CN113767598A - 用于逐流量分类路由的系统和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
描述了用于对网络内的数据进行逐流量分类路由的系统和方法。网络交换机具有基于高性能计算(HPC)相关的特性对流量数据进行分类的能力。流量分类是基于HPC的各个方面定义的,诸如路由、排序、重定向、静默、HPC协议配置、以及遥测。交换机可以在交换机结构的入口端口处接收包,并确定这些包的流量类别。所述流量类别选自一组定义的流量分类。然后,所述交换机可以为所述至少一个包生成指示所确定的流量类别的特定于结构的标志,其中,所述特定于结构的标志用于基于包被指派的流量类别来路由这些包。流量分类的示例包括:低时延类;专用接入类;批量数据类;尽力而为类;以及清道夫类。
Description
政府权利声明
本文所述的发明是按照下述一项或多项合同在美国政府的支持下完成的。美国政府对本发明享有一定的权利。
相关申请的交叉引用
根据35U.S.C.119,本发明要求于2019年5月23日提交的名称为“Network Switch[网络交换机]”的美国临时专利申请号62/852273、2019年5月23日提交的名称为“NetworkInterface Controller[网络接口控制器]”的美国临时专利申请号62/852203、2019年5月23日提交的名称为“Network Computer System[网络计算机系统]”的美国临时专利申请号62/852289的权益和优先权,所述美国临时专利申请的公开内容通过引用并入本文。
背景技术
随着支持网络的设备和应用变得越来越普遍,各种类型的流量以及不断增加的网络负载继续要求底层网络架构提供更高的性能。例如,诸如高性能计算(HPC)、流媒体和物联网(IOT)等应用可以生成具有鲜明特征的不同类型的流量。因此,除了诸如带宽和延迟等常规网络性能指标之外,网络架构师还继续面临诸如可扩展性、多功能性和效率等挑战。
附图说明
参照以下附图根据一个或多个不同的实施例详细地描述本公开。附图仅被提供用于说明性目的,并且仅描绘典型实施例或示例实施例。
图1图示了可以在其中实施各种实施例的示例网络。
图2图示了促进逐流量分类路由的示例交换机。
图3A图示了根据各种实施例的在示例交叉开关交换机(crossbar switch)内实施的交叉开关。
图3B图示了根据各种实施例的与图2的示例边缘交换系统的端口相对应的示例瓦片(tile)矩阵。
图3C图示了根据各种实施例的构成图3B的瓦片矩阵的示例瓦片。
图4图示了根据各种实施例的图2的边缘交换系统中的执行流量分类的交换机的概念图。
图5A和图5B是在图2的示例边缘交换系统的每个端口处实施的示例FRF部件的框图。
图6图示了根据各种实施例的逐流量分类路由的示例性过程的流程图。
图7是可用于实施本公开中描述的实施例的各种特征的示例计算部件。
附图并非是穷举的,并且不将本公开限制于所公开的精确形式。
具体实施方式
大型网络由许多独立的交换机组成,这些交换机与许多数据链路连接。传统网络将数据拆分为称为包或帧的可管理块。这允许许多单独且不同的通信共享单条链路的带宽。特别地,一次通信的单个大数据传送不会阻止许多其他小型通信的完成。大型通信被分成许多单独的包,并且所述大型通信的包与其他小型通信和大型通信的包在时间上复用。这种方法允许单个共享网络资源执行许多并发通信,并在存在大型通信的情况下显著减少小型通信的最大时延。
然而,在许多完全不同的通信之间共享资源只有在没有一次通信可以耗尽其他通信的任何共享资源的情况下才能起到很好的作用。同样重要的是对共享资源的访问保持公平,并与正在进行的每个通信的重要性相适应。传统上,利用流量类别来实施特定于数据传输的网络属性。这些传统的类别考虑了吞吐量、带宽分配以及时延问题。然而,高性能计算(HPC)有这些传统的类别无法匹配的若干个独特网络行为、工作流、功能以及特性。
为了应对特定于HPC应用的特性,所公开的实施例描述了一种交换机设备,所述交换机设备允许确定数据流和网络属性,如路由和重路由指令、数据流分离、有序数据传送或无序数据传送、有损传输或无损传输、遥测收集和流量整形规则。除了常规的逐分类流量路由方法通常采用的那些流量分类之外,还使用了额外的流量分类。这些流量分类基于上述HPC相关的确定,并在相同的物理网络基础设施上同时进行操作。
如将详细描述的,通过在数据流内标记包,可以在逐个包的基础上跨网络启用、配置以及调整所公开的逐流量分类路由(per traffic class routing)功能。进一步地,上述逐个包方法允许对数据流进行带内控制,这是由数据包本身建立的。这种基于这些类型的HPC相关特性对网络内数据的带内控制以前没有被考虑过。换句话说,本文公开的系统和技术允许考虑时延和带宽之外的因素,包括以逐流量分类的方式进行的路由行为、应用数据流分离、以及拥塞控制。最终,根据实施例的逐流量分类路由导致对网络数据传输的细粒度控制。
本公开描述了可以容纳百亿亿次级计算的系统和方法,例如,以百亿亿次级速度执行如模拟、数据分析、人工智能工作负载等数据密集型任务。特别地,提供了HPC网络或互连结构,其可以是以太网兼容的,能够连接到第三方数据存储装置,并且可以使用具有极高带宽(例如,每个具有例如支持以非常低的直径(例如,仅三个网络跃点)创建大型网络的64个200Gbps的端口的交换机近似12.8Tb/s/dir)的交换机部件来构建。此外,可以通过新颖的拥塞控制机制、自适应路由、以及允许在带宽整形、优先级、以及路由策略方面具有灵活性的流量分类的使用来实现低时延。
关于自适应路由,本文描述的技术和系统可以通过利用流通道的识别和管理来实现流的动态路由。当在源节点和目的地之间路由数据包时,典型的路由技术要么是静态的,要么是自适应的(例如,动态的)。在自适应路由的一个示例中,本地路由决策是基于负载信息和其他因素动态做出的。在当前的系统中,自适应路由可能会导致拥塞蔓延。也就是说,某些数据流可以被识别为拥塞的来源,而其他数据流可以被简单地识别为拥塞的受害者。在处理持久流的自适应路由技术中,如本文所公开的,允许受害流继续做出传统的路由决策,而引起拥塞的流的路由将受到限制。如上所述,这种能力是通过流通道的识别和管理来启用的。
图1示出了包括多个交换机的示例网络100,所述示例网络也可以被称为“交换机结构”。如图1中所图示的,网络100可以包括交换机102、104、106、108以及110。每个交换机可以在交换机结构100内具有唯一的地址或标识符(ID)。各种类型的设备和网络可以耦接到交换机结构。例如,存储阵列112可以经由交换机110耦接到交换机结构100;基于无限带宽(IB)的HPC网络114可以经由交换机108耦接到交换机结构100;多个终端主机(如主机116)可以经由交换机104耦接到交换机结构100;并且IP/以太网网络118可以经由交换机102耦接到交换机结构100。例如,如交换机102等交换机可以通过如网络接口卡(NIC)、交换机、路由器或网关等以太网设备来接收802.3帧(包括封装的IP有效载荷)。专门为网络100格式化的IPv4或IPv6包、帧等也可以被接收、通过交换机结构100传输到另一个交换机(例如,交换机110)。因此,网络100能够同时处置多种类型的流量。通常,交换机可以具有边缘端口和结构端口。边缘端口可以耦接到在结构外部的设备。结构端口可以经由结构链路耦接到结构内的另一个交换机。
通常,流量可以经由边缘交换机的入口端口注入交换机结构100,并且经由另一个(或相同)边缘交换机的出口端口离开交换机结构100。入口边缘交换机可以将已注入的数据包分为流,这些流可以通过流ID进行标识。流的概念不限于特定的协议或层(如开放系统接口(OSI)参考模型中的层2或层3)。例如,流可以映射到具有特定源以太网地址的流量、源IP地址与目的地IP地址之间的流量、对应于TCP或UDP端口/IP 5元组(源和目的地IP地址、源和目的地TCP或UDP端口号、以及IP协议号)的流量、或由在终端主机上运行的进程或线程产生的流量。换句话说,流可以被配置为映射到任何物理或逻辑实体之间的数据。该映射的配置可以远程完成或在入口边缘交换机上本地完成。
在接收到已注入数据包之后,入口边缘交换机可以为该流指派流ID。该流ID可以被包括在特殊的报头中,入口边缘交换机可以使用该报头来封装已注入包。此外,入口边缘交换机还可以检查已注入包的原始报头字段以确定适当的出口边缘交换机地址,并将该地址作为目的地地址包括在封装报头中。应注意,流ID可以是特定于链路的本地有效值,并且该值可以仅对于交换机上的特定输入端口是唯一的。当包转发到下一跳交换机时,包进入另一条链路,并且流ID可以相应地更新。由于流的包要经过多条链路和交换机,因此与该流相对应的流ID可以形成唯一的链。即,在每个交换机处,在包离开交换机之前,包的流ID可以更新为传出链路所使用的流ID。流ID之间的这种从上游到下游的一对一映射可以在入口边缘交换机处开始并在出口边缘交换机处结束。因为流ID只需要在传入链路内是唯一的,所以交换机可以容纳大量的流。例如,如果流ID为11位长,则一个输入端口最多可以支持2048个流。此外,用于映射到流的匹配模式(包的一个或多个报头字段)可以包括更多个位。例如,32位长的匹配模式(其可以包括包报头中的多个字段)可以映射最多2^32个不同的报头字段模式。如果结构有N个入口边缘端口,总共可以支持N*2^32个可识别流。
交换机可以为每个流指派单独的专用输入队列。该配置允许交换机监测和管理各个流的拥塞程度,并防止在将共享缓冲区用于多个流时可能发生的队头阻塞。当包被传送到目的地出口交换机时,出口交换机可以生成确认(ACK),并在上行方向沿着相同的数据路径将该确认发送回入口边缘交换机。由于该ACK包经过相同的数据路径,因此该路径上的交换机可以通过监测未完成的、未确认的数据量来获得与对应流的传送相关联的状态信息。然后可以使用该状态信息来执行特定于流的流量管理,以确保整个网络的健康和对流的公平处理。如下文更详细解释的,这种逐流排队与特定于流的传送确认相结合可以使交换机结构实施有效、快速和准确的拥塞控制。进而,交换机结构可以以显著提高的网络利用率来传送流量,而不会出现拥塞。
可以基于需求动态或“即时”地建立和释放流。具体地,当数据包到达交换机并且先前没有向该包指派流ID时,可以由入口边缘交换机建立流(例如,确立流ID到包报头的映射)。当该包穿过网络时,可以沿着包所经过的每个交换机指派流ID,并且可以确立从入口到出口的流ID链。属于同一流的后续包可以沿数据路径使用相同的流ID。当包被传送到目的地出口交换机并且数据路径上的交换机接收到ACK包时,每个交换机可以更新其关于该流的未完成的、未确认的数据量的状态信息。对于该流,当交换机的输入队列为空并且没有更多未确认的数据时,交换机可以释放流ID(即,释放该流通道)并将流ID重新用于其他流。这种数据驱动的动态流建立和拆除机制可以消除集中流管理的需要,并允许网络快速响应流量模式变化。
