CN113872254A - Photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation - Google Patents

Photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation Download PDF

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CN113872254A
CN113872254A CN202111255119.XA CN202111255119A CN113872254A CN 113872254 A CN113872254 A CN 113872254A CN 202111255119 A CN202111255119 A CN 202111255119A CN 113872254 A CN113872254 A CN 113872254A
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photovoltaic
power station
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photovoltaic power
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CN113872254B (en
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刘刚
马军
王运
朱建军
孙小湘
蒙飞
孙阳
常鹏
陈海东
李江鹏
李桐
孙睿哲
彭佩佩
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State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H02J3/48—Controlling the sharing of the in-phase component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/24—Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks
    • H02J3/241—The oscillation concerning frequency
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/20—Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

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Abstract

The invention discloses a photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation, which is characterized in that a self-correction control model related to power set values of all photovoltaic power stations participating in frequency regulation is designed based on a self-correction control thought, the output of all the power stations is corrected in advance under random fluctuation of illumination, the output set values of all the power stations on the source side are adjusted before the frequency changes obviously so as to exert the rapid response advantage of the photovoltaic power stations to compensate the power shortage of a system in advance, and compared with the defect that a traditional primary frequency modulation system needs to wait for a system to generate larger frequency difference and then carry out frequency modulation, better frequency active support performance can be realized.

Description

Photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of photovoltaic power generation, and particularly relates to a photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation.
Background
By the end of 2020, the total scale of the renewable energy power generation installation in China reaches 9.3 hundred million kilowatts, the proportion of the renewable energy power generation installation in the total installation reaches 42.4 percent, wherein the proportion of the photovoltaic power generation installation reaches 2.5 hundred million kilowatts. In the background of operation of a photovoltaic high-permeability power grid, randomness and volatility of photovoltaic output bring challenges to operation control of a power system. How to suppress the influence of source side fluctuation on the system frequency performance and how to reasonably configure the standby regulation resource become the current main problem.
At present, aiming at the problem, the photovoltaic output fluctuation degree can be effectively reduced on a minute-scale time scale by improving the photovoltaic power ultra-short term prediction precision and reasonably distributing the borne active output value of each photovoltaic power station in advance theoretically. The prediction method is mainly divided into a statistical method and a physical method. On the basis of a statistical method, a neural network and nonlinear fitting combined prediction model can be established for factors influencing power by comparing various regression prediction models through exploratory analysis of historical data of the photovoltaic power station. On the basis of a physical method, a method is provided for the ultra-short-term power accurate prediction of 0-4 h of a photovoltaic power station on the basis of a daytime sky image acquired by a foundation cloud picture, and a scholars predicts the cloud picture change in advance on the basis, so that the accuracy of cloud picture data is improved, and a foundation is laid for the ultra-short-term power prediction accuracy improvement. However, the power prediction method can only provide a reference power base point prediction value for ultra-short-term scheduling of a 15 min-level period, and lacks reliable prediction capability for small disturbance of irregular illumination in the future of a second-level short-time scale, so that the stationarity of output in the second-level short time is difficult to realize, and further the system frequency is more prone to fluctuation when the photovoltaic permeability is improved.
