CN114589550A - Machining method of U-shaped notch of sample for Charpy impact test - Google Patents

Machining method of U-shaped notch of sample for Charpy impact test Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114589550A
CN114589550A CN202210196730.8A CN202210196730A CN114589550A CN 114589550 A CN114589550 A CN 114589550A CN 202210196730 A CN202210196730 A CN 202210196730A CN 114589550 A CN114589550 A CN 114589550A
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axis
sample
processing
grinding wheel
notch
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CN114589550B (en
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杨敏
刘峰
许燕
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Avic Metal Test Technology Co ltd
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Avic Metal Test Technology Co ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B1/00Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B41/00Component parts such as frames, beds, carriages, headstocks
    • B24B41/06Work supports, e.g. adjustable steadies
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B49/00Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
    • B24B49/12Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation involving optical means
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/06Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces of profiled abrasive wheels
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24BMACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/12Dressing tools; Holders therefor
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/286Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/286Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
    • G01N2001/2866Grinding or homogeneising
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30Nuclear fission reactors

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for processing a U-shaped notch of a sample for a Charpy impact test, which is implemented according to the following steps: step 1, respectively processing a plurality of Y-axis baffles and X-axis baffles; step 2, processing a concave table at the edge position of the working table of the surface grinding machine in the X-axis direction, placing an X-axis baffle plate into the concave table, and enabling a Y-axis baffle plate to be closely and vertically attached to the X-axis baffle plate, so that X, Y axes of the sample can be quickly aligned; and 3, additionally arranging a grating ruler on the surface grinding machine workbench, and processing a U-shaped notch on the sample. The invention solves the problems that the machining precision of the impact test for machining the Charpy U-shaped notch is not high and the quality is greatly influenced by human factors in the prior art.

Description

Machining method of U-shaped notch of sample for Charpy impact test
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of metal material processing, and particularly relates to a method for processing a U-shaped notch of a sample for a Charpy impact test.
Background
The impact test is an experiment for measuring the toughness of a metal material, and the principle of the impact test is to prepare a sample with a notch with a certain shape and size, break the sample along the notch on a testing machine, and measure the toughness of the material according to an absorption power value. Impact specimen is mostly square or cylindrical, and the surface is processed more easily, and size, the tolerance of breach department are less, use the imager to carry out the size inspection, and during the processing breach, the change of breach size can direct influence test result, if the breach is processed sharper or darker, the normal stress and the shear stress of breach bottom can increase, and the brittle failure takes place more easily for the sample, and consequently, the processing degree of difficulty of breach is great.
The notch of a common test sample for the impact test is U-shaped, the depth and width of the notch are only 2mm at most, the straight line where the bottom of the notch is located is perpendicular to the axis of the test sample, the root R is usually R1mm, the surface quality requirement is high, and the roughness is Ra0.25-Ra0.8. The processing mode with higher efficiency at present is to adopt a grinding machine to process a Charpy U-shaped notch, grind a grinding wheel with the thickness of 7mm to about 2mm by using a sand repairing stone, grind the maximum excircle of the grinding wheel by using an R gauge, test-process the grinding wheel by using a manual saw blade after being qualified through visual inspection, and finely adjust the grinding wheel according to the detection result of a projector, wherein the size of R1 is smaller, so that the processing mode is greatly influenced by human factors, the hand feeling of different operators is inconsistent, the size of the notch of a sample cannot be repaired once being formed, and the hand of an operator is too close to the grinding wheel, so that the potential safety hazard is higher.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for processing a sample U-shaped notch for a Charpy impact test, which solves the problems that the processing precision of processing the Charpy U-shaped notch in the impact test is not high and the quality is greatly influenced by human factors in the prior art.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the method for processing the U-shaped notch of the sample for the Charpy impact test is implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, respectively processing a plurality of Y-axis baffles and X-axis baffles;
step 2, processing a concave table at the edge position of the working table of the surface grinding machine in the X-axis direction, placing an X-axis baffle into the concave table, and enabling a Y-axis baffle to be vertically and closely vertical to the X axis, so that rapid alignment of the X, Y axis of the sample is realized;
and 3, additionally arranging a grating ruler on the surface grinding machine workbench, and processing a U-shaped notch on the sample.
