CN114744262B - Tail gas treatment system of fuel cell and control method - Google Patents
Tail gas treatment system of fuel cell and control method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114744262B CN114744262B CN202210324489.2A CN202210324489A CN114744262B CN 114744262 B CN114744262 B CN 114744262B CN 202210324489 A CN202210324489 A CN 202210324489A CN 114744262 B CN114744262 B CN 114744262B
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 193
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 193
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 182
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000011217 control strategy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008094 contradictory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
The application discloses a tail gas treatment system and a control method of a fuel cell, and belongs to the technical field of fuel cells. According to the tail gas treatment system, the hydrogen inlet end of the burner is connected with the hydrogen discharge pipeline of the electric pile through the first valve, and the gas inlet end of the burner is connected with the gas inlet pipeline of the electric pile through the second valve, so that hydrogen discharged by the electric pile of the fuel cell enters the burner for combustion, and the explosion risk possibly caused by the fact that the hydrogen is directly discharged from the tail of the fuel cell is solved. And the tail gas end of the burner is connected with the air inlet end of the expander, the high-temperature and high-pressure tail gas generated after the burner burns drives the rotor shaft of the expander to rotate by acting on the expander, and the rotor shaft of the expander is connected with the rotor shaft of the air compressor of the fuel cell, so that the air compressor provides power and parasitic power consumption of the air compressor is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of fuel cells, and particularly relates to a tail gas treatment system of a fuel cell and a control method.
Background
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is a device for generating electric energy by utilizing oxidation-reduction reaction of hydrogen and oxygen in a galvanic pile, wherein an air compressor is used for conveying air (oxygen) into a cathode of the galvanic pile, and a hydrogen injection device is used for conveying hydrogen into an anode of the galvanic pile, and the hydrogen injection device and the hydrogen react in a proton exchange membrane. In the reaction process, air and hydrogen which are not completely reacted in the cathode and the anode of the electric pile are respectively discharged from outlets of the two poles.
In order to improve the utilization rate of hydrogen, a hydrogen circulating pump is generally arranged at the outlet of the anode in the prior art, so that the hydrogen discharged from the anode of the electric pile is circulated back to the inlet of the anode. However, in order to ensure that the pile continuously reacts to output power, air and hydrogen are always supplied excessively, so that part of hydrogen cannot be pumped back to an anode inlet through a hydrogen circulating pump in the reaction process, and the hydrogen which is not circulated can form tail gas to directly enter a tail row for discharging, and the risk of explosion can be generated when the hydrogen is gathered to a certain degree.
Therefore, there is a need for a system that can effectively treat the tail gas of a fuel cell to increase hydrogen utilization and reduce the risk of hydrogen explosion.
Disclosure of Invention
The method aims at solving the technical problem that the hydrogen utilization rate is low due to the fact that residual hydrogen is discharged through the tail at present to a certain extent. To this end, the present application provides an exhaust gas treatment system of a fuel cell and a control method.
The embodiment of the application provides a tail gas treatment system of fuel cell, includes:
the first valve is connected with a hydrogen discharge pipeline of the electric pile;
the second valve is connected with an air inlet pipeline of the electric pile;
the hydrogen inlet end of the burner is connected with the first valve, and the gas inlet end of the burner is connected with the second valve; the method comprises the steps of,
and the air inlet end of the expander is connected with the tail gas end of the combustor, and the rotor shaft of the expander is coaxially connected with the rotor shaft of the air compressor so as to provide power for the air compressor.
Optionally, for better implementing the present application, the exhaust gas treatment system further includes a pressure sensor, where the pressure sensor is disposed on the hydrogen inlet pipe of the electric pile.
Optionally, for better realization this application, advance hydrogen pipeline with the hydrogen pipeline is connected with hydrogen circulating pump, hydrogen circulating pump with advance hydrogen pipeline connection's one end is located pressure sensor with advance hydrogen pipeline connection's one end, hydrogen circulating pump with the one end that hydrogen pipeline is connected is located first valve with the one end that hydrogen pipeline is connected's the upper reaches.
Optionally, for better realization this application, the air inlet pipe is equipped with the intercooler, the second valve with the one end that the air inlet pipe is connected is located the air compressor machine with between the intercooler.
The application also provides a control method for controlling the exhaust gas treatment system of the fuel cell, which comprises the following steps:
the fuel cell controller 26 obtains the current advancing stack pressure of the hydrogen of the electric stack, and the actual opening of the first valve and the actual opening of the second valve;
based on the current forward stack pressure of the hydrogen, obtaining a target expected opening of a first valve through feedforward control;
obtaining a control error of the first valve based on a difference value between a target expected opening of the first valve and an actual opening of the first valve;
obtaining the actual expected opening of the first valve through PID control according to the control error of the first valve; the opening degree of the first valve is adjusted to be the actual expected opening degree of the first valve;
acquiring a target expected opening of a second valve through feedforward control based on the actual expected opening of the first valve;
subtracting the actual opening of the second valve from the target expected opening of the second valve to obtain a control error of the second valve;
based on the control error of the second valve, obtaining the actual expected opening of the second valve through PID control; the opening degree of the second valve is adjusted to be the actual expected opening degree of the second valve.
