CN114299655A - Electronic voting system and working method thereof - Google Patents
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- CN114299655A CN114299655A CN202011010413.XA CN202011010413A CN114299655A CN 114299655 A CN114299655 A CN 114299655A CN 202011010413 A CN202011010413 A CN 202011010413A CN 114299655 A CN114299655 A CN 114299655A
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of voting, and particularly discloses an electronic voting system and a working method thereof. The invention solves the problems of high equipment complexity, high operation and maintenance difficulty, low ticket counting accuracy, poor integrity and low correctness of voting information record in the prior art.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of voting, and particularly relates to an electronic voting system and a working method thereof.
Background
Electronic voting is a widely adopted technical means in voting, has extremely high requirement on the storage safety of voting information, and needs to adopt a certain data real-time backup technology, so that the equipment complexity and the operation and maintenance difficulty are improved. The existing electronic voting system adopts a star-shaped computer network structure, and the voting information is stored in a network center. The blockchain is an account book which is recorded and maintained together in the whole network and has natural distributed storage properties. The blockchain system should not use a central storage structure, but directly communicate between all network nodes, and all nodes jointly store voting information. The voting information is stored in a distributed manner by using the block chain, and a block chain consensus mechanism is needed to ensure that the data storage in each voting device is correct and consistent. In an electronic voting system using blockchain storage, due to the dispersibility of physical storage devices, the accuracy of counting votes, the integrity and correctness of voting information records need to be verified, and meanwhile, the privacy of voters is also required to be protected.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to solve at least one of the above technical problems to a certain extent.
Therefore, the invention aims to provide an electronic voting system and a working method thereof, which are used for solving the problems of high equipment complexity, high operation and maintenance difficulty, low vote counting accuracy, poor integrity and low correctness of voting information record in the prior art.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an electronic voting system comprises a workstation, a network communication unit and a plurality of voting equipment, wherein the workstation is respectively in communication connection with the voting equipment through the network communication unit, and the voting equipment are mutually in communication connection.
Furthermore, each voting device comprises an image acquisition module, an industrial personal computer, a first network module and a second network module, the industrial personal computer is in communication connection with the network communication unit through the first network module and the second network module respectively, the industrial personal computer is in communication connection with other industrial personal computers through the first network module and the second network module respectively, and the industrial personal computer is in communication connection with the image acquisition module.
Furthermore, the network communication unit comprises a first core switch, a second core switch, a first secondary switch and a second secondary switch, the first core switch is in communication connection with the workstation, the second core switch and the first secondary switch respectively, the second core switch is in communication connection with the second secondary switch, the first network module of each voting device is in communication connection with the first secondary switch, and the second network module of each voting device is in communication connection with the second secondary switch.
Further, the printing unit is connected with the second core switch in a communication mode.
A working method of an electronic voting system comprises a workstation, a network communication unit, a printing unit and a plurality of voting devices, wherein each voting device comprises an image acquisition module, an industrial personal computer, a first network module and a second network module, the network communication unit comprises a first core switch, a second core switch, a first secondary switch and a second secondary switch, and the working method comprises the following steps:
s1: the workstation acquires the private key, obtains the share of the private key by using a Shamir secret sharing method through the network communication unit, and shares the share of the private key to each voting device in a secret manner;
s2: voting, traversing all voting equipment, acquiring a vote preprocessing data block by the current voting equipment through an image acquisition module, encrypting the vote preprocessing data block to obtain an encrypted vote preprocessing data block and corresponding encryption parameters, obtaining share of the encryption parameters of the current voting equipment by using a Shamir secret sharing method, and sharing the share of the current encryption parameters with other voting equipment;
s3: establishing a block chain, traversing all voting equipment, generating blocks by the current voting equipment according to the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks, and updating the block chain according to the generated blocks;
s4: repeating the steps S2 to S3 until the voting is finished, and exchanging the received share of the private key with other voting equipment by each voting equipment to recover the private key;
s5: the current voting equipment sums the received shares of the encryption parameters to obtain a share result of the encryption parameters, and exchanges the share result of the encryption parameters of the current voting equipment with other voting equipment to obtain the sum of the encryption parameters;
s6: performing product operation on all encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks in the block chain to obtain the product of the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks, and obtaining a vote counting result according to the product of the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks, the sum of encryption parameters and a private key;
s7: constructing and counting a vote result according to preset vote data to obtain a voting result;
s8: the printing unit prints the voting result.
