CN114975040A - Cold cathode-based bidirectional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of microwave, millimeter wave and terahertz frequency band vacuum electronic devices, and particularly provides a cold cathode-based bidirectional multi-beam multi-cavity cascade amplifier, which adopts a multi-cavity expansion interaction structure comprising a plurality of interaction cavity groups and a multi-electron-beam multi-cavity cascade array structure formed by matching front-end and rear-end cold cathode flat plate electron guns, in each cycle interaction cavity structure, a slow wave circuit with resonance characteristics is formed by a plurality of rectangular interaction gaps, electromagnetic energy is transmitted and amplified between interaction cavities sharing the same electron beam channel through modulated electron beams, interaction cavities working between different electron beams can complete the transmission of the electromagnetic energy through rectangular coupling grooves, and the whole system is formed by cascading the plurality of interaction cavity groups due to the high-gain characteristic of the resonant slow wave circuit, finally, the invention has the advantage of ultrahigh gain; meanwhile, the invention also has the advantage of ultrahigh interaction efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of microwave, millimeter wave and terahertz frequency band vacuum electronic devices, and particularly provides a cold cathode-based bidirectional multi-electron injection and multi-cavity cascade high-gain and high-efficiency wave injection interaction amplifier.
Background
Vacuum electronic devices are used as important components in modern military applications and many fields of national economy, and have wide application in the fields of communication, radar, electronic countermeasure, satellite communication, radio astronomy, broadcasting stations, medical diagnosis and treatment and the like. However, with the rapid development of the semiconductor industry and integrated circuit technology since the end of the 20 th century, vacuum electronic devices have gradually lost their dominance in a considerable electronic information field and are being subjected to the impact of the development of solid state electronic devices. However, since new semiconductor devices are still not mature, the solid-state power devices developed at present still have great disadvantages and limitations in terms of energy efficiency, operating frequency, maximum output power, and reliability. A series of adverse factors limit the application of the solid-state power device under high standard requirements such as high temperature resistance, high power, high frequency, strong radiation and the like. A new generation of vacuum electronic device develops towards high frequency band (millimeter wave, sub-millimeter wave and terahertz frequency band), high power, high efficiency, miniaturization, compactness and the like, the development of the vacuum electronic device represents the modern technical level of the vacuum electronic device, and the development of a country in the fields of aerospace, military, communication and the like is restricted. The military and communication fields have put stringent demands on higher frequency bands and higher power, and the aerospace field has also been targeting miniaturized, compact and efficient vacuum electronic devices and related systems with light weight and low energy consumption. One of the core technological bottlenecks that has limited this development is in the cathodes of vacuum electronic devices. The cathode electron source is an important component of a vacuum electronic device, and the performance of the cathode is superior to that of the cathode, so that the overall performance of the device is determined to a great extent.
At present, the conventional vacuum electronic device generally uses the hot cathode as the electron emission source, and with the progress and development of technology, the hot cathode material emission technology has become mature, however, the hot cathode emission system still has many disadvantages: 1) the hot cathode usually works in a high-temperature environment, so that a cathode system is required to have high heat resistance, which directly results in a hot cathode system with complicated process, high cost and heavy volume; 2) the high-temperature working environment of thousands of degrees of temperature is easy to cause the breakage or short circuit of the filament of the cathode system, damage the device, the cathode has short life; 3) the system has long starting time, and the hot cathode system needs long heating time to reach the temperature required by work; these have limited further development of hot cathode electron optical systems. The cathode based on field emission is called as a cold cathode because the field emission is electron emission that electrons in a solid jump over a surface potential barrier and directly enter vacuum under a strong electric field, and is a quantum tunneling process, and is a process that electrons can enter vacuum under an unexcited state, so that the process does not need extra energy to excite the electrons and can be carried out at normal temperature, the response speed is less than nanosecond level, the emitted electrons have the same initial speed and direction, and the electron emission density is high. Therefore, the field emission cold cathode has the advantages of low power consumption, high response speed and large current density (more than 10 ten thousand amperes per square centimeter). The development of nano materials and technical research promotes the rapid development of the preparation technology and performance of the cold cathode; meanwhile, the nano-micro structure field emission cold cathode also has the characteristics of high resolution, high response speed, miniaturization and the like, and the adoption of the nano-micro structure field emission cold cathode electron source is expected to realize the performance change of the cathode and the device and is in line with the development characteristics of high frequency and high efficiency of a new generation of vacuum electronic device.