Further to the problem, at the present stage, the energy storage device is mainly used for compensating photovoltaic output fluctuation to smooth a photovoltaic active output curve, so that the photovoltaic actual output active power can keep accurate following of the ultra-short-term regulation value under short-time second-level small disturbance as much as possible. However, the method is still based on energy storage low-pass filtering to passively filter out photovoltaic high-frequency fluctuation components, so that time lag is inevitable, and the economic problem of energy storage configuration is considered, so that the method is difficult to popularize on a large scale. Meanwhile, considering that the existing new energy station is generally required to generate electricity as a green clean energy according to the wind power with the rated power of 10%, the installed capacity is rapidly increased. According to the statistics of the industry, a new grid-connected wind power installed capacity 2059 ten thousand kilowatts is added in 2018, the accumulated grid-connected installed capacity reaches 1.84 hundred million kilowatts, and the accumulated grid-connected installed capacity accounts for 9.7 percent of the total power generation installed capacity. With the rapid development of wind power generation, the wind power generation becomes a main power supply in a system, and the wind power is urgently needed to participate in primary frequency response of a power grid, so that the frequency safety and stability level of the power grid is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: aiming at the problems, the invention provides a photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation. Firstly, a photovoltaic power station frequency active support control system model is provided, the necessity of a photovoltaic high-permeability power system for inhibiting the second-level small disturbance is theoretically analyzed, secondly, an active self-correction controller based on feedforward compensation is designed based on the compensation effect of the feedforward control on the disturbance and the resistance capability of the self-correction control on the uncertain disturbance caused by the control performance change, the controller dynamically corrects a photovoltaic active set value through self-adaptive irregular illumination disturbance, and finally, the second-level accurate following of the ultra-short-period regulation value under the irregular illumination disturbance of the total actual output can still be achieved.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to realize the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation comprises the design of a photovoltaic power station active compensation self-correction controller, wherein the maximum precision of the actual output power of a system follows a given value under random and irregular illumination change to realize active compensation, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) firstly, discretizing a full-system small signal equivalent transfer function model and then arranging the discretized model into the following forms:
A(z-1)y(k)＝z-dB(z-1)u(k)+C(z-1)ξ(k) (1)
wherein y (k) is system actual output and represents the active actual output power of each photovoltaic power station under disturbance; u (k) is system control input and represents the active power value born by each power station after correction; xi (k) is disturbance input and represents random variation of radiation intensity at a disturbed photovoltaic power station; z is a z transformation operator, A, B and C are results after z transformation of the state matrix, the input matrix and the output matrix;
2) the selection control performance indicator function is:
J＝(y(k+d)-yr(k+d))2 (2)
in the formula yr(k + d) is the expected active output of the k + d step, and y (k + d) is the actual active output of the k + d step;
3) the k-th optimal control u (k) for enabling the control performance index function J to obtain the minimum value meets the following conditions:
F(z-1)u(k)＝C(z-1)yr(k+d)-G(z-1)y(k) (3)
wherein F (z)-1),G(z-1) The following relationship is satisfied:
F(z-1)＝B(z-1)E(z-1) (4)
Figure BDA0003323879680000021
in the formula E (z)-1) Is C (z)-1) Quilt A (z)-1) Quotient of removal;
4) the corresponding transfer function of the small signal equivalent transfer function model of the actual system is as follows:
Figure BDA0003323879680000022
wherein, Δ f is the difference between the current frequency of the system and 50Hz, and Δ P is the total power variation of the buses at the grid-connected common nodes of all the photovoltaic power stations;
g(s) is converted into a standard form shown in formula (1) after discretization, then a control quantity u (k) enabling the active following error at the moment k + d to be minimum is calculated at the moment k by combining formulas (3) to (5), namely, the active reference sequence of the photovoltaic power station at the moment k + d is generated in advance and issued, and the active tracking error at the moment k + d is enabled to be minimum after compensation.
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the invention provides a photovoltaic power station frequency active support control strategy for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation, and theoretical research and simulation analysis show that disturbed photovoltaic output change can be actively compensated by predicting and correcting output values of other power stations needing to be adjusted in the future after detecting random illumination disturbance at the disturbed photovoltaic position, and the frequency response performance of a system is effectively improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a photovoltaic power station frequency active support control system model provided by the invention;
FIG. 2 is a simulation topology in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph of simulated illumination radiation intensity variations in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 shows example results 1 in an example of the present invention;
FIG. 5 shows example result 2 in the example of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a corresponding equivalent theoretical small signal model of the system.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
The invention relates to a photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation, which comprises the following implementation contents:
first, self-correcting control is used in the sense of frequency active support control.
The self-correction control is carried out in order to minimize the influence of disturbance on the system, i.e., to adaptively correct the control amount so that the actual output of the system follows the desired output with the maximum accuracy.
