CN114114478A - Transparent optical element and method for adjusting light field to penetrate through transparent optical element - Google Patents
Transparent optical element and method for adjusting light field to penetrate through transparent optical element Download PDFInfo
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- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 claims description 9
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- 210000000695 crystalline len Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000004313 glare Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
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- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002922 simulated annealing Methods 0.000 description 3
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- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
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Abstract
The invention provides a transparent optical element and an adjusting method for an optical field to penetrate through the transparent optical element, wherein the adjusting method comprises the following steps: s1: performing light field tracing on incident light entering the microlens array of the transparent optical element; s2: the first incident light field carries out light field tracing through emergent light of the micro-lens array of the transparent optical element; s3: the second incident light field penetrates through the crystalline lens of the observer to form emergent light, the emergent light is traced, and the emergent light passes through the retina of the observer and is projected to the light field in a form; s4: obtaining the intensity of a light field distributed on the retina of an observer; s5: and obtaining the mean square error of the intensity distribution of the retina pixels of the observer according to the intensity of the light field distributed on the retina of the observer, and optimizing by taking the minimum value of the mean square error as a target. The invention utilizes the principle of reflection to realize glare elimination by utilizing the randomly distributed micro-lens array, and the light field passes through the surface of the micro-lens, so that the reflection energy of the mirror surface is greatly reduced, and the effect of glare prevention is achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of micro-nano optics, in particular to a transparent optical element and an adjusting method for a light field to penetrate through the transparent optical element.
Background
The anti-glare light is to reduce the mirror reflection of sunlight or light incident on the surface of an object in a scattering or reflecting manner, so that the reflected light entering the glasses of an observer is reduced, the glasses of the observer are not irradiated by strong reflected light, the eye health of the observer is protected, and particularly when the electronic screen which is more and more popular is used.
The existing anti-glare realization technology applied in a large number is based on the use of a micro-nano structure to realize the scattering of incident light. The light waves irradiate the particles of the nano structure, and according to the Mie scattering theory, the light waves are scattered to all directions, so that the energy of the light waves reflected by the mirror surface or at the angle close to the mirror surface reflection is greatly attenuated, and the anti-glare effect is achieved.
There are many prior patents on micro-nano structures: patent CN202020554713 discloses sprayed nano microspheres, patent CN202011568502 discloses nano titanium dioxide particles, patent CN202010271937 discloses nano silica particles, patent CN201911280712 discloses alumina fine sand, patent CN201810316083 discloses nano silver particles, and patent CN201711477623 discloses anti-glare coatings.
The scattering of the existing anti-dazzle micro-nano particles has the following defects: firstly, the production is easy to generate uneven distribution of scattering particles, and for high PPI, such as display of a mobile phone screen, the production is easy to generate scattered points visible to the naked eye; secondly, the production cost is relatively high; third, the transmittance is low due to the scattering effect of the particles.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a transparent optical element which enables light emitted by a light emitting element to be uniformly distributed on human eyes and achieves an anti-dazzling effect and an adjusting method for a light field to penetrate through the transparent optical element.
The invention provides a method for adjusting the light field to penetrate through a transparent optical element, wherein the transparent optical element comprises a micro-lens array, and the method comprises the following steps:
s1: performing light field tracing on incident light entering a micro lens array of a transparent optical element to form a first incident light field;
s2: the first incident light field carries out light field tracing through emergent light of the micro lens array of the transparent optical element to form a second incident light field;
s3: the second incident light field penetrates through the crystalline lens of the observer to form emergent light, the emergent light is traced, and the emergent light passes through the retina of the observer and is projected to the light field in a form;
s4: obtaining the intensity of a light field distributed on the retina of an observer;
s5: and obtaining the mean square error of the intensity distribution of the retina pixels of the observer according to the intensity of the light field distributed on the retina of the observer, and optimizing by taking the minimum value of the mean square error as a target.
