CN114897175B - Noise elimination method and device of quantum measurement equipment, electronic equipment and medium - Google Patents
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Abstract
The present disclosure provides a method, an apparatus, an electronic device, a computer readable storage medium and a computer program product for eliminating noise of a quantum measurement device, and relates to the field of quantum computers, in particular to the field of quantum noise sustained release technology. The implementation scheme is as follows: performing a first operation a first predetermined number of times to determine an average probability value for each occurrence of at least one measurement, the first operation comprising the steps of: acquiring a quantum state rho of n quantum bits to be measured; performing n random selections in the set { single-bit Brix gates, single-bit Brix Y gates } to obtain n Brix gates; respectively acting n Bridgman gates on each quantum bit of the quantum state rho to repeatedly operate the quantum measurement equipment to measure the acted quantum state for a second preset number of times, and carrying out state inversion on each bit of the obtained measurement result; and counting the measurement results after the state overturn to determine the probability value of each occurrence of at least one measurement result.
Description
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to the field of quantum computers, and in particular to the field of quantum noise sustained release technology, and more particularly, to a method, an apparatus, an electronic device, a computer readable storage medium, and a computer program product for noise cancellation of a quantum measurement device.
Background
Quantum computer technology has evolved rapidly in recent years, but noise problems in foreseeable future quantum computers are difficult to avoid: the heat dissipation in the qubit or random fluctuation generated in the underlying quantum physical process can cause the state of the qubit to be overturned or randomized, and the deviation of the calculation result read by the measuring device can cause the calculation process to fail.
Specifically, due to limitations of various factors such as instruments, methods, conditions and the like, the quantum measurement device cannot work accurately, so that measurement noise is generated, and deviation occurs in an actual measurement value. Therefore, it is often desirable to reduce the effects of measurement noise in order to obtain an unbiased estimate of the measurement.
Disclosure of Invention
The present disclosure provides a method, apparatus, electronic device, computer-readable storage medium, and computer program product for noise cancellation of a quantum measurement device.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a quantum noise canceling method of a quantum measurement apparatus, including: performing a first operation a first preset number of times to determine an average probability value of each occurrence of at least one measurement result as a measurement result obtained after removing quantum noise, wherein the first operation comprises the steps of: acquiring a quantum state rho of n quantum bits to be measured, wherein n is a positive integer; performing n random selections in the brix gate set { single-bit brix gates, single-bit brix Y gates } to obtain n brix gates; respectively acting the n Brillouin gates on each quantum bit of the quantum state rho to obtain an acted quantum state; repeatedly operating the quantum measurement equipment to measure the quantum state after the action for a second preset number of times, and carrying out state inversion on each bit of the obtained measurement result in the form of a binary string; and counting the measurement results after the state is overturned to determine the probability value of each occurrence of the at least one measurement result.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a noise canceling method of a quantum measurement apparatus, including: acquiring a quantum state rho of n quantum bits to be measured, wherein n is a positive integer; determining a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state rho after eliminating the quantum noise of the quantum measurement equipment; based on a quantum measurement device calibration method and the measurement result, a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after classical noise is eliminated is obtained, wherein the measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after quantum noise of the quantum measurement device is eliminated is determined according to the method disclosed by the disclosure.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a quantum noise canceling device of a quantum measurement apparatus, including: a first determining unit configured to perform a first operation a first preset number of times to determine an average probability value at which each of the at least one measurement result appears as a measurement result obtained after the quantum noise is eliminated, wherein the first operation includes the steps of: acquiring a quantum state rho of n quantum bits to be measured, wherein n is a positive integer; performing n random selections in the brix gate set { single-bit brix gates, single-bit brix Y gates } to obtain n brix gates; respectively acting the n Brillouin gates on each quantum bit of the quantum state rho to obtain an acted quantum state; repeatedly operating the quantum measurement equipment to measure the quantum state after the action for a second preset number of times, and carrying out state inversion on each bit of the obtained measurement result in the form of a binary string; and counting the measurement results after the state is overturned to determine the probability value of each occurrence of the at least one measurement result.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a noise canceling device of a quantum measurement apparatus, including: the device comprises a first acquisition unit, a second acquisition unit and a third acquisition unit, wherein the first acquisition unit is configured to acquire a quantum state rho of n quantum bits to be measured, wherein n is a positive integer; a second determining unit configured to determine a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after the quantum noise of the quantum measurement device is eliminated; the second acquisition unit is configured to obtain a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after classical noise is eliminated based on a quantum measurement device calibration method and the measurement result, wherein the measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after quantum noise of the quantum measurement device is eliminated is determined according to the method disclosed by the disclosure.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electronic device including: at least one processor; and a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; the memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the methods described in the present disclosure.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing a computer to perform the method described in the present disclosure.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the method described in the present disclosure.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, quantum noise in a quantum measurement device can be efficiently eliminated by the action of the bery X gate and bery Y gate, so that the quantum measurement device only contains classical noise, and thus a quantum measurement device calibration technology that saves more computing resources can be selected to further perform error slow-release on the quantum measurement device.