Optionally, for better implementing the present application, the step of obtaining, based on the hydrogen gas current forward stack pressure, the target desired opening of the first valve through feedforward control includes:
based on the current forward stack pressure of the hydrogen, obtaining a basic expected opening of a first valve through first feedforward control;
and taking the basic expected opening degree of the first valve as a target expected opening degree of the first valve.
Optionally, for better implementing the present application, the step of obtaining, based on the actual desired opening of the first valve, the target desired opening of the second valve through feedforward control includes:
obtaining a basic expected opening of the second valve through second feedforward control based on the actual expected opening of the first valve;
and taking the basic expected opening degree of the second valve as a target expected opening degree of the second valve.
Optionally, for better implementing the present application, the step of obtaining, based on the hydrogen gas current forward stack pressure, the target desired opening of the first valve through feedforward control includes:
based on the current forward stack pressure of the hydrogen, obtaining a basic expected opening of a first valve through first feedforward control;
acquiring the current power of the air compressor, and correcting the expected opening of the first valve through third feedforward control based on the current power of the air compressor to obtain the corrected expected opening of the first valve;
and taking the corrected expected opening of the first valve as a target expected opening of the first valve.
Optionally, for better implementing the present application, the step of obtaining, based on the actual desired opening of the first valve, the target desired opening of the second valve through feedforward control includes:
obtaining a basic expected opening of the second valve through second feedforward control based on the actual expected opening of the first valve;
acquiring the current rotating speed of the air compressor, and correcting the basic expected opening of the second valve through fourth feedforward control based on the current rotating speed of the air compressor to acquire the corrected expected opening of the second valve;
and taking the corrected expected opening of the second valve as a target expected opening of the second valve.
Optionally, for better implementing the present application, before the target desired opening degree of the first valve is obtained via feedforward control based on the hydrogen gas current forward stack pressure, the method further includes: and judging whether the current advancing stack pressure of the hydrogen is larger than a current advancing stack pressure threshold of the hydrogen, and if the current advancing stack pressure of the hydrogen is larger than the advancing stack pressure threshold, obtaining the target expected opening of the first valve based on the current advancing stack pressure of the hydrogen.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the tail gas treatment system of the fuel cell, the hydrogen inlet end of the burner is connected with the hydrogen discharge pipeline of the electric pile through the first valve, and the air inlet end of the burner is connected with the air inlet pipeline of the electric pile through the second valve, so that hydrogen discharged by the electric pile of the fuel cell enters the burner to burn, and the explosion risk possibly caused by the fact that the hydrogen is directly discharged from the tail of the fuel cell is solved. And the tail gas end of the burner is connected with the air inlet end of the expander, the high-temperature and high-pressure tail gas generated after the burner burns drives the rotor shaft of the expander to rotate by acting on the expander, and the rotor shaft of the expander is connected with the rotor shaft of the air compressor of the fuel cell, so that the air compressor provides power and parasitic power consumption of the air compressor is reduced.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings that are needed in the description of the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an exhaust treatment system of a fuel cell;
FIG. 2 illustrates a control schematic of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 illustrates a flow chart of a control method of an exhaust treatment system;
FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of FIG. 3 for obtaining a target desired opening of a first valve;
FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of FIG. 3 for obtaining a target desired opening of the second valve;
FIG. 6 illustrates a control strategy schematic of the exhaust treatment module system of FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 shows another flowchart of FIG. 3 for obtaining a target desired opening of a first valve;
FIG. 8 shows another flow chart of the target desired opening of the movable second valve of FIG. 3;
FIG. 9 illustrates another control strategy schematic of the exhaust treatment system of FIG. 3.
Reference numerals:
10-pile; 11-an air compressor; 12-a hydrogen injection device; 13-tail rows; 14-a hydrogen inlet pipeline; 15-an air inlet pipeline; 16-a hydrogen discharge pipeline; 17-a hydrogen circulation pump; 18-an intercooler; 19-humidifier.
21-a first valve; 22-a second valve; a 23-burner; 24-an expander; 25-a pressure sensor; 26-a fuel cell controller 26.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is evident that the embodiments described are only some, but not all embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
It should be noted that all the directional indicators in the embodiments of the present invention are only used to explain the relative positional relationship, movement conditions, etc. between the components in a specific posture, and if the specific posture is changed, the directional indicators are correspondingly changed. In the present invention, unless specifically stated and limited otherwise, the terms "connected," "affixed," and the like are to be construed broadly, and for example, "affixed" may be a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral body; can be mechanically or electrically connected; either directly or indirectly, through intermediaries, or both, may be in communication with each other or in interaction with each other, unless expressly defined otherwise. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances. Furthermore, descriptions such as those referred to as "first," "second," and the like, are provided for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implying an order of magnitude of the indicated technical features in the present disclosure. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In addition, the technical solutions of the embodiments may be combined with each other, but it is necessary to base that the technical solutions can be realized by those skilled in the art, and when the technical solutions are contradictory or cannot be realized, the combination of the technical solutions should be considered to be absent and not within the scope of protection claimed in the present invention.
The present application is described below with reference to specific embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the fuel cell includes a stack 10, an air compressor 11, a hydrogen injection device 12, and a tail stack 13.
