CN114603246B - Device and method for welding magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy - Google Patents
Device and method for welding magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy Download PDFInfo
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- CN114603246B CN114603246B CN202210363322.7A CN202210363322A CN114603246B CN 114603246 B CN114603246 B CN 114603246B CN 202210363322 A CN202210363322 A CN 202210363322A CN 114603246 B CN114603246 B CN 114603246B
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000691 Re alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 magnesium rare earth Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B1/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use of tools
- B08B1/30—Cleaning by methods involving the use of tools by movement of cleaning members over a surface
- B08B1/32—Cleaning by methods involving the use of tools by movement of cleaning members over a surface using rotary cleaning members
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B5/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use of air flow or gas flow
- B08B5/04—Cleaning by suction, with or without auxiliary action
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
- B23K20/1245—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding characterised by the apparatus
- B23K20/126—Workpiece support, i.e. backing or clamping
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
- B23K20/233—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer
- B23K20/2333—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer one layer being aluminium, magnesium or beryllium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/06—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent
- C22C21/08—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C23/00—Alloys based on magnesium
- C22C23/02—Alloys based on magnesium with aluminium as the next major constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a magnesium aluminum dissimilar alloy welding device and a method, comprising a machine case and a workbench connected to the top of the machine case, wherein a friction welding mechanism is arranged on the top of the workbench; the friction welding mechanism is arranged on the portal frame through a mounting piece, a first moving mechanism for controlling the portal frame to move is arranged on the workbench, and a second moving mechanism for driving the mounting piece to move is arranged in the portal frame; one side of the mounting piece is connected with a supporting rod, and one end of the supporting rod, which is far away from the mounting piece, is connected with a positioning mechanism with adjustable angle and is used for determining the position of a welding joint; according to the invention, the friction welding mechanism and the positioning mechanism can synchronously move, the positioning mechanism can determine the position of a welding seam, meanwhile, the stirring head of the friction welding mechanism can be aligned to the welding seam, the subsequent calibration operation is reduced, when the portal frame drives the friction welding mechanism to move, the positioning mechanism can press and fix the positions of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, which are close to the seam, in the moving process, the forming quality of the welding seam is improved, and the cleaning mechanism can clean the welding seam.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy welding, in particular to a magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy welding device and a magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy welding method.
Background
Magnesium and magnesium alloy are the lightest metal structural materials which are industrially applicable at present, and the composite structure of aluminum and magnesium dissimilar metals can fully exert the excellent performances of the two metals. Because magnesium and aluminum have great differences in physical and chemical properties such as crystal structures, various brittle intermetallic compounds are easy to generate between the magnesium and the aluminum, so that the welding of the magnesium and the aluminum has great problems, and an ideal welding joint is difficult to obtain. And in the friction stir welding process, the welding temperature is lower than that of the traditional fusion welding technology, the fusion phenomenon is not generated, the traditional welding defect can be effectively avoided, and the obtained weldment has small residual stress and deformation. Therefore, the friction stir welding technology can be used for dissimilar welding of the aluminum alloy and the magnesium alloy, and friction welding equipment is needed during welding.
In the gantry friction welding equipment disclosed in the prior patent publication No. CN109676237B, the limiting mechanism is separated from the supporting table, the supporting mechanism is pushed to slide on the top surface of the supporting table, the supporting mechanism is convenient to drive the welding mechanism to be aligned with the welding point of the workpiece,
The position of welding mechanism can be adjusted to above-mentioned equipment, but during the regulation, the inconvenient accurate alignment of stirring head and welding gap among the welding mechanism, follow-up stirring head position adjustment back still need carry out a lot of calibration, and magnesium aluminum alloy is close to welding gap department and lacks effective fixed during friction, easily influences welding seam shaping quality. Aiming at the problems, a device and a method for welding the magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy are provided.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a device and a method for welding magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloys, which are used for solving the problems in the background art.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy welding device comprises a machine case and a workbench connected to the top of the machine case, wherein a friction welding mechanism is arranged on the top of the workbench;
The friction welding mechanism is arranged on the portal frame through a mounting piece, a first moving mechanism for controlling the movement of the portal frame is arranged on the workbench, and a second moving mechanism for driving the mounting piece to move is arranged in the portal frame;
One side of the mounting piece is connected with a supporting rod, and one end, far away from the mounting piece, of the supporting rod is connected with a positioning mechanism with an adjustable angle and used for determining the position of a welding joint;
and one side, far away from the portal frame, of the friction welding mechanism is connected with a cleaning mechanism and used for cleaning the welded position.