It should be understood that the description in this section is not intended to identify key or critical features of the embodiments of the disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following specification.
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The accompanying drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain exemplary implementations of the embodiments. The illustrated embodiments are for exemplary purposes only and do not limit the scope of the claims. Throughout the drawings, identical reference numerals designate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements.
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary system in which various methods described herein may be implemented, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of error propagation by a quantum measurement device calibration method;
FIG. 3 shows a modeling schematic of a noisy quantum measurement device according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIG. 4 illustrates a PTM matrix schematic corresponding to a dual bit noisy quantum measurement device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic diagram of the operation of compiling a quantum measurement device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
FIGS. 6A and 6B show schematic diagrams of PTM matrices before and after compiling a quantum measurement device, respectively, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of a quantum noise cancellation method of a quantum measurement device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 8 and 9 show schematic diagrams of PTM matrices before and after compiling two different quantum devices, respectively, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of a method of noise cancellation of a quantum measurement device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
Fig. 11 shows a block diagram of a quantum noise canceling device of a quantum measurement apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 12 shows a block diagram of a noise cancellation device of a quantum measurement apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
Fig. 13 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary electronic device that can be used to implement embodiments of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which include various details of the embodiments of the present disclosure to facilitate understanding, and should be considered as merely exemplary. Accordingly, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the embodiments described herein can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Also, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions are omitted in the following description for clarity and conciseness.
In the present disclosure, the use of the terms "first," "second," and the like to describe various elements is not intended to limit the positional relationship, timing relationship, or importance relationship of the elements, unless otherwise indicated, and such terms are merely used to distinguish one element from another. In some examples, a first element and a second element may refer to the same instance of the element, and in some cases, they may also refer to different instances based on the description of the context.
The terminology used in the description of the various illustrated examples in this disclosure is for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the elements may be one or more if the number of the elements is not specifically limited. Furthermore, the term "and/or" as used in this disclosure encompasses any and all possible combinations of the listed items.
Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
To date, various types of computers in use are based on classical physics as the theoretical basis for information processing, known as traditional or classical computers. Classical information systems store data or programs using binary data bits that are physically easiest to implement, each binary data bit being represented by a 0 or a1, called a bit or a bit, as the smallest unit of information. Classical computers themselves have the inevitable weakness: first, the most basic limitation of energy consumption in the calculation process. The minimum energy required by the logic element or the memory cell should be more than several times of kT to avoid malfunction under thermal expansion; secondly, information entropy and heating energy consumption; thirdly, when the wiring density of the computer chip is large, the uncertainty of momentum is large when the uncertainty of the electronic position is small according to the uncertainty relation of the Hessenberg. Electrons are no longer bound and there is a quantum interference effect that can even destroy the performance of the chip.
Quantum computers (QWs) are a class of physical devices that perform high-speed mathematical and logical operations, store and process quantum information, following quantum mechanical properties, laws. When a device processes and calculates quantum information and runs a quantum algorithm, the device is a quantum computer. Quantum computers follow unique quantum dynamics (particularly quantum interferometry) to achieve a new model of information processing. For parallel processing of computational problems, quantum computers have an absolute advantage in speed over classical computers. The transformation implemented by the quantum computer on each superposition component is equivalent to a classical computation, all of which are completed simultaneously and are superimposed according to a certain probability amplitude to give the output result of the quantum computer, and the computation is called quantum parallel computation. Quantum parallel processing greatly improves the efficiency of quantum computers so that they can perform tasks that classical computers cannot do, such as factorization of a large natural number. Quantum coherence is essentially exploited in all quantum ultrafast algorithms. Therefore, quantum parallel computation with quantum state instead of classical state can reach incomparable operation speed and information processing function of classical computer, and save a large amount of operation resources.