应注意,本文描述的网络架构与通常使用OpenFlow协议的软件定义网络(SDN)不同。在SDN中,由中央网络控制器来配置交换机,并且基于层2(数据链路层,如以太网)、层3(网络层,如IP)或层4(传输层,如TCP或UDP)报头中的一个或多个字段来转发包。在SDN中,这种报头字段查找在网络中的每个交换机处执行,并且不存在如在本文所述的网络中所做的基于流ID的快速转发。此外,由于OpenFlow报头字段查找是使用三元内容可寻址存储器(TCAM)完成的,因此这种查找的成本可能很高。而且,由于报头字段映射配置是由中央控制器完成的,每个映射关系的建立和拆除相对较慢,可能需要大量的控制流量。因此,SDN网络对各种网络情况(如拥塞)的响应可能较慢。相比之下,在本文描述的网络中,可以基于流量需求动态地建立和拆除流;并且包可以通过固定长度的流ID转发。换句话说,流通道可以是数据驱动的,并以分布式方式进行管理(即,建立、监测和拆除),而无需中央控制器的干预。此外,基于流ID的转发可以减少所使用的TCAM空间量,并且因此可以容纳更多个流。
参考图1所示的示例,假设存储阵列112要使用TCP/IP向主机116发送数据。在操作期间,存储阵列112可以发送第一个包,所述第一个包具有主机116的IP地址作为目的地地址以及在TCP报头中指定的预定TCP端口。当该包到达交换机110时,交换机110的输入端口处的包处理器可以识别该包的TCP/IP 5元组。交换机110的包处理器还可以确定该5元组当前未映射到任何流ID,并且可以向该5元组分配新的流ID。此外,交换机110可以基于目的地(即,主机116的)IP地址来确定该包的出口交换机,即,交换机104(假设交换机110知道主机116耦接到交换机104)。随后,交换机110可以用指示新指派的流ID和交换机104的结构地址的结构报头来封装所接收的包。交换机110然后可以基于结构转发表来调度要向交换机104转发的封装包,所述结构转发表可以由结构100中的所有交换机使用诸如链路状态或距离向量等路由算法来计算。
应注意,当接收到第一个包时,上述操作可以基本上以线路速度执行,几乎没有缓冲和延迟。在第一个包被处理并被调度进行传输之后,来自相同流的后续包可以被交换机110更快地处理,因为使用了相同的流ID。另外,流通道的设计可以使得流通道的分配、匹配和解除分配可以具有基本相同的成本。例如,可以在几乎每个时钟周期中同时执行流通道的基于查找匹配的条件分配和另一个流通道的单独、独立的解除分配。这意味着生成和控制流通道几乎不会为包的常规转发增加附加开销。另一方面,拥塞控制机制可以将一些应用的性能提高三个数量级以上。
在数据路径上的每个交换机(包括交换机110、106和104)处,可以为该流提供专用输入缓冲区,并且可以跟踪已传输但未确认的数据量。当第一个包到达交换机104时,交换机104可以确定所述包的结构报头中的目的地结构地址与其自己的地址相匹配。作为响应,交换机104可以根据结构报头对包进行解封装,并将解封装的包转发到主机116。此外,交换机104可以生成ACK包并将该ACK包发送回交换机110。当该ACK包经过相同的数据路径时,交换机106和110可以各自针对该流的未确认的数据更新其自己的状态信息。
通常,网络内的拥塞会导致网络缓冲区被填充。当网络缓冲区已满时,理想情况下,试图通过缓冲区的流量应当减慢或停止。否则,缓冲区可能会溢出,并且包可能会被丢弃。在常规网络中,通常在边缘处端对端地进行拥塞控制。网络的核被认为仅用作“笨水管”(dump pipe),其主要目的是转发流量。这样的网络设计通常对拥塞的响应缓慢,因为通常无法快速将拥塞信息发送到边缘设备,并且所产生的边缘设备所采取的动作并不总是能够有效地消除拥塞。这种缓慢的响应进而限制了网络的利用率,因为为了保持网络畅通无阻,网络运营商通常需要限制注入网络中的流量总量。此外,端对端拥塞控制通常只有在网络尚未拥塞的情况下才有效。一旦网络严重拥塞,端对端拥塞控制将不起作用,因为拥塞通知消息本身可能拥塞(除非使用与数据面网络不同的单独控制面网络来发送拥塞控制消息)。
相比之下,流通道可以防止这种拥塞在交换机结构内增长。当流正在经历一定程度的拥塞时,流通道机制可以识别这种情况,并且作为响应,可以减慢或停止同一流的新包进入结构。进而,这些新包可以缓冲在边缘端口上的流通道队列中,并且仅当同一流的包在目的地边缘端口处离开结构时才被允许进入结构。该过程可以将结构内该流的总缓冲要求限制为不会导致结构缓冲区变得太满的量。
通过流通道,交换机能够获得关于结构内未完成的在途中的数据量的相当准确的状态信息。可以针对入口边缘端口上的所有流汇总该状态信息。这意味着可以知道通过入口边缘端口注入的数据总量。因此,流通道机制可以对结构中的数据总量设置限制。当所有边缘端口都应用该限制动作时,可以很好地控制整个结构中的包数据总量,这进而可以防止整个结构饱和。流通道还可以减慢结构内的单个拥塞流的进度,而不会减慢其他流。该特征可以使包远离拥塞热点,同时防止缓冲区变满并确保为无关流量提供空闲缓冲区空间。
交叉开关交换机210可以包括一个或多个交叉开关交换机芯片,所述交叉开关交换机芯片可以被配置为在通信端口之间转发数据包和控制包(如ACK包)。EFCT逻辑块212可以处理从边缘链路接收的包并且基于包中的一个或多个报头字段来将所接收的包映射到相应的流。另外,EFCT逻辑块212可以组装FGFC以太网帧,所述FGFC以太网帧可以传送到终端主机以控制由各个进程或线程注入的数据量。IFCT逻辑块214可以包括IFCT,并且响应于控制包(如端点拥塞通知ACK和基于结构链路信用的流控制ACK)来执行各种流控制方法。OFCT逻辑块216可以包括存储OFCT的存储器单元,并且与另一个交换机的IFCT逻辑块通信以在包被转发到下一跳交换机时更新包的流ID。
在一个实施例中,交换机202是可以提供64个网络端口的专用集成电路(ASIC),所述网络端口可以以100Gbps或200Gbps运行,从而实现12.8Tbps的聚合吞吐量。每个网络边缘端口可能能够支持IEEE 802.3以太网和基于优化IP的协议以及门户(Portal)(一种支持更高速率的小型消息的增强的帧格式)。以太网帧可以基于其L2地址进行桥接,也可以基于其L3(IPv4/IPv6)地址进行路由。优化的IP帧可以仅具有L3(IPv4/IPv6)报头,并进行路由。专用NIC支持可以用于门户增强帧格式,并可以直接映射到网络100的结构格式上,所述结构格式例如为当交换机/交换机芯片(如交换机102、104、106、108以及110)被连接并相互通信时,提供某些控制和状态字段以支持多芯片结构的结构格式。如上所述,基于流通道的拥塞控制机制可以由这种交换机使用,并且还可以实现较小包的高传输速率(例如,每个端口每秒超过12亿个包),以适应HPC应用的需求。
交换机202可以提供系统范围的服务质量(QoS)分类、以及控制如何将网络带宽分配给不同分类的流量和不同分类的应用的能力,其中,单个特权应用可以访问多于一个分类的流量。在存在网络带宽竞争的情况下,仲裁器会基于包的流量分类和该分类可用的信用来选择要转发的包。网络100可以支持每个流量分类的最小带宽和最大带宽。如果分类没有使用其最小带宽,其他分类可能会使用未使用的带宽,但没有分类可以得到超过其最大分配带宽的带宽。管理带宽的能力提供了将网络资源以及CPU和存储器带宽专用于特定应用的机会。
除了支持QoS分类之外,交换机202实现基于流通道的拥塞控制,并且可以将例如具有蜻蜓拓扑的网络中的网络跃点数从五个网络跃点减少到三个。下面更详细描述的交换机202的设计可以降低网络成本和功耗,并且可以进一步促进改进应用性能的创新的自适应路由算法的使用。由多个交换机(如多个交换机202)创建的结构也可以用于例如在构建用于与第三方网络和软件集成的存储子系统时构建胖树(Fat-Tree)网络。更进一步,交换机202的使用在保持有序包传送的同时实现了细粒度自适应路由。在一些实施例中,交换机202可以被配置为在完整的数据有效载荷到达之前将包的报头从输入端口发送到输出端口,从而允许输出端口负载指标反映未来负载,从而改进由交换机202做出的自适应路由决策。
交叉开关交换机210可以包括在输入端口与输出端口之间路由数据/数据元素的单独的、分布式的交叉开关。在一些实施例中,如图3A中所图示的,在输入端口220b与输出端口220c之间有五个分布式交叉开关,包括请求交叉开关210a、授权交叉开关210b、信用交叉开关210c、Ack交叉开关210de、以及数据交叉开关210d。
请求交叉开关210a用于将请求从输入发送到目标输出年龄队列。授权交叉开关210b用于将授权返回给满足请求的输入。特别地,授权交叉开关210b返回指示包在输入缓冲区内的位置的指针。应当注意,当相对应的包的输出中有空间时,将返回授权。授权交叉开关201b还可以可选地在输出中返回所请求的空间的信用。应当注意,当在输出(例如,输出端口220c)处有包的着陆点时返回授权,因此包不能被阻塞(尽管这些包可能面临资源的瞬时竞争)。
应当理解,根据各种实施例,可以使用信用协议来保证在输出处存在针对请求的着陆空间。因此,可以使用信用交叉开关210c在输出中返回所请求的空间的信用。
数据交叉开关210d用于将授权的包从输入缓冲区移动到目标输出缓冲区。Ack交叉开关210e用于将Ack包从输出端口220c传播到输入端口220b。根据保持在输出流通道表中的状态来操纵Ack。
应当理解,数据交叉开关210d移动具有报头和数据两者的多时钟包,而其他四个交叉开关(请求交叉开关210a、授权交叉开关210b、信用交叉开关210c、以及Ack交叉开关210e)仅移动单时钟包报头。所有五个交叉开关都使用相同的架构,其中,行总线和列总线位于具有32个双端口瓦片(tile)的8x4矩阵内(如下所述)。
返回参考图2,交换机202可以具有多个发射/接收端口,例如,端口220。所述多个端口可以被构造成瓦片矩阵。图3B图示了这种瓦片矩阵300的示例。在一个实施例中,瓦片矩阵300包括32个瓦片,每个瓦片包括两个端口,所述两个端口用于实施端口之间的交叉开关交换,以及用于提供以下项:交换机202的核心与外部高速串行信号之间的用于驱动信号离开交换机202的串行器/解串器(SERDES)接口;到物理编码子层(PCS)的媒体访问控制(MAC)子层接口;SERDES与以太网MAC功能之间的PCS接口;链路级重试(LLR)功能,所述LLR功能以逐包的方式进行操作,并使用有序集来传送初始化序列、Ack、以及Nack;以及用于在不同帧结构格式之间进行转换的入口变换块。每个瓦片包含交叉开关交换机,诸如用于交叉开关(210a-201e)中的每一个的交叉开关交换机210。如将在下文更详细地讨论的,交换机结构中的路由可以由在交换机202中实施的结构路由功能(FRF)控制,其中,FRF部件的单独实例(图4A、图4B)可以在交换机202的每个端口的输入逻辑内实施。如上所述,每个端口包括FRF部件的实例,但是为了便于参考/图示清楚,仅标记了两个示例FRF实例(400a、400b)。