The development of the traditional microwave tube (such as a traveling wave tube, a klystron, a return wave tube, a magnetron and the like) to the millimeter wave band achieves great performance, but the principle limitation is met when the microwave tube is continuously advanced along the direction. The size of a high-frequency system of a traditional microwave tube and the working wavelength must have the same degree, and along with the continuous improvement of the working frequency of a device, the size of the high-frequency system is smaller and smaller, so that the difficulty in manufacturing and assembling is brought on one hand, and the space and time for generating interaction between an electron beam and a high-frequency field are smaller and smaller on the other hand, so that the speed and density modulation of the electron beam is insufficient, and the interaction efficiency and the output power of the device are severely limited; the reason is that the traditional microwave tube is a serious obstacle to the development of millimeter wave, sub-millimeter wave and terahertz frequency bands. In order to develop a new generation of high-efficiency high-power integratable vacuum microelectronic radiation source, the combined study of cathode and injection wave interaction will bring about a significant breakthrough.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a bidirectional multi-beam multi-cavity cascade amplifier based on a cold cathode, which adopts a multi-cavity expansion interaction structure comprising a plurality of interaction cavity groups and a multi-electron-beam multi-cavity cascade array structure formed by a front-end cold cathode flat electron gun and a rear-end cold cathode flat electron gun which are matched with the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure, wherein in each cycle interaction cavity structure, a slow wave circuit with resonance characteristics is formed by a plurality of rectangular interaction gaps; the interaction cavities sharing the same electron beam channel finish the transmission and amplification of electromagnetic energy through modulated electron beams, and the interaction cavities working among different electron beams can finish the transmission of the electromagnetic energy through rectangular coupling grooves; meanwhile, electrons emitted by the front-end cathode can strike the rear-end cathode after the wave injection interaction, electrons emitted by the rear-end cathode can strike the front-end cathode after the wave injection interaction, and the whole circuit has a good energy recovery mechanism, so that the invention also has the advantage of ultrahigh interaction efficiency.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a cold cathode based bidirectional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier comprises: a multi-cavity extended interaction structure, a front-end cold cathode flat electron gun and a rear-end cold cathode flat electron gun; the multi-cavity extended interaction structure is characterized in that the front-end cold cathode flat electron gun and the rear-end cold cathode flat electron gun are respectively connected with the front end and the rear end of the multi-cavity extended interaction structure in a sealing mode through insulating medium shells; the multilumen expansion interaction structure comprises: n interaction chamber groups, each interaction chamber group consisting of an input trapezoidal interaction chamber, a first amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber, a second amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber and an output trapezoidal interaction chamber; the input trapezoidal interaction cavity and the first amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity are arranged on the same axis, the two cavities share the same rectangular electron beam channel and share a strip-shaped electron beam emitted by the front-end cold cathode flat plate electron gun; the second amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity and the output trapezoidal interaction cavity are arranged on the same axis, and are penetrated by the same ribbon beam rectangular beam tunnel and share the ribbon electron beam emitted by the rear-end cold cathode flat plate electron gun; the first amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity and the second amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity are arranged side by side and are communicated with each other through a rectangular coupling groove; the input trapezoidal interaction cavity is provided with a rectangular input groove and is used for being connected with an input waveguide to feed in an input signal, and the output trapezoidal interaction cavity is provided with a rectangular output groove and is used for being connected with an output waveguide to output an amplified signal.
Furthermore, the interior of the trapezoidal interaction cavity is vacuum and is provided with a plurality of periodic rectangular interaction gaps, the interaction gaps are arranged perpendicular to the same axis, the interaction gaps are mutually coupled and communicated through the coupling grooves on the two sides, and electron beams are mutually interacted with the high-frequency field in each interaction gap.
Furthermore, the front-end cold cathode flat electron gun and the rear-end cold cathode flat electron gun adopt the same structure and are both composed of a cathode substrate and cathode emitters, the cathode emitters are attached to the surface of the cathode substrate or embedded in the cathode substrate, and the number of the cathode emitters is N.