Preferably, the positioning mechanism comprises an adjusting rod rotationally connected with the supporting rod, one end of the adjusting rod, far away from the supporting rod, is connected with a fixed block, one side of the fixed block, far away from the adjusting rod, is fixedly connected with an arc plate, the bottom of the arc plate is connected with a positioning sheet, one side of the arc plate, far away from the fixed block, is connected with four groups of uniformly arranged pressing rollers, and the bottom of the adjusting rod is connected with an adjusting piece for adjusting the angle between the adjusting rod and the supporting rod; the adjusting piece comprises an electric telescopic rod, a second hinging seat hinged with one end of the electric telescopic rod is connected to the bottom of the supporting rod, and a first hinging seat hinged with the other end of the electric telescopic rod is connected to one side, close to the portal frame, of the adjusting rod.
Preferably, the portal frame comprises two groups of upright posts, a cross beam is connected between the tops of the two groups of upright posts, and the mounting piece is mounted in the cross beam; the mounting piece comprises an adjusting seat, an adjusting groove used for moving the adjusting seat is formed in the cross beam, moving blocks are connected to two sides of the adjusting seat, guide grooves used for moving the moving blocks are formed in two sides of the cross beam and are communicated with the adjusting groove, one group of moving blocks are connected with the supporting rod, and the other group of moving blocks are connected with the friction welding mechanism; the friction welding mechanism comprises a mounting seat connected with another group of moving blocks, the bottom of the mounting seat is connected with a motor box, the top of the mounting seat is connected with a hydraulic cylinder for controlling the motor box to lift, the bottom of the motor box is provided with a mounting head, the bottom of the mounting head is provided with a stirring shaft, the bottom of the stirring shaft is connected with the stirring head, and a rotating motor for controlling the stirring shaft to rotate is arranged in the motor box.
Preferably, the cleaning mechanism comprises a cleaning box arranged at one side of the motor box, the bottom of the cleaning box is connected with a collecting cover, a cleaning disc is arranged in the collecting cover, a fan-shaped notch is arranged on the cleaning disc, the shaft end at the top of the cleaning disc is connected with a driving rod, a positioning seat for installing the top end of the driving rod is arranged in the cleaning box, a motor shaft at the power output end of the rotating motor is connected with a driving wheel, a driven wheel is arranged on the driving rod, and the driven wheel is in transmission connection with the driving wheel through a synchronous belt; the cleaning box comprises a cleaning box body, wherein an annular cover is arranged at the top of an inner cavity of the cleaning box body, an air inlet is formed in the bottom of the annular cover, an exhaust pipe connected with the side wall of the annular cover is arranged on one side of the cleaning box body, a plurality of fan-shaped air inlets are formed in the bottom of the cleaning box body, and a stabilizing hole for a driving rod to pass through is formed in the axis of each fan-shaped air inlet.
Preferably, the first moving mechanism comprises a first sliding block which is arranged in the supporting table in a sliding way, the first sliding block is connected with the bottom of the upright post through the first moving block, a first moving groove for sliding of the first moving block is formed in the top of the supporting table, the first sliding block is connected with a screw rod arranged in the supporting table in a threaded way, and a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate is arranged in the supporting table; the second moving mechanism comprises a screw rod which is arranged in the cross beam and is in threaded fit with the adjusting seat, the adjusting seat is arranged in the adjusting groove in a sliding mode, and a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate is arranged in the cross beam.
Preferably, the top of the workbench is provided with a clamping plate for clamping magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the bottom of the clamping plate is connected with a second sliding block through two groups of second sliding blocks, the workbench is provided with a second sliding groove for sliding of the second sliding block, the second sliding block is arranged in a case in a sliding manner, a screw rod in threaded connection with the second sliding block is arranged in the case, and a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate is arranged in the case.
The welding method of the magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy welding device comprises the following steps of:
Firstly, placing a magnesium alloy to be welded and an aluminum alloy on a workbench, wherein rare earth elements are added into the magnesium alloy, one side of the aluminum alloy is controlled to be abutted against one side of one group of workbench close to the workbench, the other side of the aluminum alloy is abutted against the magnesium alloy, and a clamping plate is controlled to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
Step two, adjusting the position of the mounting piece through a second moving mechanism, driving the supporting rod and the positioning mechanism to move when the mounting piece moves, enabling the positioning piece to be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, enabling the stirring head to be aligned with the gap, adjusting the angle of the adjusting rod through the electric telescopic rod, enabling the positioning piece to be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and pressing the tops of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy through the pressing roller;
Step three, a rotating motor works to enable a stirring shaft and a stirring head to rotate, the stirring head rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy close to a gap is increased to soften, the surfaces of the stirring shaft, the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy rub and generate heat, a first moving mechanism controls a portal frame to move, the stirring head moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
Preferably, the AZ91D for the magnesium alloy comprises 8.5-9.5 of Al, 0.45-0.90 of Zn, 0.17-0.4 of Mn, less than or equal to 0.05 of Si, less than or equal to 0.025 of Cu, less than or equal to 0.001 of Ni, less than or equal to 0.004 of Fe and Mg;
The composition of the 5A06 for aluminum alloy comprises less than or equal to 0.40 of Si, less than or equal to 0.10 of Cu, 5.8 to 6.8 of Mg, less than or equal to 0.20 of Zn, 0.50 to 0.8 of Mn, 0.02 to 0.10 of Ti, 0.0001 to 0.005 of Be, 0.000 to 0.400 of Fe and Al.
