data, such as environmental temperature, humidity and the like. According to the above medical treatment numberBased on the importance level, the high priority data priority factorSet to 0.7, low priority data priority factorAnd setting the value to be 0.3, and packaging the medical data into a medical data packet by the terminal node for transmission.
Scanning slot boundaries inRandomly selecting an integer within the intervalXAnd then according to the cache occupancy rate of the medical data packets with different priorities in the cache queue of the ZigBee gatewayAnd a priority factor corresponding to the priority of the medical data packetTo determine the back-off time slot, and to set the back-off time slots corresponding to the medical data packets with different priorities as. (e.g., a total buffer queue size of 200, where 150 gives high priority data and 50 gives low priority data, then the buffer occupancy for high priority is high priority medical data packets/150 in the queue, and likewise, the buffer occupancy for low priority data is low priority medical data packets/50 in the queue).
And 4, after the terminal node finishes the backoff, the terminal node performs channel detection, and jumps to the step 5 when the detection channel is idle, and jumps to the step 6 when the detection channel is busy.
And 6, because the channel is busy, the terminal node needs to perform the next backoff, the backoff Number (NB) is added with 1, whether the backoff number NB is greater than the maximum backoff number macmaxCSABackofs or not is judged, if so, the channel competition fails, the medical data packet is discarded, the step 2 is switched to transmit the next medical data packet, and if not, the step 3 is switched to.
And 7, the terminal node is successfully accessed into the channel, the terminal node starts to transmit the medical data packet to the coordinator node, if the transmission is successful, the step 8 is switched, and if the transmission is failed, the medical data packet is retransmitted, and the step 9 is switched.
And 8, after the coordinator node successfully receives the medical data packet sent by the terminal node, returning an ACK (acknowledgement) frame to the terminal node, completing the transmission, and turning to the step 2 to transmit the medical data packet for the next time.
And 9, adding 1 to the retransmission times (FR), judging whether the retransmission times FR is greater than the maximum retransmission times macMaxFrameRetries, if so, discarding the medical data packet, returning the error to an upper network, and turning to the step 2 to transmit the next medical data packet. If the retransmission times are not more than the maximum value macMaxFrameRetries, the step 2 is switched to continue retransmitting the medical data packet.
Example 2:
establishing a three-dimensional Markov chain model, as shown in FIG. 1Indicating the state of the terminal node at time t, whereinIndicates the number of back-offs at time t,indicates the state of the backoff counter at time t, the backoff counter having a value ofA random value in between, and a random value,representing the number of retransmissions at time t, for convenient notation, defining m to represent the maximum number of backoff, r to represent the maximum number of retransmissions, and a backoff windowIs shown asI is the number of the backoff times,for the initial back-off window size,whereinIs macmaxBE, the maximum value of the backoff index (BE),is macMinBE, the minimum value of the backoff index (BE). The embodiment adopts a single-hop star network topology, wherein the topology comprises a coordinator node and 12 terminal nodes, and the interception ranges of all the nodes are large enough, so that the problem of hidden nodes is not considered.
In order to ensure the reliable transmission of the data frame, a retransmission mechanism is added for the non-time slot CSMA/CA algorithm, after the terminal node sends the data frame to the coordinator node, if the ACK confirmation frame sent by the coordinator node is not received within the specified time, the terminal node accesses the channel again and sends the data frame, the retransmission time (FR) is added with 1, and when the retransmission time reaches the maximum time macMaxFrameReties, the transmission fails.
Suppose the terminal node is at [ nT, (n +1) T]In the time interval of (1), T is an interval period, the nth medical data packet is randomly and uniformly generated every time, and the unit cycle time of each time slot is T 0 Value of 320us, terminal nodeThe medical data packet generation rate of the points isThe time period T is, during the time interval T,can be calculated as:
the non-time slot CSMA/CA algorithm process can be divided into different stages, namely backoff decrement, CCA, successful data packet reception, non-reception of ACK acknowledgement frame by the terminal node and data packet discarding, according to the rule of Markov chain, the probability sum of all stages is 1, and the following equation is given:
wherein,denoted as backoff i, backoff window j, probability at retransmission k,expressed as the i-th backoff, the probability of CCA on the k-th retransmission,expressed as the probability of successful receipt of the medical data packet,indicating the probability that the terminal node does not receive the ACK acknowledgement frame after successfully sending the medical data packet,the probability of discarding the medical data packet is indicated as a transmission failure of the medical data packet.
