CN114487029B - Method for measuring water conductivity distribution of tree xylem - Google Patents
Method for measuring water conductivity distribution of tree xylem Download PDFInfo
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- CN114487029B CN114487029B CN202210109765.3A CN202210109765A CN114487029B CN 114487029 B CN114487029 B CN 114487029B CN 202210109765 A CN202210109765 A CN 202210109765A CN 114487029 B CN114487029 B CN 114487029B
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000003484 anatomy Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000219000 Populus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001278112 Populus euphratica Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010835 comparative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010102 embolization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007716 flux method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005068 transpiration Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a liquid
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/30—Staining; Impregnating ; Fixation; Dehydration; Multistep processes for preparing samples of tissue, cell or nucleic acid material and the like for analysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
- Y02A90/30—Assessment of water resources
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of measurement of water conductivity of wood parts of trees, and particularly relates to a measurement method of water conductivity distribution of wood parts. When the different positions of the xylem have different water conductivity, the different water conductivity corresponds to different liquid flow speeds, and the colored electrolyte solution is injected into the isolated trunk, the dyeing conditions of the different positions are observed under the same dyeing time, the conductivity distribution is measured according to the dyeing conditions, and the xylem water conductivity distribution can be determined according to the conductivity data. The invention can realize the measurement of the water conductivity of the trunk xylem, study the water transmission characteristic of the xylem, and has the characteristics of simple method and accurate measurement.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of measurement of water conductivity of wood parts of trees, and particularly relates to a measurement method of water conductivity distribution of wood parts.
Background
Trees form a complete continuous system for moisture absorption, transportation and dissipation in order to maintain the internal moisture balance, and generally roots of the trees absorb moisture from soil, are transported to crowns through trunks, and finally dissipate the moisture into the atmosphere due to transpiration, so that a soil-plant-atmosphere continuous body (SPAC) is formed. The trunk can be divided into three parts from inside to outside, namely a medulla, a xylem and a phloem, and the water is transmitted in the trunk in the xylem. The xylem water conductivity refers to the ratio of the flow rate of the liquid passing through the xylem in unit time to the pressure gradient of the water flow rate, and the water conductivity directly influences the water transmission capacity, so that the water conductivity is an important index for researching the hydraulic structural characteristics of plants.
The current method for measuring the relevant parameters of the xylem water conductivity of the tree at home and abroad mainly comprises the following steps: anatomical methods, "rinsing methods", evaporation flux methods, ultrasonic detection methods, and the like.
1. The basic principle of the anatomy is to inject the ex-vivo stalks under pressure with a dye, the xylem will be coloured due to the effect of the water transport. After a period of time, the dye was introduced, and cross-sectional slice observation was performed at the site where the dye was injected, and the number and area of the xylem-colored ducts and the non-colored ducts were counted, thereby determining the ratio of the dredging and clogging of the xylem-colored ducts. This method requires making slices for scanning under electron microscopy, the subsequent statistical effort is great, and the method does not involve measurement of the water conductivity at different points of the xylem. On the other hand, due to the adsorption of the matrix of the xylem, dye molecules (ions) can be accumulated at the injection end, so that the dyed and undyed catheters measured by the method are difficult to distinguish, the technology is complex, and the measurement accuracy is low.
2. The flushing method is to flush the trunk with deionized water or other flushing liquid under certain pressure gradient and to determine the water conductivity through the relation between water conductivity and pressure. The method is a wood water conductivity measurement method which is widely applied at present, but the water conductivity of different sites of the wood cannot be obtained.
3. The evaporation method requires measuring the soil water potential of the soil-root interface and the water potential of each plant component, and the water conductivity is calculated according to the plant evaporation flux and the ratio of the soil to the blade water potential difference. The method can realize nondestructive measurement during measurement, but has poor measurement accuracy due to more measurement procedures.
4. The ultrasonic detection method utilizes the structural characteristics of the xylem catheter to measure, when the xylem catheter is cavitation and embolization, one cavitation can lead to one quick liquid tension release, the tension release can generate sound waves, and the ultrasonic sensor is utilized to detect the sonic signal generated by the cavitation, so that the xylem water conductivity can be detected. The method is greatly influenced by the composition of xylem and cell difference, and the detection precision is still to be improved at present.
In summary, in the current measurement method for the water conductivity of the xylem, no method for measuring the water conductivity of different positions of the xylem is involved; identification by staining in anatomies also has problems of complex measurement and low accuracy.