Preferably, the rare earth element is 0.8% Y.
Preferably, the rare earth element is 0.4% -1.0% Ce.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
when the mounting piece moves, the friction welding mechanism and the positioning mechanism are driven to synchronously move, the positioning mechanism can determine the position of a welding joint, and the stirring head of the friction welding mechanism can be aligned with the welding joint when determining the position of the welding joint, so that the subsequent calibration operation is reduced;
According to the invention, when the portal frame drives the friction welding mechanism to move, the positioning mechanism and the cleaning mechanism are driven to move at the same time, the positioning mechanism can press and fix the positions of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy close to the gap in the moving process, so that the welding seam forming quality is improved, and the cleaning mechanism can clean the welding seam;
the rare earth element is added in the welded magnesium alloy, and the rare earth element can form intermetallic compounds with high melting point and high thermal stability with aluminum element and magnesium element, so that the generation of brittle intermetallic compounds such as Al12Mg17, al3Mg2 and the like is reduced, the magnesium alloy is still embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process, and the welding forming quality and the strength of a welded joint are improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of the positioning mechanism according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of a partial structure of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the friction welding mechanism and the cleaning mechanism of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of fig. 3 in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic structural view of a positioning mechanism in the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of the present invention.
In the figure: 11. a chassis; 12. a work table; 13. a support table; 14. a first moving groove; 15. a column; 16. a cross beam; 17. a friction welding mechanism; 18. a guide groove; 19. a positioning mechanism; 20. a clamping plate; 21. a second moving groove; 22. an adjusting seat; 23. a moving block; 24. a mounting base; 25. a hydraulic cylinder; 26. a motor case; 27. a mounting head; 28. a stirring shaft; 29. a stirring head; 30. a cleaning box; 31. a collection cover; 32. cleaning the disc; 33. a driving rod; 34. an annular cover; 35. an exhaust tube; 36. a synchronous belt; 37. a support rod; 38. an adjusting rod; 39. a fixed block; 40. an arc-shaped plate; 41. pressing rollers; 42. a positioning sheet; 43. a first hinge base; 44. an electric telescopic rod; 45. the second hinge seat; 46. a first slider; 47. and a second slider.
Detailed Description
Referring to fig. 1-7, in an embodiment of the present invention, a welding device for magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloys includes a case 11 and a workbench 12 connected to the top of the case 11, wherein a friction welding mechanism 17 is disposed on the top of the workbench 12;
the friction welding mechanism 17 is arranged on a portal frame through a mounting piece, a first moving mechanism for controlling the portal frame to move is arranged on the workbench 12, and a second moving mechanism for driving the mounting piece to move is arranged in the portal frame;
One side of the mounting piece is connected with a supporting rod 37, one end of the supporting rod 37 away from the mounting piece is connected with an angle-adjustable positioning mechanism 19, and the angle-adjustable positioning mechanism is used for determining the position of a welding seam, and the stirring head 29 of the friction welding mechanism 17 is aligned with the welding seam while determining the position of the welding seam, so that subsequent calibration operation is reduced;
And one side, far away from the portal frame, of the friction welding mechanism 17 is connected with a cleaning mechanism and is used for cleaning the welded position.
The positioning mechanism 19 comprises an adjusting rod 38 rotationally connected with the supporting rod 37, one end of the adjusting rod 38 far away from the supporting rod 37 is connected with a fixed block 39, one side of the fixed block 39 far away from the adjusting rod 38 is fixedly connected with an arc plate 40, the bottom of the arc plate 40 is connected with a positioning sheet 42, one side of the arc plate 40 far away from the fixed block 39 is connected with four groups of uniformly arranged pressing rollers 41, and the bottom of the adjusting rod 38 is connected with an adjusting piece for adjusting the angle between the adjusting rod 38 and the supporting rod 37;
When the second moving mechanism drives the mounting part to move, the supporting rod 37 and the positioning mechanism 19 can be driven to move, the positioning piece 42 is convenient to align with the welding joint, and in the aligning process, the position of the arc-shaped plate 40 can be regulated down through the adjusting part, so that the positioning piece 42 is close to the welding joint, and the alignment operation is convenient.