In the traditional photovoltaic ultra-short-term output prediction, primary power scheduling reference base point information is provided for each power station by taking 15min as a period, and the scheduling center formulates an active power scheduling value of each power station according to the primary power scheduling reference base point information, wherein the scheduling value is expected output power of each power station and is also an active control given value of each power station. However, there is an inherent delay from generation to reception of the power station to adjustment of the output of the power plant in practice, and in this period of delay, for example, random unpredictable light fluctuation can still continuously act on the system, so that the photovoltaic actual output can generate a difference value Δ P to the reduction of the expected value following precision, and therefore the frequency performance of the system can be further influenced.
Therefore, the interference resistance based on self-correction control is realized, meanwhile, the control quantity, namely the active given value of each power station is corrected based on a feedforward compensation idea, the active given value of each station is distributed in a self-adaptive mode again, the active modulation value of each original power station is corrected, if the photovoltaic power station with the standby power output mutation can be used for realizing the active compensation of the photovoltaic power station with the output mutation, the output correction value of each power station at the moment k is calculated so as to realize that the output fluctuation of the photovoltaic power station at the moment k + d reaches the minimum value which can be obtained, and therefore the frequency performance of the system is improved actively.
The photovoltaic power station frequency active support control system model provided by the invention is shown in figure 1. The core controller in fig. 1 is a self-correcting controller designed by the present invention, and is intended to realize the active fluctuation Δ P at the time k + d by generating the active control given value u (k) at the time k(k+d)Minimum, and thus actively reduce the frequency variation Δ f at that moment(k+d). The controller inputs a pre-distribution value of power at the moment of k and the intensity G of illumination received by each photovoltaic power station1k～GnkWherein the power pre-distribution value is a corresponding working point a obtained by tracking each power station k moment according to the MPPT algorithm and reducing load according to the requirement1Pmax1k～anPmaxnk，aiThe load shedding ratio of the ith power station. The output u (k) of the correction device bears the correction result P of the active reference value at the moment k of each photovoltaic power stationref1k～PrefnkAnd correcting the active reference value P of the ith power station at the k momentrefikAnd issuing the power station inverter to the corresponding power station inverter link for execution. As shown in the figure, taking the problem of suppressing fluctuation of illumination at PVn as an example, the self-calibration controller is based on the illumination G at PVnnAnd actively adjusting the active given value of each photovoltaic power station at the current moment under the variation condition, and actively pre-compensating the output fluctuation of the PVn by using the undisturbed load shedding standby of the photovoltaic power stations. The dotted line box in the figure indicates the conventional droop control method, and it can be seen that when G isnWhen the output changes possibly due to changes, the output adjustment can be passively carried out only when the traditional droop control needs to detect the frequency changes, and the self-correction control can realize the pre-compensation of the photovoltaic output fluctuation, so that the frequency response performance of the system is better improved.
And secondly, designing an active compensation self-correcting controller of the photovoltaic power station.
Firstly, discretizing a full-system small signal equivalent transfer function model and then arranging the discretized model into the following forms:
A(z-1)y(k)＝z-dB(z-1)u(k)+C(z-1)ξ(k) (1)
in the formula, y (k) is the actual output of the system, and the physical meaning is the active actual output power of each photovoltaic power station under disturbance; u (k) is system control input, and the physical meaning is the active power value born by each power station after correction; xi (k) is disturbance input, and the physical meaning is random variable quantity of radiation intensity at a disturbed photovoltaic power station; z is the z-transform operator, a, B, C are the results after z-transformation of the state matrix, input matrix, output matrix.
The design purpose of the self-correcting controller is to ensure that the actual output power of the system can follow a given value with the maximum precision under the random and irregular change of illumination to realize active compensation, so that the control performance index function is selected as follows:
J＝(y(k+d)-yr(k+d))2 (2)
in the formula yrAnd (k + d) is the expected active output of the k + d step, and y (k + d) is the actual active output of the k + d step. The problem can be regarded as a minimum variance controller problem according to the performance indicator function represented by equation (2), where the k-th optimal control u (k) that minimizes J satisfies:
F(z-1)u(k)＝C(z-1)yr(k+d)-G(z-1)y(k) (3)
wherein F (z)-1),G(z-1) The following relationship is satisfied:
F(z-1)＝B(z-1)E(z-1) (4)
Figure BDA0003323879680000041
in the formula E (z)-1) Is C (z)-1) Quilt A (z)-1) Quotient of division.