The electric pile 10 is a core component of a fuel cell, and an anode hydrogen inlet of the electric pile 10 is connected with the hydrogen injection device 12 through a hydrogen inlet pipeline 14 so as to convey hydrogen required by electrochemical reaction in the electric pile 10 through the hydrogen injection device 12; the cathode inlet of the stack 10 is connected to the air compressor 11 through an inlet pipe 15 to supply oxygen required for the electrochemical reaction to the stack 10 through the air compressor 11, the oxygen being contained in the compressed air supplied from the air compressor 11. The anode hydrogen outlet of the stack 10 is connected to the tail gas 13 through a hydrogen discharge pipe 16 so that the hydrogen gas remaining in the stack 10, which is not completely reacted, is discharged through the tail gas 13. The outlet end of the hydrogen injection device 12 is communicated with the anode hydrogen inlet of the electric pile 10 through a first pipeline so as to provide hydrogen required by the electrochemical reaction for the electric pile 10.
The net output power of the fuel cell system is equal to the fuel cell stack 10 power minus the fuel cell accessory power, also known as parasitic power, which is the power that has to be consumed in order for the fuel cell system to function properly. The inventors have found that the maximum air compressor 11 consumes parasitic power, which may generally be more than half of the parasitic power.
The embodiment provides a tail gas treatment system of a fuel cell, which is connected with the fuel cell, and can reduce the power consumption of an air compressor 11 while improving the hydrogen utilization rate and reducing the explosion risk of hydrogen, thereby reducing the parasitic power consumption of the fuel cell. The exhaust gas treatment system of the fuel cell is configured as shown in fig. 1, and includes a first valve 21, a second valve 22, a burner 23, and an expander 24.
The first valve 21 is an opening-adjustable valve, the first valve 21 is connected with the hydrogen inlet end of the burner 23 and the hydrogen discharge pipeline 16 of the electric pile 10, and the opening of the first valve 21 is adjusted to control the ratio of the residual hydrogen in the hydrogen discharge pipeline 16 to enter the burner 23 and the tail row 13. When the first valve 21 is completely closed, hydrogen does not enter the burner 23, and all the hydrogen enters the tail row 13 and is discharged; when the first valve 21 is fully opened, hydrogen does not enter the tail row 13 and all enters the burner 23.
The second valve 22 is an opening-adjustable valve, the second valve 22 is connected with the air inlet end of the burner 23 and the air inlet pipeline 15 of the electric pile 10, and the proportion of oxygen in the air inlet pipeline 15 entering the burner 23 and the electric pile 10 can be controlled by adjusting the opening of the second valve 22. When the second valve 22 is completely closed, oxygen does not enter the burner 23 and all of the oxygen enters the stack 10; when the second valve 22 is fully opened, oxygen does not enter the stack 10 and is fully admitted to the burner 23.
The burner 23 can burn hydrogen and oxygen as fuel to produce a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure exhaust gas. By adjusting the opening degree of the first valve 21 and the second valve 22, the burner 23 can be supplied with hydrogen and oxygen in a proper ratio, so that the hydrogen entering the burner 23 is fully combusted and consumed, thereby reducing the explosion risk caused by the fact that the residual hydrogen in the electric pile 10 is directly discharged through the tail row 13. The exhaust end of the burner 23 is used for discharging high-temperature and high-pressure exhaust gas generated by combustion.
The air inlet end of the expander 24 is communicated with the tail gas end of the combustor 23 through a pipeline, and the high-temperature and high-pressure tail gas generated in the combustor 23 enters the expander 24 and does work in the expander 24, so that the internal energy of the high-temperature and high-pressure tail gas is converted into mechanical energy and drives the rotor shaft of the expander 24 to rotate. The rotor shaft of the expander 24 is coaxially connected with the rotor of the air compressor 11 of the fuel cell, so that the rotor shaft of the expander 24 can rotate and simultaneously drive the rotor of the air compressor 11 to rotate, and the expander 24 can provide power for the air compressor 11, thereby reducing the power consumption required by the operation of the air compressor 11, reducing the parasitic power of the fuel cell and increasing the output power of the fuel cell. Meanwhile, since the burner 23 uses the hydrogen gas which is not completely reacted by the electric pile 10 and remains and the oxygen gas which is supplied from the air compressor 11 as fuel, an additional fuel source is not required.
In the tail gas treatment system of the fuel cell, by controlling the opening of the first valve 21 and the second valve 22, oxygen and hydrogen with proper proportions are provided for the burner 23 as fuel of the burner 23, so that the hydrogen is fully combusted in the burner 23, part of the hydrogen discharged to the tail gas 13 is consumed, and the explosion risk caused by excessive hydrogen discharged to the tail gas 13 is reduced. The high-temperature and high-pressure tail gas generated by the combustor 23 enters the expander 24 to enable a rotor shaft of the expander 24 to rotate and drive a rotor of the air compressor 11 to rotate, so that the expander 24 provides power for the air compressor 11, and parasitic power of a fuel cell caused by electric energy consumed by the air compressor 11 is reduced.
It should be noted that, when the fuel cell is in normal operation, the exhaust gas treatment system of the fuel cell is not started, that is, the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 are completely closed, the burner 23 and the expander 24 are not started, the air compressor 11 directly transmits oxygen to the electrode, and the residual hydrogen after electrochemical reaction in the electrode is directly connected to the tail gas exhaust 13. When the tail gas treatment system of the fuel cell is started, the first valve 21 is partially or completely opened, meanwhile, the second valve 22 is also partially or completely opened, the burner 23 and the expander 24 are started, part of oxygen is conveyed into the burner 23 through the second valve 22, and part of hydrogen is conveyed into the burner 23 through the first valve 21, so that the burner 23 is provided with hydrogen and oxygen with proper proportions as fuel.