The present invention is also characterized in that,
step 1, during processing, the left and right feeding directions of the grinding wheel are X-axis, and the front and back feeding directions of the grinding wheel are Y-axis; the Y-axis baffle and the X-axis baffle are ground after being cut and processed by adopting a medium-speed wire, and the included angle of the adjacent surfaces is ensured to be 90 +/-0.5 degrees.
The step 2 comprises the following specific steps: and (3) finishing a grinding wheel, grinding the edge of one side, close to a hand wheel, of the surface grinding machine workbench into a concave table with the width of 25mm, the depth of 2mm and the length of 300mm, placing an X-axis baffle into the concave table and flatly pasting the X-axis baffle with the 2mm side, flatly pasting the Y-axis baffle with the X-axis baffle in the vertical direction to form a right angle, and flatly pasting the Y-axis baffle in the axial direction of the sample.
The specific process of the step 3 is as follows:
step 3.1, Y, Z-axis grating rulers are additionally arranged on a surface grinding machine workbench, and an X axis does not need to be additionally arranged; placing a sample into a right angle formed by a Y-axis baffle and an X-axis baffle, fixing the periphery of the sample by using other baffles, and controlling the position of a notch;
step 3.2, controlling the machining allowance;
and 3.3, controlling the size of the notch R and the depth size of the notch.
The specific process of the notch position control is as follows: and (3) dressing the thickness of the grinding wheel to 2mm by using a sand dressing stone, enabling the grinding wheel to be close to the outer edge of a workbench of the surface grinding machine, enabling the grinding wheel to be tightly attached to the end surface of the sample, enabling the grating ruler to return to zero, moving to 28.5mm according to the digital display value of the grating ruler, and then starting processing, wherein the size at the moment contains half of the thickness of the grinding wheel, namely 1mm, and ensuring the position size of the sample to be 27.5 mm.
The specific process of the machining allowance control is as follows: after the grinding wheel is machined 27.5mm away from the end face, reserving a notch depth machining allowance of 0.5mm, namely the thickness of the root of the notch is 8.5mm, the Y-axis grating ruler returns to zero, the sand repairing device is placed on the right side of a workbench of the surface grinding machine, so that obstacles such as a sample, a baffle and the like are avoided when the grinding wheel is used, and the side face is flatly attached to the X-axis baffle; the grinding wheel is moved to a sand dresser and is flatly attached to an X-axis baffle for alignment, the rotation angle of the diamond of the sand dresser is guaranteed to be perpendicular to a grinding wheel through a magnifier arranged on the sand dresser, a diamond pen is observed to touch points on two sides of the grinding wheel, and the tip of the sand dresser is guaranteed to be polished to a notch R behind the center of the grinding wheel.
Step 3.3 comprises the following specific processes: moving the grinding wheel 3 to the original point by combining the digital display value of the Y-axis grating ruler until the value displayed by the grating ruler is 0, moving the grinding wheel to the zero position, returning to the notch position, finely grinding the notch depth and R, and stopping processing until the Y-axis baffle plate has fine sparks; and grinding the notch to a depth of 8 to finish machining.
In the step 1, the length of the Y-axis baffle and the length of the X-axis baffle are both 60-100 mm, the thickness of the Y-axis baffle and the thickness of the X-axis baffle are both 8 +/-0.03 mm, the width of the Y-axis baffle and the width of the X-axis baffle are 25-40 mm, and the surface roughness Ra is not more than 0.8 mu m.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method for processing the U-shaped notch of the sample for the Charpy impact test ensures the processing position, the perpendicularity, the depth and the processing efficiency and the accuracy of the root R of the notch, only needs to operate by adopting a common surface grinding machine, has low processing cost, reduces the influence of human factors by manufacturing a tool, replacing processing equipment and improving the capacity of the equipment, and ensures the processing quality of the notch.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a notch location control diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the process allowance of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a diamond rotational structure of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a post-dressing finish of the present invention;
FIG. 5(a) is a diagram illustrating the effect of grinding the notch by using a manual grinding wheel in the embodiment;
FIG. 5(b) is a graph showing the effect of grinding with the grinding wheel according to the present invention in examples.
