CN113219414B - Novel method for eliminating satellite interference radar surface deformation direction blurring - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a new method for eliminating the surface deformation direction blurring of a satellite interference radar, which comprises the steps of utilizing the phase difference and inter-orbit distance relation among a plurality of satellite interference radar pairs, combining a weighted least square method, utilizing different coherence phase probability density distribution functions to calculate the variance of the satellite interference radar pairs, and utilizing the inverse matrix of the variance matrix as a weighting matrix, thereby determining the surface horizontal and vertical movement deformation. The multi-mode satellite-borne radar interference pattern integrating multiple beams or lifting tracks eliminates interference of systematic errors on earth surface deformation observed by the satellite interference radar, improves precision of acquiring earth surface three-dimensional deformation by satellite interference radar observation, and can be applied to real earth surface three-dimensional deformation real-time dynamic and macroscopic large-scale monitoring of ground subsidence, landslide and the like to provide reliable technical support.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of radar monitoring, and particularly relates to a novel method for eliminating satellite interference radar surface deformation direction blurring.
Background
With the increasing speed of urban construction, the hazard of surface deformation to human living environment constitutes a potential risk. The surface deformation is mainly divided into transient burst deformation and sustained slow deformation, wherein the transient burst deformation refers to deformation caused by natural factors such as volcanic eruption, mud-rock flow, tsunami, earthquake motion and the like, the sustained slow deformation mainly causes ground subsidence and the like caused by large-scale urban engineering construction and excessive groundwater extraction, and the ground subsidence has the characteristics of slow development, long duration and high control difficulty, and causes great harm to high-speed railways, buildings, infrastructure, life line engineering and the like. Therefore, it is important to continuously monitor the slow deformation such as the ground subsidence for a long period of time.
At present, the common earth surface deformation monitoring method mainly adopts equipment such as a precise level gauge, a range finder, a GPS, a bedrock mark, a layering mark and the like to measure the deformation information of the earth surface based on a single-point or net-laying method, has high monitoring precision, but consumes a large amount of manpower and material resources, is difficult to develop deformation monitoring in a large scale range, and the satellite interference monitoring technology has the advantages of all-weather, wide coverage, repeated observation, high precision and the like, so that an effective means is provided for the earth surface deformation monitoring with high precision. However, radar measures a pitch, so it is not possible to distinguish whether the displacement is from the horizontal or vertical direction, i.e. there is a direction ambiguity. The satellite interferometry only acquires the earth surface deformation component along the radar sight (LoS), and cannot acquire the three-dimensional deformation (vertical, east-west and north-south deformation) of the real earth surface, namely the earth surface deformation direction of the satellite interferometry is fuzzy, and the defects limit the field of monitoring the three-dimensional deformation of the real earth surface of the satellite interferometry in ground subsidence, landslide, volcanic activity, earthquake and the like.
The satellite interference radar deformation observation has the inherent defect of direction ambiguity in the slope distance measurement, and the problem of time-space incoherence caused by the interference of systematic errors on the earth surface is easy to receive. Therefore, a new method for eliminating satellite interference radar surface deformation direction blurring is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a novel method for eliminating the satellite interference radar surface deformation direction blurring.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention comprises the following steps:
s1: collecting radar observation data at different moments and track pitch angle and azimuth angle data of two groups of tracks;
s2, constructing a space-time interference structure according to the radar observation data at different moments, obtaining the optimal interference correlation by utilizing the estimated synthetic Doppler function of the pitch angle and the azimuth angle of the two orbits, and calculating the difference of the two orbits to obtain a phase difference so as to estimate the surface deformation;
s3: residual fringes of the system are eliminated by least square matching of ground truth values and phase gradients of the model.
S4: according to the satellite interference radar image pairs of the ascending orbit and the descending orbit, calculating variances by utilizing the phase difference between the interference radar image pairs and the distance relation between the orbits, combining a weighted least square method and utilizing different coherence phase probability density distribution functions and constructing a variance matrix;
s5: and calculating horizontal motion components and vertical motion components of the earth surface deformation by taking an inverse matrix of the variance matrix as a weighting matrix so as to eliminate the earth surface deformation influence of the satellite interference radar.
