CN113863710A - Energy-consuming swing substructure and method for reinforcing existing building - Google Patents
Energy-consuming swing substructure and method for reinforcing existing building Download PDFInfo
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- CN113863710A CN113863710A CN202111207779.0A CN202111207779A CN113863710A CN 113863710 A CN113863710 A CN 113863710A CN 202111207779 A CN202111207779 A CN 202111207779A CN 113863710 A CN113863710 A CN 113863710A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/92—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers
- E04B1/98—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers against vibrations or shocks; against mechanical destruction, e.g. by air-raids
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
- E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
- E04H9/027—Preventive constructional measures against earthquake damage in existing buildings
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Abstract
本发明涉及抗震技术领域，提出了一种耗能型摇摆子结构及加固既有建筑的方法，包括设置在地面上的基础和设置在基础上的加固结构，基础用于与原有建筑间隔设置，加固结构包括摇摆件和耗能桁架，摇摆件铰接在基础上，摇摆件常态下的设置方向平行于原有建筑立面，具有若干个，围绕原有建筑设置，耗能桁架具有若干个，均沿着水平方向设置，耗能桁架两端分别铰接在摇摆件和原有建筑上。通过上述技术方案，解决了现有技术中的既有建筑加固结构维修更换困难问题。
The invention relates to the technical field of earthquake resistance, and proposes an energy-consuming swaying substructure and a method for reinforcing an existing building, including a foundation arranged on the ground and a reinforcement structure arranged on the foundation, and the foundation is arranged to be spaced from the original building , the reinforcement structure includes a rocking piece and an energy-consuming truss, the rocking piece is hinged on the foundation, and the setting direction of the rocking piece under normal conditions is parallel to the original building facade, and there are several, around the original building, there are several energy-consuming trusses, They are all set along the horizontal direction, and the two ends of the energy-consuming truss are hinged to the rocker and the original building respectively. Through the above technical solutions, the problem of difficult maintenance and replacement of existing building reinforcement structures in the prior art is solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of earthquake resistance, in particular to an energy-consuming swing substructure and a method for reinforcing an existing building.
Background
From the investigation of global major earthquake disasters, more than 95% of human life and death are caused by the damage or collapse of buildings. The improvement of the earthquake resistance of buildings is one of the main measures for improving the comprehensive defense capability of cities, and is also a main task of 'resistance' in the work of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction. The earthquake resistance in the current market is generally to add earthquake resistance design in the building construction process to increase the earthquake resistance of the building, but part of the buildings are not added with earthquake resistance design in the design process, and then reinforced structures are added after the main body is finished, the reinforced structures generally need to destroy the main body structure, and the original structure is changed and the reinforced structures are added to achieve the earthquake resistance effect; the earthquake-resistant grade of part of old buildings can not meet the requirement, but the old buildings are more difficult to reform. The existing reinforcing structure is generally connected with a building main body into a whole, and is difficult to maintain and replace when a fault occurs in the use process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an energy-consuming swing substructure and a method for reinforcing an existing building, and solves the problem that the existing building reinforcing structure in the related art is difficult to maintain and replace.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the energy-consuming type swinging substructure comprises a foundation and a reinforcing structure, wherein the foundation is arranged on the ground, the reinforcing structure is arranged on the foundation, the foundation is arranged at an interval with an original building, and the reinforcing structure comprises
The swinging pieces are hinged on the foundation, the arrangement direction of the swinging pieces under the normal state is parallel to the vertical surface of the original building, a plurality of swinging pieces are arranged around the original building,
and the energy consumption trusses are provided with a plurality of energy consumption trusses which are arranged along the horizontal direction, and two ends of each energy consumption truss are respectively hinged on the swinging piece and the original building.
As a further technical scheme, the energy consumption truss comprises two energy consumption rods, one end of each energy consumption rod is hinged to the same point of the original building, the other end of each energy consumption rod is hinged to the swing piece and located on two sides of a hinged point of the swing piece and the two energy consumption rods and the swing piece form a triangular structure.
As a further technical solution, the energy consumption rod comprises
An outer rod having an inner lumen,
one end of the inner rod is arranged in the inner cavity in a sliding mode, the inner rod and the outer rod are respectively hinged to the original building and the swing piece, or the inner rod and the outer rod are respectively hinged to the swing piece and the original building,
and the high-damping rubber layer is arranged in the inner cavity and is positioned between the inner rod and the outer rod.
As a further technical proposal, the method also comprises
And the dampers are provided with a plurality of dampers, and two ends of each damper are respectively hinged on two sides of the swinging piece and the foundation.