Currently, there are various methods for measuring the water conductivity of the xylem, but there is no measuring method for the water conductivity distribution of the xylem. According to the related research of measuring the trunk liquid flow speed by using a probe method, the radial difference of the xylem liquid flow speeds of different tree species is found to be larger. If researches indicate that tree species such as poplar, populus euphratica and the like basically meet the trend that the liquid flow velocity of different positions of the xylem decreases with depth; the difference in xylem radial water conductivity distribution is reflected in terms of flow velocity. Therefore, acquiring water conductivity (flow velocity) data at different locations of the xylem is of great importance for accurate calculation of tree evaporation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for measuring the water conductivity distribution of the xylem of a tree, which can realize the measurement of the water conductivity of the xylem of the trunk, study the water transmission characteristic of the xylem and has the characteristics of simplicity and accuracy in measurement.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a method for measuring water conductivity distribution of a tree xylem, the method comprising the steps of:
step 1, cutting off a trunk with the length not less than 20cm to obtain an isolated trunk 5, and measuring the liquid flow conductivity background value of the isolated trunk;
step 2, connecting a water guide experimental device;
the water guide experimental device comprises a water tank 1, a water guide pipe 2, a peristaltic pump 3, a sealing device 4 and an isolated trunk 5; two ends of the isolated trunk 5 are respectively an injection surface and a liquid outlet surface; pouring a colored electrolyte solution into the water tank 1, and injecting the colored electrolyte solution in the water tank 1 into the isolated trunk 5 through the water guide pipe 2 by the peristaltic pump 3 through an injection surface, wherein the sealing device 4 is connected with the isolated trunk 5 and the water guide pipe 2 to prevent water leakage;
step 3, starting timing while starting the peristaltic pump 3, immediately closing the peristaltic pump 3 after observing that the colored electrolyte solution on the liquid outlet surface of the isolated trunk 5 flows out, and recording water injection time t;
step 4, taking off the isolated trunk 5 from the water guide experimental device, longitudinally cutting, observing the dyeing conditions of the radial positions to determine dyeing lines, selecting sampling points on the dyeing lines, sampling from an injection surface to a liquid outlet surface at the next sampling point above each sampling point, measuring the conductivity until the obtained conductivity result is equal to a conductivity background value, and determining an electric lead, wherein the points on the electric lead represent the furthest distance reached by liquid flows at the different positions; measuring the distance S from the point on the electric lead to the injection surface, and dividing the distance S by the time t to obtain the water conductivity of the position, thereby determining the radial water conductivity distribution condition of the xylem;
and 5, transversely cutting the isolated trunk 5 into a plurality of sections according to a certain interval distance, determining sampling positions according to the dyeing condition of an injection surface, observing the dyeing condition of the sampling positions of the cross section of each section of isolated trunk 5 from the injection surface to a liquid outlet surface, measuring the conductivity of each sampling position of an undyed wood section when the dyeing represents that the solution reaches the position, continuously measuring the conductivity of the next isolated trunk section until the obtained result is equal to the conductivity background value if the conductivity value is greater than the conductivity background value to indicate that the liquid flow passes through the position, counting the conductivity distance of each position of the injection surface, dividing the conductivity of each position by the time t, and thus determining the circumferential water conductivity distribution condition of the xylem.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
when dye solution is introduced into an isolated trunk for a period of time, the gradual reduction of the dyeing proportion of the cross section in the axial direction can be observed through an anatomical method, but dye molecules (ions) can be accumulated at the injection end due to the matrix adsorption effect of the xylem, and the phenomenon that the position where liquid flows through is not dyed or is too shallow to be identified exists, so that the measurement precision of the method for determining the water conductivity distribution through the dyeing condition is lower.
The invention provides a method for accurately measuring the water conductivity distribution of xylem.
When the different positions of the xylem have different water conductivity, the different water conductivity corresponds to different liquid flow speeds, and the colored electrolyte solution is injected into the isolated trunk, the dyeing conditions of the different positions are observed under the same dyeing time, the conductivity distribution is measured according to the dyeing conditions, and the xylem water conductivity distribution can be determined according to the conductivity data.