每个交叉开关交换机210具有十六个输入端口220b(其行中的每个端口一个输入端口)以及八个输出端口220c(其列中的每个端口一个输出端口)。行总线可以从行中的每个源驱动到该行中的所有八个交叉开关(一对所有)。仲裁可以在从该行的十六个行总线到给定列中的八个列总线的交叉开关处执行。可以在每个行总线的每个16x8交叉开关处提供缓冲,以便在竞争列总线期间吸收包。在一些实施例中,除非目标交叉开关的输入缓冲区中存在用于整个包的余地,否则将非巨型包保持在行总线之外。由于面积限制,即使没有足够的空间(交叉开关的输入缓冲区的大小被设置成仅用于接收非巨型包),也允许巨型包通过,其中,行总线被阻塞,直到所述包赢得仲裁并在其移动到列总线上时释放空间为止。
列总线从给定的交叉开关驱动到列内的每个目的地端口(所有对所有)。每个目的地可以在来自四行的列总线之间具有另一个级别的仲裁。十六个行总线驱动八个交叉开关,每个交叉开关馈送八个列总线,行与列之间有4倍的加速。每行具有相同的连接,即,行总线中所示的单行的一对所有行总线连接。每个瓦片取决于交叉开关将具有每瓦片一个(请求、授权、信用)或两个(数据、ack)时钟延迟。这在最左边的列与最右边的列之间提供了最大七个或十四个时钟延迟。通过信用交叉开关210c路由的信用返回可以具有每瓦片一个时钟延迟,并且因此,可以占用最大七个时钟来完成传输。
应当注意,每列可以具有相同的连接,即,单列的所有对所有列总线连接,并且可以有每瓦片两个时钟延迟,导致得到从顶行到底行的六个时钟延迟。还应该理解,行总线和列总线两者都使用上述基于信用的协议来确定这些行总线和列总线何时能够进行发送。在行总线的情况下,源端口维护该行内交叉开关的输入缓冲区的信用计数。对于数据交叉开关,需要注意确定何时允许包进入行总线。如果针对特定交叉开关的输入缓冲区的授权全部通过单个队列,则在开始包传送之前需要用于在队列头部的包的空间。如果授权分布在多个队列中,为了防止小包把大包锁在外面,除非缓冲区中存在用于整个最大大小的包的空间,否则不会开始包传送。以这种方式,一旦行总线上的包传送开始,其就不会停止,直到整个包传送完毕为止。因此,交叉开关的输入缓冲区被配置为足够大以处置最大包大小,并具有附加空间以覆盖最坏情况的往返(包发送到信用返回(credit return))。对于巨型包将不是这种情况。为了节省缓冲区域,交叉开关的输入缓冲区的深度仅足以处理非巨型大小的MTU(1500个字节),其中,在等待获得对目标列总线的访问权限时允许巨型包阻塞行总线。
对于列总线,每个交叉开关维护该列中每个目的地端口处的输入缓冲区的信用计数。与行总线不同,在列总线上开始传送该包之前,不要求信用可用于最大大小的包。当信用变得可用时,将移动包的各个字。因此,每个列总线的目的地处的输入缓冲区只需大到足以覆盖最坏情况的往返(包到信用)。
图3C更详细地图示了由瓦片1处置的两个端口(例如,端口0和1)、以及每瓦片的交叉开关包括一组行总线和列通道的交叉开关交换机210的示例实施方式。以这种方式,每个端口都有其自己的行总线,跨其行通信,并且每个瓦片都有前述16x8交叉开关(用于进行拐角转弯)以及一组八个列通道(最多可提供给包含在该列中的八个端口)。换句话说,每个交叉开关交换机210具有十六个行总线输入缓冲区和八个可能的目的地。例如,对于从例如输入端口17行进到输出端口52的数据,数据从输入端口17沿着行总线被路由,经过进行16到8仲裁的本地交叉开关,并且然后向上经过列通道到输出端口52。在通过所有分布式交叉开关集的总路由方面,内部带宽是外部带宽的四倍,从而导致在通过交换机202路由几乎任何任意流量排列时能够跟上入口。
可以在每个目的地的十六个源之间使用公平的轮询(round-robin)仲裁。对于数据交叉开关210d,一旦源赢得仲裁,所述源就保持对目的地列总线的控制,直到整个包已被发送为止。每个输出都授权有限数量的包有效载荷,因此预期当涉及更大的包时对给定列总线的竞争应该是相当有限的。因此,即使请求者之间的包大小可能存在较大差异,预期轮询仲裁也是足够的。
与输出功能相关联的交换机202的部分通常对交换机结构格式内的帧进行操作,并且具有结构报头(例如,甚至对于到达并靠在单个交换机202内的以太网端口上的帧)。
年龄(age)队列输出控制负责经由请求交叉开关210a接受来自所有输入端口(例如,输入端口220b)的请求、缓冲请求,使用流量整形器按流量分类在这些请求之间进行仲裁,并将请求传递给将经由授权交叉开关210b授权的OFCT 216。管理年龄队列缓冲以允许每个输入具有足够的空间来流动,同时还允许具有针对给定输出的多个流的输入占用更多空间。特别地,年龄队列空间由输出控制管理。年龄队列/输出控制还可以负责管理对链路的访问,要么对连接的输入缓冲区使用基于信用的流控制,要么对非结构链路使用基于暂停的流控制。当包被年龄队列释放时,它被提交以放到链路上。另外,年龄队列具有允许针对给定端口上的资源对在给定端口(例如,输入端口220b之一)上发起的包(诸如维护或归约包)进行仲裁的路径。
请求从矩阵30的每一行经由列总线进入输出控制块。每个列总线馈送独立的FIFO(例如,先进先出移位寄存器或缓冲区),其中,FIFO中的空间通过信用进行管理。FIFO的大小(深度为24)可以设置为覆盖往返加额外的空间,以允许将请求移出交叉开关210a-210e并防止队头阻塞。在写入FIFO之前,可以检查请求的有效纠错码(ECC)。如果ECC检查的目的地字段中具有多比特错误(MBE)或单比特错误(SBE)(即,所述请求已路由到错误的端口),则认为所述请求是无效请求,并被丢弃,其中,标记了错误。
可以在列总线FIFO之间执行最近最少使用(LRU)仲裁,以选择将哪个FIFO转发到年龄队列管理。当请求从每个FIFO中移除时,信用将返回到对应的交叉开关。传入列总线对应的行可以取决于瓦片在矩阵中的位置以及块位于瓦片的哪一半。
输出缓冲区(OBUF)向输出控制块发出请求,以在链路上发送归约和维护包。这些请求可以被赋予最高优先级。具有8个位置的FIFO可以用于在这些归约/维护包请求等待资源时对其进行缓冲。归约包不需要使用流通道,并且维护包可以使用环回来创建流,使得不需要检查流通道可用性或流经OFCT来创建授权。归约和维护包也不需要使用输出缓冲区中的任何空间,使得不需要检查空间。相反,可以执行对链路伙伴输入缓冲区的检查。如果允许,则可以授权整形队列(SQ)或虚拟通道(VC),从而阻止在该周期期间授予来自年龄队列路径的任何授权。
对照max_frame_size检查要从输出缓冲区处理的下一个请求的大小。如果该请求超过此设置,则不处理请求并设置错误标志。这将导致输出缓冲区请求路径被阻塞,直到执行热复位位置。错误标志将保持设置直到复位完成。也可以通过将max_frame_size设置增加到卡住输出缓冲区请求的大小以上的值来解除条件。比较中使用的大小可以是输出缓冲区请求中指示的大小(其可以包括线路上使用的4字节帧校验和(FCS))。
每个输入可以被赋予年龄队列空间的相同的固定分配。此年龄队列空间足够大,从而为每个SQ/VC保留位置,并有足够的额外空间来覆盖请求/信用往返。管理它在其SQ/VC上被赋予的空间取决于输入。该分配(fixed_al/oc)可经由每个输入队列(INQ)中的控制和状态寄存器(CSR)进行编程,并且可以在例如64至96个位置的范围内。剩余的年龄队列空间(8K-64*fixed_al/oc)可以是所有输入可用的共享空间。共享空间可以由输出管理,如果共享空间中有余地,它会在传入请求到达时将其从静态空间移动到共享空间,但受每个输入的限制。当将请求移动到共享空间时,(例如,立即)经由信用交叉开关210c返回信用,并在年龄队列中将所述请求标记为处于共享空间中。
当请求被授权时,如果所述请求被标记为使用共享空间,则共享空间被记入信用。如果所述请求没有被标记为使用共享空间,则认为所述请求已经使用了静态空间,并且将信用与授权一起返回给输入。
由于信用交叉开关210c中的冲突,可能无法在每个时钟周期都发送信用。因此,FIFO为这些瞬态中断提供了缓冲。在从请求交叉开关获取请求之前,需要此FIFO中的空间。可以使用深度为32个位置的FIFO来限制它备份到请求交叉开关210a中的机会。共享空间对于任何输入(来自输入端口220b)可以占用多少空间可能具有限制。这些限制可以设置为可用空间的百分比。例如,如果限制被设置为50%,如果一个输入端口是活动的,则所述输入端口可以访问50%的缓冲区空间;如果是两个活动的输入端口,每个输入端口得到37.5%((space_used_by_l+space_left*.5)/2=(50%+50%*.5)/2);如果是三个活动输入端口,每个输入端口得到29.2%((space_used_by_2+space_left*.5)/3=(75%+25%*.5)/3),等等。另外,活动的输入端口使用的总空间可以限制为给定的总数(50%、75%、87.5%)。因此,分配给每个输入端口220b的空间可以根据当前活动的输入端口的数量而动态变化。添加活动的输入端口会导致其他活动的输入端口放弃它们的空间,然后新的输入会占用这些空间。
考虑到划分在硬件中不容易完成,上述年龄队列信用管理功能可以实施为具有64个条目的查找表。年龄队列中当前活动的输入的数量对查找表进行索引。查找表中的值反映了对任何输入可以占用的共享空间位置数量以及它们整体可以消耗的总空间的限制。因此,由软件根据共有多少共享空间以及每个输入端口允许占用的百分比来对查找表中的值进行编程。随着更多的输入端口220b变为活动的,每个输入端口220b被允许的空间越来越少,并且可用的总空间会增加。不允许来自输入端口220b的在此限制以上或总量超过总空间限制的传入请求占用更多共享空间。为了跟踪年龄队列中活动的输入端口220b的数量,使用了一组64个计数器(每个输入端口一个计数器)。当请求被放入年龄队列中时,这些计数器会向上计数,并在其被取出(即,被授权)时向下计数。非零计数的数量的计数用作查找表的索引。另外,为了管理共享空间,可以使用附加的一组64个计数器来跟踪每个输入对共享空间的当前使用情况。也可以存在可以用于跟踪整体的共享空间使用情况的单个计数器。将这些计数器与当前配额进行比较,以确定是否允许请求使用共享空间。计数器可以是例如13位宽,以提供对可能略小于8K的对象的最大值的足够覆盖。