Furthermore, the first core switch and the second core switch are mutually backed up, the first secondary switch and the second secondary switch are mutually backed up, and the first network module and the second network module are mutually backed up.
Further, in step S1, the ElGamal encryption method is used to obtain the private key, which is expressed by the following formula:
h＝grmod q
in the formula, h is a public key; r is a private key; q is a large prime number; g is a published parameter.
Further, in step S2, the vote preprocessing data block is encrypted by using an ElGamal encryption method to obtain an encrypted vote preprocessing data block and corresponding encryption parameters, where the formula is as follows:
Q＝(hkpv)mod q
in the formula, Q is an encrypted vote preprocessing data block; h is a public key; k is an encryption parameter; q is a large prime number; p is a prime number; v is the initial vote preprocessing data block.
Further, in step S3, the block chain is established according to the block chain consensus mechanism, wherein the consensus method of the block chain consensus mechanism is as follows:
a-1: each voting device is averagely distributed with a corresponding time slice;
a-2: traversing all the voting equipment, generating a block by the voting equipment A from the encrypted vote preprocessing data block in the corresponding time slice a, and sending the block to other voting equipment;
a-3: judging whether other voting equipment receives the block sent by the voting equipment A in the time slice a, if so, linking the block sent by the voting equipment A into a chain, and ending the consensus, otherwise, giving up the block sent by the voting equipment A, and entering the step A-4;
a-4: and B, combining the encrypted vote preprocessing data block which is not identified in the current time with the encrypted vote preprocessing data block which is identified in the next time slice a to generate a block, sending the block to other voting equipment, and returning to the step A-3.
Further, in step S6, the obtaining formula of the ticket counting result is:
V＝logp(pV)
in the formula, V is a ticket counting result; p is a prime number; p is a radical ofVIntermediate parameters are obtained according to the product of the encrypted preprocessed data blocks, the sum of the encryption parameters and the private key;
the formula for obtaining the intermediate parameters is as follows:
pV＝[T(gr)-K]mod q
in the formula, pVIntermediate parameters are obtained according to the product of the encrypted preprocessed data blocks, the sum of the encryption parameters and the private key; t is the product of the encrypted ballot preprocessing data blocks; k is the sum of encryption parameters; r is a private key; g is a public parameter; q is a large prime number.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a block chain voting method for generating blocks by applying time slices to realize consensus, which stores voting information of voters by using a block chain in voting equipment, avoids central storage equipment, reduces equipment complexity and operation and maintenance difficulty, realizes secret vote counting by using the addition homomorphism of an ElGamal encryption algorithm and a Shamir secret sharing algorithm, protects the privacy of voter voting, prints an encryption preprocessing data block of votes as a receipt, realizes the verification of a single vote, and can meet the requirements of safety and efficiency of electronic voting by a designed cryptography algorithm and an adopted high-reliability network structure.
Other advantageous effects of the present invention will be described in detail in the detailed description.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic voting system.
Fig. 2 is a flow chart of a method of operation.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of a vote data structure.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and specific embodiments. It should be noted that the description of the embodiments is provided to help understanding of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Functional details disclosed herein are merely illustrative of example embodiments of the invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments of the invention. When the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," and/or "including" are used herein, they specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions/acts noted may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two figures shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the figures may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved.