In the figure, 1 is a sample, 2 is a U-shaped notch, 3 is a grinding wheel, and 4 is a diamond pen.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments.
The invention relates to a method for processing a U-shaped notch of a sample for a Charpy impact test, which is implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, respectively processing a plurality of Y-axis baffles and X-axis baffles;
step 1, during processing, the left and right feeding directions of the grinding wheel 3 are X-axis, and the front and back feeding directions of the grinding wheel 3 are Y-axis; the Y-axis baffle and the X-axis baffle are ground after being cut and processed by adopting a medium-speed wire, the included angle of the adjacent surfaces is 90 +/-0.5 degrees, the length of each Y-axis baffle and the length of each X-axis baffle are both 60-100 mm, the thickness of each Y-axis baffle and the thickness of each X-axis baffle are both 8 +/-0.03 mm, the width of each Y-axis baffle is 25-40 mm, and the surface roughness Ra is not more than 0.8 mu m.
Step 2, processing a concave table at the edge position of the working table of the surface grinding machine in the X-axis direction, placing an X-axis baffle plate into the concave table, and enabling a Y-axis baffle plate to be perpendicular to the X-axis baffle plate, so that X, Y axes of the sample 1 can be quickly aligned;
the step 2 comprises the following specific steps: and (3) finishing a grinding wheel 3, grinding the edge of one side, close to a hand wheel, of the surface grinding machine workbench into a concave table with the width of 25mm, the depth of 2mm and the length of 300mm, placing an X-axis baffle into the concave table and flatly pasting the X-axis baffle with the 2mm side, flatly pasting the Y-axis baffle with the X-axis baffle in the vertical direction to form a right angle, and flatly pasting the Y-axis baffle in the axial direction of the sample 1.
Step 3, additionally arranging a grating ruler on a surface grinding machine workbench, and processing a U-shaped notch 2 on the sample 1;
step 3.1, Y, Z-axis grating rulers are additionally arranged on a surface grinding machine workbench, and an X axis does not need to be additionally arranged; placing a sample 1 into a right angle formed by a Y-axis baffle and an X-axis baffle, fixing the periphery of the sample 1 by using other baffles, and controlling the position of a notch;
the specific process of the notch position control is as follows: the thickness of a grinding wheel 3 is trimmed to be 2mm by using a sand-trimming stone, the grinding wheel 3 is close to the outer edge of a workbench of a surface grinding machine, the grinding wheel 3 is tightly attached to the end surface of a sample 1, a grating ruler is reset to zero, the processing is started after the grinding wheel moves to 28.5mm according to the digital display value of the grating ruler, the size at the moment contains half of the thickness of the grinding wheel 3, namely 1mm, and the position size of the sample is ensured to be 27.5 mm.
A grating ruler is added for control, so that errors caused by scribing are effectively reduced, the moving distance of the grinding wheel spindle is tracked in real time, the depth of a gap is controlled, and the problem of resetting of the grinding wheel after moving is solved; as shown in fig. 1, the grinding wheel 3 returns to zero when touching the end face of the sample 1, moving 28.5mm to the center.
Step 3.2, machining allowance control
The specific process of the machining allowance control is as follows: as shown in fig. 2, after the grinding wheel 3 is machined 27.5mm away from the end face, a notch depth machining allowance of 0.5mm is reserved, namely the thickness of the root of the notch is 8.5mm, at the moment, the Y-axis grating ruler returns to zero, the sand dresser is arranged on the right side of a surface grinding machine workbench to ensure that the sand dresser avoids obstacles such as a sample, a baffle and the like during use, and the side surface of the sand dresser is flush with an X-axis baffle; moving the grinding wheel 3 to a sander to be flatly attached and aligned with the X-axis baffle, ensuring that the rotation angle of the sander diamond 4 is perpendicular to the grinding wheel 3 through a magnifier arranged on the sander, observing the contact points of the diamond pen 4 and the two sides of the grinding wheel 3 as shown in figure 3, and ensuring that the tip of the sander is polished R behind the center of the grinding wheel;
step 3.3, controlling the size of the notch R and the depth size of the notch
Step 3.3 comprises the following specific processes: moving the grinding wheel 3 to the original point by combining the digital display value of the Y-axis grating ruler until the value displayed by the grating ruler is 0, moving the grinding wheel to the zero position, returning to the notch position, finely grinding the notch depth and R, and stopping processing until the Y-axis baffle plate has fine sparks; and grinding the notch to a depth of 8 to finish machining.