Further, the mean square error of the observer retina pixel intensity distribution is calculated as formula (5):
MSE is the mean square error of the pixel intensity of the observer's retina; m is a pixel point on the retina of the observer,
for the light intensity distribution at each pixel point, IRet，AveIs the average value of the pixel points.
Further, the minimum value of the mean square error of the pixel intensity distribution of the observer retina in formula (5) is calculated as an optimization target according to an optimization algorithm.
Further, step S5 includes obtaining a minimum value of the mean square error of the pixel intensity of the observer retina after optimization according to a calculation formula of each microlens of the microlens array, and performing optimization adjustment on each microlens of the microlens array, where the "optimization adjustment" includes:
the calculation formula is formula (4), and formula (4) is specifically:
hi(x，y)＝-ai(x2+y2)+ci (4)
wherein h isiA height of each microlens of the microlens array being a transparent optical element; a isiA variation of curvature of each microlens of the microlens array that is a transparent optical element;cia height adjustment variable for each microlens of the microlens array of the transparent optical element, i being the number of each microlens of the microlens array of the transparent optical element, (x, y) being the position coordinates of each microlens facet; for different aiAnd ciThe light field intensity distributed on the retina of the observer can be obtained on the retina of the observer; the function and uniformity are optimized based on the distribution of the light field intensity across the retina of different observers.
Further, in step S4, the light field intensity distributed on the retina of the observer is obtained as formula (3):
IRet(x，y；zRet)＝||Eout(x，y；zRet)||2 (3)
wherein, IRetRefers to the intensity of the light field distributed over the retina of the observer; eoutThe light field exiting the microlens array of transparent optical elements is the first incident field.
Further, the relationship between the first incident field and the second incident field is as in equation (1):
wherein (x, y, z) is the initial coordinates of the microlens array propagating to the transparent optical element; einIs the light field entering the microlens array of transparent optical elements, i.e., the second incident field; (x, y, z) is the exit coordinate propagated onto the microlens array of transparent optical elements;
is Fourier transform;
is inverse Fourier transform; exp (ikz) is the propagation factor, i is the imaginary identification, k is the wavevector size for the direction of propagation, and z is the distance of propagation.
Further, the first incident field of the microlens array of the transparent optical element propagates to the second incident field of the second microlens array of the transparent optical element by means of field tracking, as shown in formula (2):
wherein (x, y, z)after) A position coordinate on the microlens array for the light field leaving the transparent optical element; (x, y, z)before) Is a position coordinate on the microlens array entering the transparent optical element; pinFor propagation of the incident field to the surface of the optical element, PoutThe surface of the optical element propagating to the exit field, BLPISIs the vector coefficient transmitted through the optical element.
The invention also provides a transparent optical element, which comprises a first surface facing the light-emitting element and a second surface arranged opposite to the first surface, wherein the second surface comprises a plurality of micro lenses which are randomly distributed in one or more of curvature, height and position; the surface of the micro lens is a light-transmitting curved surface; and the light field emitted by the light emitting element forms a uniform light field after passing through the first surface and being emitted by the second surface.
Further, the edges of adjacent microlenses are spliced to each other to form the second surface, so that the second surface forms a topological structure.
Furthermore, the edges of the micro lenses are respectively spliced with one or more planes at random intervals to form the second surface.
The invention can realize the purpose of anti-dazzle by utilizing the reflection principle of light through the random micro-lens array, improve the transmission efficiency, and eliminate the Moore interference fringes with the pixel points of the mobile phone compared with the micro-lens array which is periodically distributed; the random micro-lens array can realize controllable design, so that micro-lenses are uniformly distributed, and the anti-dazzle effect is more uniform; the random micro-lens array can realize controllable design, and micro-lenses with different morphologies can be used to reduce haze.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the optical path of a transparent optical element of an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a transparent optical element according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "length", "width", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships illustrated in the drawings, and are used merely for convenience in describing the present invention and for simplicity in description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, and be operated, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. Further, in the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
A transparent optical element of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, includes a first surface 21 facing a light-emitting element 10 and a second surface 22 disposed opposite to the first surface 21. Wherein the second surface 22 comprises a plurality of microlenses 212 randomly distributed in one or more of curvature, height, and position; the light field emitted from the light-emitting element 10 passes through the first surface 21 and then is emitted from the second surface 22 to form a uniform light field.