As shown in fig. 2, in the present embodiment, the exhaust gas treatment system of the fuel cell further includes a fuel cell controller 26, where the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 are all electric three-way valves, and the first valve 21, the second valve 22, the hydrogen injection device 12, and the air compressor 11 are all electrically connected to the fuel cell controller 26, so that the opening of the first valve 21 and the opening of the second valve 22, the output of the hydrogen injection device 12, and the output of the air compressor 11 are controlled by the fuel cell controller 26. The fuel cell controller 26 can also obtain the actual opening information of the first valve 21 in real time through the opening sensor on the first valve 21, and obtain the actual opening information of the second valve 22 in real time through the opening sensor on the second valve 22, so as to adjust the openings of the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 in real time, and provide the burner 23 with hydrogen and oxygen in a proper proportion. Optionally, an exhaust treatment module is integrated within the fuel cell controller 2626 to control operation of the exhaust treatment system via the exhaust treatment module. In addition, the start-stop of the burner can be controlled by a fuel cell controller or by a burner ignition module.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, further, a pressure sensor 25 is disposed on the hydrogen inlet pipe 14 of the electric pile 10, and the pressure sensor 25 can detect the hydrogen pressure value in the hydrogen inlet pipe 14, that is, the stack inlet pressure of the electric pile 10, and the magnitude of the stack inlet pressure reflects the hydrogen quantity transmitted to the electric pile 10. The pressure sensor 25 is electrically connected to the fuel cell controller 26 so that the fuel cell controller 26 can acquire the in-stack pressure information detected by the pressure sensor 25. Since the oxygen and hydrogen of the fuel cell are always supplied excessively, the magnitude of the stack pressure in the hydrogen inlet pipe 14 affects how much the amount of hydrogen in the hydrogen discharge pipe 16. Thereby enabling the fuel cell controller 26 to adjust the opening degrees of the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 according to the stacking pressure information. If the stack inlet pressure is smaller than the preset stack inlet pressure threshold, the hydrogen amount discharged by the hydrogen discharge pipeline 16 accords with the standard, and the fuel cell controller 26 controls the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 to be closed without burning the hydrogen; if the stack inlet pressure is greater than the threshold value of the stack inlet pressure, it means that the amount of hydrogen gas discharged from the hydrogen discharge pipe 16 is excessive and explosion risk is likely to occur, and the fuel cell controller 26 controls the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 to be opened to appropriate opening degrees, so that the hydrogen gas is burned and consumed.
As shown in fig. 1, a hydrogen circulation pump 17 is further connected between the hydrogen inlet pipe 14 and the hydrogen discharge pipe 16. The air inlet end of the hydrogen circulation pump 17 is communicated with the hydrogen discharge pipeline 16, the air outlet end of the hydrogen circulation pump 17 is communicated with the hydrogen inlet pipeline 14, so that the hydrogen circulation pump 17 can pump part of the residual hydrogen discharged from the electric pile 10 to the first pipeline again, and the residual part of the hydrogen in the residual hydrogen enters the tail row 13 and/or the burner 23 according to the opening state of the first valve 21 as raw materials for electrochemical reaction of the electric pile 10. Meanwhile, the position where the hydrogen circulation pump 17 is communicated with the hydrogen inlet pipe 14 is located between the hydrogen injection device 12 and the pressure sensor 25, that is, the end of the hydrogen circulation pump 17 connected with the hydrogen inlet pipe 14 is located upstream of the end of the pressure sensor 25 connected with the hydrogen inlet pipe 14, so that the hydrogen circulated by the hydrogen circulation pump 17 does not influence the pressure sensor 25 to detect the progress pressure entering the electric pile 10. And, the position where the hydrogen circulation pump 17 communicates with the hydrogen discharge pipe 16 is located between the first valve 21 and the stack 10, that is, the end of the hydrogen circulation pump 17 connected to the hydrogen discharge pipe 16 is located upstream of the first valve 21.
Further, the conveying direction on the air inlet pipeline 15 is further sequentially connected with an intercooler 18 and a humidifier 19 in series, compressed oxygen is cooled after being firstly cooled by the intercooler 18, then enters the humidifier 19 for humidification, and the humidified oxygen enters the electric pile 10 again, so that the heat load in the electric pile 10 is reduced. The position where the second valve 22 communicates with the intake duct 15 is located between the air compressor 11 and the intercooler 18. Since the air compressor 11 heats the air by compressing the air, and the expander 24 needs to apply work to the air compressor 11 by using the high-temperature and high-pressure tail gas, the air not cooled by the intercooler 18 directly enters the combustor 23 through the second valve 22, so that the internal energy of the tail gas generated by the combustor 23 is increased, and the power provided by the expander 24 to the air compressor 11 is increased.
As shown in fig. 3, 4, 5 and 6, the present embodiment also provides a control method for controlling the opening of the first valve 21 and the opening of the second valve 22 in the exhaust gas treatment system of the fuel cell, so as to accurately supply hydrogen and oxygen in a proper ratio to the burner 23 and control the amount of hydrogen discharged to the tail gas.