The adjusting piece comprises an electric telescopic rod 44, a second hinging seat 45 hinged with one end of the electric telescopic rod 44 is connected to the bottom of the supporting rod 37, and a first hinging seat 43 hinged with the other end of the electric telescopic rod 44 is connected to one side, close to the portal frame, of the adjusting rod 38; when the electric telescopic rod 44 stretches and contracts, the adjusting rod 38 can be driven to rotate around the end of the supporting rod 37, and the distance between the arc-shaped plate 40 and the workbench 12 can be conveniently adjusted.
The portal frame comprises two groups of upright posts 15, a cross beam 16 is connected between the tops of the two groups of upright posts 15, and the mounting piece is mounted in the cross beam 16; the mounting piece comprises an adjusting seat 22, an adjusting groove used for adjusting the movement of the seat 22 is formed in the cross beam 16, moving blocks 23 are connected to two sides of the adjusting seat 22, guide grooves 18 used for moving the moving blocks 23 are formed in two sides of the cross beam 16, the guide grooves 18 are communicated with the adjusting groove, one group of moving blocks 23 are connected with a supporting rod 37, and the other group of moving blocks 23 are connected with the friction welding mechanism 17.
The friction welding mechanism 17 comprises a mounting seat 24 connected with another group of moving blocks 23, the bottom of the mounting seat 24 is connected with a motor box 26, the top of the mounting seat 24 is connected with a hydraulic cylinder 25 for controlling the motor box 26 to ascend and descend, the bottom of the motor box 26 is provided with a mounting head 27, the bottom of the mounting head 27 is provided with a stirring shaft 28, the bottom of the stirring shaft 28 is connected with a stirring head 29, and a rotating motor for controlling the stirring shaft 28 to rotate is arranged in the motor box 26; when the rotating motor works, the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 can be driven to rotate, and the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 can be sized or shaped according to requirements.
The cleaning mechanism comprises a cleaning box 30 arranged on one side of the motor box 26, the bottom of the cleaning box 30 is connected with a collecting cover 31, a cleaning disc 32 is arranged in the collecting cover 31, a fan-shaped notch is arranged on the cleaning disc 32, the shaft end at the top of the cleaning disc 32 is connected with a driving rod 33, a positioning seat for installing the top end of the driving rod 33 is arranged in the cleaning box 30, a motor shaft at the power output end of the rotating motor is connected with a driving wheel, a driven wheel is arranged on the driving rod 33, and the driven wheel is in transmission connection with the driving wheel through a synchronous belt 36; an annular cover 34 is arranged at the top of the inner cavity of the cleaning box 30, an air inlet is formed in the bottom of the annular cover 34, an exhaust pipe 35 connected with the side wall of the annular cover 34 is arranged at one side of the cleaning box 30, a plurality of fan-shaped air inlets are formed in the bottom of the cleaning box 30, and a stabilizing hole for a driving rod 33 to pass through is formed in the axle center of each fan-shaped air inlet;
When the rotating motor rotates, the motor shaft can be driven to rotate, the driving wheel drives the driving wheel to rotate through the synchronous belt 36, so that the driving rod 33 rotates to drive the cleaning disc 32 to treat the welded surface, the exhaust pipe 35 can be connected with exhaust equipment, negative pressure is generated in the annular cover 34, residues during cleaning can be discharged along with the annular cover 34, the collecting cover 31 can reduce the residues to splash, a fan-shaped notch is formed in the cleaning disc 32, and protrusions at welding joints can be effectively cleaned and ground when the cleaning disc 32 rotates.
The first moving mechanism comprises a first sliding block 46 arranged in the supporting table 13 in a sliding manner, the first sliding block 46 is connected with the bottom of the upright 15 through a first moving block, a first moving groove 14 for sliding of the first moving block is formed in the top of the supporting table 13, the first sliding block 46 is connected with a screw rod arranged in the supporting table 13 in a threaded manner, and a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate is arranged in the supporting table 13; the motor drives the screw rod to rotate, and can drive the first sliding block 46 to move in the supporting table 13, so that the upright post 15 is driven to move on the supporting table 13.