In the present embodiment, the transparent optical element 20 is a lens, the surfaces of the microlenses 212 are transparent curved surfaces, and the microlenses 212 are microlens arrays; the light emitting element 10 is an electronic screen.
In operation of the transparent optical element 20, in order to reduce or even eliminate the flash point, the light field emitted from the light-exiting element 10 passes through the first surface 21 of the transparent optical element 20, exits the second surface 22 of the transparent optical element 20, and passes through the observer 30, forming a uniform light field on the retina 40 of the observer. The invention designs the structure of the transparent optical element by using a simulation and numerical optimization method based on the light propagation principle, thereby realizing light homogenization.
As shown in fig. 2, the first surface 21 is provided as a flat surface or a free-form surface so as to be disposed adjacent to the light exit element 10. In a preferred embodiment, the first surface 21 is planar.
For the second surface 22, the edges of adjacent microlenses 212 are stitched to each other to form the second surface 22, such that the second surface 22 forms a topology. In the present embodiment, the edges of the microlenses 212 are randomly spaced from one or more of the planar surfaces to form the second surface 22.
In other embodiments, the microlenses 212 are uniformly randomly distributed over the entire second surface 22 or over a particular area.
The micro lens array has the function of anti-glare, can be randomly distributed according to any position, is distributed relative to the micro lens in a periodic mode, and can eliminate moire fringes.
When designing the position distribution of the randomly distributed microlens array, a uniform distribution in a certain area can be achieved, for example, a fixed number of microlenses 212 are distributed every 0.04 square millimeter, or the distance between the position of any random microlens and the position of its nearest neighboring microlens is not less than a certain value.
In a preferred embodiment, the microlenses 212 are arranged in a nanostructure, the height of the microlenses 212 ranging between 50 nm and 150 nm; the diameter of the microlenses 212 ranges from 1 micron to 300 microns.
The anti-glare uses a microlens to generate curvature, and the shape of the surface of the microlens 212 is one or a combination of a hemisphere or a spherical crown shape or a flat-top pyramid shape or a free-form surface, so as to realize further homogenization of the reflected light.
The anti-glare uses micro-lenses to generate curvature, and the micro-lenses 212 can be distributed on a plane or any curved surface to be closely attached.
The anti-glare uses micro-lenses to create curvature, and the micro-lenses 212 may be non-completely filled or completely filled, allowing for a more free design, and achieving uniform reflection of light.
The curvature generated by the random micro-lens breaks the mirror reflection of light on the surface of the micro-lens, so that the light rays are scattered to the periphery, and the anti-glare effect is realized.
When the first surface 21 is a plane, the following are the working steps of the transparent optical element of the present invention:
the light field emitted by the light-emitting element 10 (e.g. an electronic screen) travels by means of field tracking and propagates onto the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20 according to the following formula (1):
wherein E isinIs the light field entering the microlens array of transparent optical element 20, i.e., is the first incident field; (x, y, z) is the initial coordinates of the microlens array propagating to the transparent optical element 20; eoutIs the light field exiting the microlens array of transparent optical element 20, i.e., the second incident field; (x, y, z) is the exit coordinate propagated onto the microlens array of transparent optical element 20;
is Fourier transform;
is inverse Fourier transform; exp (i)kz) is the propagation factor, i is the imaginary identification, k is the wavevector size in the direction of propagation, and z is the propagation distance.