The control method provided by the embodiment comprises the following steps:
s100 fuel cell controlThe device 26 obtains the current advancing stack pressure p of the hydrogen in the hydrogen inlet pipeline 14 of the electric pile and the actual opening alpha of the first valve 21 1 And the actual opening degree beta of the second valve 22 1 . Wherein the actual opening alpha of the first valve 21 1 Is obtained by an opening sensor on the first valve 21 and transmitted to the fuel cell controller 26 by a hard wire signal; the actual opening degree beta of the second valve 22 1 Acquired by an opening sensor on the second valve 22 and transmitted to the fuel cell controller 26 by a hard-wired signal; the hydrogen gas present in-stack pressure p is obtained by a pressure sensor 25 provided on the first pipe and is transmitted to a fuel cell controller 26 by a hard wire signal.
The current rotation speed N of the air compressor 11 is obtained by the air compressor 11 controller through a CAN bus network and is transmitted to the fuel cell controller 26;
s200: based on the obtained hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure p, the hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure p is taken as an input of feed-forward control, and the target expected opening alpha of the first valve 21 is obtained after the feed-forward control 2 。
Since the variation of the hydrogen pressure p in the hydrogen inlet pipe 14 affects the variation of the amount of hydrogen discharged in the hydrogen discharge pipe, the target desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 is obtained based on the feedforward control 2 The feed-forward adjustment can be performed by adjusting the opening of the first valve 21 in advance before the hydrogen gas passes through the first valve 21.
As shown in fig. 4, specifically, the target desired opening α of the first valve 21 is obtained via feedforward control based on the obtained hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure p 2 The specific steps of (a) include the following steps:
s210: the obtained hydrogen gas is input into a first feedforward controller to obtain a basic expected opening alpha of a first valve 21 after feedforward control is carried out by the first feedforward controller 2-1 。
The first feedforward control is a predetermined hydrogen gas forward-going stack pressure p and a basic desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 2-1 A graph therebetween. Then according to the hydrogen current advance pile pressure p, a corresponding first feed-forward controller is found out in a feed-forward table look-up modeBasic desired opening alpha of a valve 21 2-1 。
S220: the base desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 to be obtained 2-1 Target desired opening alpha as first valve 21 2 The step of S400 is performed.
The basic desired opening α of the first valve 21 of the first feedforward control table 2-1 The specific corresponding relation between the hydrogen and the current forward stack pressure p can be correspondingly adjusted according to the later test calibration, so that the accuracy of the first feedforward control is improved.
S300: the target desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 to be obtained 2 Subtracting the obtained actual opening alpha of the first valve 21 1 Obtaining the control error e of the first valve 21 1 。
S400: the control error e of the first valve 21 will be obtained 1 As an input parameter of the controller, the actual expected opening alpha of the first valve 21 is obtained by output after PID control adjustment by the first PID controller 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The fuel cell controller 26 obtains the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 Thereafter, the first valve 21 is controlled to adjust the opening to the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 。
S500: based on the obtained actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 The actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 is then calculated 3 As an input to the feedforward control, a target desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 is obtained after the feedforward control 2 。
Due to the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 The amount of hydrogen introduced into the burner 23 is affected and the oxygen required for complete combustion of the hydrogen is related to the amount of hydrogen introduced into the burner 23. Thus, the target desired opening degree β of the second valve 22 is obtained via the feedforward control 2 The feed-forward adjustment can be performed by adjusting the opening of the first valve 21 in advance before the hydrogen gas passes through the first valve 21.
As is specific in fig. 5, the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 is based on the obtained 3 Target expected beta of the second valve 22 is obtained after feedforward control 2 The step of opening degree includes the steps of:
s510: the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 to be obtained 3 Inputting into a second feedforward controller, and obtaining the basic expected opening beta of the second valve 22 after feedforward control by the second feedforward controller 2-1 。
The second feedforward control is the actual expected opening alpha of the first valve 21 which is preset 3 With a basic desired opening beta of the second valve 22 2-1 A graph therebetween. And then according to the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 Finding the basic expected opening beta of the corresponding second valve 22 in the second feedforward controller by means of a feedforward look-up table 2-1 。
S520: the base desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 to be obtained 2-1 Target desired opening degree beta as second valve 22 2 The step of S700 is performed.
The basic desired opening β of the second valve 22 in the second feedforward control 2-1 And the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 The specific corresponding relation of the first feedforward control can be correspondingly adjusted according to the later test calibration, so that the accuracy of the first feedforward control is improved.
S600: by the target desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 to be obtained 2 Subtracting the actual opening beta of the second valve 22 1 Obtaining a control error e of the second valve 22 2 。
S700: the control error e of the second valve 22 will be obtained 2 As an input parameter of the second PID controller, the second PID controller performs PID control adjustment and outputs the actual expected opening beta of the second valve 22 3 . The fuel cell controller 26 determines the actual desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 based on the obtained actual desired opening degree beta 3 Control the second valve 22 to adjust the opening to the actual expected opening beta of the second valve 22 3 。
Through the control method, the fuel cell controller 26 can adjust the opening of the first valve 21 in real time according to the current stack pressure p of the hydrogen and adjust the opening of the second valve 22 in real time according to the opening of the first valve 21, so that air and oxygen with proper proportion are provided for the burner 23, the hydrogen entering the burner 23 is fully combusted, the hydrogen discharged from the hydrogen discharge pipeline is fully utilized, the hydrogen utilization rate is improved, and meanwhile, tail gas generated after the burner 23 is combusted enters the expander 24 to provide power for the air compressor 11, so that the parasitic power consumption of the fuel cell is reduced.