It should be noted that: in the interaction cavity group, the modulated electron beams are used for completing the transmission and amplification of electromagnetic energy between interaction cavities sharing the same rectangular electron beam channel, and the interaction cavities working between different electron beams are used for completing the transmission of the electromagnetic energy through the rectangular coupling grooves.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a bidirectional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier based on a cold cathode, wherein a multi-cavity expansion interaction structure, a front-end cold cathode flat-plate electronic gun matched with the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure and a rear-end cold cathode flat-plate electronic gun adopt a transversely expandable design, and a multi-electron-injection multi-cavity cascade array structure can be formed; in each periodic interaction cavity structure, a slow wave circuit with resonance characteristics is formed by a plurality of rectangular interaction gaps, electromagnetic energy is transmitted and amplified through modulated electron beams between interaction cavities which share the same electron beam channel to work, electromagnetic energy is transmitted through rectangular coupling grooves between interaction cavities which work among different electron beams, and the whole system can be formed by cascading a plurality of interaction cavity groups. More specifically: in each interaction cavity group structure, from the input trapezoid interaction cavity, an electron beam emitted by a front-end cathode emitter is subjected to velocity modulation and density modulation of electrons generated by an input signal fed from an input port, the modulated electron beam brings a clustering effect and can excite a high-frequency mode field matched with the modulated electron beam in the cavity after reaching the first amplification trapezoid interaction cavity, the established high-frequency mode field can also adversely affect the modulated electron beam and generate wave injection interaction, and meanwhile, the high-frequency mode field in the first amplification trapezoid interaction cavity can transmit field energy to the second amplification trapezoid interaction cavity through the rectangular coupling groove; furthermore, the electron beam emitted by the rear-end cathode emitter is subjected to the high-frequency field in the second amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber to generate the velocity modulation and the density modulation of electrons, at the moment, the high-frequency field coupled from the first amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber to the second amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber is used as an input signal amplified by a front stage, and the amplified input signal can generate stronger modulation on the electron beam; the chain reaction generated by the method generates electromagnetic radiation with higher power in the final output interaction cavity by transversely cascading more interaction cavities, and the gain of the whole circuit is higher as the number of cascaded interaction cavities is more. It should be noted that the whole circuit can work in multiple modes, and different numbers of interaction chambers cascaded can also be regarded as different working mode fields, and the effect of increasing the bandwidth can be achieved by simultaneously working multiple modes.
In addition, electrons emitted by the front-end cathode can strike the rear-end cathode after the wave injection interaction, electrons emitted by the rear-end cathode can strike the front-end cathode after the wave injection interaction, and the whole structure has a good energy recovery mechanism, so that an almost perfect energy conversion scheme of the electron beam and the electromagnetic wave is obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a bidirectional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier based on a cold cathode in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of a bi-directional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier based on a cold cathode according to the present invention;
wherein, 1 is a front-end cold cathode flat-plate electron gun, 1-1 is a front-end cathode emitter, 1-2 is a front-end cathode plate, 2 is a rear-end cold cathode flat-plate electron gun, 2-1 is a rear-end cathode emitter, 2-2 is a rear-end cathode plate, 3-1 is a front-end insulating medium shell, 3-2 is a rear-end insulating medium shell, 4 is a multi-cavity extended interaction structure, 4-1 is an input trapezoidal interaction cavity, 4-2 is a first amplified trapezoidal interaction cavity, 4-3 is a second amplified trapezoidal interaction cavity, 4-4 is an output trapezoidal interaction cavity, 5 is a rectangular coupling slot, 6-1 is an input cavity window, 6-2 is an output cavity window, 7-1 is a front-end electron injection channel, 7-2 is a rear-end electron injection channel, 8 is an interaction gap, 9 is a metal clapboard in the interaction cavity, 10-1 is an input port flange, and 10-2 is an output port flange.
Fig. 3 is a half-sectional view of a particle trajectory of a bidirectional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier based on a cold cathode in an operating state according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, so that the objects, technical solutions and technical effects of the present invention are more clear and complete.