年龄队列可以使用其中具有8K个位置的单个存储RAM 321。这些位置可以动态地分配给32个单独的队列(每个SQ/VC一个队列),其中,每个位置由存储RAM 321内的位置链表组成。这使每个SQ/VC能够根据需要占用更多空间。
可以使用指向队列前面的前端指针和指向队列中下一项的每个位置的下一个指针来创建年龄队列。队列中的最后一个位置可以由后向指针指示。项从队列的前面取出并插入到队列的后面。除了上述数据结构之外,每个队列在其头部都有条目的FIFO。这些FIFO可以确保队列可以在来自请求RAM的多时钟读取访问时间的情况下在每个时钟维持请求。当新请求到达时,如果该队列的头部FIFO未满,则所述请求可以旁路请求RAM直接写入头部FIFO。一旦针对给定年龄队列的请求被写入请求RAM,后续请求也被写入请求RAM以保持顺序。一旦请求RAM中不再有针对该年龄队列的请求并且头部FIFO有余地,就可以再次使用旁路路径。当从头部FIFO读取请求,并且存在在请求RAM中排队的对应请求时,就发起出队。一次可以读取一个头部FIFO 328,使得可以在每个时钟周期发起单个出队操作。可以包括逻辑来处置正在进行或即将进行的入队操作与头部FIFO被读取之间的各种竞争条件。
上述用于年龄队列RAM的ECC保护可以扩展到FIFO 328以保护数据路径触发器。得到的结构可以包括8K个触发器(32个队列x深度5 x SQ位宽)。在生成ECC时,可以将年龄队列编号包括在计算中(但不存储),作为空闲列表管理的额外检查。当检查ECC时,如果队列号比特中有MBE或SBE,则可以认为请求出错。
空闲列表RAM可以是简单的FIFO,每当执行复位时,所述空闲列表RAM都会使用指向所有8K个条目的指针进行初始化。可以维护计数以跟踪在空闲列表内有多少条目是有效的。当取出条目时,条目会从FIFO的前面弹出并使用。当返回条目时,条目被推送到FIFO的后面。空闲列表头部的某个数量的条目(例如,三个条目)可以保持在触发器中,以便这些条目可以被快速访问。与采用用于年龄队列的头部FIFO一样,ECC通过触发器携带以提供保护。得到的结构可以具有最少的触发器(57=深度3x 19位宽)。
为了支持小包的全部性能,年龄队列支持每个时钟周期的入队和出队。针对入队操作的数据结构上的操作在下面讨论,并且可以取决于正在写入的队列是否为空而有所不同。
在某些情况下,由于使用和更新不同的字段,可以轻松处置针对特定队列的同时入队和出队。可能会出现某些特殊场景,例如,当出队操作清空年龄队列时。为了处置这种场景,逻辑上首先发生出队,然后是入队操作。因此,空标志被视为当队列被出队操作清空时被设置,并且然后由于入队操作而被清除。
可以在受制于输入缓冲区管理、输出缓冲区管理和流通道配额而允许被授权的请求之间执行上述仲裁。如果OFCT输入FIFO没有信用,也可以暂停仲裁。在一些实施例中,仲裁可以分两级执行。首先,流量整形仲裁可以用于在SQ之间进行仲裁。赤字轮询仲裁可以用于在给定SQ内的VC之间进行仲裁。流量整形仲裁可以使用如下的一系列令牌桶来控制每个SQ的带宽:八个叶桶,每个SQ一个叶桶;四个分支桶;以及单个头桶。
仲裁可以划分为三个分组,第一分组具有最高优先级,其次是第二分组,然后是第三分组。对于第一分组和第二分组,可以在有资格的SQ之间以相同的方式处置仲裁。对于八个优先级中的每一个,可以在SQ之间执行x8轮询仲裁(八个并行轮询仲裁)。可以在优先级之间执行固定仲裁。例如,分组3仲裁没有优先级,并且因此只是单个x8轮询仲裁。
对于第一分组中的仲裁,每个仲裁的优先级来自叶桶中的设置。对于第二分组中的仲裁,优先级来自叶桶分支中的设置。在所有情况下,如果该请求赢得仲裁,则被检查为符合该分组的资格的桶也是从中获得包大小令牌的桶。
关于年龄队列选择,可以对包进行分类,以选择其请求将被转发到的SQ。这允许与应用相关联的流量与源自不同应用或不同流量分类的流量不同地整形。这在连接到NIC的边缘端口上可以是有用的,因为应用将被配置为使用节点上的资源共享,并且类似地将被授权一定比例的网络带宽。根据一个实施例,该分类是通过在包进入到结构时将包分类为流量分类标识符(FTAG)(例如,作为结构帧报头的一部分的4位代码)和VLAN ID(VNI)来执行。然后可以在包离开结构时使用FTAG和VNI来选择整形队列。
可以使用配置寄存器来将FTAG映射到SQ。此配置与入队列(in queue)中的对应的配置相匹配。当输出缓冲区请求或返回链路伙伴信用时,它会将给定的FTAG转换为SQ。对于包注入,FTAG位于R_TF-OBUF_CFG_PFG_TX_CTRL中。对于测试生成,FTAG位于测试控制寄存器中。当归约引擎(RED)请求信用返回时,FTAG位于ret_cdtJtag中。当从输出流中移除归约帧并且需要返回链路伙伴信用时,FTAG位于帧报头中。
关于本文讨论的SQ,每个年龄队列可以有由{SQ,VC}寻址的32个SQ。3位SQ可以被认为是整形函数,并且VC选择该整形函数内的四个队列之一。对于以太网出口(边缘)端口,不需要VC来避免死锁。因此,所有32个SQ都可用。在这种场景下,可以通过将来自R_TF_OBUF_CFG_FTAG_SQ_MAP的SQ基添加到VNI的较低位来选择SQ330。5位总和定义了要发送到年龄队列的{SQ,VC}。应当注意,当在出口端口注入帧时,VNI不可用,并且因此可以直接使用SQ基。对于结构链路,SQ取自SQ基的较高三位。VC可以在返回归约帧的信用时从帧报头中获取、或者在注入帧时从适当的控制CSR(R_TF_OBUF_CFG_TEST_CTRL或R_TF_OBUF_CFG_PFG_TX_CTRL)中获取。
链路伙伴输入缓冲区管理可以取决于链路所附接的设备的类型。诸如交换机202等设备可以使用基于信用的流控制,其中,每个信用表示输入缓冲区中的存储单元。其他设备可以使用基于标准的以太网暂停或基于优先级暂停的流控制。标记为在本地终止(lacterm组)的请求不需要考虑链路伙伴输入缓冲区流控制,并且不需要更新任何相关联的计数器。当链路处于排空状态时,不需要考虑链路伙伴空间。
对于基于信用的流控制,链路伙伴输入缓冲区可以分为八个缓冲区分类。每个SQ都可以被指派给这8个缓冲区分类之一。为每个缓冲区分类维护信用,其中,每个信用表示链路伙伴输入缓冲区中的32个字节的存储。为了允许基于信用的流控制与各种设备(交换机、增强型NIC)一起工作,每个设备可以具有不同的单元大小,单元大小是以32个字节为单位的可编程值。
可以有两个VC集,其中,每个SQ被指派给其中一个集。可以为每个VC保留最大帧大小的有用空间,并且每个VC集可以具有不同的最大帧大小。链路伙伴输入缓冲区的其余部分是任何SQ/VC均可使用的共享的动态空间,但受每个VC和缓冲区分类限制。
伴随请求的大小表示线路上的包的大小,其中包括4字节的FCS。在将包写入链路伙伴输入缓冲区之前,这会在链路伙伴处转换为内部2字节的FCS,因此信用需要考虑此差异,这可能是单元大小边界处所涉及的一个因素。例如,对于96字节的单元,97或98的大小将占用单个单元。为了知道何时发生这种情况,请求包括校正项,所述校正项计算如下:req.len_correct=(byte_len%16)==1或2。
需要进一步验证此项以将其转换为任何可能的单元大小边界。当长度刚好超过单元大小时该项才有效。在这种情况下,经验证的fen_correct项可以通过以下来确定:len_correct=(((16字节大小)%(2*32字节单元大小))==1)&req.len_correct
下表说明了这些值如何适用于少数单元和包大小的示例:
长度校正计算
伴随请求的大小使用8字节为单位,并且链路伙伴输入缓冲区单元大小是32字节的倍数(32*y,其中,y=来自CSR的单元大小)。首先,将8字节大小转换为16字节大小(ROUNDUP((8字节大小)/2))。而且,将单元大小转换为以16字节为单位(2*y)。数学上,请求将使用的单元的数量可以通过以下来计算:ROUNDDN(((16字节大小)+2*y-1-len_correct)/(2*y))=#个单元
虽然在硬件中可以进行划分运算,但由于时序原因,无法在仲裁的关键路径中完成划分运算。代替地,使用替代的信用管理。即,信用以32字节为单位进行维护。当请求赢得仲裁时,使用以下计算来根据最大误差项(2*y-1)调整占用的信用数:ROUNDDN(((16字节大小)+2*y-1)/2)=需要最大32字节的信用。因为此计算高估了包所需的信用,因此在接下来的时钟上,可以执行模运算(×=(16宁节大小)MOD 2*y,y=来自CSR的32字节单元大小)来确定实际余数。此值与len_correct项一起用于调整信用计数器。用于为X创建调整值(adf_val)的公式是:如果(×==0),则adj_val=y-1,否则如果(X==1和fen_correct),则adj_val=y,否则,adj_val=ROUNDDN((X-1)/2)
下表说明了96字节单元的请求信用示例,所述示例示出了交换机输入缓冲区的96字节单元(y=3)在若干包长度中使用的值。
96字节单元的请求信用示例
如果请求在转发到链路伙伴输入缓冲区之前被过滤,则输出缓冲区逻辑返回SQ和VC,以便SQ和VC可以用于将信用返回到适当的信用计数器。不需要大小,因为包大小始终相同,即归约帧的长度(69字节或16字节大小=5)。
链路的本地(主)侧维护从两个集上的每个VC发送的包数量(共8个)的计数、发送到每个VC的包数量(4个)的计数(以32字节为单位),以及为每个缓冲区分类发送的包数量(8个)的计数(以32字节为单位)。链路的链路伙伴(从)侧维护相同的一组计数,并定期在链路上发送这些计数。主从计数之间的差异是来自两个集上的每个VC的链路伙伴输入缓冲区中的包数量的计数以及每个VC和每个缓冲区分类当前占用的空间量的计数(以32字节为单位)。还维护所有包使用的空间总量的计数。计数器的总结如下:master_vcx_cnt[4]/slave_vcx_cnt[4]——发送到集X中的每个VC的包数量的主从计数;master_vcy_cnt[4]/slave_vcy_cnt[4]——发送到集Y中的每个VC的包数量的主从计数;master_bc_cnt[8]/slave_bc_cnt[8]——每个缓冲区分类占用的空间量的主从计数,以32字节为单位;master_vc_cnt[4]/slave_vc_cnt[4]——每个VC占用的空间量的主从计数,以32字节为单位;master-tot-cnt/slave-tot-cnt——占用的空间总量的主从计数,以32字节为单位。