Meanwhile, the corresponding transfer function of the small signal equivalent transfer function model of the practical system shown in fig. 1 is:
Figure BDA0003323879680000042
and delta f is the difference value between the current frequency of the system and 50Hz, and delta P is the total power variation of the buses at the grid-connected common nodes of all the photovoltaic power stations.
G(s) is converted into a standard form shown in formula (1) after discretization, then the control quantity u (k) with the minimum active following error at the moment k + d can be calculated at the moment k by combining the formulas (3) to (5), namely, the active reference sequence of the photovoltaic power station at the moment k + d is generated in advance and issued, and the active tracking error at the moment k + d is minimum after compensation, so that the source side power fluctuation is actively and effectively reduced in advance, and the system frequency performance is improved.
As shown in FIG. 6, the self-correcting controller perturbs the sequence Δ G by the intensity of illumination at each plant1～ΔGnAccording to the current load shedding output value a of each power station1Pmax1～anPmaxnCalculating the active given value delta P to be correctedref1～ΔPrefn(ΔPref1～ΔPrefnFor each variable in the control quantity u (k) vector); the inverter execution link can be equivalent to a first-order inertia link with a time constant of TPVAfter being executed by the inverter, is used for actively compensating by delta G1～ΔGnInduced output fluctuation Δ PPV1～ΔPPVnAnd N(s) is a disturbance transfer function between the two. Namely, the self-correcting controller actively enables the total power variation delta P of the buses at the grid-connected common nodes of all the photovoltaic power stations to approach 0 in a feedforward compensation mode, so that delta f is reduced.
In this embodiment, an IEEE classic 3 machine 9 node system is used as a basic simulation topology, and the system shown in fig. 2 is built in Matlab/Simulink on the basis of the topology shown in fig. 1 for simulation analysis, so as to verify the effectiveness of the proposed frequency active support control strategy. Wherein, G1 and G2 are conventional synchronous generator sets, installed capacities are set to 10MW, G3 is a grid-connected photovoltaic power station cluster, including two photovoltaic power stations of PV1 and PV2, corresponding to the photovoltaic power station cluster n ═ 2 in fig. 1, the two are connected in parallel to a common grid-connected bus after being connected with a photovoltaic grid-connected inverter by a photovoltaic array of the two, and Load1, Load2 and Load3 are active loads.
In the setting of a simulation scene, according to a frequency active support control system model of a photovoltaic power station shown in fig. 1, source side random illumination disturbance is firstly applied to PV1 in G3, and then a self-correction controller is introduced to perform self-adaptive adjustment on an active given value of PV2 so as to actively compensate and smooth output fluctuation of PV1, so that the total output of G3 is kept stable, and discussion is carried out by taking the frequency change condition of a photovoltaic centralized grid-connected node 3 as a simulation result. Based on the simulation topology of FIG. 2, the invention mainly studies the influence of the existence of self-correction control under the small-range change of illumination on the system frequency under the random disturbance of illumination: the frequency recovery curves of the self-correction control active power output changing PV2 and the conventional droop control passive power output changing PV2 are compared and studied, and the effectiveness of the self-correction control in improving the frequency performance compared with the droop control is demonstrated by taking small-range random fluctuation of illumination.
Simulation one aims to demonstrate the advantage of using active self-correction control over passive droop control to improve the dynamic performance of the frequency. Aiming at a controlled object, namely a photovoltaic power station PV according to a self-correction control system model and a system small signal equivalent model shown in the figures 1 and 61And PV2The inverter performs unified setting of the time constant TPVIt was 0.5 s. At the same time, set PV1And PV2The zero-time initial radiation intensity of each internal photovoltaic array is 1000W/m2, the temperature is 298K, the zero-time active output is 5MW, namely the initial photovoltaic permeability is 33%, and the photovoltaic active output is adjusted to 10MW and 1 MW. For disturbance simulation, PV is set1Each internal photovoltaic array is disturbed by the small-range random radiation intensity shown in fig. 5 from the zero time, namely, G changes every 0.2s, and the disturbance transfer function n(s) is selected to be 0.03 with reference to the 2 nd section linearization result.