With the rapid development of quantum computer technology, quantum computers are increasingly used because of their powerful computing power and faster operating speeds. For example, chemical simulation refers to a process of mapping the hamiltonian of a real chemical system to a physically operable hamiltonian, and then modulating parameters and evolution time to find an eigenstate that can reflect the real chemical system. When an N-electron chemical system is simulated on a classical computer, the solution of a2 N -dimensional Schrodinger equation is involved, and the calculated amount increases exponentially with the increase of the electron number of the system. Classical computers therefore have very limited utility in chemical simulation problems. To break this bottleneck, one must rely on the powerful computational power of quantum computers. The quantum eigensolver algorithm (Variational Quantum Eigensolver, VQE) is a high-efficiency quantum algorithm for performing chemical simulation on quantum hardware, is one of the most promising applications of quantum computers recently, and opens up a number of new chemical research fields. However, the current-stage quantum computer measurement noise rate significantly limits the VQE capability, so the quantum measurement noise problem must be addressed first.
One core computational process of the quantum eigensolver algorithm VQE is to estimate the expectation value Tr O ρ, where ρ is the quantum state of n qubits (n-qubit quantum state) generated by the quantum computer, and the n qubit observables O are the hamiltonian to physically operable hamiltonian of the real chemical system. The above process is the most general form of quantum computing for extracting classical information, and has wide application, and can be considered as a core step for reading classical information from quantum information. In general, it can be assumed that O is a diagonal matrix under a calculation basis, and thus the expected value Tr [ O ρ ] can be theoretically calculated by the following formula:
Where O (i) represents the ith row and column element of O (assuming that the matrix element index starts numbering from 0). The above-described quantum computing process may be as shown in fig. 1, in which a process of generating an n-qubit quantum state ρ by a quantum computer 101 and measuring the quantum state ρ via a quantum measurement device 102 to obtain a measurement result is performed M times, the number of times M i of outputting the result i is counted, ρ (i) ≡m i/M is estimated, and Tr [ O ρ ] may be estimated by a classical computer 103. For example, the quantum measurement device 102 may implement measuring the n-qubit quantum state ρ by n (positive integer) single-qubit measurement devices 1021 to obtain a measurement result. The law of large numbers ensures that the estimation process described above is correct when M is sufficiently large.
It is understood that the combination of quantum computer 101 and quantum measurement device 102 is a quantum computer or quantum device in the general sense.
However, in the physical implementation, due to limitations of various factors such as instruments, methods, conditions, etc., the quantum measurement device cannot work precisely to generate measurement noise, so that the actually estimated values M i/M and ρ (i) deviate, and errors occur in calculating Tr [ O ρ ] by using the formula (1).
The source of noise may be either classical noise or quantum noise. Specifically, for the following:
in the ideal case of a quantum measurement device without noise, the corresponding measurement POVM (Positive Operator-Valued Measure, positive operator valued measure) is expressed as:
Wherein the superscript i indicates no noise (ideal). In the case of a quantum measurement device containing quantum noise, the corresponding measurement POVM (Positive Operator-Valued Measure, positive operator valued measure) is expressed as:
Wherein, The half positive matrix, superscript q, represents the quantum noise (quantum). In the case of a quantum measurement device containing only classical noise, the corresponding measurement POVM (Positive Operator-Valued Measure, positive operator valued measure) is expressed as:
Where superscript c denotes classical noise (classical). The x epsilon {0,1} n represents the output result of the quantum measurement device.
That is, there may be an error in measuring the output quantum state by the above-described measurement basis to determine the corresponding output result. Eventually, the number of times M i that results in the statistical output result i may be inaccurate.
If quantum noise exists in the quantum measurement equipment, the quantum measurement equipment chromatographic method (Quantum Measurement Tomography) is needed to be carried out on the quantum measurement equipment to acquire all information of the noise and carry out error slow-release work; on the other hand, if only classical noise exists in the quantum measurement device, all information of the noise can be obtained and error slow-release work can be carried out only by carrying out a quantum measurement device calibration method (Quantum Measurement Calibration) on the quantum measurement device. The tomographic method can extract more information than the calibration method, but consumes more resources.