As a further technical scheme, the swinging piece is a shear wall or a steel frame.
As a further technical scheme, the bottom of the swing piece is of a V-shaped structure, the V-shaped end of the V-shaped structure is hinged on the foundation, and the swing piece further comprises
And the limiting device is provided with a plurality of limiting devices, is arranged on the foundation and is positioned on two sides of the hinged part of the swinging piece and the foundation, and the limiting device has a distance with the bottom surface of the swinging piece.
A method for reinforcing existing building by using an energy-consuming swinging substructure comprises the following steps
A. Arranging a reinforcing structure around the original building, and firstly, fixedly arranging a foundation on the ground around the original building;
B. the swinging piece is arranged on the foundation, the bottom surface of the swinging piece is hinged on the foundation, and two sides of the bottom of the swinging piece are connected with the foundation through dampers;
C. the swing piece is connected with the existing building through the energy consumption truss, a triangular structure is formed between the energy consumption truss and the swing piece, the triangular structure serves as the bottom of the swing piece in the further technical scheme, and when the earthquake intensity is low, the swing piece is driven by the energy consumption truss to consume energy through the damper in the existing building; when the earthquake intensity is high, energy consumption is carried out between the original building and the swinging piece through the energy consumption truss and the damper, and the limiting device limits the swinging amplitude of the swinging piece.
D. The limiting device is arranged on the foundation and is positioned at the bottom of the swinging piece, and when the earthquake intensity is low, the original building drives the swinging piece to consume energy through the damper through the energy consumption truss; when the earthquake intensity is high, energy consumption is carried out between the original building and the swinging piece through the energy consumption truss and the damper, and the limiting device limits the swinging amplitude of the swinging piece.
The working principle and the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
in the earthquake, house collapse is the important reason of casualties of people's life and death, and some buildings do not have higher anti-seismic performance when designing, but need consolidate when follow-up use, guarantee the anti-seismic performance of building, and some old districts in addition, the anti-seismic performance who designs when beginning can not satisfy, when consolidating to these buildings among the prior art, need destroy the original structure of building usually, make reinforced structure and original building connection as an organic whole, when breaking down, be difficult to maintain moreover.
The method comprises the steps that a reinforcing structure is arranged outside a building, the reinforcing structure comprises a swinging piece and an energy consumption truss, the swinging piece is hinged to a foundation, two ends of the energy consumption truss are connected between the swinging piece and the original building, the swinging piece is hinged to the foundation, and when the swinging piece swings, the swinging piece cannot be separated from the foundation to cause damage to the swinging piece; during earthquake, the original building drives the swinging piece to swing through the energy consumption truss, the swinging piece is hinged with the foundation, the swinging amplitude is different from that of the original building, the relative swinging amplitude between the swinging piece and the original building is reduced through the energy consumption truss, the swinging piece finally tends to be stable, the swinging of the original building is reduced, and the collapse of the original building due to the swinging is avoided.
The reinforced structure is arranged on a foundation and is spaced from an original building, the reinforced structure comprises a plurality of swinging pieces and energy consumption trusses, the swinging pieces are hinged on the foundation, two ends of each energy consumption truss are respectively hinged on the swinging pieces and the original building, and the energy consumption trusses are connected with the original building in a hinged mode and are arranged outside a wall, so that the original building structure cannot be damaged; during earthquake, the swinging piece is hinged with the foundation, the swinging piece and the original building are different in swinging amplitude, the original building drives the swinging piece to swing through the energy consumption truss, the swinging piece consumes the swinging energy of the original building through the energy consumption truss, the swinging amplitude of the original building is reduced, and the original building is guaranteed not to collapse.
Drawings
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the wobbler of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an energy-consuming member according to the present invention;
in the figure: 1. the energy-consumption vibration damping device comprises a foundation, 2, a reinforcing structure, 3, a swinging piece, 4, an energy-consumption truss, 5, an energy-consumption rod piece, 6, an outer rod, 7, an inner rod, 8, a high-damping rubber layer, 9, a damper, 10 and a limiting device.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any inventive step, are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1 to 4, the present embodiment proposes
The energy-consuming type swinging substructure comprises a foundation 1 arranged on the ground and a reinforcing structure arranged on the foundation 1, wherein the foundation 1 is arranged at an interval with an original building, and the reinforcing structure comprises
The swinging pieces 3 are hinged on the foundation 1, the arrangement direction of the swinging pieces 3 under the normal state is parallel to the vertical surface of the original building, a plurality of swinging pieces are arranged around the original building,
the energy consumption truss 4 is provided with a plurality of energy consumption trusses which are arranged along the horizontal direction, and two ends of each energy consumption truss 4 are respectively hinged on the swinging piece 3 and the original building.