The probability sum expression for each stage is as follows:
whereinProbability of random backoff being completed for the first time by the terminal node,a probability is generated for the medical data packet,as is the probability of a CCA failure,in order to be the probability of retransmission,,. Here, theIndicating the time slot length corresponding to the length of the medical data packet,indicating the ACK acknowledgement frame latency time,indicating the length of the time slot corresponding to the length of the ACK acknowledgment frame,indicating the length of the time slot corresponding to the interval of the medical data packet,indicating an ACK timeout time. To simplify the whole formula, let,。
Defining the probability of the terminal node performing Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) in a random time period asComprises the following steps:
definition ofIf a medical data packet collides with other transmitted medical data packets on the way of transmission or a transmission error is caused by a channel error, the terminal node will try to retransmit the medical data packet until the maximum retransmission number is reached. So there are two reasons for packet lossThe method comprises the following steps: 1) packet loss due to collision, 2) transmission error. Is provided withIs the probability of transmission error, and therefore retransmission probabilityIs defined as:
whereinAnd N represents the number of terminal nodes. Similarly, to determine the probability of CCA failureI.e. the probability of detecting that the channel discovery channel is occupied, the CCA failure probability may be defined asDivided into two parts, namely the probability of CCA failure during the transmission of medical data packetAnd probability of CCA failure at ACK acknowledgement frame transmissionHence probability of CCA failureIs defined as:
WhereinIn order to ACK the frame length is acknowledged,Nthe number of terminal nodes is obtained, so that the CCA failure probability can be deducedComprises the following steps:
by combining the above formulas, the normalization of the Markov chain can be obtainedUsing numerical solution to calculate the probability of performing the idle channel assessmentRetransmission probabilityAnd probability of CCA failureThe value of (c).
In order to analyze the performance of the algorithm, the reliability and delay of the algorithm are calculated, wherein the reliability is defined as the probability that the coordinator node successfully receives the data packet after the terminal node sends the medical data packet. In non-time slot CSMA/CA, the reason for packet loss is mainlyThere are two: 1) channel access failure, 2) retransmission limit exceeded at transmission. When the backoff times reach the maximum backoff time, the terminal node still cannot sense the idle channel, and the channel access fails, or the medical data packet still cannot sense the idle channel and is discarded when the maximum retransmission times are reached. Probability of channel access failureComprises the following steps:
whereinExpressed as the probability of experiencing the maximum number of back-offs, the probability of packet loss beyond the retransmission limit at transmissionComprises the following steps:
The delay is defined as the time interval from the generation of a medical data packet by the end node to the reception of an ACK acknowledgement frame by the end node, the discarded medical data packet being without regard to the delay problem. Dividing the total delay into three parts, 1) the delay of the backoff stage,2) And 3) delay of retransmission process when terminal node does not receive ACK acknowledgement frameAnd thus, the total delayThe expression of (c) is:
when the terminal node performs CCA, if the channel is found to be busy, the terminal node enters a backoff state, and the delay of the backoff stageThe expression is as follows:
wherein,is a unit time of a time slot,is the initial backoff window. Since the successfully transmitted data packet length isIt is easy to derive the delay of successful transmission of the data packet. When the medical data packet is sent to the channel, the sending terminal node cannot receive the medical data packet due to collision or transmission errorWhen ACK frame is received, it enters into retransmission state, and the retransmission process is delayedThe expression of (a) is:
wherein,indicates a delay of failure in transmission of the medical data packet at the k-th retransmission, anDue to the fact thatIn this embodiment, then,。
according to the technical scheme provided by the invention, an OMNET + + 5.6.2 platform is used for simulation, and the simulation scene is as follows: the simulation topological structure is a star topology, 1 coordinator node and 12 terminal nodes, and the terminal nodes regularly send medical data packets to the coordinator nodes. To compare the effects of MAC parameters on reliability and delay, three key parameters were chosen, respectively the maximum of the number of retransmissionsMaximum value of backoff numberMinimum value of the backoff indexAnd (5) performing variable analysis. Experimental setupHas a value range of [1,7 ]],Has a value range of [3,6],Has a value range of [1,6 ]]Setting transmission error probabilityThe values of (A) are respectively 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2, the probability of transmission error of each node is the same, and the simulation parameter table is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 simulation parameter Table