The embodiment provides a cold cathode-based bidirectional multi-electron-injection and multi-cavity cascaded high-gain and high-efficiency wave injection interaction amplifier, which takes the structure of a W-waveband bidirectional double-electron-injection cold cathode multi-cavity cascaded wave injection interaction amplifier as an example, and the structure is shown in figures 1 and 2, wherein the X direction is a long edge size direction, the Y axis direction is a high edge size direction, and the Z axis direction is a wide edge size direction; the method specifically comprises the following steps: the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure 4 is a front-end cold cathode flat plate electron gun 1 which is hermetically connected with the front end of the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure through a front-end insulating medium shell 3-1, and a rear-end cold cathode flat plate electron gun 2 which is hermetically connected with the rear end of the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure through a rear-end insulating medium shell 3-2; wherein,
the front end cold cathode flat electron gun includes: the cathode structure comprises a front-end cathode emitter 1-1 and a front-end cathode plate 1-2, wherein the front-end cathode emitter 1-1 is half embedded into the front-end cathode plate 1-2; the front-end cathode emitter 1-1 corresponds to the front-end electron beam emitting channel 7-1, and the electron beam emitted by the front-end cathode emitter penetrates through the input trapezoidal interaction cavity 4-1 and the first amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity 4-2, finally hits the rear-end cathode plate 2-2, and is collected by the rear-end cold cathode flat-plate electron gun; the front-end cathode emitter 1-1 is 2mm (length is multiplied by height) by 0.3mm in size and 0.1mm in thickness and is made of carbon nano tubes or graphene; the front-end cathode plate is 12 mm (length is multiplied by height) by 4mm in size, 1mm in thickness and made of nonmagnetic stainless steel; the rear end cold cathode flat electron gun and the front end cold cathode flat electron gun have the same structure and size and the same functions, and comprise: a rear cathode emitter 2-1 and a rear cathode plate 2-2;
the front end insulating medium shell 3-1 and the rear end insulating medium shell 3-2 have the same structural size, the inner cavity size of the shell is (length is multiplied by width is multiplied by height) 11 multiplied by 3mm, the outer cavity size (length is multiplied by width is multiplied by height) 12 multiplied by 4 multiplied by 3mm, the cavity wall thickness is 0.5mm, and the material is 99 # A ceramic; one end face of the front-end insulating medium shell is hermetically welded with the front-end cathode plate, the other end face of the front-end insulating medium shell is hermetically welded with the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure shell, one end face of the rear-end insulating medium shell is hermetically welded with the rear-end cathode plate, and the other end face of the rear-end insulating medium shell is hermetically welded with the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure shell;
the multi-lumen extended interaction structure 4 is comprised of four trapezoidal interaction lumens, including: an input trapezoidal interaction chamber 4-1, a first amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber 4-2, a second amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber 4-3 and an output trapezoidal interaction chamber 4-4; the trapezoidal interaction cavity is internally vacuum and has a periodic resonance structure consisting of a plurality of interaction gaps 8 and metal clapboards 9 in the cavity; the size of the metal partition board 9 in the cavity is (length is multiplied by width is multiplied by height) 2.4 is multiplied by 0.46 is multiplied by 2mm, and a strip-shaped electron beam channel is arranged on the metal partition board in the cavity; the input trapezoid interaction chamber 4-1 and the first amplification trapezoid interaction chamber 4-2 share a front-end electron beam emitting channel 7-1, the output trapezoid interaction chamber 4-4 and the second amplification trapezoid interaction chamber 4-3 share a rear-end electron beam emitting channel 7-2, the front-end electron beam emitting channel 7-1 and the rear-end electron beam emitting channel 7-2 are identical in structural size and parallel to each other, and the electron beam channel is 15 multiplied by 2.5 multiplied by 0.4mm in size (length multiplied by width multiplied by height); the first amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity 4-2 and the second amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity 4-3 are mutually coupled and communicated through a rectangular coupling groove 5, and the size (length, width and height) of the rectangular coupling groove 5 is 1.4 multiplied by 1.6 multiplied by 0.2 mm; one side of the input trapezoid interaction cavity 4-1 is provided with a rectangular coupling hole communicated with the input waveguide, the port of the input waveguide is sealed with an input window sheet 6-1, the size of the input window sheet is (length, width and height) 7.08 multiplied by 1.56 multiplied by 0.5, and the input window sheet is made of alumina ceramics or sapphire; the input waveguide and the input window sheet are connected with an external input port flange 10-1; one side of the output trapezoidal interaction cavity 4-4 is provided with a rectangular coupling hole communicated with the output waveguide, the port of the output waveguide is sealed with an output window sheet 6-2, and the output waveguide and the output window sheet are connected with an external output port flange 10-2; the output waveguide and the output window are respectively same as the input waveguide and the input window in structural size;
the parts of the multi-cavity wave injection interaction amplifier are assembled and welded into a whole by utilizing a microwave vacuum electronic device process, and vacuum exhaust is carried out, so that an absolute vacuum environment is formed inside the whole device.