Firstly, measuring the liquid flow conductivity background value of the isolated trunk to be measured, then injecting a colored electrolyte solution (such as potassium permanganate solution) into the isolated trunk by using a flushing method, and immediately stopping injection when the solution is observed to flow out from the upper section. Because of the electrolyte solution injected, the conductivity of the solution flow through the site must be greater than the background conductivity of the solution flow. Longitudinally cutting the trunk, determining sampling points according to the dyeing distribution, measuring the conductivities of liquid flows at different positions, and determining the radial water conductivity distribution condition according to the conductivities; the trunk is transversely divided into a plurality of sections, the dyeing condition of the cross section is observed respectively, sampling points are determined according to dyeing distribution, the conductivity of liquid flow of the sampling points of each undyed tree section is measured, the distribution condition of the circumferential water conductivity of the xylem can be determined through comparative analysis, and the distribution condition of the water conductivity of the trunk xylem can be determined by combining the two methods.
The invention can realize the measurement of the water conductivity of the trunk xylem, study the water transmission characteristic of the xylem, and has the characteristics of simple method and accurate measurement.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a water diversion experiment apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a slitting process;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a longitudinal section view;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a cross-cut process;
fig. 5 is a schematic view of a cross-cut observation.
Wherein the reference numerals are as follows:
1. water tank 2 and water guide pipe
3. Peristaltic pump 4, sealing device
5. Isolated trunk
Detailed Description
The following describes the embodiments of the present invention further with reference to the drawings.
In order to measure the radial distribution of the xylem water conductivity, a schematic diagram of a water conductivity experimental device is shown in fig. 1.
The water guide experimental device comprises a water tank 1, a water guide pipe 2, a peristaltic pump 3, a sealing device 4 and an isolated trunk 5. The two ends of the isolated trunk 5 are respectively an injection surface and a liquid outlet surface. The water tank 1 contains a colored electrolyte solution, the peristaltic pump 3 injects the colored electrolyte solution in the water tank 1 into the isolated trunk 5 through the water guide pipe 2 through the injection surface, and the sealing device 4 is connected with the isolated trunk 5 and the water guide pipe 2 to prevent water leakage.
Preferably, the colored electrolyte solution is a potassium permanganate solution.
After the peristaltic pump 3 is started, the colored electrolyte solution gradually passes through the isolated trunk 5, and when the solution flowing out of the liquid outlet surface of the isolated trunk 5 is observed, the peristaltic pump 3 is immediately closed, and the position where the solution flows out is the position with the highest water conductivity, and the position with the low water conductivity is not penetrated by the solution at the moment.
Taking off an isolated trunk 5, longitudinally cutting the trunk, observing the dyeing condition of the longitudinal section by a cutting method as shown in the direction A-A in fig. 2, taking the boundary line of a dyeing area as a dyeing line, determining a sampling point on the dyeing line, measuring the conductivity of liquid flow above the dyeing area, continuing to measure the conductivity along the axial direction until the obtained result is equal to the conductivity background value when the conductivity value is greater than the conductivity background value to indicate that the liquid flow passes through the position, and drawing an electric wire; the distance S from each point on the electrical conductor to the injection plane is measured as shown in fig. 3. The electrical leads represent the furthest point of arrival of the fluid flow. The farther a point on the electrical conductor is from the injection plane, the higher the water conductivity at that location, and the radial distribution of the water conductivity can be determined by the electrical conduction distance S.
The trunk was cut axially into several pieces at 2cm intervals as shown in fig. 4. Determining sampling points according to the dyeing conditions of the injection surface, observing the dyeing conditions of the sampling points of the upper cross section and the lower cross section of each trunk, as shown in fig. 5, dyeing to represent that the solution has reached the position, measuring the conductivity of the liquid flow at each sampling position of the undyed wood section, wherein the conductivity value is greater than the conductivity background value to indicate that the liquid flow passes through the position, and continuously measuring the conductivity of the next wood section along the axial direction until the obtained result is equal to the conductivity background value. And (3) counting the electric conduction distance of each sampling position of the injection surface, so that the circumferential distribution condition of the water conductivity of the xylem can be determined.
A method for measuring the water conductivity distribution of the xylem of a tree comprises the following steps:
1. intercepting a trunk with the length not less than 20cm to obtain an isolated trunk 5, and measuring the liquid flow conductivity background value of the isolated trunk;
2. connecting a water guide experimental device;
the water guide experimental device comprises a water tank 1, a water guide pipe 2, a peristaltic pump 3, a sealing device 4 and an isolated trunk 5. The two ends of the isolated trunk 5 are respectively an injection surface and a liquid outlet surface. The colored electrolyte solution is poured into the water tank 1, the peristaltic pump 3 injects the colored electrolyte solution in the water tank 1 into the isolated trunk 5 through the water guide pipe 2 by the injection surface, and the sealing device 4 is connected with the isolated trunk 5 and the water guide pipe 2 to prevent water leakage.