The first incident field of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20 propagates to the second incident field of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20 by way of field tracking, as shown in equation (2):
wherein (x, y, z)after) Is the position coordinate at which the light field exits the second surface 22 of the transparent optical element 20; (x, y, z)before) For entering the position coordinate, P, on the second surface 22 of the transparent optical element 20inFor propagation of the incident field to the surface of the optical element, PoutThe surface of the optical element propagating to the exit field, BLPISIs the vector coefficient transmitted through the optical element.
The first incident field of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20 propagates to the second incident field of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20, resulting in a second incident field of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20, such that the optical field propagates through the microlens array.
The invention adopts a random micro-lens array which is a micro-lens completely designed by people, and adopts an optical design algorithm in advance to completely design the micro-lens with the desired anti-dazzle optical performance, such as haze, transmittance, glossiness and the like.
The invention can ensure the uniform distribution of the micro-lenses, and the invention is based on the reflection principle, thereby ensuring the improvement of the transmissivity to a great extent.
In order to reduce the flash point or even eliminate the flash point, when the light field of the electronic screen 10 passes through the transparent optical element 20, the light field is uniformly distributed on the retina 40 of an observer, and the transparent optical element 20 is designed by utilizing the light propagation principle to carry out simulation and numerical optimization methods, so that the light homogenization is realized.
The light field in front of the lens of the observer 30, i.e. the second incident field, is obtained according to equation (1).
According to the way of field tracking, the lens that propagates through the observer 30; again using equation (1), the light field distribution on the observer's retina 40 is obtained; the intensity of the light field distributed on the retina 40 of the observer can be found by equation (3):
IRet(x，y；zRet)＝||Eout(x，y；zRet)||2 (3)
IRetrefers to the intensity of the light field distributed over the observer's retina 40.
The transparent optical element 20 comprises the following optimization steps:
determining a topographical expression of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20;
determining the distribution mode of the micro-lens array of the transparent optical element 20 as random distribution;
the mean square error of the pixel intensities of the observer's retina is obtained.
The specific steps of determining the morphological expression of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20 are as follows: as shown in equation (4):
hi(x，y)＝-ai(x2+y2)+ci (4)
wherein h isiThe height of each microlens 212 of the microlens array that is the transparent optical element 20; a isiA variation in curvature of each microlens 212 of the microlens array that is the transparent optical element 20; c. CiI is the number of each microlens 212 of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20 for the height adjustment variable of each microlens 212 of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20; x, y refer to the position coordinates of the surface profile of the lens.
The specific steps of "determining the distribution of the transparent optical elements 20 as random distribution" are: for different aiAnd ciDifferent I's are obtained on the observer's retina 40Ret(ii) a According to the result of different IRetThe optimization function and uniformity are performed.
The specific steps of obtaining the respective mean square errors of the pixel intensities of the retina of an observer are as follows: defined as the mean square error of the pixel intensities of the observer's retina, respectively, according to equation (5),
MSE is the mean square error of the pixel intensity of the observer's retina; m are the pixel points on the observer's retina 40,
for the light intensity distribution at each pixel point, IRet，AveThe average value of the pixel points is taken; wherein,
and IRet，AveCan be obtained by the formula (3).
According to an optimization algorithm, such as a simulated annealing method, a least squares method, a genetic algorithm, and the like, the minimum value of MSE in equation (5) is taken as an optimization target, eventually achieving uniform distribution of the light field in the observer retina 40.
If the distribution of the light field is not sufficiently uniform, a flash point is created on the viewer 30. The light field emitted from the optimized transparent optical element 20 becomes uniform.
The optimization refers to optimizing the optimization function MSE to the minimum value by using various optimization methods, such as a simulated annealing method, a least square method, a genetic algorithm, an evolutionary algorithm, and the like.