Further, the calculation formula of the phase difference obtained by the difference between the two tracks in the step S2 is as follows
Wherein lambda is the carrier wavelength, deltaR d B is the surface deformation quantity 1 Is baseline, θ 1 For radar incident angle alpha 1 Is an oblique angle.Is caused by the topographic effect, and the influence of the topographic term should be removed when only the deformation is considered.
Further, the method for eliminating residual fringes of the system in step S3 includes generating a reference interferogram, estimating coefficients in the phase gradient by a least square method by means of real ground phase gradient samples of the flat area, so as to eliminate residual fringes of the system, wherein the reference interferogram is expressed as a second order polynomial function of the skew r and azimuth time:
with the true ground of the flat region, the phase gradient samples in the r and η directions are selected, coefficient a 1 ，a 2 ，a 3 ，a 4 The estimation can be performed by a least square method.
Where n is the number of reference samples selected; min is the minimization operation.
Further, the calculation formula of the phase difference Φ between the n interference SAR pairs in the step S4 is as follows
Φ＝4πδr/Λ
Wherein Φ= [ ψ ] 1 ，ψ 2 ，ψ 3 ...ψ n ] T ，δr/Λ＝[δr 1 /λ 1 ，δr 2 /λ 2 ，δr 3 /λ 3 ，..δr n /λ n ] T ，λ 1 ，λ 2 λ 3 ，...λ n The carrier wavelengths of the 1,2,3, … …, n satellite interferometric radar pairs are shown.
Further, the phase difference Φ is phase unwrapped to invert the skew δr. Deformation (dx) 2 +dy 2 +d z 2 ) 1/2 The relation between the inclination delta r and the inclination delta r is that
Ax＝δr
Wherein the method comprises the steps of
And is also provided with
Wherein θ is 1 ，θ 2 ，...θ n Is the incident angle of the 1,2,3, … …, n interference pair; beta 1 ，β 2 ，...β n Is the track angle of the 1,2,3, … …, n pairs (clockwise from north); dx, dy, dz may be three unknown displacement components in the east-west, north-south, and vertical directions, respectively.
To estimate the unknown displacement x, |ax- δr|from n interference pairs 2 To obtain a weighted least squares solution, to employ a weighted least squares solution, i.e., a solution of WAx =wδr, where W is a weighting matrix,
wherein c=w T W, the weight of each pair of interferograms can be determined by the coherence, baseline, etc. aspects of the interferogramsIs determined by the quality of the (c).
Further, in step S5, the variance is calculated according to the theory of the probability density distribution function of the phase of different coherence, and then the inverse matrix of the variance matrix is used as a weighting matrix, so as to eliminate the ambiguity in the three-dimensional direction on the oblique distance. The variance is calculated as follows:
wherein sigma 2 ＝∫ψ 2 p ψ (ψ)dψ；p ψ And (phi) an interference phase probability density function.
Further, the calculation formulas of the horizontal motion component and the vertical motion component of the surface deformation in the step S5 are as follows:
wherein,three unknown displacement components in the east-west, north-south and vertical directions. Deformation component, c=w T W, W is a weighting matrix, distance between δr tracks, ax=δr.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the multi-mode satellite-borne radar interference pattern integrating multiple beams or lifting tracks eliminates interference of systematic errors on earth surface deformation observed by the satellite interference radar, improves precision of acquiring earth surface three-dimensional deformation by satellite interference radar observation, and can be applied to real earth surface three-dimensional deformation real-time dynamic and macroscopic large-scale monitoring of ground subsidence, landslide and the like to provide reliable technical support.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a novel method for eliminating satellite interference radar surface deformation direction blurring;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary image obtained from an ALOS PALSAR and a color synthetic satellite image overlaid on a DEM at a geographic location of an investigation region according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the original satellite interferometric radar fringes and reference and fine satellite interferometric radar fringes after the system residual effect is eliminated by the least square method;
FIG. 4 is an imaging geometry of a pair s1, s2 of satellite interferometric radar images obtained from left and right view of the radar of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of three sets of surface deformations observed along a slope distance at different times in a region of investigation in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of three-dimensional components of ground deformation after the direction ambiguity is eliminated by using a least square method and a comparison diagram of vertical settlement with precise leveling measurement.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments.