Taking a single qubit as an example, assuming that a large number of |0> states and |1> states are prepared respectively, measurement results are obtained after measurement by a quantum measurement device, and the probability of obtaining x=0 measurement results is found to be 0.9 and 0.2 respectively, and the probability of obtaining x=1 measurement results is found to be 0.1 and 0.8 respectively. The corresponding observation operators can be written:
Due to The numerical relationship between gamma 1,γ2 can be determined. Gamma 1,γ2 is the source of quantum noise here, an amount that can usually only be characterized by chromatographic methods.
The chromatography method of the quantum measurement equipment and the calibration method of the quantum measurement equipment are common techniques for carrying out error slow-release on the quantum measurement equipment.
The quantum measurement device chromatographic method prepares different input states and uses the quantum measurement device to measure, and a measurement operator pi q is constructed according to the statistical data. The measurement operators obtained by the chromatographic method can completely characterize the quantum noise properties of the quantum measurement device. However, although the chromatography method can completely characterize quantum noise, the quantum state and the measurement base need to be stretched into the whole quantum space, so that the chromatography cost is very high, and the required resource is O (4 n) (n is the number of quantum bits of the quantum measurement device).
According to the quantum measurement device calibration method, classical matrix II c is constructed by running calibration data generated by a calibration circuit, classical noise information of the noisy quantum measurement device is described by the matrix, and when a specific quantum calculation task needs to be executed subsequently, noisy output data generated by a quantum circuit corresponding to the task can be processed by using the obtained calibration matrix II c, so that errors of the output data are delayed.
For example, in the process of error-releasing a measurement device using a calibration method, in general, the measurement device may be calibrated first and then the output result of the measurement device may be corrected, and the workflow thereof may be as shown in fig. 2. In this measurement noise processing basic flow, the experimenter first prepares many calibration circuits (step 210) and then runs them in the actual measurement device (step 220) to detect the basic information of the measurement device. Specifically, a corresponding calibration circuit may be constructed by the quantum computer 101 in a system as shown in fig. 1 to obtain a corresponding standard base quantum state. The standard base quantum states are measured multiple times by the measurement device 102 to generate calibration data (step 230). Using the generated calibration data, a calibration matrix a can be constructed (step 240) that characterizes classical noise information of the noisy measurement device. Subsequently, when a specific quantum computing task needs to be executed, a quantum circuit corresponding to the computing task may be first constructed (step S10), the quantum circuit corresponding to the task is operated in an actual device (step S20), and noisy output data { M i}i of the quantum circuit is obtained (step S30). Subsequently, these noisy data may be post-processed using the calibration matrix a already obtained (step S40):
Where A -1 represents the inverse of the calibration matrix A. By approximating { ρ (i) } i by the probability distribution p after calibration and further calculating the expected value Tr [ O ρ ] (step S50), the influence of classical noise can be effectively eliminated, thereby improving the accuracy of calculating the expected value.
Quantum measurement device calibration methods, while requiring relatively low computational resources, can only characterize classical noise. Classical noise can only reflect part of sources of noise of measuring equipment, such as statistical errors, which can be slowly released by a statistical method in subsequent data processing, however, if quantum noise of quantum measuring equipment is more remarkable, the main source of noise is quantum noise, and noise-containing measuring data obtained at the moment cannot accurately release errors of the noise-containing measuring data no matter what kind of high-definition statistical means is adopted.
Thus, it is considered to remove or cancel out the quantum noise in the quantum measurement device, so that the rest is classical noise. Classical noise of the quantum measurement device can then be processed using quantum measurement device calibration techniques, thereby saving resources consumed by quantum measurement noise processing.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a quantum noise canceling method of a quantum measurement apparatus including: performing a first operation a first preset number of times to determine an average probability value of each occurrence of at least one measurement result as a measurement result obtained after removing quantum noise, wherein the first operation comprises the steps of: acquiring a quantum state rho of n quantum bits to be measured, wherein n is a positive integer; performing n random selections in the brix gate set { single-bit brix gates, single-bit brix Y gates } to obtain n brix gates; respectively acting the n Brillouin gates on each quantum bit of the quantum state rho to obtain an acted quantum state; repeatedly operating the quantum measurement equipment to measure the quantum state after the action for a second preset number of times, and carrying out state inversion on each bit of the obtained measurement result in the form of a binary string; and counting the measurement results after the state is overturned to determine the probability value of each occurrence of the at least one measurement result.
According to the embodiment of the disclosure, through the actions of the Brix gate and the Brix Y gate, quantum noise in the quantum measurement device can be effectively eliminated to only comprise classical noise, so that a quantum measurement device calibration technology which saves more calculation resources can be selected to further perform error slow release on the quantum measurement device.