热复位时所有计数器都设置为零。当链路处于排空状态或设置DBG_RESET CSR位以清除计数器的状态时,计数器也被强制为零。输出缓冲区过滤器将归约包引导至到链路伙伴输入缓冲区的路径以外的位置。在这种情况下,信号可以与包的SQ和VC一起返回。同样,由于这些包的大小是固定的,因此不需要长度。此信息用于调整适当的主信用计数。
如果请求的VC计数为0(表明其一个静态指派的时隙可用)或动态空间中存在最大大小帧的空间(受目标缓冲区分类和VC限制),则允许所述请求参与仲裁。最大帧大小可以有单个可编程值,用于所有VC和SQ。输入缓冲区空间的请求校验可以使用基于信用的流控制来解决。
基于信用的流控制可以用于通过两种方式划分动态空间,每种方式彼此独立:首先,基于对四个VC中的每一个可以占用多少动态空间的限制;以及其次,基于对八个缓冲区分类中的每一个可以占用多少动态空间的限制。在这两种情况下,限制都设置为可用空间的百分比。对于给定的包,应在其目标VC和缓冲区分类两者中提供可用空间。例如,如果每个空间的限制设置为50%,如果一个空间是活动的,它可以访问50%的缓冲区空间,如果有两个活动的,每个空间获得37.5%((50+50*.5)/2),如果有三个活动的,每个空间得到29.2%((75+25*.5)/3),等等。而且,这些活动的空间使用的总空间可以限制为给定的总数(50%、75%、87.5%)。因此,分配给每一者的空间根据当前活动的数量而动态变化。当另外一个空间变为活动的时,其导致其他活动的空间放弃它们的空间中的某些空间,然后由新的一个空间占用这些空间。
如上面讨论的划分功能一样,此功能被实施为查找表。对于此示例中的VC空间,存在16个条目,其中,每个条目指定每个VC可用的空间以及所有VC可用的总空间。对于缓冲区分类,可以存在256个条目,其中,每个条目指定每个缓冲区分类可用的空间以及所有缓冲区分类可用的总空间。用于每一者的空间都以2048字节为单位表示。每个表的深度足以覆盖活动成员(VC或缓冲区分类)的所有组合,其中,每个组合都能够对这些组合的百分比进行独立设置。在这种情况下,由软件按照共有多少动态空间以及允许每个空间在所有可能组合中所占的百分比来对表中的值进行编程。随着更多成员变为活动的,每个成员被允许的空间越来越少,并且可用的总空间会增加。对在此限制以上或总量在总限制以上的空间的请求不允许占用更多动态空间。
如果VC或缓冲区分类在年龄队列中有请求或者如果VC或缓冲区分类有链路伙伴输入缓冲区空间的未完成信用,则认为所述VC或缓冲区分类是活动的。作为示例,考虑仅有4个空间(16个条目的表),百分比设置为SPACE0(50%)、SPACE1(40%)、SPACE2(30%)、SPACE3(10%),并且总动态空间为16KB。这将产生以下缓冲区空间示例表中给出的16字节为单位的值。
缓冲区空间示例
索引 | SPACE3 | SPACE2 | SPACE1 | SPACE0 | 总计 |
0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 512 | 512 |
2 | N/A | N/A | 410 | N/A | 410 |
3 | N/A | N/A | 319 | 398 | 717 |
4 | N/A | 307 | N/A | N/A | 307 |
5 | N/A | 250 | N/A | 416 | 666 |
6 | N/A | 255 | 339 | N/A | 594 |
7 | N/A | 202 | 270 | 337 | 809 |
8 | 102 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 102 |
9 | 94 | N/A | N/A | 469 | 563 |
10 | 94 | N/A | 377 | N/A | 471 |
11 | 75 | N/A | 299 | 374 | 748 |
12 | 95 | 284 | N/A | N/A | 379 |
13 | 78 | 234 | N/A | 389 | 701 |
14 | 80 | 239 | 319 | N/A | 638 |
15 | 79 | 236 | 315 | 394 | 1024 |
作为示例,索引7的行中的值计算如下:总计%=0.5+(1-0.5)*0.4+(1-0.5-(1-0.5)*0.4)*0.3=0.79;SPACE0=(0.5/(0.5+0.4+0.3))*0.79*1024=337;SPACE1=(0.4/(0.5+0.4+0.3))*0.79*1024=270;SPACE2=(0.3/(0.5+0.4+0.3))*0.79*1024=202;总计=337+270+202=809
如上所述,并返回参考图2,诸如交换机202等交换机可以用于创建交换机结构,其中,交换机端口220可以被配置为作为边缘端口或结构端口操作。还如上所述,交换机202可以支持各种网络拓扑,包括但不限于例如蜻蜓和胖树拓扑。网络可以被认为包括一个或多个切片,每个切片都具有相同的整体拓扑,尽管切片在每个切片的填充方式方面可以不同。节点连接到每个切片上的一个或多个端口。当网络具有多个切片、并且节点连接到多于一个切片时,假设该节点连接在每个切片中的相同位置。
交换机结构中的路由可以由在交换机202中实施的结构路由功能(FRF)来控制。示例FRF部件500在图5A和图5B中图示。应当理解,FRF部件500的单独实例可以在交换机202的每个端口的输入逻辑内实施。FR部件500做出的路由决策可以应用于那些还不是已确立流的一部分的帧。应当注意,FTF部件500不一定知道特定帧是否与流相关联,而是为在输入端口处呈现的每个帧做出独立的转发决策。FRF部件500可以包括过滤器、表格、电路和/或逻辑(诸如选择电路/逻辑),以实现如本文所述的贯穿交换机结构的数据的路由。如所图示的,FRF部件500至少包括:最小端口选择部件502(其包括最小表部件502A)、各种端口过滤器(允许端口过滤器、操作端口过滤器、忙端口过滤器);优选端口鉴别部件502B;伪随机向下选择部件/逻辑502C;例外表504(包括例外清单表504A);包括全局故障表506A的操作端口部件506;以及路由算法表508。如图5B中所图示的,FRF部件500可以进一步包括:非最小端口选择部件510,其包括局部非最小选择部件510A和全局非最小选择部件510B;以及输出逻辑部件512(其是交换机的输出控制块的一部分),其包括自适应选择部件或逻辑512A,所述自适应选择部件或逻辑进而包括偏置部件514,该偏置部件包括偏置表514A。FRF部件500包括其他部件,并且在本文中被描述。
特别地,FRF部件500使用优选端口鉴别器502B来确定优选端口以基于以下来转发在输入端口处呈现的每个帧:所接收的帧的目的地结构地址(DFA);帧的当前路由状态(帧在其路径上的位置、以及到达其当前路由状态所取的(多个)路径);交换机结构路由算法和配置;以及与使用忙端口过滤器的输出端口(帧将被转发到的上述优选端口)相关联的负载指标。
FRF部件500可以包括路由算法表508,该路由算法表可以体现为基于帧的当前路由状态确定有效选择的软件可配置表。有效的选择是诸如是否允许为帧的下一跳选择局部最小、全局最小、局部非最小、或全局非最小路径等决策。路由状态包括信息,诸如在其上接收到帧的VC、以及帧是在源、目的地还是中间分组中。路由算法表508连同自适应选择功能或逻辑512A(如下所述)还确定要用于帧的下一跳的VC。
以使用单播DFA的帧路由为示例来描述。但是,应当注意,路由请求的DFA可以是单播或多播格式。单播格式可以包括9位全局ID字段(global_id)、5位交换机ID字段(switch_id)、以及6位端点ID字段(endpoint_id)。全局ID可以唯一标识网络内的分组。具体地,全局ID标识帧必须传送到的最终分组。交换机ID唯一标识全局ID标识的分组内的交换机。端点ID字段与全局ID以及交换机ID一起标识连接到网络结构的边缘以及帧将被传送到的端点。该字段映射到由全局ID和交换机ID标识的交换机上的一个端口或一组端口。
多播格式包括13位的多播ID字段(multicast_id)。该字段由FRF部件500映射到帧要转发到的当前交换机上的一组端口。
根据该信息,FRF部件500确定帧的更新的路由状态,然后在帧内携带该状态。例如,为了在蜻蜓拓扑中实现路由,可以从帧的VC中收集帧的当前状态(上面讨论的)。基于为交换机结构指定的算法交换机结构路由规则(这些规则的选择在下面描述),FRF部件500确定要用于帧的下一跳的特定VC以避免任何死锁。可以取决于帧在其路径上的位置(例如,帧是在其源分组中、在中间分组中、还是在其目的地分组中)来提供额外的路由状态信息。应当注意,FRF部件500使用允许端口过滤器、操作端口过滤器、忙端口过滤器等来执行端口过滤(下文更详细地描述)以确定帧将被转发到的优选端口当前是否有故障、忙、缺席等。
FRF部件500从交换机202接收与该FRF部件的输出端口相关联的负载测量值。FRF部件500的输入端口的负载信息也从相邻交换机接收。在一些实施例中,FRF部件500与交换机(例如,交换机202)内的所有其他FRF部件实例以及与交换机结构中的相邻交换机交换该FRF部件的输入端口和输出端口负载信息。以这种方式,交换机结构中的每个交换机的每个FRF部件实例都知道所有相邻交换机的汇总负载信息。
应当注意,FRF部件500可以支持帧多播。当接收到多播DFA时,FRF部件500确定与多播DFA相关联的帧应该被转发到的一组端口。可以通过访问将软件配置的多播结构地址映射到输出端口的查找表来确定该组端口。这避免了与重复多播帧副本相关联的问题。
逐流量分类路由
传统上,流量分类(TC)和服务质量(QoS)是用于通过基于网络资源分配和诸如流量优先级、带宽共享、或最大时延周期等的属性提供服务水平保证来保证可预测的运行时间并提高应用性能的机制。通常,这些机制与时延和带宽特性有关。如上所述,本文公开的逐流量分类路由技术影响时延和带宽之外的特性,包括以逐流量分类的方式进行的路由行为、应用数据流分离、以及拥塞控制。因此,所公开的技术能够实现对网络数据传输的独立、细粒度控制,除了更传统的以太网和TCP网络特性之外,还能够直接支持HPC应用、服务和工作流要求。
例如,TC目前确立在以太网空间中,但许多分类和行为最适合因特网或数据中心应用和流量模式。这些分类主要是通过影响网络硬件设备包队列、缓冲区和对它们的仲裁来实现的,以确定数据包如何从入口前进到出口。