In the earthquake, house collapse is the important reason of casualties of people's life and death, and some buildings do not have higher anti-seismic performance when designing, but need consolidate when follow-up use, guarantee the anti-seismic performance of building, and some old districts in addition, the anti-seismic performance who designs when beginning can not satisfy, when consolidating to these buildings among the prior art, need destroy the original structure of building usually, make reinforced structure and original building connection as an organic whole, when breaking down, be difficult to maintain moreover.
The method in the embodiment comprises the steps that a reinforcing structure is arranged outside a building, the reinforcing structure comprises a swinging piece and an energy consumption truss, the swinging piece is hinged to a foundation, two ends of the energy consumption truss are connected between the swinging piece and the original building, the swinging piece is hinged to the foundation, and when the swinging piece swings, the swinging piece cannot be separated from the foundation to cause damage to the swinging piece; during earthquake, the original building drives the swinging piece to swing through the energy consumption truss, the swinging piece is hinged with the foundation, the swinging amplitude is different from that of the original building, the relative swinging amplitude between the swinging piece and the original building is reduced through the energy consumption truss, the swinging piece finally tends to be stable, the swinging of the original building is reduced, and the collapse of the original building due to the swinging is avoided.
The reinforced structure is arranged on a foundation 1 and is spaced from an original building, the reinforced structure comprises a swinging piece 3 and energy consumption trusses 4, the swinging piece 3 is hinged on the foundation 1, the energy consumption trusses 4 are provided with a plurality of energy consumption trusses, two ends of each energy consumption truss 4 are respectively hinged on the swinging piece 3 and the original building, and the energy consumption trusses 4 are connected with the original building in a hinged mode and are arranged outside a wall, so that the original building structure cannot be damaged; during earthquake, because it is articulated with basis 1 to sway piece 3, sway piece 3 and original building amplitude of rocking is different, and original building drives through power consumption truss 4 and sways piece 3 and swing, and it sways the energy to sway piece 3 and consume original building through power consumption truss 4, reduces original building amplitude of rocking, guarantees that original building does not collapse.
Furthermore, the energy consumption truss 4 comprises two energy consumption rod pieces 5, one ends of the two energy consumption rod pieces 5 are hinged to the same point of the original building, the other ends of the two energy consumption rod pieces 5 are hinged to the swing piece 3 and located on two sides of a hinged point of the original building, and the two energy consumption rod pieces 5 and the swing piece 3 form a triangular structure.
In the embodiment, a structural mode of an energy consumption truss 4 is provided, specifically, the energy consumption truss 4 comprises two energy consumption rod pieces 5, one ends of the two energy consumption rod pieces 5 are hinged to an original building, a hinge point is the same point, the other ends of the energy consumption rod pieces 5 are hinged to a swing piece 3, the hinge point of the two energy consumption rod pieces 5 on the swing piece 3 is located on two sides of the hinge point of the swing piece 3 and the original building, the two energy consumption rod pieces 5 and the swing piece 3 form a triangular structure, the triangular structure is very stable and is not prone to deformation, when an earthquake occurs, the original building shakes, the swing piece 3 is driven by the energy consumption rod pieces 5 to shake, the energy consumption rod pieces 5 rotate with the swing piece 3 and the original building, and the energy consumption rod pieces 5 are not deformed and damaged when the original building and the swing piece 3 shake ranges are different; furthermore, the energy consumption rod piece 5 is hinged with the original building and the swinging piece 3, so that the energy consumption rod piece is convenient to mount and dismount, and when the energy consumption rod piece 5 is damaged, the energy consumption rod piece is convenient to replace and maintain.
Furthermore, the energy consumption truss 4 comprises a plurality of energy consumption rods 5, and each energy consumption rod 5 comprises
An outer rod 6, the outer rod 6 is provided with an inner cavity,
one end of the inner rod 7 is arranged in the inner cavity in a sliding way, the inner rod 7 and the outer rod 6 are respectively hinged on the original building and the swinging part 3, or the inner rod 7 and the outer rod 6 are respectively hinged on the swinging part 3 and the original building,
and the high-damping rubber layer 8 is arranged in the inner cavity and is positioned between the inner rod 7 and the outer rod 6.