It should be understood that specific details are provided in the following description to facilitate a thorough understanding of example embodiments. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the example embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, systems may be shown in block diagrams in order not to obscure the examples in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known processes, structures and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring example embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the present embodiment provides an electronic voting system, which includes a workstation, a network communication unit, and a plurality of voting devices, wherein the workstation is respectively connected to the plurality of voting devices through the network communication unit, and the plurality of voting devices are connected to each other through communication.
The voting equipment is an electronic ballot box and is used for acquiring and processing a paper ballot image, converting the paper ballot image into voting information and encrypting the voting information, secretly sharing encryption parameters, performing consensus and storing a block chain, the workstation is used for sending out a voting starting instruction and a voting ending instruction to generate a final vote counting result, secretly sharing an encryption private key of the ballot, and the workstation has the main functions of running software required by various votes and providing voting control service, network monitoring and safety service. The core task of the workstation is to judge that the election result is correct and effective and print the receipt and the voting result; the industrial personal computers on the electronic ballot boxes process the paper ballot images, identify the voting marks on the paper ballot images and serve as node operation block chain common identification programs.
Preferably, each voting device comprises an image acquisition module, an industrial personal computer, a first network module and a second network module, the industrial personal computers are respectively in communication connection with the network communication units through the first network module and the second network module, the industrial personal computers are respectively in communication connection with other industrial personal computers through the first network module and the second network module, and the industrial personal computers are in communication connection with the image acquisition module;
the network scheme of the system adopts a structure of a double-core switch and a double-layer switch, an industrial personal computer is provided with double network cards (a first network module and a second network module) and is simultaneously networked by the two network cards, the double-core switch in the network is provided with a virtual router redundancy protocol VRRP, and one network can be automatically started when the other network fails. Meanwhile, the real-time streaming protocol RSTP is used for avoiding the generation of loops in the network, and under the condition that secondary switches are mutually backed up, the network storm is ensured not to occur, the network scheme realizes the double links of the ticket box connecting network, and the communication of the network can be automatically recovered when the single point of the network fails;
the voter completes the filling of the paper votes according to the filling requirement, the voter puts the paper votes into a ballot box, a high-speed image acquisition module of the ballot box acquires ballot images and then transmits the ballot images to an industrial personal computer, the ballot box industrial personal computer acquires the ballot images and identifies voting information in the images, the industrial personal computer converts voting options on the votes into preprocessed data blocks, the industrial personal computer is communicated with other industrial personal computers and workstations through network cards, the industrial personal computer in the ballot box is provided with double network cards, the two network cards are provided with IP of different network segments and simultaneously keep network connection through the network cables, and after a switch connected with one network card fails, the other network card is automatically communicated with another switch.
Preferably, the network communication unit includes a first core switch, a second core switch, a first secondary switch and a second secondary switch, the first core switch is in communication connection with the workstation, the second core switch and the first secondary switch respectively, the second core switch is in communication connection with the second secondary switch, the first network module of each voting device is in communication connection with the first secondary switch, and the second network module of each voting device is in communication connection with the second secondary switch.
Preferably, the system further comprises a printing unit, wherein the printing unit is connected with the second core switch in a communication mode and is used for printing the receipt of the vote and the voting result.