The transparent optical element 20 is made of a transparent material with random micro-lenses, so as to ensure the transmission of the light field, so that an observer 30 can see the light emitted by the light emitting element 10 or see the image on the light emitting element 10 through the random micro-lenses, and due to the curvature generated by the random micro-lenses, the reflection of the light on the surfaces of the micro-lenses breaks the mirror reflection, so that the light is scattered to the periphery, and the anti-glare effect is realized.
In other embodiments, the existing method for producing random microlenses can be adopted, so that the cost is greatly reduced, and the production efficiency is improved.
The invention also discloses an adjusting method for the light field to penetrate through the transparent optical element, which comprises the following steps:
s1: performing light field tracing on incident light entering the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20 to form a first incident light field;
s2: the first incident light field performs light field tracing through the emergent light of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20 to form a second incident light field;
s3: the second incident light field passes through the lens of the observer 30 and forms the emergent light, which is traced and passes through the retina 40 of the observer and is projected as a light field;
s4: obtaining the intensity of the light field distributed on the observer's retina 40;
s5: the mean square error of the distribution of the pixel intensities of the observer retina 40 is obtained from the intensity of the light field distributed on the observer retina 40, and optimization is performed with the minimum value of the mean square error as a target.
In step S5, the respective mean square errors of the pixel intensities of the observer retina are obtained according to the above equation (5), and according to an optimization algorithm, such as a simulated annealing method, a least square method, a genetic algorithm, and the like, the minimum value of MSE in equation (5) is used as an optimization target, and finally, uniform distribution of the light field in the observer retina 40 is achieved.
Step S5, obtaining the minimum value of the mean square error of the pixel intensity of the observer retina according to the calculation formula of each microlens 212 of the microlens array after optimization, and performing optimization adjustment on each microlens 212 of the microlens array, where the "optimization adjustment" includes the specific steps of:
the calculation formula is formula (4), and formula (4) is specifically:
hi(x，y)＝-ai(x2+y2)+ci (4)
wherein h isiThe height of each microlens 212 of the microlens array that is the transparent optical element 20; a isiA variation in curvature of each microlens 212 of the microlens array that is the transparent optical element 20; c. CiOf each microlens 212 of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20Height adjustment variables, i being the number of each microlens 212 of the microlens array of the transparent optical element 20, (x, y) being the position coordinates of each microlens facet; for different aiAnd ciThe intensity of the light field I distributed over the retina 40 of the observer can be varied over the retina 40 of the observerRet(ii) a From the obtained light field intensities I distributed on the retinas 40 of different observersRetThe optimization function and uniformity are performed.
The invention utilizes the principle of reflection to realize glare elimination by utilizing the randomly distributed micro-lens array, and the light field passes through the surface of the micro-lens, so that the reflection energy of the mirror surface is greatly reduced, and the effect of glare prevention is achieved.
The invention can realize the purpose of anti-dazzle by utilizing the reflection principle of light through the random micro-lens array, improve the transmission efficiency, and eliminate the Moore interference fringes with the pixel points of the mobile phone compared with the micro-lens array which is periodically distributed; the random micro-lens array can realize controllable design, so that micro-lenses are uniformly distributed, and the anti-dazzle effect is more uniform; the random micro-lens array can realize controllable design, and micro-lenses with different morphologies can be used to reduce haze.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method of adjusting the transmission of a light field through a transparent optical element, said transparent optical element comprising a microlens array, comprising the steps of:
s1: performing light field tracing on incident light entering a microlens array of a transparent optical element (20) to form a first incident light field;
s2: the first incident light field is subjected to light field tracing through emergent light of the micro lens array of the transparent optical element (20) to form a second incident light field;
s3: the second incident light field passes through the lens of the observer (30) and forms emergent light, the emergent light is traced, and the emergent light passes through the retina (40) of the observer and is projected in a form of a light field;
s4: obtaining a light field intensity distributed over a retina (40) of an observer;
s5: the mean square error of the observer retina pixel intensity distribution is obtained according to the light field intensity distributed on the observer retina (40), and optimization is carried out by taking the minimum value of the mean square error as a target.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mean square error of the intensity distribution of the observer's retinal pixels is calculated as in equation (5):
MSE is the mean square error of the pixel intensity of the observer's retina; m is a pixel point on the retina of the observer,
for the light intensity distribution at each pixel point, IRet，AveIs the average value of the pixel points.