The second moving mechanism comprises a screw rod which is arranged in the cross beam 16 and is in threaded fit with the adjusting seat 22, the adjusting seat 22 is arranged in the adjusting groove in a sliding manner, and a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate is arranged in the cross beam 16; the motor drives the screw rod to rotate, and can drive the adjusting seat 22 to move in the adjusting groove, so that the mounting piece can move.
The top of the workbench 12 is provided with a clamping plate 20 for clamping magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the bottom of the clamping plate 20 is connected with a second sliding block 47 through two groups of second sliding blocks, the workbench 12 is provided with a second moving groove 21 for sliding of the second sliding block, the second sliding block 47 is arranged in the case 11 in a sliding manner, the case 11 is internally provided with a screw rod in threaded connection with the second sliding block 47, and the case 11 is internally provided with a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate. The motor drives the screw rod to rotate, and can drive the screw rod to move in the case 11, and the second sliding block 47 slides in the second moving groove 21, so that the position of the clamping plate 20 can be adjusted.
When the device is used, a magnesium alloy to be welded and an aluminum alloy are placed on the working tables 12, wherein rare earth elements are added into the magnesium alloy, one side of the aluminum alloy is controlled to be abutted against one side of one group of working tables 12 close to the working tables 12, the other side of the aluminum alloy is controlled to be abutted against the magnesium alloy, and the clamping plate 20 is controlled to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
The position of the mounting piece is adjusted through the second moving mechanism, the supporting rod 37 and the positioning mechanism 19 are driven to move when the mounting piece moves, so that the positioning piece 42 can be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, meanwhile, the stirring head 29 can also be aligned with the gap, then the angle of the adjusting rod 38 is adjusted through the electric telescopic rod 44, so that the positioning piece 42 can be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and the top of the magnesium alloy and the top of the aluminum alloy are pressed by the pressing roller 41;
The rotating motor works to enable the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 to rotate, the stirring head 29 rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy near the gap is increased to soften, the surfaces of the stirring shaft 28, the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy generate heat by friction, the first moving mechanism controls the portal frame to move, the stirring head 29 moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
In actual use, the magnesium alloy added with the rare earth element can be selected from Mg-Al-RE alloy, mg-Zn-RE alloy and Mg-RE alloy which are common in the field, the RE element has no clear requirement, and a welding seam formed by dissimilar welding of the magnesium rare earth alloy and the aluminum alloy is adopted.
When the magnesium alloy added with different rare earth elements is used for friction welding, a comparison experiment is carried out (adopting a friction stir welding process, wherein a stirring head made of 42CrMo material is selected, the rotation speed is 800r/min, and the welding speed is 30 mm/min);
Wherein, the partial content of the magnesium alloy is mainly 8.5 of Al, 0.50 of Zn, 0.20 of Mn, 0.04 of Si, 0.025 of Cu, 0.001 of Ni, 0.004 of Fe and the balance of Mg;
The aluminum alloy contains Si in a proportion of mainly 0.40, cu in a proportion of 0.10, mg in a proportion of 6.2, zn in a proportion of 20, mn in a proportion of 0.60, ti in a proportion of 0.05, be in a proportion of 0.0002, fe in a proportion of 0.100, and the balance of Al.
Comparative example 1
AZ91D for magnesium alloy, 5a06 for aluminum alloy;
When the device is used, the magnesium alloy to be welded and the aluminum alloy are placed on the work tables 12, one side of the aluminum alloy is controlled to be abutted against one side of one group of work tables 12 close to the work tables 12, the other side of the aluminum alloy is controlled to be abutted against the magnesium alloy, and the clamping plate 20 is controlled to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
The position of the mounting piece is adjusted through the second moving mechanism, the supporting rod 37 and the positioning mechanism 19 are driven to move when the mounting piece moves, so that the positioning piece 42 can be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, meanwhile, the stirring head 29 can also be aligned with the gap, then the angle of the adjusting rod 38 is adjusted through the electric telescopic rod 44, so that the positioning piece 42 can be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and the top of the magnesium alloy and the top of the aluminum alloy are pressed by the pressing roller 41;
The rotating motor works to enable the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 to rotate, the stirring head 29 rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy near the gap is increased to soften, the surfaces of the stirring shaft 28, the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy generate heat by friction, the first moving mechanism controls the portal frame to move, the stirring head 29 moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
The tensile strength of the welded seam is 156MPa, and cracks appear.