(one), reliability analysis and comparison
And selecting a Biswas model for comparison, wherein the Biswas model is a non-time slot IEEE 802.15.4 network two-dimensional Markov chain analysis model, considers the probability of transmission errors, has no retransmission mechanism, and only analyzes and compares the reliability of the retransmission mechanism. As shown in figure 2 of the drawings, in which,the setting is 3, and the setting is,set to 4, it is clear that reliability followsBecomes larger and larger, and the transmission error probabilityHas different values and different reliabilities, whenRelatively small, reliabilityWith followingBecome significantly larger whenWhen the number is more than 5, the reliability becomes larger, because too many retransmissions will cause the probability of collision to become larger, and the packet loss rate becomes larger. Therefore, the number of the first and second electrodes is increased,not the larger the better, but the more network overhead increases. As shown in figure 3 of the drawings,the setting is 3, and the setting is,is set to 3, it can be seen thatThe value of (a) has no significant effect on reliability, as shown in figure 4,the setting is 4, and the setting is,the setting is 3, and the setting is,reliability can be improved becauseThe initial backoff window size is determined to reduce the number of collisions, and the analysis above shows that the main factor affecting reliability is。
(II) delay analysis and comparison
Also, the effect of three key parameters on delay was analyzed, as shown in FIG. 5, whenWhen the comparison is small, the comparison result is that,the effect on the delay is not significant, however whenWhen larger, the delay followsBecomes larger because when the pressure is higher than the pressure of the gasWhen smaller, most end nodes can transmit successfully without retransmission. As shown in fig. 6, again, only ifWhen larger, the delay will followBecomes larger and becomes larger. As shown in fig. 7, withBecomes larger, the delay becomes significantly larger becauseThe initial back-off window is decided upon,the larger the latency before accessing the channel, the longer, and therefore the main parameter affecting the delay is。
Because of the CSMA/CA algorithm under the medical system, in order to ensure that important data can be transmitted preferentially, the optimization algorithm can grade the data, the judgment of the data grade mainly depends on the importance of each body index in the treatment process, and the main data in the medical field are divided into the first priority data, the first priority data are physical sign data of a human body, such as heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen and the like, the second priority data are environmental temperature, such as temperature, humidity and the like, and the third priority data are other signals, such as an alarm signal in an emergency situation, a distress signal sent by a patient and the like. According to the importance degree of the data, the physical sign data and other signals of the human body are divided into high-priority data, and the environment temperature is divided into low-priority data. As can be seen in the above analysis,is a main parameter affecting the delay, in order to ensure that high priority data is transmitted first, and therefore givenWith initial value set to 2, low priority dataThe initial value is set to 3, thereby allowing high priority data to access the channel preferentially, and through simulation experiments, as shown in fig. 8, the high priority data has a higher probability of accessing the channel than the low priority data.
In order to further ensure the prior transmission of high-priority data, the method sets twice priority screening, namely the cache occupancy rate of the cache queue of the ZigBee gateway for the first time(e.g., a total buffer queue size of 200, where 150 gives high priority data and 50 gives low priority data, then the buffer occupancy of high priority is high priority medical data packets/150 in the queue, and likewise, the buffer occupancy of low priority data is low priority medical data packets in the queue50) of priority data, the second time being a priority factor of the priority dataTo determine the back-off time slot, the high priority data priority factor is 0.7, the low priority data priority factor is 0.3, and the back-off time slot isRandom value in betweenXAfter prioritization, the backoff time slot isThrough simulation experiments, as shown in fig. 9, the throughput of high priority packets is higher than that of low priority packets.
In summary, the non-time slot CSMA/CA algorithm and the three-dimensional markov chain model thereof are provided, the expression of reliability and delay is deduced, the influence of three key parameters on the reliability and the delay is verified through simulation experiments, the effectiveness of the provided algorithm is proved, the reliability is increased, the reliable transmission of the whole network is ensured, and the performance of the network is optimized.