In the embodiment, a structural mode of the energy consumption rod 5 is provided, specifically, the energy consumption rod 5 comprises an outer rod 6, an inner rod 7 and a high-damping rubber layer 8, the outer rod 6 is provided with an inner cavity, the inner rod 7 is slidably arranged in the inner cavity, the high-damping rubber layer 8 is added in a gap between the inner rod 7 and the outer rod 6, the inner rod 7 is hinged to an original building, the outer rod 6 is hinged to a swing piece 3, or the outer rod 7 is hinged to the swing piece 3, and the inner rod 6 is hinged to the original building, preferably, because the two energy consumption rods 5 are hinged to the same point of the original building, the outer rod 6 of one energy consumption rod 5 is hinged to the original building, and the inner rod 7 of the other energy consumption rod 5 is hinged to the original building, the energy consumption rods 5 can be arranged in a staggered mode, and collision of the energy consumption rods 5 during rotation is prevented; a high damping rubber layer 8 is added between the inner rod 7 and the outer rod 6, so that when the swinging part 3 and an original building are rocked to consume energy, large relative movement cannot occur between the inner rod 7 and the outer rod 6, and the high damping rubber layer 8 absorbs energy during contraction.
Further, also comprises
And the dampers 9 are provided with a plurality of dampers, and two ends of the dampers are respectively hinged on two sides of the swinging piece 3 and the foundation 1.
In this embodiment, in order to further improve and to sway a 3 reinforcing effect to original building, it is specific that attenuator 9 has a plurality of, and the setting is in 3 both sides of swaying, and attenuator 9 both ends articulate respectively on swaying 3 and basis 1, sways a 3 when rocking, and attenuator 9 restriction sways a 3 and rocks, and the piece 3 rocks the energy is swayd in the consumption, and then through swaying 3 original building energy of consumption, reduces original building and rocks.
Further, the rocking member 3 is a shear wall or a steel frame.
In the embodiment, a structural form of the swinging member 3 is provided, and particularly, the swinging member 3 is a shear wall or a steel frame, and the shear wall can be well adapted to earthquake shaking, so that the swinging member 3 is prevented from being damaged during shaking and affecting use; the steel frame is convenient to install and maintain.
Further, swing 3 bottoms for V-arrangement structure, V-arrangement structure V-shaped end articulates on basis 1, still includes
Stop device 10 has a plurality of, sets up on basis 1, is located to swing a 3 and the articulated department both sides of basis 1, and stop device 10 has the distance with 3 bottom surfaces of swinging.
In this embodiment, in order to prevent to sway piece 3 because rocking amplitude takes place the damage greatly, specific 3 bottoms of rocking piece are the V-arrangement structure, and the V-shaped end articulates on basis 1, and stop device 10 has a plurality of, sets up on basis 1, and stop device 10 and 3 bottom surfaces of rocking piece have the interval, and rocking piece 3 contacts stop device 10 when rocking amplitude is big, and stop device 10 can restrict rocking 3 the biggest rocking amplitude.
A method for reinforcing existing building by using an energy-consuming swinging substructure comprises the following steps
A. Arranging a reinforcing structure around the original building, and firstly, fixedly arranging the foundation 1 on the ground around the original building;
B. the swinging piece 3 is arranged on the foundation 1, the bottom surface is hinged on the foundation 1, and two sides of the bottom are connected with the foundation 1 through the damper 9;
C. the swing piece 3 is connected with the existing building through the energy consumption truss 4, a triangular structure is formed between the energy consumption truss 4 and the swing piece 3 and serves as the bottom of the swing piece 3 in the further technical scheme, and when the earthquake intensity is low, the existing building drives the swing piece 3 to consume energy through the energy consumption truss 4 and the damper 9; when the earthquake intensity is high, energy consumption is carried out between the original building and the swinging piece 3 through the energy consumption truss 4 and the damper 9, and the limiting device 10 limits and limits the swinging amplitude of the swinging piece 3;
D. the limiting device 10 is arranged on the foundation, the limiting device 10 is positioned at the bottom of the swinging piece 3, and when the earthquake intensity is low, the original building drives the swinging piece 3 to consume energy through the damper 9 through the energy consumption truss 4; when the earthquake intensity is high, energy consumption is carried out between the original building and the swinging piece 3 through the energy consumption truss 4 and the damper 9, and the limiting device 10 limits the swinging amplitude of the swinging piece.
In the embodiment, a method for reinforcing an original building by using an energy-consuming swing substructure is introduced, specifically, a foundation 1 is fixedly arranged on the bottom surface around the original building, a swing piece 3 is hinged to the foundation 1, two sides of the bottom of the swing piece 3 are connected through a damper 9, and the swing piece 3 is connected with the original building through an energy-consuming truss 4; the limiting device 10 is arranged on the foundation 1, when the earthquake intensity is small, the original building drives the swinging piece 3 to swing through the energy consumption truss 4, the energy consumption truss 4 does not consume energy at the moment, and the damper 9 consumes energy; when the earthquake intensity is large, the original building shaking amplitude is large, the energy consumption truss 4 and the damper 9 consume energy, and the original building shaking amplitude is reduced.