所公开的技术支持已经确立的分类,同时专门关注HPC应用、HPC相关特性以及特定网络行为和工作流的HPC相关要求。为了更好地支持HPC应用和服务,已将机制内置到交换机中(如图1所示)以提供支持许多HPC工作流的特定功能。使用当前确立的流量分类之外的额外的流量分类,在网络结构中启用、配置以及调整此功能,以确定数据流和网络属性,诸如有序或无序数据传送、有损或无损传输、路由指令以及流量整形规则。多个独立的TC可以在相同的物理网络基础设施上同时运行,允许逐TC的路由和数据流属性与特定的应用和服务操作相关联。
除了基于网络数据流的分类之外,此新模型还支持特定于HPC应用的映射。可以通过多种方式对HPC应用内的进程间通信进行分类,包括但不限于:
·自动地,基于应用阶段,对数据输入和输出以及应用同步阻碍和归约进行分类。该分类形式不需要更改软件代码。
·通过HPC通信库支持(在MPI或LibFabrics中),根据应用内特定或普遍确立的调用约定对库调用进行分类。该分类形式需要将应用与支持这些新的HPC分类的库相关联。
·通过应用代码自身内的显式指令,提供最细粒度的分类控制。该分类需要修改应用自身,但提供最高级别的控制。
根据实施例,通过在从节点的网络接口到网络的出口上标记流内的包来识别应用的流量流并将其与特定的TC相关联。包报头中的字段携带代码点,它是指示一个或多个优选网络行为的位图。在网络分类期间,流量被分为若干分类,每个分类都以专门不同的方式处理,但受不同的路由、优先性、整形、以及调度规则的限制。
网络以类似于差分服务和优先性模型(分别称为差分服务代码点(DSCP)和优先性代码点(PCP))的方式实施网络流量分类、整形以及控制策略,其中,属于应用的数据流的包通过在包报头的保留字段中设置位来添加标签。这些代码点位由网络用于分类,以便从多个网络范围的、预定义的流量分类中选择实施特定行为的将代码点映射到网络的动作。使用该模型来支持已确立的以太网和TCP TC以及特定于HPC的分类。
在传统的系统中,标准的DSCP调用对应的标准行为,映射以一致的方式在整个网络上执行,从网络入口到出口。这些通用映射较差地限定了典型的HPC应用的专用行为。因而,所公开的技术使用HPC相关的TC来识别与低时延的事务性操作(诸如同步阻碍或归约)有关的流量流;其中有作为批量数据传送的一部分的流量;或与需要优先网络访问的特定应用或用户相关联的流量。
除了这些HPC应用流量分类之外,支持网络的结构还可以指定、配置、以及控制交换机ASIC中设计的许多性能差异化功能。自适应路由偏置、有序/乱序传送、以及有损或无损传送标记可以与特定的TC相关联。
现在参考图4,图示了根据所公开的实施例的被配置为对流量进行分类的交换机402的概念图。在该示例中,交换机402接收可以经由交换机结构在源与目的地之间传送的数据流量406。如所图示的,数据流量406可以作为包括多个数据包的流被交换机402接收。交换机402包括基于可以被编程到交换机402的逻辑中的定义的流量分类430来对数据流量406进行分类的功能。重要的是,交换机406采用的流量分类430适合于特别基于与HPC和HPC应用有关的特性来对流量进行分类。流量分类430可以以可以在融合网络上实现可预测、可重复以及可配置的性能的方式映射到特定的I/O模式。这些混合行为将有效地限定特定流量模式430的配置。可以选择多个HPC特性来管控定义的流量分类430。可以使用的HPC特性的示例包括但不限于:
·流量分类选择器(优先性/优先级)
·清道夫/随时
·尽力而为(best efforts)(默认)
·批量I/O
·阻碍/同步
·自适应路由/流旁路
·最大时延=<us>
·最小带宽=<%>I<Gbps>
·将注入速率限制为最大<%>
·加速传送
通常,流量分类430很好地映射到HPC应用的操作要求。另外,这些分类允许指定相关应用优先级的方式,从而区分时间或业务关键应用和其他作业。若干单独的分类可以被包括到交换机430采用的流量分类430中。在该示例中,各个流量分类被示出为包括:低时延类431;专用接入类432;批量数据类433;尽力而为类434;以及清道夫类435。然而,应当理解,所示的各个流量分类431-435是出于讨论的目的而不旨在是限制性的。因此,根据本文公开的实施例,如果认为合适,可以采用其他类型的HPC相关的流量分类。
低时延类431支持低时延、低抖动数据模式。低时延通常可以是由事务性数据交换、阻碍同步、以及总的操作引起的。指定的最大时延由低时延类431保证。低时延类431中的服务保证通常将需要伴随的带宽上限和包大小限制,以免在高优先级时消耗过多带宽。
专用接入类432提供了将以最高优先级操作的类别。例如,专用接入类432可以包括高带宽分配、最大保证时延以及最高调度和仲裁优先级。专用接入类432可以具有高于所有其他分类的绝对优先级。
批量数据类433可以主要用于I/O,并用于将持续数据传送与其他应用的进程间通信分开。
尽力而为类434可以作为默认的共享分类。尽力而为类434可以为在相同网络基础设施上同时执行的多个应用携带流量。即使尽力而为类434是共享的,网络容量和资源分配也在应用之间公平分发。
清道夫类435可以用于所期望的数据,但没有严格的传送要求。可以包括在清道夫类435中的流量示例的示例是监控数据,尤其是对于特定于应用的监测(诸如使用性能工具)。对于带外传输而言过于庞大的数据,也可以通过此方式来完成全局监测。使用清道夫类435确保了这种通信不会干扰进行“真实”工作(例如,高优先级)的通信。
通常,特定流量分类的每跳行为(PHB)定义了如何转发包或帧,并且可以通过重新分类包的代码点来在每个网络路由器处改变。逻辑上,由许多互连的交换机ASIC组成的完整的交换机结构可以被视为单个逻辑网络实体。这样,根据实施例的分类可以在网络结构入口处执行并且不改变地携带到网络结构出口。因此,执行流量分类的交换机402可以是进入到交换机结构的入口。
用于流量分类的特定于结构的标签
在进入结构时,交换机402可以接收包或帧,并解析该包。此后,报头的DSCP或以太网VLAN字段的PCP用作主要来源以生成特定于结构的标签(Ftag),所述标签指示指派给该包的流量分类。如果正在使用DSCP,则还定义了隐式DSCP到PCP的映射。随后,Ftag可以用作到交换机资源(诸如输入缓冲区空间分配和执行后续流量仲裁的流量整形队列)的直接或间接映射。报头的其他字段也可以用于影响最终的Ftag值。Ftag可以是4位的字段,其最终用于控制包穿过整个网络结构时的行为。如上所述,当帧从以太网端口进入结构时计算FTag值,然后在帧穿过网络结构时在结构报头中保持不变。
在示例中,随着Ftag在结构中前进,FTag的16个值可以映射到整形队列(SQ)的8个值上。SQ值在请求交叉开关上传递到输出端口中的年龄队列。整形函数控制在AGEQ中执行的仲裁。
在AGEQ中存在从SQ到缓冲区分类(BC)的后续映射。BC用于划分链路伙伴的输入缓冲区中的可用空间。此额外的映射允许对不需要太多带宽的低时延类的输入缓冲区进行某种聚合并且由此需要较小的缓冲区空间。
由于存在FTag到SQ的固定映射以及SQ到BC的后续的固定映射,因此存在直接从FTag到BC的隐式固定映射。管理软件要求确保这些映射对于所有活动的FTag、SQ以及BC而言在整个网络结构中完全一致。可以使FTag为非活动的,使得软件可以在忙的网络上重新组织这些映射,但这将是重量级的操作。
此FTag然后被添加到结构报头,因为包在它出来返回到另一个以太网链路之前由所述包通过的所有交换机的所有功能块处理。对于一些传输协议,可能需要从FTag返回到DSCP或从FTag返回到PCP的反向映射。在这种情况下,可以在最终交换机的EEG块中执行反向映射。在从结构出来时,如果网络结构边缘端口连接到支持门户或以太网的设备,则内部Ftag可以被转换回DSCP或PCP,从而端到端地保留入口代码点。
网络结构的转发行为(或PHB)可以由Ftag确定。Ftag可以用于实施多个QoS类别,支持可观察和不可观察的网络行为,最终目标是为一系列应用工作负载和流量提供可预测、可扩展、高性能的应用执行。可以基于Ftag的QoS类别以及Ftag指示的流量分类可以包括:
·结构路由
·流量分离
·流量整形
·拥塞管理
交换机结构中的路由可以由在交换机202中实施的结构路由功能(FRF)来控制。示例FRF部件500在图5A和图5B中图示。应当理解,FRF部件500的单独实例可以在交换机202的每个端口的输入逻辑内实施。FRF部件500做出的路由决策可以应用于那些还不是已确立流的一部分的帧。应当注意,FRF部件500不一定知道特定帧是否与流相关联,而是为在输入端口处呈现的每个帧做出独立的转发决策。FRF部件500可以包括过滤器、表格、电路和/或逻辑(诸如选择电路/逻辑),以实现如本文所述的贯穿交换机结构的数据的路由。如所图示的,FRF部件500至少包括:最小端口选择部件502(其包括最小表部件502A)、各种端口过滤器(允许端口过滤器、操作端口过滤器、忙端口过滤器);优选端口鉴别部件502B;伪随机向下选择部件/逻辑502C;例外表504(包括例外清单表504A);包括全局故障表506A的操作端口部件506;以及路由算法表508。如图5B中所图示的,FRF部件500可以进一步包括:非最小端口选择部件510,其包括局部非最小选择部件510A和全局非最小选择部件510B;以及输出逻辑部件512(其是交换机的输出控制块的一部分),其包括自适应选择部件或逻辑512A,所述自适应选择部件或逻辑进而包括偏置部件514,该偏置部件包括偏置表514A。FRF部件500包括其他部件,并且在本文中被描述。
特别地,FRF部件500使用优选端口鉴别器502B来确定优选端口以基于以下来转发在输入端口处呈现的每个帧:所接收的帧的目的地结构地址(DFA);帧的当前路由状态(帧在其路径上的位置、以及到达其当前路由状态所取的(多个)路径);交换机结构路由算法和配置;以及与使用忙端口过滤器的输出端口(帧将被转发到的上述优选端口)相关联的负载指标。
FRF部件500可以包括路由算法表508,该路由算法表可以体现为基于帧的当前路由状态确定有效选择的软件可配置表。有效的选择是诸如是否允许为帧的下一跳选择局部最小、全局最小、局部非最小、或全局非最小路径等决策。路由状态包括信息,诸如在其上接收到帧的VC、以及帧是在源、目的地还是中间分组中。路由算法表508连同自适应选择功能或逻辑512A(如下所述)还确定要用于帧的下一跳的VC。