The new method for eliminating satellite interference radar surface deformation direction blurring based on weighted optimization is described by an actual scene example, and the sedimentary graph is compared with a precise leveling measurement result of a test site, so that the authenticity of the InSAR sedimentary graph obtained by the method is verified.
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention includes the steps of:
s1: collecting radar observation data at different moments and track pitch angle and azimuth angle data of two groups of tracks;
the research site example of the invention is a turbid water stream area fan located in the middle and western of Taiwan and in Yunlin county, the total area of the area is 2364 square kilometers, the average altitude is below 100 meters, the area is an important agricultural area, the intensity and permeability of the soil are low, and excessive underground water extraction from the soil layer easily causes significant drop of water level, so that the soil layer is easy to solidify and suffer serious ground subsidence. FIG. 2 is an example of a color synthetic satellite image overlaid on a DEM with an image acquired by ALOS PALSAR in a geographic location of a region of investigation in accordance with the present invention;
s2, constructing a space-time interference structure according to the radar observation data at different moments, obtaining the optimal interference correlation by utilizing the estimated synthetic Doppler function of the pitch angle and the azimuth angle of the two orbits, and calculating the difference of the two orbits to obtain a phase difference so as to estimate the surface deformation;
the phase difference obtained by the difference of the two tracks is
Wherein lambda is the carrier wavelength, deltaR d B is the surface deformation quantity 1 Is baseline, θ 1 For radar incident angle alpha 1 Is an oblique angle.Is caused by the topographic effect, and the influence of the topographic term should be removed when only the deformation is considered.
S3: and eliminating residual fringes of the phase difference by performing least square matching on the ground true value and the phase gradient of the model.
Residual streaks may exist due to preprocessing errors associated with small estimated parameters such as doppler coefficients. By generating a reference interferogram, the coefficients in the phase gradient are estimated by a least square method by means of a real ground phase gradient sample of a flat area, so that residual fringes of the system are eliminated. The reference interferogram is expressed as a second order polynomial function of the skew r and azimuth time η:
the phase gradients along the r and η directions are:
with the true ground of the flat region, phase gradient samples along the r and η directions are selected. Estimating coefficient a in phase gradient by least squares 1 ，a 2 ，a 3 ，a 4 。
Where n is the selected reference sample; min is the minimization operation.
With ALOS-PALSAR data at 11, 23 and 18 of 2007, FIGS. 3 (a) and (b) show the original and differential fringes, respectively, without removing the residual fringes, it is readily seen that there are still fringes of similar topography contours along rough mountainous areas, which should be cleared. The simulated reference fringes are given in fig. 3 (c), which shows the sharp fringes produced by the systematic error of the whole area. By subtracting the original fringe pattern 3 (b) from fig. 3 (c), a fine differential fringe as shown in fig. 3 (d) can be obtained, so the residual fringe pattern covering spurious information has been reduced to an acceptable level.
S4: according to the satellite interference radar image pairs of the ascending orbit and the descending orbit, calculating variances by utilizing the phase difference between the interference radar image pairs and the distance relation between the orbits, combining a weighted least square method and utilizing different coherence phase probability density distribution functions and constructing a variance matrix;
the phase difference between n interference pairs is related to the distance δr between the tracks
Φ＝4πδr/Λ
Wherein Φ= [ ψ ] 1 ，ψ 2 ，ψ 3 ...ψ n ] T ，δr/Λ＝[δr 1 /λ 1 ，δr 2 /λ 2 ，δr 3 /λ 3 ，..δr n /λ n ] T ，λ 1 ，λ 2 ，λ 3 ，...λ n Representing the carrier wavelengths of the 1,2,3, … …, n interference pairs.