Further, the target desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 is obtained through feedforward control based on the hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure p 2 Before, i.e. before step S200 is performed, the control method further includes:
s110: judging whether the hydrogen current advancing stack pressure p is greater than the hydrogen current advancing stack pressure threshold p th . If the hydrogen gas advancing stack pressure p is greater than the hydrogen gas advancing stack pressure threshold p th If it is indicated that there is excessive hydrogen gas which does not participate in the electrochemical reaction in the stack being discharged from the hydrogen discharge pipe, the steps S200-S700 are performed, and the opening degrees of the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 are controlled by the fuel cell controller 26 to input proper hydrogen gas and oxygen gas into the burner 23 as fuel; if the hydrogen current forward stack pressure p is less than the hydrogen current forward stack pressure threshold p th It is indicated that only a small amount of hydrogen gas, which does not participate in the electrochemical reaction in the stack, is discharged from the hydrogen discharge pipe, and the steps of S200 to S700 are ended, and the fuel cell controller 26 controls the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 to be closed.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 3, 7, 8 and 9, the present embodiment also provides another control method of an exhaust gas treatment system of a fuel cell, the control method including the steps of:
s100, the fuel cell controller 26 obtains the current advancing stack pressure p of the hydrogen in the hydrogen inlet pipeline 14 of the electric pile and the actual opening alpha of the first valve 211 1 And the actual opening degree beta of the second valve 22 1 . Wherein the actual opening alpha of the first valve 21 1 Is obtained by an opening sensor on the first valve 21 and transmitted to the fuel cell controller 26 by a hard wire signal; the actual opening degree beta of the second valve 22 1 Acquired by an opening sensor on the second valve 22 and transmitted to the fuel cell controller 26 by a hard-wired signal; the hydrogen gas is fed into the reactor at the pressure p by settingThe pressure sensor 25 on the first conduit is acquired and transmitted by a hard-wired signal to the fuel cell controller 26.
S200: based on the obtained hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure p, the hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure p is taken as an input of feed-forward control, and the target expected opening alpha of the first valve 21 is obtained after the feed-forward control 2 。
Since the variation of the hydrogen pressure p in the hydrogen inlet pipe 14 affects the variation of the amount of hydrogen discharged in the hydrogen discharge pipe, the target desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 is obtained based on the feedforward control 2 The feed-forward adjustment can be performed by adjusting the opening of the first valve 21 in advance before the hydrogen gas passes through the first valve 21.
Specifically, based on the obtained hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure p, the target desired opening degree α of the first valve 21 is obtained via feedforward control 2 The specific steps of (a) include the following steps:
s210: the obtained hydrogen gas is input into a first feedforward controller to obtain a basic expected opening alpha of a first valve 21 after feedforward control is carried out by the first feedforward controller 2-1 。
The first feedforward control is a predetermined hydrogen gas forward-going stack pressure p and a basic desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 2-1 A graph therebetween. Then according to the hydrogen current pile pressure p, the corresponding basic expected opening alpha of the first valve 21 is found out by a feedforward table look-up mode in the first feedforward controller 2-1 。
S230: the fuel cell controller 26 acquires the current power P of the air compressor 11; the base desired alpha of the first valve 21 to be obtained 2-1 As an input of the third feedback control together with the current power P of the air compressor 11, the corrected desired opening α2-2 of the first valve 21 is obtained.
The third feedback control is that the current power P of the air compressor 11 and the basic expected opening alpha of the first valve 21 are preset 2-1 The corrected desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 2-2 Is a graph of (2).
It should be noted that, the current power P of the air compressor 11 is transmitted to the fuel by the air compressor 11 controller through the CAN bus networkAnd a battery controller 26. The hydrogen pressure in the hydrogen inlet pipeline 14 is controlled by a hydrogen injection device, after the hydrogen injection device changes the pressure of the sprayed hydrogen, the output power of the air compressor 11 can be adjusted correspondingly immediately, the pressure sensor 25 can acquire the current hydrogen pressure p only when the adjusted hydrogen pressure reaches the pressure sensor 25, and the change of the current hydrogen pressure is not faster than the change speed of the power of the air compressor 11. This step will empty the current air P of the air compressor 11 and the basic desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 2-1 Together as an input parameter for the third feed forward control, the obtained basic desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 can be used as 2-1 The correction is performed to obtain a corrected desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 2-2 。
S240: the corrected desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 to be obtained 2-2 Target desired opening alpha as first valve 21 2 The step of S300 is performed. Thereby making the obtained actual desired opening degree of the first valve 21 more accurate. The control accuracy of the opening degree of the first valve 21 is improved.