An operation method of an electronic voting system, as shown in fig. 2, the electronic voting system includes a workstation, a network communication unit, a printing unit and a plurality of voting devices, each voting device includes an image acquisition module, an industrial personal computer, a first network module and a second network module, the network communication unit includes a first core switch, a second core switch, a first secondary switch and a second secondary switch, the operation method includes the following steps:
s1: acquiring a private key, and sharing the private key to each voting device in a secret manner;
the private key is obtained by using an ElGamal encryption method, and the formula is as follows:
h＝grmod q
in the formula, h is a public key; r is a private key; q is a large prime number; g is a public parameter;
obtaining shares of the private key by using a Shamir secret sharing method, and sharing the shares of the private key to each voting device in a secret mode;
s2: voting, wherein voters receive votes and fill the votes, and then put the votes into a designated ballot box (voting equipment), after an image recognition device of the ballot box recognizes the votes, the votes are converted into vote preprocessing data blocks, all the voting equipment is traversed, the current voting equipment acquires the vote preprocessing data blocks, the vote preprocessing data blocks are encrypted, the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks and corresponding encryption parameters are obtained, and the encryption parameters are secretly shared to other voting equipment;
encrypting the vote preprocessing data block by using an ElGamal encryption method to obtain the encrypted vote preprocessing data block and corresponding encryption parameters, wherein the formula is as follows:
Q＝(hkpv)mod q
in the formula, Q is an encrypted vote preprocessing data block; h is a public key; k is an encryption parameter; q is a large prime number; p is a prime number; v is an initial vote preprocessing data block;
obtaining share of encryption parameters of the current voting equipment by using a Shamir secret sharing method, and sharing share of the current encryption parameters with other voting equipment in a secret mode;
s3: establishing a block chain, traversing all voting equipment, generating blocks by the current voting equipment according to the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks, and updating the block chain according to the generated blocks;
the block chain is a public account book stored in each node, the account book is maintained by each node of the block chain together, data cannot be forged and falsified by a mathematical method, the node records the recorded transaction information, the signature of the node and the header information of the previous block in a block body together, then the node calculates the hash value of the block body to obtain the block header, different blocks are connected together by the method, the block chain is integrated and applies technologies such as distributed storage, point-to-point transmission, common identification mechanism, signature and hash algorithm, and the like, and the block chain has important characteristics such as decentralization, collective maintenance, safety and credibility; the consensus mechanism of the block chain is an algorithm for establishing trust and obtaining rights and interests among different nodes in a block chain network, the block chain uses various consensus mechanisms to enable dispersed nodes to efficiently achieve consistency on the validity of block data, and the consensus mechanism of the block chain is applied to the field of distributed storage and can safely and efficiently ensure the completeness and consistency of the storage of each node;
according to the block chain consensus mechanism, establishing a block chain, wherein the consensus method of the block chain consensus mechanism comprises the following steps:
a-1: each voting device is averagely distributed with a corresponding time slice;
a-2: traversing all the voting equipment, generating a block by the voting equipment A from the encrypted vote preprocessing data block in the corresponding time slice a, and sending the block to other voting equipment;
a-3: judging whether other voting equipment receives the block sent by the voting equipment A in the time slice a, if so, linking the block sent by the voting equipment A into a chain, and ending the consensus, otherwise, giving up the block sent by the voting equipment A, and entering the step A-4;
a-4: combining the encrypted vote preprocessing data block which is not identified in the current time with the encrypted vote preprocessing data block which is identified in the next time slice a to generate a block, sending the block to other voting equipment, and returning to the step A-3;
s4: repeating the steps S2 to S3 until the voting is finished, and exchanging the received share of the private key with other voting equipment by each voting equipment to recover the private key;
s5: the current voting equipment sums the received shares of the encryption parameters to obtain a share result of the encryption parameters, and exchanges the share result of the encryption parameters of the current voting equipment with other voting equipment to obtain the sum of the encryption parameters;
s6: and performing product operation on all encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks in the block chain to obtain the product of the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks, wherein the formula is as follows:
T＝(hKpV)mod q
in the formula, pVIntermediate parameters are obtained according to the product of the encrypted preprocessed data blocks, the sum of the encryption parameters and the private key; t is the product of the encrypted ballot preprocessing data blocks; k is the sum of encryption parameters; r is a private key; g is a public parameter; q is a large prime number within 10;
the obtaining formula of the ticket counting result is as follows:
V＝logp(pV)
in the formula, V is a ticket counting result; p is a prime number; p is a radical ofVIntermediate parameters are obtained according to the product of the encrypted preprocessed data blocks, the sum of the encryption parameters and the private key;
the formula for obtaining the intermediate parameters is as follows:
pV＝[T(gr)-K]mod q
in the formula, pVIntermediate parameters are obtained according to the product of the encrypted preprocessed data blocks, the sum of the encryption parameters and the private key; t is the product of the encrypted ballot preprocessing data blocks; k is the sum of encryption parameters; r is a private key; g is a public parameter; q is a large prime number within 10;
s7: constructing and counting a vote result according to preset vote data to obtain a voting result;
the scheme can realize homomorphic vote counting by constructing the option value of voter voting into special form vote data as shown in figure 3, in the construction of the vote data, the votes of the candidates are represented by 0 or 1 for the number of votes approved (1 for approval and 0 for disapproval), the votes of a plurality of candidates are arranged in parallel to form the vote data, the number of the votes of one candidate is recorded to reserve enough decimal digits so as to record the maximum possible votes of the candidate, that is, the votes obtained when all voters vote the candidate, because the votes constructed based on the method are an integer, different vote data can be directly added for counting votes, the value of the position of the corresponding candidate number is then the value of the vote it received in the sum of the votes added.