In the present disclosure, for a noisy quantum measurement device, as shown in fig. 3, it may be modeled as a combination of noisy channel 301 and ideal measurement device 302, the input quantum state may be disturbed by noisy channel 301 and then measured by ideal measurement device 302, resulting in errors in the measurement results. In general, the noisy quantum measurement device can be described by POVM pi= { pi x}x, where pi x represents the observation operator corresponding to output x. Equivalently, the measurement process can be regarded as a special quantum-classical channel (the input of which is in the quantum state and the output is in the classical state), with the following form:
Assume that Is a set of orthogonal bases of an n-bit operator space, the quantum state ρ can be expressed as:
αi＝Tr[Piρ]
under the expression of the bubble transition matrix (Pauli Transfer Matrix, PTM), the following expression exists:
Wherein Γ is a real number matrix of 4 n×4n, which can completely characterize the information of the quantum channel.
Thus, the quantum-classical channel can be represented as a matrix of 4 n×4n under the expression of the Brix transformation matrix (Pauli Transfer Matrix, PTM)The ith row and jth column elements of the matrix are:
Wherein P i、Pj is the ith and jth n-qubit Pauli operators, respectively.
Under the expression of PTM, when the equivalent measuring equipment only has classical noise, only part of elements in the PTM matrix are non-zero values; but if quantum noise is present in the quantum measurement device, there will be more elements that are non-zero values. Taking a two-bit noisy quantum measurement device as an example, the effects of quantum noise and classical noise on the measurement channel can be as shown in fig. 4. Fig. 4 shows a PTM matrix of a quantum channel of a two-qubit quantum measurement device, wherein the light grey part is an element that is affected by quantum noise and the dark grey part is an element that is affected by classical noise. To convert quantum noise to classical noise (or to eliminate quantum noise), all light gray partial elements need to be erased (i.e., initialized to zero values).
In the present disclosure, all light gray partial elements in PTM may be erased by XY Twirling (XY flip) technique, thereby converting quantum noise into classical noise. Specifically, the technique randomly selects Pauli X operators or Pauli Y operators (hence the name XY Twirling) before and after the quantum measurement device and inserts them into the measurement circuitry for compilation. Pauli X and Pauli Y operators are shown below, respectively:
the corresponding compilation process is mathematically expressed as:
Where M' represents the quantum measurement channel after XY Twirling passes. It can be demonstrated that the new measurement channel M' thus obtained contains only classical noise. The compiling operation based on XY Twirling technology can be as shown in fig. 5, and each of the front and rear sides of the noise-containing quantum measurement device acts on a Pauli operator obtained by random sampling, wherein the former Pauli operator can be implemented by using a corresponding Pauli gate, and the latter Pauli operator can be implemented by "flipping" an output bit string.
The present disclosure utilizes XY Twirling techniques to convert the effects of quantum noise generation into classical noise effects. It may be noted that quantum noise may be removed after compiling by XY Twirling techniques in this disclosure, but classical noise may not change or may change. In the example shown in fig. 3, the XY Twirling technique erases all elements corresponding to dark gray portions.
Illustratively, XY Twirling can be demonstrated by numerical modeling for correctness. First, a set of noisy POVM is randomly generated, and a corresponding PTM matrix is calculated, as shown in fig. 6A. And compiling by XY Twirling technology to obtain the processed PTM matrix, wherein the simulation result can be shown in FIG. 6B. As can be seen from fig. 6A and 6B, all elements corresponding to quantum noise are erased, and the remaining elements correspond to classical noise.
In particular, fig. 7 shows a flow chart of a quantum noise cancellation method of a quantum measurement device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 7, the following first operations are performed a first preset number of times (step 710): obtaining a quantum state rho of n quantum bits to be measured, wherein n is a positive integer (step 7101); performing n random selections in the set of brix gates { single bit brix gates, single bit briy gates }, to obtain n brix gates (step 7102); respectively acting n Bridgman on each qubit of the quantum state rho to obtain a quantum state after acting (step 7103); repeatedly operating the quantum measuring device to measure the acted quantum state for a second preset number of times, and performing state inversion on each bit of the obtained measurement result in the form of the binary string (step 7104); and counting the measurement results after the state flip to determine probability values of occurrence of each of the at least one measurement result (step 7105); based on all probability values corresponding to each of the at least one measurement result obtained after the first operation for the first preset number of times, an average probability value of each occurrence of the at least one measurement result is determined (step 720).