Example 1
Unlike comparative example 1, 0.8% of Y was added to the magnesium alloy;
Placing magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy to be welded on the workbench 12, wherein rare earth elements are added into the magnesium alloy, controlling one side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against one side of one group of workbench 12 close to the workbench 12, the other side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against the magnesium alloy, and controlling the clamping plate 20 to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
The position of the mounting piece is adjusted through the second moving mechanism, the supporting rod 37 and the positioning mechanism 19 are driven to move when the mounting piece moves, so that the positioning piece 42 can be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, meanwhile, the stirring head 29 can also be aligned with the gap, then the angle of the adjusting rod 38 is adjusted through the electric telescopic rod 44, so that the positioning piece 42 can be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and the top of the magnesium alloy and the top of the aluminum alloy are pressed by the pressing roller 41;
The rotating motor works to enable the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 to rotate, the stirring head 29 rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy near the gap is increased to soften, the surfaces of the stirring shaft 28, the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy generate heat by friction, the first moving mechanism controls the portal frame to move, the stirring head 29 moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
The tensile strength of the welded seam is 193MPa, and the defects such as cracks and the like are avoided.
Example 2
Unlike comparative example 1, 0.8% Ce was added to the magnesium alloy;
Placing magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy to be welded on the workbench 12, wherein rare earth elements are added into the magnesium alloy, controlling one side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against one side of one group of workbench 12 close to the workbench 12, the other side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against the magnesium alloy, and controlling the clamping plate 20 to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
The position of the mounting piece is adjusted through the second moving mechanism, the supporting rod 37 and the positioning mechanism 19 are driven to move when the mounting piece moves, so that the positioning piece 42 can be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, meanwhile, the stirring head 29 can also be aligned with the gap, then the angle of the adjusting rod 38 is adjusted through the electric telescopic rod 44, so that the positioning piece 42 can be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and the top of the magnesium alloy and the top of the aluminum alloy are pressed by the pressing roller 41;
The rotating motor works to enable the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 to rotate, the stirring head 29 rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy near the gap is increased to soften, the surfaces of the stirring shaft 28, the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy generate heat by friction, the first moving mechanism controls the portal frame to move, the stirring head 29 moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
The tensile strength of the welded seam is 197MPa, and the welded seam has no defects such as cracks and the like.
Example 3
Unlike example 2, magnesium alloy was added with 1.0% Ce;
Placing magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy to be welded on the workbench 12, wherein rare earth elements are added into the magnesium alloy, controlling one side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against one side of one group of workbench 12 close to the workbench 12, the other side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against the magnesium alloy, and controlling the clamping plate 20 to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
The position of the mounting piece is adjusted through the second moving mechanism, the supporting rod 37 and the positioning mechanism 19 are driven to move when the mounting piece moves, so that the positioning piece 42 can be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, meanwhile, the stirring head 29 can also be aligned with the gap, then the angle of the adjusting rod 38 is adjusted through the electric telescopic rod 44, so that the positioning piece 42 can be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and the top of the magnesium alloy and the top of the aluminum alloy are pressed by the pressing roller 41;
The rotating motor works to enable the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 to rotate, the stirring head 29 rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy near the gap is increased to soften, the surfaces of the stirring shaft 28, the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy generate heat by friction, the first moving mechanism controls the portal frame to move, the stirring head 29 moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
The tensile strength of the welded seam is 188MPa, and the defects such as cracks and the like are avoided.
Example 4
Unlike example 2, 0.6% Ce was added to the magnesium alloy;
Placing magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy to be welded on the workbench 12, wherein rare earth elements are added into the magnesium alloy, controlling one side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against one side of one group of workbench 12 close to the workbench 12, the other side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against the magnesium alloy, and controlling the clamping plate 20 to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
The position of the mounting piece is adjusted through the second moving mechanism, the supporting rod 37 and the positioning mechanism 19 are driven to move when the mounting piece moves, so that the positioning piece 42 can be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, meanwhile, the stirring head 29 can also be aligned with the gap, then the angle of the adjusting rod 38 is adjusted through the electric telescopic rod 44, so that the positioning piece 42 can be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and the top of the magnesium alloy and the top of the aluminum alloy are pressed by the pressing roller 41;
The rotating motor works to enable the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 to rotate, the stirring head 29 rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy near the gap is increased to soften, the surfaces of the stirring shaft 28, the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy generate heat by friction, the first moving mechanism controls the portal frame to move, the stirring head 29 moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
The tensile strength of the welded seam is 182MPa, and the defects of cracks and the like are avoided.