According to the invention, the sand dresser is matched with the grating ruler, so that the grinding wheel can return to the zero position accurately after R is repaired, otherwise, the positions of the rough grinding R and the accurate grinding R cannot be completely matched, the R root part after accurate grinding is easy to have steps, and meanwhile, the gap width is over-poor.
Examples
Sample 1 is referred to the standards GB/T229, HB5144, HB5278, ASTME23 and the like, and in this example, sample 1 is a U-shaped impact square sample of GB/T229. The grating ruler adopts a letter and card, the specification is 300mm, and the precision is 1 mu m; the sand repairing device adopts 'fine unfolding' model KT 50. In the U-shaped notch grinding process, 1 grinding wheel finishes notch processing of 300 impact samples.
The different processing methods of summer ratio U type breach contrast, the equipment that current processing U type was strikeed adopts ordinary flat grinder, sample size 27.5mm passes through the corresponding position grinding of contrast behind the marking off mark and accomplishes, the hand is repaiied the breach as shown in fig. 5(a), the marking off size is not accurate enough, the width is poor, the R shape is irregular, manual coping emery wheel R size is unstable and there is great potential safety hazard, flat grinder's table surface only can fix a position at the most marginal, but there is the burr often at the edge, there is great positioning error when utilizing the square location, it is perpendicular to lead to the sample axis to be difficult to guarantee with emery wheel walking direction and sand repair ware.
This implementation workstation goes up the concave station of processing X axle direction, self-control X, Y axle baffles, and wherein X axle baffle and concave station closely laminate, and Y axle baffle minor face closely laminates with the long limit of X axle baffle, forms comparatively standard 90 right angles, and the sample is put into and can be realized the quick alignment of sample in the right angle, guarantees key dimension 90 2. A grating ruler is added to monitor the Y, Z-direction movement of the grinding wheel in real time, the Y axis can move freely before grinding the grinding wheel, the resetting is easy, the rough grinding and the finish grinding are completely matched, and no step appears, as shown in fig. 5 (b). The Z-axis grating ruler can control the size change of the sample in the thickness direction, solve the problems of 27.5 critical size, 0.5mm machining allowance and 8 +/-0.09 mm notch depth, and is shown in figure 4. The sand repair device with the magnifier grinds R, the edge of the sand repair device is attached to the X-axis baffle, the X-axis is quickly aligned, and the U-shaped notch R with standard size and regular shape can be guaranteed to be repaired.
The invention relates to a method for processing a U-shaped notch of a sample for a Charpy impact test, which mainly aims at the problem that equipment aging phenomena in an aviation enterprise are common, in the conventional common processing mode of the U-shaped notch, the size, the shape or the surface state of the notch is influenced by human factors, so that the test result is unreal, the period for purchasing high-precision equipment is overlong, and the cost is higher. The invention not only improves the working efficiency of notch processing, but also avoids notch grinding and tool setting errors caused by human factors, has high processing and forming precision of the U-shaped punching notch, can be widely popularized and applied, reduces the influence of the human factors of sample processing on the impact test process, and saves raw materials and cost.

Claims (8)

1. The machining method of the U-shaped notch of the sample for the Charpy impact test is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, respectively processing a plurality of Y-axis baffles and X-axis baffles;
step 2, processing a concave table at the edge position of the working table of the surface grinding machine in the X-axis direction, placing an X-axis baffle into the concave table, and tightly and vertically attaching a Y-axis baffle to the X-axis baffle to realize the rapid alignment of the X, Y axis of the sample (1);
and 3, additionally arranging a grating ruler on the surface grinding machine workbench, and processing a U-shaped notch (2) on the sample (1).