According to some embodiments, the first preset number of times is not less than 2 n. When the first preset times are not lower than 2 n, an exhaustion effect (when the first preset times are greater than 2 n, certain redundancy exists) can be achieved, so that the measurement result is closer to the measurement result after the quantum noise is eliminated, and the accuracy of the measurement result is improved. Of course, the first preset number of times may be less than 2 n, which may cause a partial error in the measurement result. Thus, the designer may set the appropriate first preset secondary value according to the specific requirements.
In an exemplary embodiment according to the present disclosure, quantum noise in a quantum measurement device may be eliminated by the following steps.
In step 1, n qubits of quantum states ρ are input, and n Pauli gates are randomly selected from a set of single bit Pauli gates { X, Y } and denoted as { P 1,P2,...,Pn }.
In step 2, { P 1,P2,...,Pn } is sequentially applied to n quantum bits of the quantum state ρ, M shots times of measurement is performed by using a noisy quantum measurement device, and the binary string output result x of each time is subjected to state inversion and recorded asStatistics of output resultsTimes of (a)
In step 3, the statistical result is used to estimate
In step 4, steps 1-3 are repeated N times and the statistics of the ith time are recorded asObtaining an average probability distribution:
Wherein, Namely, a measurement result obtained by measuring the input quantum state rho after eliminating the quantum noise, and the measurement result only contains the influence of classical noise.
In theory, the quantum measurement noise processing scheme disclosed by the embodiment of the disclosure is suitable for all quantum measurement devices, and can convert quantum noise contained in the quantum measurement devices into classical noise, so that data can be calibrated by using a classical noise processing method, and the consumption of quantum resources is reduced.
In one exemplary application of the method according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the method according to embodiments of the present disclosure is tested using an IBM 5 qubit (IBM Quito) true machine and an IBM FakeMontreal qubit simulator as examples, where the FakeMontreal noisy simulator is a simulator corresponding to an IBM Montreal superconducting quantum computer, whose noise data largely restores the noise data of the true machine. Illustratively, taking 2 qubits as an example, random compilation is performed according to the method described above, POVM elements (complex modulo length) are acquired using detector tomography (Detector Tomography) and compared to POVM elements prior to random compilation. The results of the comparison of FakeMontreal to 63 qubit simulators and 5 qubit (IBM Quito) true machines are shown in figures 8 and 9, respectively. In fig. 8 and 9, the first row illustrates POVM elements before random compilation, the second row illustrates POVM elements after random compilation, and the third row illustrates POVM element differences before and after random compilation.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is also provided a noise canceling method of a quantum measurement apparatus. Fig. 10 shows a flowchart of a noise canceling method of a quantum measurement device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 10, the method 1000 includes: obtaining a quantum state ρ of n quantum bits to be measured, wherein n is a positive integer (step 1010); determining a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after the quantum noise of the quantum measurement device is eliminated (step 1020); based on the quantum measurement device calibration method and the measurement result, a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after the classical noise is eliminated is obtained (step 1030). The measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after the quantum noise of the quantum measurement device is eliminated may be determined according to the method of any of the above embodiments.
It will be appreciated that the quantum measurement device calibration method herein may be any suitable calibration method, such as the method described above with reference to fig. 2, without limitation.
There is also provided, as shown in fig. 11, a quantum noise canceling device 1100 of a quantum measurement apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, including: a first determining unit 1110 configured to perform a first operation a first preset number of times to determine an average probability value at which each of the at least one measurement result appears as a measurement result obtained after removing quantum noise, wherein the first operation includes the steps of: acquiring a quantum state rho of n quantum bits to be measured, wherein n is a positive integer; performing n random selections in the brix gate set { single-bit brix gates, single-bit brix Y gates } to obtain n brix gates; respectively acting the n Brillouin gates on each quantum bit of the quantum state rho to obtain an acted quantum state; repeatedly operating the quantum measurement equipment to measure the quantum state after the action for a second preset number of times, and carrying out state inversion on each bit of the obtained measurement result in the form of a binary string; and counting the measurement results after the state is overturned to determine the probability value of each occurrence of the at least one measurement result.
Here, the operations of the above units of the quantum noise canceling device 1100 of the quantum measuring apparatus are similar to the operations of the steps 710 to 720 described above, respectively, and are not repeated here.