以使用单播DFA的帧路由为示例来描述。但是,应当注意,路由请求的DFA可以是单播或多播格式。单播格式可以包括9位全局ID字段(global_id)、5位交换机ID字段(switch_id)、以及6位端点ID字段(endpoint_id)。全局ID可以唯一标识网络内的分组。具体地,全局ID标识帧必须传送到的最终分组。交换机ID唯一标识全局ID标识的分组内的交换机。端点ID字段与全局ID以及交换机ID一起标识连接到网络结构的边缘以及帧将被传送到的端点。该字段映射到由全局ID和交换机ID标识的交换机上的一个端口或一组端口。
多播格式包括13位的多播ID字段(multicast_id)。该字段由FRF部件500映射到帧要转发到的当前交换机上的一组端口。
根据该信息,FRF部件500确定帧的更新的路由状态,然后在帧内携带该状态。例如,为了在蜻蜓拓扑中实现路由,可以从帧的VC中收集帧的当前状态(上面讨论的)。基于为交换机结构指定的算法交换机结构路由规则(这些规则的选择在下面描述),FRF部件500确定要用于帧的下一跳的特定VC以避免任何死锁。可以取决于帧在其路径上的位置(例如,帧是在其源分组中、在中间分组中、还是在其目的地分组中)来提供额外的路由状态信息。应当注意,FRF部件500使用允许端口过滤器、操作端口过滤器、忙端口过滤器等来执行端口过滤(下文更详细地描述)以确定帧将被转发到的优选端口当前是否有故障、忙、缺席等。
FRF部件500从交换机202接收与该FRF部件的输出端口相关联的负载测量值。FRF部件500的输入端口的负载信息也从相邻交换机接收。在一些实施例中,FRF部件500与交换机(例如,交换机202)内的所有其他FRF部件实例以及与交换机结构中的相邻交换机交换该FRF部件的输入端口和输出端口负载信息。以这种方式,交换机结构中的每个交换机的每个FRF部件实例都知道所有相邻交换机的汇总负载信息。
应当注意,FRF部件500可以支持帧多播。当接收到多播DFA时,FRF部件500确定与多播DFA相关联的帧应该被转发到的一组端口。可以通过访问将软件配置的多播结构地址映射到输出端口的查找表来确定该组端口。这避免了与重复多播帧副本相关联的问题。
使用流量分类进行路由
现在参考图6,描绘了用于实施逐流量分类路由的示例过程600的流程图。过程600可以通过网络交换机(如图1中所示)来实施。因此,该过程被图示为存储在机器可读存储介质604中并且由计算部件605中的硬件处理器602执行的一系列可执行操作。软件处理器602执行过程600,从而实施本文公开的技术。
如贯穿全文所述,交换机提供系统范围的流量分类,并通过这些流量分类来提供逐流量分类的控制能力。逐流量分类的控制可以管控如何管理网络中的流量。例如,如何路由包和分配的带宽量可以直接基于所述包被指派的流量分类。作为示例,流量整形对流量分类进行操作。在存在网络带宽竞争的情况下,仲裁器会基于包的流量分类和该分类可用的信用来选择要转发的包。另外,网络支持每个流量分类的最小带宽和最大带宽。管理带宽的能力提供了将网络资源以及CPU和存储器带宽专用于应用的机会。
特别地,逐流量分类控制包括在做出路由决策时考虑包的流量分类的路由策略。
过程600开始于操作606,在所述操作中,可以在交换机结构入口端口处接收多个包。例如,作为各种HPC应用经由交换机结构与目的地通信的结果,数据流量可以进入网络。数据流量可以在入口端口处进入交换机结构,例如,作为由入口边缘交换机接收的多个包。不同的应用可以生成不同类型的数据,所述数据具有不同的特性。因此,在操作606中接收的所述多个包中的不同流(对应于不同类型的数据)可以具有属于若干单独的流量分类的字符。换句话说,数据流量可以包括具有不同流量分类的数据。
接下来,在操作608处,确定包(来自所述多个包)的流量分类。操作608可以涉及交换机解析包,并分析包报头中包括PCP(和/或DSCP)的字段。PCP可以指示生成包的应用,或指示与其网络行为有关的特性。在一些实施例中,PCP的值(例如,位)被映射到交换机定义和知道的某些流量分类。因此,基于包的报头中的PCP,交换机可以使用此映射来确定包的对应的流量分类。流量分类基于HPC相关的特性,并且可以包括:低时延类;专用类;批量数据类;尽力而为类;以及清道夫类。参考图4更详细地描述每个流量分类,并且为简洁起见不再赘述。因此,在操作608中将包指派给上述流量分类之一。尽管过程600描述了包被分类,但是应当理解的是,流量分类不限于以逐包的方式。替代性地,例如可以逐流执行流量分类。另外,在操作608中,可以使用不特定于HPC特性(诸如吞吐量、带宽分配(例如,特定于数据流的特性))的常规流量分类来将流量分类指派给包。
如前所述,入口边缘交换机可以执行分类,并在进入交换机结构时将流量分类指派给所述多个包(所述流量分类一直保持到出口点)。因此,不需要在该包在结构中遇到的每个交换机处执行操作608。在为包确定流量分类之后,过程600可以进行至操作610。
随后,在操作610处,可以基于所确定的流量分类为包生成特定于结构的标签。特定于结构的标签指示包已被指派的特定流量分类。如上面详细描述的,特定于结构的标签可以是Ftag。在某些情况下,生成Ftag涉及将PCP转换为Ftag值。因此,特定于结构的标签作为包中可在结构内识别的标记,并用于将包进一步分类为所述包的对应地指派的流量分类。换句话说,在网络结构内,包的流量分类由FTAG值标识。
此后,在操作612处,可以执行检查以确定包的任何路由指令是否取决于关于特定于结构的标签的流量类别。如关于图5A至图5B详细描述的,路由由交换机的FRF控制。因此,FRF及其结构(例如,路由表)可以确定任何路由策略、决策或指令是否取决于包的特定于结构的标签或流量分类。在路由基于流量分类的情况下,则过程移动到操作614并且基于包的流量分类来路由该包。
在操作614中,FRF可以确定对应于包的特定流量分类(如所述包的Ftag所指示的)的特定路由指令。作为示例,FTAG可以用作自适应路由中的偏置值。根据自适应路由,偏置值可以取决于应用所述偏置值的类型的路径(非优选最小、优选最小、以及非最小)、被路由的包的流量分类以及包在其路径上的位置而变化。例如,与其他流量分类中的包相比,低时延流量分类中的包可以更倾向于朝最小路径偏置。
一旦在先前的操作610中对包添加标签,就可以在交换机中实施多个逐流量分类的路由控制。在操作614中可以使用包的流量分类来进行:
·路由偏置设置。FRF支持多个不同的路由偏置,可以选择这些偏置来为特定流量模式提供最佳性能。
·流排序。
ο针对需要排序的协议的完全排序。
ο完全无序允许流量模式的近乎完美的负载均衡,应该从不导致拥塞。
ο排序不重要但流量模式可能导致拥塞的部分有序传送。在这种情况下,允许流量采用任何路线到达目的地,直到目的地开始报告拥塞为止。然后强制流量按顺序传送,这防止了帧的横向传播并防止了输入缓冲区空间的不受控制的使用。
·重定向控制。当沿其路线开始形成拥塞时,长的有序的包流可能开始缓慢前进。重定向将暂时使流停止,允许所述流采用新路径通过网络,并使所述流有机会找到通往目的地的相对更不拥塞的路径。
·静默控制。这可以由管理代理用来保证一组新的路由值将用于一个或多个FTag值。
·请求/响应配置。一些HPC协议是围绕请求和响应协议构建的。在某些情况下,服务器网络接口卡(NiC)内部可能存在依赖性,其中,接受来自网络的请求包取决于NIC将响应包注入回网络的能力。如果网络缓冲区资源完全耗尽,则网络从NIC接受新包的能力可能取决于网络能够将包放回另一个NIC。这是经典的死锁漏洞。可以将服务分类指派为请求或响应,并且这提供了将打破死锁敏感性的保证,因为接受响应包进入网络永远不会取决于来自网络的请求包的传送。
在一些实施例中,除了路由之外(或代替路由),操作614还可以基于流量分类来执行额外的操作,诸如:数据流分离、有序或无序数据传送、有损或无损传输、遥测收集以及流量整形规则。
返回参考操作612,如果确定没有逐流量分类定义的路由指令,则操作可以继续到操作616并基于交换机采用的其他路由策略来路由包。例如,可以基于不取决于包的流量分类的自适应路由技术来路由包。
图7描绘了可以在其中实施本文描述的各种实施例的示例计算机系统700的框图。计算机系统700包括总线702或用于传送信息的其他通信机制、与总线702耦接以处理信息的一个或多个硬件处理器704。(多个)硬件处理器704可以是例如一个或多个通用微处理器。
计算机系统700还包括耦接到总线702以用于存储要由处理器704执行的信息和指令的主存储器706,诸如随机访问存储器(RAM)、缓存和/或其他动态存储设备。主存储器706还可以用于存储在执行要由处理器704执行的指令期间的临时变量或其他中间信息。这种指令当存储在处理器704可访问的存储介质中时使计算机系统700成为被自定义为执行指令中指定的操作的专用机器。
计算机系统700进一步包括只读存储器(ROM)708或耦接到总线702以用于存储处理器704的静态信息和指令的其他静态存储设备。诸如磁盘、光盘或USB拇指驱动器(闪存驱动器)等存储设备710被提供并耦接到总线702,用于存储信息和指令。
计算机系统700可以经由总线702耦接到诸如液晶显示器(LCD)(或触摸屏)等显示器712上,以用于向计算机用户显示信息。包括字母数字键和其他键的输入设备714耦接到总线702,以用于将信息和命令选择传送到处理器704。另一种类型的用户输入设备是诸如鼠标、轨迹球或光标方向键等光标控制装置716,以用于将方向信息和命令选择传送到处理器804并用于控制在显示器712上的光标移动。在一些实施例中,与光标控制装置相同的方向信息和命令选择可以通过在没有光标的情况下接收触摸屏上的触摸来实施。
计算系统700可以包括用于实施GUI的用户界面模块,所述GUI可以作为由(多个)计算设备执行的可执行软件代码被存储在大容量存储设备中。通过举例的方式,此模块和其他模块可以包括部件(诸如软件部件、面向对象的软件部件、类部件和任务部件)、进程、函数、属性、过程、子例程、程序代码段、驱动程序、固件、微代码、电路、数据、数据库、数据结构、表格、数组和变量。
通常,如本文所使用的词语“部件”、“引擎”、“系统”、“数据库”、“数据存储”等可以是指在硬件或固件中实施的逻辑,或者是指以诸如例如Java、C或C++等编程语言编写的、可能具有入口点和出口点的软件指令集。软件部件可以被编译并链接到可执行程序,被安装在动态链接库中,或者可以用诸如例如BASIC、Perl、或Python等解释性编程语言编写。应当理解的是,软件部件可从其他部件或从其本身调用,和/或可以响应于检测到的事件或中断而被调用。被配置用于在计算设备上执行的软件部件可以被提供在计算机可读介质中,诸如致密盘、数字视频盘、闪存驱动器、磁盘、或任何其他有形介质,或者可以被提供作为数字下载(并且可以原始地以要求在执行之前安装、解压缩或解密的压缩格式或可安装格式来存储)。这种软件代码可以部分或全部地存储在执行计算设备的存储器设备上,以用于由计算设备执行。软件指令可以嵌入在诸如EPROM等固件中。将进一步理解的是,硬件部件可以包括诸如门和触发器等连接逻辑单元,和/或可以包括诸如可编程门阵列或处理器等可编程单元。