According to the design flow of the self-correcting controller, the PV under disturbance is dynamically calculated based on the disturbance condition of the graph 32Output setpoint requiring adaptive adjustment and controlling PV2And participating in frequency active support. Taking the system output and the frequency corresponding to the radiation intensity G within 4 s-6 s as an example, respectively simulating and comparing a power change curve and a frequency change curve which apply active self-correction control and only adopt droop control on a load shedding photovoltaic power station as shown in the following figures 4 and 5:
on the basis of fig. 4 and 5, in order to quantitatively analyze the specific improvement effect of the active self-correction control on the frequency dynamic performance compared with the traditional passive droop control, the invention selects the frequency lowest point and the average frequency change rate as the main frequency performance characteristic quantization indexes, and quantitatively calculates the following two values under the action of the active self-correction control and the passive droop control within 4-6 s:
table 1 simulation-control index quantitative comparison (permeability 33%)
Figure BDA0003323879680000061
In summary, according to FIGS. 4 and 5, at PV1Under the condition of output fluctuation caused by random radiation disturbance, self-correction control is adopted to quickly correct PV in advance at the time of 0.2s in each sampling period2Re-lag adjustment PV for deviation of output set value compared with droop control passive waiting frequency2The output mode can more effectively restrain PV1Frequency fluctuations due to variations in the output. According to the control index quantitative comparison result in table 1, the lowest point of frequency can be improved by about 0.04Hz under the disturbance compared with droop control by self-correction control, and the average frequency change rate is reduced by about 26.06%, so that the self-correction control self-adaptive early correction of the output given value of the photovoltaic power station can effectively inhibit the frequency drop depth and reduce the average frequency change rate.

Claims (1)

1. A photovoltaic power station frequency active support control method for stabilizing photovoltaic second-level output fluctuation is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the design of an active compensation self-correction controller of the photovoltaic power station, and specifically comprises the following steps:
1) firstly, discretizing a full-system small signal equivalent transfer function model and then arranging the discretized model into the following forms:
A(z-1)y(k)＝z-dB(z-1)u(k)+C(z-1)ξ(k) (1)
wherein y (k) is system actual output and represents the active actual output power of each photovoltaic power station under disturbance; u (k) is system control input and represents the active power value born by each power station after correction; xi (k) is disturbance input and represents random variation of radiation intensity at a disturbed photovoltaic power station; z is a z transformation operator, A, B and C are results after z transformation of the state matrix, the input matrix and the output matrix;
2) the selection control performance indicator function is:
J＝(y(k+d)-yr(k+d))2 (2)
in the formula yr(k + d) is the expected active output of the k + d step, and y (k + d) is the actual active output of the k + d step;
3) the k-th optimal control u (k) for enabling the control performance index function J to obtain the minimum value meets the following conditions:
F(z-1)u(k)＝C(z-1)yr(k+d)-G(z-1)y(k) (3)
wherein F (z)-1),G(z-1) The following relationship is satisfied:
F(z-1)＝B(z-1)E(z-1) (4)
Figure FDA0003323879670000011
in the formula E (z)-1) Is C (z)-1) Quilt A (z)-1) Quotient of removal;
4) the corresponding transfer function of the small signal equivalent transfer function model of the actual system is as follows:
Figure FDA0003323879670000012
wherein, Δ f is the difference between the current frequency of the system and 50Hz, and Δ P is the total power variation of the buses at the grid-connected common nodes of all the photovoltaic power stations;
g(s) is converted into a standard form shown in formula (1) after discretization, then a control quantity u (k) enabling the active following error at the moment k + d to be minimum is calculated at the moment k by combining formulas (3) to (5), namely, the active reference sequence of the photovoltaic power station at the moment k + d is generated in advance and issued, and the active tracking error at the moment k + d is enabled to be minimum after compensation.
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