The present invention is not limited to the above preferred embodiments, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. An energy-consuming type swing substructure comprises a foundation (1) arranged on the ground and a reinforcing structure (2) arranged on the foundation (1), and is characterized in that the foundation (1) is arranged at an interval with an original building, and the reinforcing structure (2) comprises
The swinging pieces (3) are hinged on the foundation (1), the arrangement direction of the swinging pieces (3) under the normal state is parallel to the vertical surface of the original building, a plurality of swinging pieces are arranged around the original building,
and the energy consumption trusses (4) are provided with a plurality of energy consumption trusses which are arranged along the horizontal direction, and two ends of each energy consumption truss (4) are respectively hinged on the swinging piece (3) and the original building.
2. An energy-consuming swing substructure according to claim 1, characterized in that the energy-consuming truss (4) comprises two energy-consuming bars (5), one end of each of the two energy-consuming bars (5) is hinged to the same point of the original building, the other end is hinged to the swing member (3) and is located on both sides of the hinge point with the original building, and the two energy-consuming bars (5) and the swing member (3) form a triangular structure.
3. A pendulum substructure according to claim 2, characterized in that said dissipative lever (5) comprises
An outer rod (6), the outer rod (6) having an inner cavity,
an inner rod (7), one end of which is arranged in the inner cavity in a sliding way, the inner rod (7) and the outer rod (6) are respectively hinged on the original building and the swinging part (3), or the inner rod (7) and the outer rod (6) are respectively hinged on the swinging part (3) and the original building,
and the high-damping rubber layer (8) is arranged in the inner cavity and is positioned between the inner rod (7) and the outer rod (6).
4. The energy dissipating swing substructure of claim 1, further comprising
And the dampers (9) are provided with a plurality of dampers, and two ends of each damper are respectively hinged on two sides of the swinging piece (3) and the foundation (1).
5. An energy dissipating swing substructure according to claim 1, characterized in that the swing member (3) is a shear wall or a steel frame.
6. The energy-consuming type swinging substructure of claim 4, wherein the bottom of the swinging member (3) is V-shaped, the V-shaped end of the V-shaped structure is hinged on the foundation (1), and further comprising
Stop device (10), have a plurality of, set up on basis (1), be located swing piece (3) and the articulated department both sides of basis (1), stop device (10) with swing piece (3) bottom surface has the distance.
7. A method of reinforcing an existing building using the energy dissipating swing substructure of claim 6, comprising the steps of
A. Arranging a reinforcing structure (2) around the original building, and firstly, fixedly arranging a foundation (1) on the ground around the original building;
B. the bottom surface of the swinging piece (3) is hinged on the foundation (1), and two sides of the bottom are connected with the foundation (1) through dampers (9);
C. the swing piece (3) is connected with the original building, the swing piece (3) is connected with the existing building through an energy consumption truss (4), a triangular structure is formed between the energy consumption truss (4) and the swing piece (3), and the energy consumption truss (4) is selected according to the earthquake resistance strength;
D. the limiting device (10) is arranged on the foundation (1), the limiting device (10) is positioned at the bottom of the swinging piece (3), and when the earthquake intensity is low, the original building drives the swinging piece (3) to consume energy through the damper (9) through the energy consumption truss (4); when the earthquake intensity is high, energy consumption is carried out between the original building and the swinging piece (3) through the energy consumption truss (4) and the damper (9), and the limiting device (10) limits the swinging amplitude of the swinging piece (3).
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| CN117513579A (en) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-02-06 | 中国二十二冶集团有限公司 | Self-returning rocking structure equipped with toggle viscous damper |
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| CN108661196A (en) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-10-16 | 江苏省建筑科学研究院有限公司 | A kind of assembled self-resetting swinging steel-wood composite structure and method |
| CN209742063U (en) * | 2019-01-21 | 2019-12-06 | 天厦建筑设计(厦门)有限公司 | house earthquake-resistant structure |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN117513579A (en) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-02-06 | 中国二十二冶集团有限公司 | Self-returning rocking structure equipped with toggle viscous damper |
| CN117513579B (en) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-03-26 | 中国二十二冶集团有限公司 | Self-resetting swinging structure with elbow type viscous damper |
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