Claims (9)
1. An improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimization method, comprising the steps of:
step 1, classifying medical data by a terminal node;
step 2, the terminal node sets the size of an initial backoff window according to the priority of the medical data packet to be transmitted;
Step 3, setting a backoff window corresponding to the ith backoffSetting back-off time slots corresponding to medical data packets with different priorities;
step 4, after the terminal node retreats, the terminal node performs channel detection, when the detection channel is idle, the step 5 is skipped, and when the detection channel is busy, the step 6 is skipped;
step 5, when the length CW of a contention window corresponding to the terminal node is reduced by 1 and the CW =0, successfully contending a channel, allowing the terminal node to access the channel, and going to step 7;
step 6, adding 1 to the backoff number NB, if the backoff number NB is greater than the maximum backoff number value macmaxCSABackofs, discarding the medical data packet, and turning to the step 2 to transmit the next medical data packet, and if the backoff number NB is not greater than the maximum backoff number value macmaxCSABackofs, turning to the step 3;
7, the terminal node starts to transmit the medical data packet to the coordinator node, if the transmission is successful, the step 8 is switched to, and if the transmission is failed, the step 9 is switched to;
step 8, after the coordinator node successfully receives the medical data packet sent by the terminal node, an ACK (acknowledgement) frame is returned to the terminal node, and the step 2 is switched to for the next transmission of the medical data packet;
step 9, adding 1 to the retransmission times FR, discarding the medical data packet if the retransmission times FR is greater than the maximum retransmission times macMaxFrameRetries, returning the error to the upper network, and turning to the step 2 to transmit the next medical data packet; and (4) the retransmission times FR is not more than the maximum value macMaxFrameRetries of the retransmission times, and the step 2 is carried out to continue retransmitting the medical data packet.
2. The improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimization method of claim 1, wherein the initial back-off window size in step 2 isThe macMinBE is the minimum value of the backoff index, and the backoff number initial value is set to 0 as the minimum value macMinBE of the backoff index corresponding to the medical data packet with higher priority is smaller.
3. An improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimization as in claim 2The method is characterized in that the backoff window corresponding to the ith backoff in the step 3,For the initial back-off window size,whereinis the maximum value of the backoff index macMaxBE,is the minimum value of the backoff index, macMinBE,
4. An improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimized evaluation method as recited in claim 3, comprising the steps of:
step 1, constructing a three-dimensional Markov chain model;
step 2, constructing a formula:
wherein,denoted as backoff i, backoff window j, probability at retransmission k,expressed as the i-th backoff, the probability of CCA occurring at the k-th retransmission,expressed as the probability of successful receipt of the medical data packet,indicating the probability that the terminal node does not receive the ACK acknowledgement frame after successfully sending the medical data packet,representing the probability of discarding the medical data packet as a transmission failure of the medical data packet;
step 3, defining the generation rate of the medical data packet of the terminal node as,T 0 Is the unit cycle time of each time slot, T is the interval cycle;
step 4, establishing the probability of the terminal node for executing the idle channel evaluationThe formula (2);
step 7, solving according to the formula constructed in the step 2-6 and the Markov chain normalizationTo calculate the probabilityProbability of retransmissionAnd probability of CCA failureThe value of (a) is,
Step 9, calculating the probability of packet loss caused by exceeding retransmission limit during transmission;
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the evaluation of non-slotted CSMA/CA optimization is performed by: the three-dimensional Markov chain model in the step 1 is;
Wherein,indicates the number of back-offs at time t,indicates the state of the backoff counter at time t, the backoff counter having a value ofA random value in between, and a random value,denotes the number of retransmissions at time t, and defines that m denotes the maximum number of backoff and r denotes the maximum number of retransmissions.
6. The improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimized evaluation method of claim 5, wherein: in the step 2:
wherein,probability of random backoff being completed for the first time by the terminal node,a probability is generated for the medical data packet,as is the probability of a CCA failure,in order to be the probability of retransmission,,,indicating the time slot length corresponding to the length of the medical data packet,indicating the ACK acknowledgement frame latency time and,indicating the length of the time slot corresponding to the length of the ACK acknowledgment frame,indicating the length of the time slot corresponding to the interval of the medical data packet,indicating ACK timeout time, parameter,。
7. The improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimized evaluation method of claim 6, wherein: the probability of the terminal node performing the idle channel assessment in the step 4Comprises the following steps:
8. the improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimized evaluation method of claim 7, wherein: probability of channel access failure in the step 8Comprises the following steps:
probability of packet loss exceeding retransmission limit during transmission in the step 9Comprises the following steps:
9. the improved non-slotted CSMA/CA optimized evaluation method of claim 7, wherein: in the step 11, the process is carried out,
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