The basic desired opening α of the first valve 21 in the first feedforward control 2-1 The specific corresponding relation between the hydrogen and the current stack pressure p can be correspondingly adjusted according to the later test calibration so as to improve the accuracy of the first feedforward control; the current power P of the air valve 11, the basic desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 in the third feed-forward control 2-1 And the corresponding relation of the corrected expected opening of the first valve 21 can be correspondingly adjusted according to the calibration of the later test so as to improve the accuracy of the second feedforward control.
S300: the target desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 to be obtained 2 Subtracting the obtained actual opening alpha of the first valve 21 1 Obtaining the control error e of the first valve 21 1 。
S400: the control error e of the first valve 21 will be obtained 1 As an input parameter of the first PID controller, the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 is obtained by output after PID control adjustment by the first PID controller 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The fuel cell controller 26 obtains the actual state of the first valve 21The actual expected opening alpha 3 Thereafter, the first valve 21 is controlled to adjust the opening to the actual desired opening α3 of the first valve 21.
S500: based on the obtained actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 The actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 is then calculated 3 As an input to the feedforward control, a target desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 is obtained after the feedforward control 2 。
Due to the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 The amount of hydrogen introduced into the burner 23 is affected and the oxygen required for complete combustion of the hydrogen is related to the amount of hydrogen introduced into the burner 23. Thus, the target desired opening degree β of the second valve 22 is obtained via the feedforward control 2 The feed-forward adjustment can be performed by adjusting the opening of the first valve 21 in advance before the hydrogen gas passes through the first valve 21.
Specifically, the actual desired opening degree α of the first valve 21 is obtained 3 Target expected beta of the second valve 22 is obtained after feedforward control 2 The step of opening degree includes the steps of:
s510: the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 to be obtained 3 Inputting into a second feedforward controller, and obtaining the basic expected opening beta of the second valve 22 after feedforward control by the second feedforward controller 2-1 。
The second feedforward control is the actual expected opening alpha of the first valve 21 which is preset 3 With a basic desired opening beta of the second valve 22 2-1 Is a graph of (2). And then according to the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 Finding the basic expected opening beta of the corresponding second valve 22 in the second feedforward controller by means of a feedforward look-up table 2-1 。
S530: the fuel cell controller 26 acquires the current rotation speed N of the air compressor 11; the base desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 to be obtained 2-1 The corrected desired opening of the second valve 22 is obtained as an input to the fourth feedback control together with the current rotation speed N of the air compressor 11.
The current rotation speed N of the air compressor 11 is transmitted from the air compressor 11 controller to the fuel cell controller 26 through the CAN bus networkA kind of electronic device. The fourth feedback control is that the current rotating speed N of the air compressor 11 and the basic expected opening beta of the second valve 22 are pre-designated 2-1 And a map of the corrected desired opening of the second valve 22. Basic expected opening beta of the second valve 22 according to the rotation speed N of the air compressor 11 2-1 The correction is performed to a certain extent, so that the phenomenon that the normal reaction of the electric pile is influenced or the power consumption of the air compressor 11 is increased due to the severe change of the rotating speed of the air compressor 11 in the process of adjusting the opening of the second valve 22 can be avoided.
S540: the base desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 to be obtained 2-1 Target desired opening degree beta as second valve 22 2 The step of S700 is performed. Thereby making the obtained actual desired opening degree of the second valve 22 more accurate. The control accuracy of the opening degree of the second valve 22 is improved.
The basic desired opening β of the second valve 22 in the second feedforward control 2-1 And the actual desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 3 The specific corresponding relation of the second feedforward control can be correspondingly adjusted according to the later test calibration, so that the accuracy of the second feedforward control is improved. Basic desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 in the fourth feedforward control 2-1 The corresponding relation between the current rotation speed N of the air compressor 11 and the corrected expected opening of the second valve 22 can be correspondingly adjusted according to the post-test calibration, so as to improve the accuracy of the fourth feedforward control.
S600: by the target desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 to be obtained 2 Subtracting the actual opening beta of the second valve 22 1 Obtaining a control error e of the second valve 22 2 。
S700: the control error e of the second valve 22 will be obtained 2 As an input parameter of the second PID controller, the second PID controller performs PID control adjustment and outputs the actual expected opening beta of the second valve 22 3 . The fuel cell controller 26 determines the actual desired opening degree beta of the second valve 22 based on the obtained actual desired opening degree beta 3 Control the second valve 22 to adjust the opening to the actual expected opening beta of the second valve 22 3 。
Through the steps of S100-S700, the fuel cell controller 26 can adjust the opening of the first valve 21 in real time according to the current stack pressure p of the hydrogen, and adjust the opening of the second valve 22 in real time according to the opening of the first valve 21, so as to provide air and oxygen with a proper proportion for the burner 23, so that the hydrogen entering the burner 23 is fully combusted, the hydrogen discharged from the hydrogen discharge pipeline is fully utilized, the hydrogen utilization rate is improved, and meanwhile, the tail gas generated after the combustion of the burner 23 enters the expander 24 to provide power for the air compressor 11, thereby reducing the parasitic power consumption of the fuel cell.