Preferably, the colored electrolyte solution is a potassium permanganate solution.
3. Starting the peristaltic pump 3 and timing at the same time, immediately closing the peristaltic pump 3 after observing that the colored electrolyte solution flows out from the liquid outlet surface of the isolated trunk 5, and recording the water injection time t;
4. taking off the isolated trunk 5 from the water guide experimental device, longitudinally cutting, observing the dyeing conditions of the radial positions to determine dyeing lines, selecting sampling points on the dyeing lines, sampling from the injection surface to the liquid outlet surface at the next sampling point above each sampling point, measuring the conductivity until the obtained conductivity result is equal to the conductivity background value, and determining the electric lead, wherein the points on the electric lead represent the furthest distance reached by the liquid flow of the different positions. Measuring the distance S from the point on the electric lead to the injection surface, and dividing the distance S by the time t to obtain the water conductivity of the position, thereby determining the radial water conductivity distribution condition of the xylem;
5. the isolated trunk 5 is transversely cut into a plurality of sections according to a certain interval distance, a sampling position is determined according to the dyeing condition of an injection surface, the dyeing condition of the sampling position of the cross section of each isolated trunk 5 is observed from the injection surface to a liquid outlet surface, the dyeing represents that the solution has reached the position, the conductivity of each sampling position of an undyed wood section is measured, if the conductivity value is larger than the conductivity background value to indicate that the liquid flow passes through the position, the conductivity of the next isolated trunk section is continuously measured until the obtained result is equal to the conductivity background value, for example, the conductivity value of a fourth isolated trunk section at a certain sampling point is found to be equal to the background value through measurement, the liquid flow passes through 3 isolated trunk sections, and when the interval distance is 2cm, the conductivity distance of the position is 6cm. And counting the electric conduction distance of each position of the injection surface, and dividing the electric conduction distance by the time t to obtain the water conductivity of the position, thereby determining the circumferential water conductivity distribution condition of the xylem.
Preferably, in step 5, the spacing distance is 2cm.
Claims (1)
1. A method for measuring the water conductivity distribution of the xylem of a tree is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, cutting off a trunk with the length not less than 20cm to obtain an isolated trunk (5), and measuring the liquid flow conductivity background value of the isolated trunk;
step 2, connecting a water guide experimental device;
the water guide experimental device comprises a water tank (1), a water guide pipe (2), a peristaltic pump (3), a sealing device (4) and an isolated trunk (5); two ends of the isolated trunk (5) are respectively an injection surface and a liquid outlet surface; pouring a colored electrolyte solution into the water tank (1), injecting the colored electrolyte solution in the water tank (1) into the isolated trunk (5) through the water guide pipe (2) by the peristaltic pump (3), and connecting the isolated trunk (5) with the water guide pipe (2) by the sealing device (4) to prevent water leakage;
starting the peristaltic pump (3) and timing at the same time, immediately closing the peristaltic pump (3) after observing that the colored electrolyte solution on the liquid outlet surface of the isolated trunk (5) flows out, and recording the water injection time t;
step 4, taking off the isolated trunk (5) from the water guide experimental device, longitudinally cutting, observing the dyeing conditions of all radial positions to determine a dyeing line, selecting sampling points on the dyeing line, sampling from an injection surface to a liquid outlet surface at the next sampling point above each sampling point, measuring the conductivity until the obtained conductivity result is equal to a conductivity background value, and determining an electric lead, wherein the points on the electric lead represent the furthest distance reached by liquid flows at different positions; measuring the distance S from the point on the electric lead to the injection surface, and dividing the distance S by the time t to obtain the water conductivity of the position, thereby determining the radial water conductivity distribution condition of the xylem;
and 5, transversely cutting the isolated trunk (5) into a plurality of sections according to a certain interval distance, determining sampling positions according to the dyeing condition of an injection surface, observing the dyeing condition of the sampling positions of the cross section of each section of isolated trunk (5) from the injection surface to a liquid outlet surface, wherein the dyeing represents that the solution has reached the sampling positions, measuring the conductivity of each sampling position of an undyed wood section, if the conductivity value is greater than a conductivity background value to indicate that the liquid flow passes through the sampling positions, continuously measuring the conductivity of the next isolated trunk section until the obtained result is equal to the conductivity background value, counting the conductivity distance of each position of the injection surface, dividing by the time t to obtain the water conductivity of the position, and thus determining the circumferential water conductivity distribution condition of the xylem.
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