The working process of the multi-injection high-order mold injection wave interaction structure based on the cold cathode is as follows:
the front end cathode plate 1-2 and the rear end cathode plate 2-2 are connected with negative high voltage at the same time, the shell of the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure 4 is grounded, the potential difference formed between the cold cathode flat electron gun and the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure acts on the surfaces of the front end cathode emitter 1-1 and the rear end cathode emitter 2-1, the front end cathode emitter and the rear end cathode emitter emit electrons at the same time under the action of a strong electric field, and the emitted electrons enter the internal expansion interaction gap through an electron beam channel of the multi-cavity expansion interaction structure. From the input trapezoid interaction chamber 4-1, the electron beam emitted from the front cathode emitter 1-1 will be subject to the input signal fed from the input port 6-1 to generate the velocity modulation and density modulation of electrons, the modulated electron beam will bring the cluster effect and will excite the high frequency mode field matching with the first amplification trapezoid interaction chamber 4-2 in the chamber after reaching the chamber, the established high frequency mode field will also adversely affect the modulated electron beam and generate the injection wave interaction, at the same time, the high frequency mode field in the first amplification trapezoid interaction chamber 4-2 will transmit the field energy to the second amplification trapezoid interaction chamber 4-3 through the rectangular coupling slot 5, further, the electron beam emitted from the rear cathode emitter 2-1 will be subject to the high frequency field in the second amplification trapezoid interaction chamber 4-3 to generate the velocity modulation and density modulation of electrons, in this case, the high frequency field energy coupled from the first amplification ladder interaction chamber 4-2 into the second amplification ladder interaction chamber 4-3 can be used as the input signal amplified by the preceding stage. The amplified input signal will produce stronger modulation to the electron beam, and the chain reaction produced thereby is to cascade more interaction chambers laterally, which can finally produce more efficient injection wave interaction in the output interaction chamber 4-4 and carry out radiation output through the output window 6-2.
While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, any feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise; all of the disclosed features, or all of the method or process steps, may be combined in any combination, except mutually exclusive features and/or steps.
Claims (3)
1. A cold cathode based bidirectional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier comprises: a multi-cavity extended interaction structure, a front-end cold cathode flat electron gun and a rear-end cold cathode flat electron gun; the multi-cavity extended interaction structure is characterized in that the front-end cold cathode flat electron gun and the rear-end cold cathode flat electron gun are respectively connected with the front end and the rear end of the multi-cavity extended interaction structure in a sealing mode through insulating medium shells; the multilumen-expanding interaction structure comprises: n interaction chamber groups, each interaction chamber group consisting of an input trapezoidal interaction chamber, a first amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber, a second amplification trapezoidal interaction chamber and an output trapezoidal interaction chamber; the input trapezoidal interaction cavity and the first amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity are arranged on the same axis, the two cavities share the same rectangular electron beam channel and share a strip-shaped electron beam emitted by the front-end cold cathode flat plate electron gun; the second amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity and the output trapezoidal interaction cavity are arranged on the same axis, and are penetrated by the same ribbon beam rectangular beam tunnel and share the ribbon electron beam emitted by the rear-end cold cathode flat plate electron gun; the first amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity and the second amplification trapezoidal interaction cavity are arranged side by side and are communicated with each other through a rectangular coupling groove; the input trapezoidal interaction cavity is provided with a rectangular input slot, and the output trapezoidal interaction cavity is provided with a rectangular output slot.
2. A bi-directional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier based on cold cathode as claimed in claim 1, wherein the trapezoidal interaction cavity is evacuated and has a plurality of periodic rectangular interaction gaps, the interaction gaps are arranged perpendicular to the same axis and are coupled and communicated with each other through coupling grooves at two sides, and the electron beam interacts with the high frequency field in each interaction gap.
3. The cold cathode based bi-directional multi-injection multi-cavity cascade amplifier according to claim 1, wherein the front end cold cathode flat electron gun and the rear end cold cathode flat electron gun have the same structure and are each composed of a cathode substrate and cathode emitters, the cathode emitters are attached to the surface of the cathode substrate or embedded in the cathode substrate, and the number of the cathode emitters is N.
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