There is also provided, as shown in fig. 12, a noise canceling device 1200 of a quantum measurement apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, including: a second obtaining unit 1210 configured to obtain a quantum state ρ of n quantum bits to be measured, where n is a positive integer; a second determining unit 1220 configured to determine a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after the quantum noise of the quantum measurement apparatus is eliminated; a third obtaining unit 1230 is configured to obtain a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after the classical noise is eliminated based on the quantum measurement device calibration method and the measurement result. The method according to any of the above embodiments determines a measurement result corresponding to the quantum state ρ after eliminating the quantum noise of the quantum measurement device.
According to embodiments of the present disclosure, there is also provided an electronic device, a readable storage medium and a computer program product.
Referring to fig. 13, a block diagram of an electronic device 1300, which may be a server or a client of the present disclosure, will now be described, which is an example of a hardware device that may be applied to aspects of the present disclosure. Electronic devices are intended to represent various forms of digital electronic computer devices, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other suitable computers. The electronic device may also represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital processing, cellular telephones, smartphones, wearable devices, and other similar computing devices. The components shown herein, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant to limit implementations of the disclosure described and/or claimed herein.
As shown in fig. 13, the electronic device 1300 includes a computing unit 1301 that can perform various appropriate actions and processes according to a computer program stored in a Read Only Memory (ROM) 1302 or a computer program loaded from a storage unit 1308 into a Random Access Memory (RAM) 1303. In the RAM 1303, various programs and data required for the operation of the electronic device 1300 can also be stored. The computing unit 1301, the ROM 1302, and the RAM 1303 are connected to each other through a bus 1304. An input/output (I/O) interface 1305 is also connected to bus 1304.
Various components in electronic device 1300 are connected to I/O interface 1305, including: an input unit 1306, an output unit 1307, a storage unit 1308, and a communication unit 1309. The input unit 1306 may be any type of device capable of inputting information to the electronic device 1300, the input unit 1306 may receive input numeric or character information, and generate key signal inputs related to user settings and/or function controls of the electronic device, and may include, but is not limited to, a mouse, a keyboard, a touch screen, a trackpad, a trackball, a joystick, a microphone, and/or a remote control. The output unit 1307 may be any type of device capable of presenting information and may include, but is not limited to, a display, speakers, video/audio output terminals, vibrators, and/or printers. Storage unit 1308 may include, but is not limited to, magnetic disks, optical disks. The communication unit 1309 allows the electronic device 1300 to exchange information/data with other devices through computer networks such as the internet and/or various telecommunication networks, and may include, but is not limited to, modems, network cards, infrared communication devices, wireless communication transceivers and/or chipsets, such as bluetooth (TM) devices, 802.11 devices, wiFi devices, wiMax devices, cellular communication devices, and/or the like.
The computing unit 1301 may be a variety of general and/or special purpose processing components having processing and computing capabilities. Some examples of computing unit 1301 include, but are not limited to, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), various specialized Artificial Intelligence (AI) computing chips, various computing units running machine learning model algorithms, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), and any suitable processor, controller, microcontroller, etc. The computing unit 1301 performs the various methods and processes described above, such as method 700. For example, in some embodiments, the method 700 may be implemented as a computer software program tangibly embodied on a machine-readable medium, such as the storage unit 1308. In some embodiments, part or all of the computer program may be loaded and/or installed onto the electronic device 1300 via the ROM 1302 and/or the communication unit 1309. When the computer program is loaded into RAM 1303 and executed by computing unit 1301, one or more steps of method 700 described above may be performed. Alternatively, in other embodiments, computing unit 1301 may be configured to perform method 700 by any other suitable means (e.g., by means of firmware).
Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here above may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuit systems, field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), application Specific Standard Products (ASSPs), systems On Chip (SOCs), complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various embodiments may include: implemented in one or more computer programs, the one or more computer programs may be executed and/or interpreted on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be a special purpose or general-purpose programmable processor, that may receive data and instructions from, and transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.
Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus such that the program code, when executed by the processor or controller, causes the functions/operations specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on the machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
In the context of this disclosure, a machine-readable medium may be a tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine-readable medium may be a machine-readable signal medium or a machine-readable storage medium. The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of a machine-readable storage medium would include an electrical connection based on one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniques described here can be implemented on a computer having: a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information to a user; and a keyboard and pointing device (e.g., a mouse or trackball) by which a user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices may also be used to provide for interaction with a user; for example, feedback provided to the user may be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user may be received in any form, including acoustic input, speech input, or tactile input.