The invention provides a block chain voting method for generating blocks by applying time slices to realize consensus, which stores voting information of voters by using a block chain in voting equipment, avoids central storage equipment, reduces equipment complexity and operation and maintenance difficulty, realizes secret vote counting by using the addition homomorphism of an ElGamal encryption algorithm and a Shamir secret sharing algorithm, protects the privacy of voter voting, prints an encryption preprocessing data block of votes as a receipt, realizes the verification of a single vote, and can meet the requirements of safety and efficiency of electronic voting by a designed cryptography algorithm and an adopted high-reliability network structure.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the modules or steps of the present invention described above may be implemented by a general purpose computing device, they may be centralized on a single computing device or distributed across a network of multiple computing devices, and they may alternatively be implemented by program code executable by a computing device, such that they may be stored in a storage device and executed by a computing device, or fabricated separately as individual integrated circuit modules, or fabricated as a single integrated circuit module from multiple modules or steps. Thus, the present invention is not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.
The embodiments described above are merely illustrative, and may or may not be physically separate, if referring to units illustrated as separate components; if reference is made to a component displayed as a unit, it may or may not be a physical unit, and may be located in one place or distributed over a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the embodiment. One of ordinary skill in the art can understand and implement it without inventive effort.
The above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: modifications of the technical solutions described in the embodiments or equivalent replacements of some technical features may still be made. And such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described alternative embodiments, and various other forms of products can be obtained by anyone in light of the present invention. The above detailed description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined in the claims, and which the description is intended to be interpreted accordingly.
Claims (10)
1. An electronic voting system, characterized by: the voting system comprises a workstation, a network communication unit and a plurality of voting equipment, wherein the workstation is in communication connection with the voting equipment through the network communication unit, and the voting equipment are in communication connection with one another.
2. An electronic voting system according to claim 1, wherein: every voting equipment include image acquisition module, industrial computer, first network module and second network module, the industrial computer respectively through first network module and second network module and network communication unit communication connection, the industrial computer respectively through first network module and second network module and other industrial computers communication connection, and industrial computer and image acquisition module communication connection.
3. An electronic voting system according to claim 2, wherein: the network communication unit include first core switch, second core switch, first second grade switch and second grade switch, first core switch respectively with workstation, second core switch and first second grade switch communication connection, second core switch and second grade switch communication connection, every voting device's first network module and first second grade switch communication connection, every voting device's second network module and second grade switch communication connection.
4. An electronic voting system according to claim 3, wherein: the printing unit is in communication connection with the second core switch.