Comparative example 2
Unlike example 2, 0.4% Ce was added to the magnesium alloy;
Placing magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy to be welded on the workbench 12, wherein rare earth elements are added into the magnesium alloy, controlling one side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against one side of one group of workbench 12 close to the workbench 12, the other side of the aluminum alloy to be abutted against the magnesium alloy, and controlling the clamping plate 20 to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
The position of the mounting piece is adjusted through the second moving mechanism, the supporting rod 37 and the positioning mechanism 19 are driven to move when the mounting piece moves, so that the positioning piece 42 can be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, meanwhile, the stirring head 29 can also be aligned with the gap, then the angle of the adjusting rod 38 is adjusted through the electric telescopic rod 44, so that the positioning piece 42 can be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and the top of the magnesium alloy and the top of the aluminum alloy are pressed by the pressing roller 41;
The rotating motor works to enable the stirring shaft 28 and the stirring head 29 to rotate, the stirring head 29 rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy near the gap is increased to soften, the surfaces of the stirring shaft 28, the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy generate heat by friction, the first moving mechanism controls the portal frame to move, the stirring head 29 moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
The tensile strength of the welded seam is 162MPa, and a small amount of cracks appear.
The above examples and comparative examples are compared as follows:
as shown by a comparison experiment, in the application, when the magnesium alloy added with rare earth elements such as yttrium (Y) or cerium (Ce) is welded, the generation of welding cracks can be reduced, and the welding forming quality is improved.
Claims (8)
1. The magnesium aluminum dissimilar alloy welding device comprises a machine case (11) and a workbench (12) connected to the top of the machine case (11), wherein a friction welding mechanism (17) is arranged on the top of the workbench (12);
The friction welding device is characterized in that the friction welding mechanism (17) is arranged on a portal frame through a mounting piece, a first moving mechanism for controlling the portal frame to move is arranged on the workbench (12), and a second moving mechanism for driving the mounting piece to move is arranged in the portal frame;
one side of the mounting piece is connected with a supporting rod (37), and one end, far away from the mounting piece, of the supporting rod (37) is connected with an angle-adjustable positioning mechanism (19) for determining the position of a welding joint;
One side of the friction welding mechanism (17) far away from the portal frame is connected with a cleaning mechanism and is used for cleaning the welded position;
the positioning mechanism (19) comprises an adjusting rod (38) rotationally connected with the supporting rod (37), one end, far away from the supporting rod (37), of the adjusting rod (38) is connected with a fixed block (39), one side, far away from the adjusting rod (38), of the fixed block (39) is fixedly connected with an arc-shaped plate (40), the bottom of the arc-shaped plate (40) is connected with a positioning plate (42), one side, far away from the fixed block (39), of the arc-shaped plate (40) is connected with four groups of pressing rollers (41) which are uniformly arranged, and the bottom of the adjusting rod (38) is connected with an adjusting piece used for adjusting the angle between the adjusting rod (38) and the supporting rod (37);
the adjusting piece comprises an electric telescopic rod (44), a second hinging seat (45) hinged with one end of the electric telescopic rod (44) is connected to the bottom of the supporting rod (37), and a first hinging seat (43) hinged with the other end of the electric telescopic rod (44) is connected to one side, close to the portal frame, of the adjusting rod (38);
the portal frame comprises two groups of upright posts (15), a cross beam (16) is connected between the tops of the two groups of upright posts (15), and the mounting piece is mounted in the cross beam (16);
The mounting piece comprises an adjusting seat (22), an adjusting groove for adjusting the movement of the seat (22) is formed in the cross beam (16), moving blocks (23) are connected to two sides of the adjusting seat (22), guide grooves (18) for moving the moving blocks (23) are formed in two sides of the cross beam (16), the guide grooves (18) are communicated with the adjusting groove, one group of the moving blocks (23) is connected with a supporting rod (37), and the other group of the moving blocks (23) is connected with a friction welding mechanism (17);
The friction welding mechanism (17) comprises a mounting seat (24) connected with another group of moving blocks (23), a motor box (26) is connected to the bottom of the mounting seat (24), a hydraulic cylinder (25) used for controlling the motor box (26) to lift is connected to the top of the mounting seat (24), a mounting head (27) is mounted on the bottom of the motor box (26), a stirring shaft (28) is mounted on the bottom of the mounting head (27), a stirring head (29) is connected to the bottom of the stirring shaft (28), and a rotating motor used for controlling the stirring shaft (28) to rotate is mounted in the motor box (26).