计算机系统700可以使用定制的硬接线逻辑、一个或多个ASIC或FPGA、固件和/或程序逻辑来实施本文所描述的技术,所述定制的硬接线逻辑、一个或多个ASIC或FPGA、固件和/或程序逻辑与计算机系统相结合使计算机系统700成为专用机器或者将其编程为专用机器。根据一个实施例,本文的技术由计算机系统700响应于(多个)处理器704执行主存储器706中包含的一个或多个指令的一个或多个序列而执行。这种指令可以从另一个存储介质(诸如存储设备710)读取到主存储器706中。主存储器706中包含的指令序列的执行使(多个)处理器704执行本文所描述的过程步骤。在替代实施例中,可以使用硬接线电路来代替软件指令或者与软件指令相结合。
如本文所使用的术语“非暂态介质(non-transitory media)”及类似术语是指存储使机器以特定方式操作的数据和/或指令的任何介质。这种非暂态介质可以包括非易失性介质和/或易失性介质。非易失性介质包括例如光盘或磁盘,诸如存储设备710。易失性介质包括动态存储器,诸如主存储器706。非暂态介质的常见形式例如包括软盘、软磁盘、硬盘、固态驱动器、磁带或者任何其他磁性数据存储介质、CD-ROM、任何其他光学数据存储介质、具有孔图案的任何物理介质、RAM、PROM和EPROM、闪速EPROM、NVRAM、任何其他存储器芯片或者盒、以及所述介质的联网版本。
非暂态介质不同于传输介质但可以与传输介质结合使用。传输介质参与非暂态介质之间的信息传送。例如,传输介质包括同轴电缆、铜线和光纤,包括包含总线702的导线。传输介质还可以采用声波或光波的形式,诸如在无线电波和红外数据通信期间生成的声波或光波。
计算机系统700还包括耦接到总线702的通信接口718。网络接口718提供耦接到一个或多个网络链路的双向数据通信,所述一个或多个网络链路连接到一个或多个本地网络。例如,通信接口718可以是综合业务数字网(ISDN)卡、电缆调制解调器、卫星调制解调器或调制解调器,以向对应类型的电话线提供数据通信连接。作为另一个示例,网络接口718可以是用于提供与兼容LAN(或用于与WAN进行通信的WAN部件)的数据通信连接的局域网(LAN)卡。还可以实施无线链路。在任何这种实施方式中,网络接口718发送和接收携带表示各种类型信息的数字数据流的电信号、电磁信号或光学信号。
网络链路通常通过一个或多个网络向其他数据设备提供数据通信。例如,网络链路可以提供通过本地网络到主计算机或到由因特网服务提供商(ISP)操作的数据设备的连接。ISP进而通过现在通常称为“因特网”的全球包数据通信网络来提供数据通信服务。本地网络和因特网两者都使用携带数字数据流的电信号、电磁信号或光学信号。通过各种网络的信号以及网络链路上和通过通信接口718的信号(其将数字数据携带到计算机系统700和从所述计算机系统携带数字数据)是传输介质的示例形式。
计算机系统700可以通过(多个)网络、网络链路和通信接口718发送消息和接收数据,包括程序代码。在因特网示例中,服务器可以通过因特网、ISP、本地网络和通信接口718来传输应用程序的请求代码。
所接收的代码可以在被接收到时由处理器704执行,和/或存储在存储设备710、或其他非易失性存储器中以供稍后执行。
在前面章节中所描述的每个过程、方法、和算法均可以在由包括计算机硬件的一个或多个计算机系统或计算机处理器所执行的代码部件中实施并由所述代码部件全部或部分地进行自动化。所述一个或多个计算机系统或计算机处理器还可以操作以支持“云计算”环境中相关操作的进行、或者操作作为“软件即服务”(SaaS)。所述过程和算法可以在专用电路中部分地或全部地实施。上文所描述的各种特征和过程可以彼此独立地使用,或者可以以各种方式进行组合。不同的组合和子组合旨在落入本公开的范围内,并且在一些实施方式中可以省略某些方法框或过程框。本文描述的方法和过程也不限于任何特定的顺序,并且与所述方法和过程相关的框或状态可以以适当的其他顺序进行、或者可以并行进行、或者以某种其他方式进行。可以向所公开的示例实施例中添加框或状态或从中移除框或状态。可以将某些操作或过程的进行分发到多个计算机系统或计算机处理器之中,使其不是仅驻留在单个机器内,而是跨多个机器部署。
如本文所使用的,电路可以利用任何形式的硬件、软件或其组合来实施。例如,可以实施一个或多个处理器、控制器、ASIC、PLA、PAL、CPLD、FPGA、逻辑部件、软件例程或其他机制以构成电路。在实施中,本文描述的各种电路可以被实施为分立电路,或者所描述的功能和特征可以在一个或多个电路之中部分地或全部地共享。即使可以分别地描述或主张各种特征或功能元件作为单独的电路,这些特征和功能也可以在一个或多个公共电路之间共享,并且这种描述不应要求或暗示需要单独的电路来实施这种特征或功能。在使用软件来全部或部分地实施电路的情况下,这样的软件可以被实施以与能够执行关于所述软件所描述的功能的计算系统或处理系统(诸如计算机系统700)一起操作。
如本文所使用的,术语“或”可以以包括性或排他性的意义来解释。而且,不应将对单数形式的资源、操作或结构的描述理解为排除复数。除非另外具体规定,或在如所使用的环境内以其他方式被理解,否则条件语言(除其他外,诸如“可(can)”、“可以(could)”、“可能(might)”、或“会(may)”)一般地旨在传达某些实施例包括(而其他实施例不包括)某些特征、元素和/或步骤。
除非另外明确说明,否则本文档中使用的术语和短语及其变体应被解释为开放式的而不是限制性的。形容词(诸如“常规(conventional)”、“传统(traditional)”、“正常(normal)”、“标准(standard)”、“已知(known)”和类似含义的术语)不应被解释为将所描述的项限制为给定时间段或在给定时间可用的项,而是应该被理解为包含可能现在或将来的任何时候都可用或已知的常规、传统、正常或标准技术。在某些实例中,宽泛词语和短语(诸如“一个或多个”、“至少”、“但不限于”或其他类似的短语)的存在不应被理解为是指在这样的宽泛短语可能不存在的情况下意图或要求更窄的情况。
Claims (15)
1.一种用于对流量数据进行分类的方法,所述方法包括:
在交换机结构的入口端口处接收多个包;
为所述多个包中的至少一个包确定流量类别,其中,所确定的流量类别选自与网络的特定于应用数据的特性有关的一组定义的流量分类;以及
为所述至少一个包生成指示所确定的流量类别的特定于结构的标志。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,确定所述流量类别包括:
解析所述至少一个包;
分析所述包的报头中的优先性代码点(PCP)或差分服务代码点(DSCP),其中,所述PCP指示与所述包相关联的应用或与所述包相关联的特定于应用数据的特性;以及
将所分析的PCP映射到该组定义的流量分类中的流量分类,以便确定所述流量类别。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所述应用是高性能计算(HPC)应用,并且所定义的流量分类与特定于HPC的特性有关。
4.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中,交换机结构的所述入口端口与入口边缘交换机相关联。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中,所述特定于结构的标签向所述交换机结构内的其他交换机标识所述至少一个包的所述流量类别。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中,所述特定于结构的标签是能够在所述交换机结构内用于基于所确定的流量类别来对所述至少一个包执行逐流量分类路由的FTAG值。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述特定于结构的标签是能够在所述交换机结构内用于基于所确定的流量类别来对所述至少一个包执行动作的FTAG值,所述动作包括以下中的至少一项:流量整形、数据流分离、有序数据传送或无序数据传送、有损传输或无损传输、以及拥塞管理。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中,该组定义的流量分类包括:低时延类、专用接入类、批量数据类、尽力而为类、以及清道夫类。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中,额外定义的流量分类与特定于数据传输的特性有关,所述特定于数据传输的特性包括吞吐量、带宽以及时延。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中,所定义的流量分类与路由、排序、重定向、静默、HPC协议配置以及遥测有关。
11.一种交换机,包括:
专用集成电路(ASIC),所述ASIC用于:
在所述交换机的入口端口处接收多个包;
为所述多个包中的每个包确定流量类别,其中,所确定的流量类别选自与网络的特定于应用数据的特性有关的一组定义的流量分类;
针对所述多个包中的每个包,为所述一个包生成指示所确定的流量类别的特定于结构的标志;
确定路由指令是否取决于所述交换机结构内的流量类别;以及
响应于确定路由指令取决于流量类别,使用相应的特定于结构的分类来为所述多个包执行基于每个分类的路由。
12.如权利要求11所述的交换机,具有所述ASIC以进一步用于:
对于所述多个包中的每个包,解析该包;
对于所述多个包中的每个包,分析该包的报头中的优先性代码点(PCP),其中,所述PCP指示与该包相关联的应用或与该包相关联的特定于应用数据的特性;以及
对于所述多个包中的每个包,将所分析的PCP映射到该组定义的流量分类中的流量分类,以便确定所述流量类别。
13.如权利要求12所述的交换机,其中,所述应用是高性能计算(HPC)应用,并且所定义的流量分类与特定于HPC的特性有关。
14.如权利要求13所述的交换机,其中,该组定义的流量分类包括:低时延类、专用接入类、批量数据类、尽力而为类、以及清道夫类。
15.如权利要求12所述的交换机,具有所述ASIC以进一步用于:
基于流量类别来对所述多个包执行动作,所述动作包括以下中的至少一项:流量整形、数据流分离、有序数据传送或无序数据传送、有损传输或无损传输、以及拥塞管理。
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