3. The method for adjusting the transmission of a light field through a transparent optical element according to claim 2, wherein the minimum value of the mean square error of the distribution of pixel intensities of the observer's retina in formula (5) is calculated as the optimization target according to an optimization algorithm.
4. The method of adjusting the transmission of a light field through a transparent optical element according to claim 2,
in step S5, the method further includes obtaining a minimum value of the respective mean square error of the pixel intensities of the observer retina according to a calculation formula of each microlens of the microlens array after optimization, and performing optimization adjustment on each microlens of the microlens array, where the "optimization adjustment" includes:
the calculation formula is formula (4), and formula (4) is specifically:
hi(x，y)＝-ai(x2+y2)+ci (4)
wherein h isiA height of each microlens of the microlens array being a transparent optical element; a isiA variation of curvature of each microlens of the microlens array that is a transparent optical element; c. CiA height adjustment variable for each microlens of the microlens array of the transparent optical element, i being the number of each microlens of the microlens array of the transparent optical element, (x, y) being the position coordinates of each microlens facet; for different aiAnd ciThe light field intensity distributed on the retina of the observer can be obtained on the retina of the observer; the function and uniformity are optimized based on the distribution of the light field intensity across the retina of different observers.
5. The method for adjusting the transmission of a light field through a transparent optical element according to claim 1, wherein in step S4, the intensity of the light field distributed on the retina (40) of the observer is obtained as formula (3):
IRet(x，y；zRet)＝||Eout(x，y；zRet)||2 (3)
wherein, IRetRefers to the intensity of the light field distributed over the retina of the observer; eoutThe light field exiting the microlens array of transparent optical elements is the first incident field.
6. A method of adjusting the transmission of a light field through a transparent optical element according to claim 3, wherein the relationship between the first incident field and the second incident field is as in formula (1):
wherein the ratio of (x,y, z) are the initial coordinates of the microlens array propagating to the transparent optical element; einIs the light field entering the microlens array of transparent optical elements, i.e., the second incident field; (x, y, z) is the exit coordinate propagated onto the microlens array of transparent optical elements;
is Fourier transform;
is inverse Fourier transform; exp (ikz) is the propagation factor, i is the imaginary identification, k is the wavevector size for the direction of propagation, and z is the distance of propagation.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first incident field of the microlens array of the transparent optical element is transmitted to the second incident field of the microlens array of the transparent optical element by field tracking, as shown in formula (2):
wherein (x, y, z)after) A position coordinate on the microlens array for the light field leaving the transparent optical element; (x, y, z)before) Is a position coordinate on the microlens array entering the transparent optical element; pinFor propagation of the incident field to the surface of the optical element, PoutThe surface of the optical element propagating to the exit field, BLPISIs the vector coefficient transmitted through the optical element.
8. A transparent optical element adapted by the adaptation method according to claims 1-7, characterized in that it comprises a first surface (21) facing a light exit element (10) and a second surface (22) arranged opposite to the first surface (21), the second surface (22) comprising a number of microlenses (212) randomly distributed in one or more of curvature, height, position; the surface of the micro lens (212) is a light-transmitting curved surface; the light field emitted by the light emitting element (10) passes through the first surface (21) and then is emitted by the second surface (22) to form a uniform light field.
9. A transparent optical element according to claim 8, characterized in that the edges of adjacent microlenses (212) are spliced to each other to form the second surface (22) such that the second surface (22) forms a topology.
10. A transparent optical element according to claim 8, wherein the edges of a plurality of microlenses (212) are randomly spaced from one or more respective planar surfaces to form the second surface (22).
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