2. The magnesium aluminum dissimilar alloy welding device according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning mechanism comprises a cleaning box (30) arranged on one side of a motor box (26), a collecting cover (31) is connected to the bottom of the cleaning box (30), a cleaning disc (32) is arranged in the collecting cover (31), a fan-shaped notch is formed in the cleaning disc (32), a driving rod (33) is connected to the shaft end at the top of the cleaning disc (32), a positioning seat for installing the top end of the driving rod (33) is arranged in the cleaning box (30), a driving wheel is connected to a motor shaft at the power output end of the rotating motor, and a driven wheel is arranged on the driving rod (33) and is in transmission connection with the driving wheel through a synchronous belt (36);
The cleaning box is characterized in that an annular cover (34) is arranged at the top of an inner cavity of the cleaning box (30), an air inlet is formed in the bottom of the annular cover (34), an exhaust pipe (35) connected with the side wall of the annular cover (34) is arranged on one side of the cleaning box (30), a plurality of fan-shaped air inlets are formed in the bottom of the cleaning box (30), and a stabilizing hole for a driving rod (33) to penetrate through is formed in the axis of each fan-shaped air inlet.
3. The magnesium aluminum dissimilar alloy welding device according to claim 1, wherein the first moving mechanism comprises a first sliding block (46) which is arranged in a supporting table (13) in a sliding manner, the first sliding block (46) is connected with the bottom of a stand column (15) through the first moving block, a first moving groove (14) for sliding the first moving block is formed in the top of the supporting table (13), the first sliding block (46) is connected with a screw rod which is arranged in the supporting table (13) in a threaded manner, and a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate is arranged in the supporting table (13);
The second moving mechanism comprises a screw rod which is arranged in the cross beam (16) and is in threaded fit with the adjusting seat (22), the adjusting seat (22) is arranged in the adjusting groove in a sliding mode, and a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate is arranged in the cross beam (16).
4. The magnesium aluminum dissimilar alloy welding device according to claim 1, wherein a clamping plate (20) for clamping magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy is arranged at the top of the workbench (12), the bottom of the clamping plate (20) is connected with a second sliding block (47) through two groups of second sliding blocks, a second sliding groove (21) for sliding the second sliding block is formed in the workbench (12), the second sliding block (47) is arranged in the case (11) in a sliding mode, a screw rod in threaded connection with the second sliding block (47) is arranged in the case (11), and a motor for driving the screw rod to rotate is arranged in the case (11).
5. A welding method using the magnesium-aluminum dissimilar alloy welding apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising the steps of:
firstly, placing a magnesium alloy to be welded and an aluminum alloy on a workbench (12), wherein rare earth elements are added into the magnesium alloy, one side of the aluminum alloy is controlled to be attached to one side of one group of the workbench (12) close to the workbench (12), the other side of the aluminum alloy is controlled to be attached to the magnesium alloy, and a clamping plate (20) is controlled to move to clamp and fix the magnesium alloy;
Step two, adjusting the position of the mounting part through a second moving mechanism, driving the supporting rod (37) and the positioning mechanism (19) to move when the mounting part moves, enabling the positioning piece (42) to be aligned with a welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, enabling the stirring head (29) to be aligned with the gap, adjusting the angle of the adjusting rod (38) through the electric telescopic rod (44), enabling the positioning piece (42) to be in contact with the welding gap between the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy, and pressing the tops of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy through the pressing roller (41);
Step three, a rotating motor works to enable a stirring shaft (28) and a stirring head (29) to rotate, the stirring head (29) rotates to rub with magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy, the temperature of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy near a gap is increased and softened, the stirring shaft (28) rubs with the surfaces of the magnesium alloy and the aluminum alloy to generate heat, a first moving mechanism controls a portal frame to move, the stirring head (29) moves along the gap while rotating, and the magnesium alloy is embedded into the aluminum alloy in a layered manner in the friction stir welding process.
6. The welding method of a magnesium aluminum dissimilar alloy welding apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the composition of AZ91D for magnesium alloy includes 8.5 to 9.5 of Al, 0.45 to 0.90 of Zn, 0.17 to 0.4 of Mn, 0.05 or less of Si, 0.025 or less of Cu, 0.001 or less of Ni, 0.004 or less of Fe, and Mg; the composition of the 5A06 for aluminum alloy comprises less than or equal to 0.40 of Si, less than or equal to 0.10 of Cu, 5.8 to 6.8 of Mg, less than or equal to 0.20 of Zn, 0.50 to 0.8 of Mn, 0.02 to 0.10 of Ti, 0.0001 to 0.005 of Be, 0.000 to 0.400 of Fe and Al.
7. The welding method of a magnesium aluminum dissimilar alloy welding apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the rare earth element is 0.8% Y.
8. The welding method of a magnesium aluminum dissimilar alloy welding apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the rare earth element is Ce of 0.4% to 1.0%.
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| CN119188034B (en) * | 2024-08-29 | 2025-05-09 | 无锡华美科技有限公司 | Stainless steel plate welding device with smooth welding seam |
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