2. The method for processing the U-shaped notch of the sample for the Charpy impact test according to claim 1, wherein the left and right feeding directions of the grinding wheel (3) are X-axis, and the front and back feeding directions of the grinding wheel (3) are Y-axis during the processing of the step 1; the Y-axis baffle and the X-axis baffle are ground after being cut and processed by adopting a medium-speed wire, and the included angle of the adjacent surfaces is ensured to be 90 +/-0.5 degrees.
3. The method for processing the U-shaped notch of the sample for the Charpy impact test as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step 2 comprises the following specific steps: and (3) finishing a grinding wheel (3), grinding the edge of one side, close to a hand wheel, of the surface grinding machine workbench into a concave table with the width of 25mm, the depth of 2mm and the length of 300mm, placing an X-axis baffle into the concave table and flatly pasting the X-axis baffle with the 2mm side, flatly pasting the Y-axis baffle with the X-axis baffle in the vertical direction to form a right angle, and flatly pasting the Y-axis baffle in the axial direction of the sample (1).
4. The method for processing the U-shaped notch of the test sample for the Charpy impact test as claimed in claim 3, wherein the specific process of the step 3 is as follows:
step 3.1, Y, Z-axis grating rulers are additionally arranged on a surface grinding machine workbench, and an X axis does not need to be additionally arranged; placing the sample (1) into a right angle formed by a Y-axis baffle and an X-axis baffle, fixing the periphery of the sample (1) by using other baffles, and controlling the position of a gap;
step 3.2, controlling the machining allowance;
and 3.3, controlling the size of the notch R and the depth size of the notch.
5. The method for processing the U-shaped notch of the test sample for the Charpy impact test is characterized in that the notch position control comprises the following specific processes: the thickness of the grinding wheel (3) is trimmed to be 2mm by using a sand trimming stone, the grinding wheel (3) is close to the outer edge of a workbench of a surface grinding machine, the grinding wheel (3) is tightly attached to the end surface of the sample (1), a grating ruler returns to zero, the processing is started after the grinding wheel moves to 28.5mm according to the digital display value of the grating ruler, the size at the moment contains half of the thickness of the grinding wheel (3), namely 1mm, and the position size of the sample is ensured to be 27.5 mm.
6. The method for processing the U-shaped notch of the test sample for the Charpy impact test is characterized in that the specific process of the processing allowance control is as follows: after the grinding wheel (3) is machined at a position 27.5mm away from the end face, reserving a notch depth machining allowance of 0.5mm, namely the thickness of the root of the notch is 8.5mm, at the moment, the Y-axis grating ruler returns to zero, the sand repairing device is placed on the right side of a workbench of the surface grinding machine, so that obstacles such as a sample, a baffle and the like are avoided when the grinding wheel is used, and the side face is flush with the X-axis baffle; the grinding wheel (3) is moved to a sand dresser and is flatly attached to an X-axis baffle for alignment, a magnifier arranged on the sand dresser ensures that the rotation angle of the diamond (4) of the sand dresser is perpendicular to a grinding wheel piece, the contact points of the diamond pen (4) and the two sides of the grinding wheel (3) are observed, and the tip of the sand dresser is ensured to be polished R behind the center of the grinding wheel.
7. The method for processing the U-shaped notch of the test sample for the Charpy impact test as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 3.3 comprises the following specific processes: moving the grinding wheel (3) to the original point by combining the digital display value of the Y-axis grating ruler until the display value of the grating ruler is 0, moving the grinding wheel to a zero position, returning to the position of the notch, finely grinding the depth and the R of the notch, and stopping processing until the Y-axis baffle plate has tiny sparks; and grinding the notch to a depth of 8 to finish machining.
8. The method for processing the U-shaped notch of the test sample for the Charpy impact test as claimed in claim 2, wherein in the step 1, the Y-axis baffle and the X-axis baffle have the length of 60-100 mm, the thickness of 8 +/-0.03 mm, the width of 25-40 mm, and the surface roughness Ra of not more than 0.8 μm.
CN202210196730.8A 2022-03-01 2022-03-01 Processing method of U-shaped notch of sample for Charpy impact test Active CN114589550B (en)

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