The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in a computing system that includes a background component (e.g., as a data server), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or that includes a front-end component (e.g., a user computer having a graphical user interface or a web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the systems and techniques described here), or any combination of such background, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include: local Area Networks (LANs), wide Area Networks (WANs), and the internet.
The computer system may include a client and a server. The client and server are typically remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. The server may be a cloud server, a server of a distributed system, or a server incorporating a blockchain.
It should be appreciated that various forms of the flows shown above may be used to reorder, add, or delete steps. For example, the steps recited in the present disclosure may be performed in parallel, sequentially or in a different order, provided that the desired results of the disclosed aspects are achieved, and are not limited herein.
Although embodiments or examples of the present disclosure have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the foregoing methods, systems, and apparatus are merely exemplary embodiments or examples, and that the scope of the present invention is not limited by these embodiments or examples but only by the claims following the grant and their equivalents. Various elements of the embodiments or examples may be omitted or replaced with equivalent elements thereof. Furthermore, the steps may be performed in a different order than described in the present disclosure. Further, various elements of the embodiments or examples may be combined in various ways. It is important that as technology evolves, many of the elements described herein may be replaced by equivalent elements that appear after the disclosure.
Claims (9)
1. A method of quantum noise cancellation for a quantum measurement device, comprising:
Performing a first operation a first predetermined number of times to determine an average probability value of each occurrence of at least one measurement result as a measurement result obtained after removing the quantum noise,
Wherein the first operation comprises the steps of:
obtaining the measurement to be performed Quantum states of qubitsWhereinIs a positive integer;
At the Brix gate set Is performed in the middle ofSub-random selection to obtainA berliner door;
The said The Brix acts on the quantum state respectivelyTo obtain a post-action quantum state;
Repeatedly operating the quantum measurement equipment to measure the quantum state after the action for a second preset number of times, and carrying out state inversion on each bit of the obtained measurement result in the form of a binary string; and
And counting the measurement results after the state is overturned to determine the probability value of each occurrence of the at least one measurement result.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first preset number of times is not less than。
3. A method of noise cancellation for a quantum measurement device, comprising:
obtaining the measurement to be performed Quantum states of qubitsWhereinIs a positive integer;
Determining the quantum state after eliminating the quantum noise of the quantum measurement device The corresponding measurement result;
Based on the quantum measurement device calibration method and the measurement result, the quantum state after classical noise elimination is obtained The corresponding measurement result is used to determine the position of the object,
Wherein the method of any of claims 1-2 determines the quantum state after elimination of quantum noise of the quantum measurement deviceThe corresponding measurement results.
4. A quantum noise cancellation device of a quantum measurement apparatus, comprising:
a first determining unit configured to perform a first operation a first preset number of times to determine an average probability value at which each of the at least one measurement result appears as a measurement result obtained after the quantum noise is eliminated,
Wherein the first operation comprises the steps of:
obtaining the measurement to be performed Quantum states of qubitsWhereinIs a positive integer;
At the Brix gate set Is performed in the middle ofSub-random selection to obtainA berliner door;
The said The Brix acts on the quantum state respectivelyTo obtain a post-action quantum state;
Repeatedly operating the quantum measurement equipment to measure the quantum state after the action for a second preset number of times, and carrying out state inversion on each bit of the obtained measurement result in the form of a binary string; and
And counting the measurement results after the state is overturned to determine the probability value of each occurrence of the at least one measurement result.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first preset number of times is not less than。
6. A noise cancellation apparatus of a quantum measurement device, comprising:
A first acquisition unit configured to acquire a measurement to be performed Quantum states of qubitsWhereinIs a positive integer;
A second determination unit configured to determine the quantum state after eliminating the quantum noise of the quantum measurement device The corresponding measurement result;
a second acquisition unit configured to obtain the quantum state after classical noise cancellation based on a quantum measurement device calibration method and the measurement result The corresponding measurement result is used to determine the position of the object,
Wherein the method of any of claims 1-2 determines the quantum state after elimination of quantum noise of the quantum measurement deviceThe corresponding measurement results.
7. An electronic device, comprising:
At least one processor; and
A memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein the method comprises the steps of
The memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the method of any one of claims 1-3.
8. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing the computer to perform the method of any one of claims 1-3.
9. A computer program product comprising a computer program, wherein the computer program, when executed by a processor, implements the method of any of claims 1-3.
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