5. A method of operation based on an electronic voting system according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: the electronic voting system comprises a workstation, a network communication unit, a printing unit and a plurality of voting devices, wherein each voting device comprises an image acquisition module, an industrial personal computer, a first network module and a second network module, the network communication unit comprises a first core switch, a second core switch, a first secondary switch and a second secondary switch, and the working method comprises the following steps:
s1: the workstation acquires the private key, obtains the share of the private key by using a Shamir secret sharing method through the network communication unit, and shares the share of the private key to each voting device in a secret manner;
s2: voting, traversing all voting equipment, acquiring a vote preprocessing data block by the current voting equipment through an image acquisition module, encrypting the vote preprocessing data block to obtain an encrypted vote preprocessing data block and corresponding encryption parameters, obtaining share of the encryption parameters of the current voting equipment by using a Shamir secret sharing method, and sharing the share of the current encryption parameters with other voting equipment;
s3: establishing a block chain, traversing all voting equipment, generating blocks by the current voting equipment according to the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks, and updating the block chain according to the generated blocks;
s4: repeating the steps S2 to S3 until the voting is finished, and exchanging the received share of the private key with other voting equipment by each voting equipment to recover the private key;
s5: the current voting equipment sums the received shares of the encryption parameters to obtain a share result of the encryption parameters, and exchanges the share result of the encryption parameters of the current voting equipment with other voting equipment to obtain the sum of the encryption parameters;
s6: performing product operation on all encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks in the block chain to obtain the product of the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks, and obtaining a vote counting result according to the product of the encrypted vote preprocessing data blocks, the sum of encryption parameters and a private key;
s7: constructing and counting a vote result according to preset vote data to obtain a voting result;
s8: the printing unit prints the voting result.
6. A method of operating an electronic voting system according to claim 5, wherein: the first core switch and the second core switch are mutually backups, the first secondary switch and the second secondary switch are mutually backups, and the first network module and the second network module are mutually backups.
7. A method of operating an electronic voting system according to claim 5, wherein: in step S1, the private key is obtained by using an ElGamal encryption method, and the formula is as follows:
h＝grmodq
in the formula, h is a public key; r is a private key; q is a large prime number; g is a published parameter.
8. A method of operating an electronic voting system according to claim 5, wherein: in step S2, the elgarding pre-processing data block is encrypted by the ElGamal encryption method to obtain an encrypted balloting pre-processing data block and corresponding encryption parameters, where the formula is:
Q＝(hkpv)modq
in the formula, Q is an encrypted vote preprocessing data block; h is a public key; k is an encryption parameter; q is a large prime number; p is a prime number; v is the initial vote preprocessing data block.
9. A method of operating an electronic voting system according to claim 5, wherein: in step S3, a blockchain is established according to a blockchain consensus mechanism, where the consensus method of the blockchain consensus mechanism is as follows:
a-1: each voting device is averagely distributed with a corresponding time slice;
a-2: traversing all the voting equipment, generating a block by the voting equipment A from the encrypted vote preprocessing data block in the corresponding time slice a, and sending the block to other voting equipment;
a-3: judging whether other voting equipment receives the block sent by the voting equipment A in the time slice a, if so, linking the block sent by the voting equipment A into a chain, and ending the consensus, otherwise, giving up the block sent by the voting equipment A, and entering the step A-4;
a-4: and B, combining the encrypted vote preprocessing data block which is not identified in the current time with the encrypted vote preprocessing data block which is identified in the next time slice a to generate a block, sending the block to other voting equipment, and returning to the step A-3.
10. A method of operating an electronic voting system according to claim 5, wherein: in step S6, the obtaining formula of the ticket counting result is:
V＝logp(pV)
in the formula, V is a ticket counting result; p is a prime number; p is a radical ofVIntermediate parameters are obtained according to the product of the encrypted preprocessed data blocks, the sum of the encryption parameters and the private key;
the formula for obtaining the intermediate parameters is as follows:
pV＝[T(gr)-K]modq
in the formula, pVIntermediate parameters are obtained according to the product of the encrypted preprocessed data blocks, the sum of the encryption parameters and the private key; t is the product of the encrypted ballot preprocessing data blocks; k is the sum of encryption parameters; r is a private key; g is a public parameter; q is a large prime number.
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