Further, the target desired opening alpha of the first valve 21 is obtained through feedforward control based on the hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure p 2 Before, i.e. before step S200 is performed, the control method further includes:
s110: judging whether the hydrogen current advancing stack pressure p is greater than the hydrogen current advancing stack pressure threshold p th . If the hydrogen gas advancing stack pressure p is greater than the hydrogen gas advancing stack pressure threshold p th If it is indicated that there is excessive hydrogen gas which does not participate in the electrochemical reaction in the stack being discharged from the hydrogen discharge pipe, the steps S200-S700 are performed, and the opening degrees of the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 are controlled by the fuel cell controller 26 to input proper hydrogen gas and oxygen gas into the burner 23 as fuel; if the hydrogen current forward stack pressure p is less than the hydrogen current forward stack pressure threshold p th It is indicated that only a small amount of hydrogen gas, which does not participate in the electrochemical reaction in the stack, is discharged from the hydrogen discharge pipe, and the steps of S200 to S700 are ended, and the fuel cell controller 26 controls the first valve 21 and the second valve 22 to be closed.
In the description of the present specification, a description referring to terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms are not necessarily directed to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Further, one skilled in the art can engage and combine the different embodiments or examples described in this specification.
Claims (9)
1. The exhaust gas treatment control method of the fuel cell is realized by an exhaust gas treatment system of the fuel cell, and is characterized in that the exhaust gas treatment system of the fuel cell comprises:
the first valve is connected with a hydrogen discharge pipeline of the electric pile;
the second valve is connected with an air inlet pipeline of the electric pile;
the hydrogen inlet end of the burner is connected with the first valve, and the gas inlet end of the burner is connected with the second valve; the method comprises the steps of,
the air inlet end of the expander is connected with the tail gas end of the combustor, and the rotor shaft of the expander is coaxially connected with the rotor shaft of the air compressor so as to provide power for the air compressor;
the exhaust gas treatment control method of the fuel cell comprises the following steps:
acquiring the current advancing stack pressure of hydrogen of a galvanic pile and the actual opening of a first valve and the actual opening of a second valve;
based on the current forward stack pressure of the hydrogen, obtaining a target expected opening of a first valve through feedforward control;
obtaining a control error of the first valve based on a difference value between a target expected opening of the first valve and an actual opening of the first valve;
obtaining the actual expected opening of the first valve through PID control according to the control error of the first valve; the opening degree of the first valve is adjusted to be the actual expected opening degree of the first valve;
acquiring a target expected opening of a second valve through feedforward control based on the actual expected opening of the first valve;
subtracting the actual opening of the second valve from the target expected opening of the second valve to obtain a control error of the second valve;
based on the control error of the second valve, obtaining the actual expected opening of the second valve through PID control; the opening degree of the second valve is adjusted to be the actual expected opening degree of the second valve.
2. The exhaust gas treatment control method of a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust gas treatment system further comprises a pressure sensor provided on a hydrogen inlet pipe of the stack.
3. The exhaust gas treatment control method of a fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein the hydrogen inlet pipe and the hydrogen discharge pipe are connected with a hydrogen circulation pump, an end of the hydrogen circulation pump connected with the hydrogen inlet pipe is located upstream of an end of the pressure sensor connected with the hydrogen inlet pipe, and an end of the hydrogen circulation pump connected with the hydrogen discharge pipe is located upstream of an end of the first valve connected with the hydrogen discharge pipe.
4. The exhaust gas treatment control method of a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the intake pipe is provided with an intercooler, and an end of the second valve connected to the intake pipe is located between the air compressor and the intercooler.
5. The exhaust gas treatment control method of a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining the target desired opening degree of the first valve via feedforward control based on the hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure includes:
based on the current forward stack pressure of the hydrogen, obtaining a basic expected opening of a first valve through first feedforward control;
and taking the basic expected opening degree of the first valve as a target expected opening degree of the first valve.
6. The exhaust gas treatment control method of a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining the target desired opening degree of the second valve via feedforward control based on the actual desired opening degree of the first valve includes:
obtaining a basic expected opening of the second valve through second feedforward control based on the actual expected opening of the first valve;
and taking the basic expected opening degree of the second valve as a target expected opening degree of the second valve.
7. The exhaust gas treatment control method of a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining the target desired opening degree of the first valve via feedforward control based on the hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure includes:
based on the current forward stack pressure of the hydrogen, obtaining a basic expected opening of a first valve through first feedforward control;
acquiring the current power of the air compressor, and correcting the expected opening of the first valve through third feedforward control based on the current power of the air compressor to obtain the corrected expected opening of the first valve;
and taking the corrected expected opening of the first valve as a target expected opening of the first valve.
8. The exhaust gas treatment control method of a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining the target desired opening degree of the second valve via feedforward control based on the actual desired opening degree of the first valve includes:
obtaining a basic expected opening of the second valve through second feedforward control based on the actual expected opening of the first valve;
acquiring the current rotating speed of the air compressor, and correcting the basic expected opening of the second valve through fourth feedforward control based on the current rotating speed of the air compressor to acquire the corrected expected opening of the second valve;
and taking the corrected expected opening of the second valve as a target expected opening of the second valve.
9. The exhaust gas treatment control method of a fuel cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that before the target desired opening degree of the first valve is obtained via feedforward control based on the hydrogen gas present forward stack pressure, the method further comprises: and judging whether the current advancing stack pressure of the hydrogen is larger than a current advancing stack pressure threshold of the hydrogen, and if the current advancing stack pressure of the hydrogen is larger than the advancing stack pressure threshold, obtaining the target expected opening of the first valve based on the current advancing stack pressure of the hydrogen.
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