Phase unwrapping is performed to invert the skew δr. Deformation (dx) 2 +dy 2 +dz 2 ) 1/2 The relation between the inclination delta r and the inclination delta r is that
Ax＝δr
Wherein the method comprises the steps of
And is also provided with
Wherein θ is 1 ，θ 2 ，...θ n Is the incident angle of the 1,2,3, … …, n interference pair; beta 1 ，β 2 ，...β n Is the track angle of the 1,2,3, … …, n pairs (clockwise from north); dx, dy, dz may be three unknown displacement components in the east-west, north-south, and vertical directions, respectively.
The earth surface deformation causes phase change between repeated orbit observations, but no direction information of deformation quantity exists in the phase change, so that the deformation quantity obtained from the star radar data cannot directly obtain vertical or horizontal components of deformation. As shown in FIG. 4, consider two pairs of interferograms, s 1 ，s 2 The track lifting, right view, track lowering and left view are respectively carried out. Between observations, the ground point is shifted from p to p ', and we want to know the horizontal motion component dx, dy and the vertical motion component dz of the deformation |p-p' |.
To estimate the unknown displacement x from n interference pairs, we seek |ax- δr| 2 To obtain a weighted least squares solution. For best estimation, a weighted least squares method, i.e. a solution of WAx =wδr, where W is a weight matrix,
wherein c=w T The weight of each pair of interferograms can be determined by the quality of the coherence, baseline, etc. aspects of the interferograms。
S5: and calculating horizontal motion components and vertical motion components of the earth surface deformation by taking an inverse matrix of the variance matrix as a weighting matrix so as to eliminate the earth surface deformation influence of the satellite interference radar.
And solving the variance of the phase probability density distribution function according to the theory of the phase probability density distribution functions of different coherence, and using an inverse matrix of the variance matrix as a weighting matrix to eliminate the ambiguity of the three-dimensional direction on the diagonal distance.
Wherein sigma 2 ＝∫ψ 2 p ψ (ψ)dψ；p ψ (ψ) phase probability density function.
As shown in fig. 5, three deformation observation data sets obtained after phase unwrapping along the slant distance are shown, deformation observed in the derailment mode and the ascending mode are consistent, and ambiguity of the deformation direction can be eliminated according to the steps.
As shown in fig. 6 (a), the integrated orbital transfer and orbital transfer interference radar data is shown, and the three-dimensional component diagram of the surface deformation after the direction blurring is eliminated by using the least square method: dx, dy, dz component in centimeters per year (cm/yr). It is apparent from fig. 6 (a) that due to the nature of the satellite orbit, the x, y components along the satellite orbit have only noise levels, which are negligible, whereas the vertical deformation (z component), whether heave or dip, can be estimated accurately, especially near the epicenter, deformation is mainly due to vertical motion caused by settling, the scale of which is small. In order to verify the authenticity of the settlement map of the satellite interference radar obtained by the method, a mutual superposition map of the settlement map measured by the satellite interference radar and the accurate leveling result of a test site is provided in the figure 6 (b), the contour lines are in units of centimeters per year (cm/yr), the two have excellent consistency in quantity and quality, the vibration center position is consistent with the spatial deformation distribution, and the verification result better verifies the effectiveness of a novel method for determining whether the earth surface deformation is the bulge type or the settlement type by combining the ascending and descending data. The result shows that under the centimeter resolution, the satellite interference radar detection result and the leveling measurement result have good consistency in both space mode and scale, thereby verifying the authenticity of the satellite interference radar settlement map obtained by the invention. The new method provided by the invention shows that the deformation estimation with reliability at different inclination angles is combined with the multi-mode radar observation data of long-term observation and short-term observation.
The invention provides a novel method for eliminating satellite interference radar earth surface deformation direction blurring, which can effectively estimate real earth surface three-dimensional deformation. The method aims at the defect that inherent direction ambiguity exists in the oblique distance measurement of satellite interference radar deformation observation, the measurement based on the ascending and descending has the same interference phase mode, the characteristics are not influenced by the radar observation direction, the satellite interference radar image pairs of the ascending and descending modes are combined, the phase difference and the distance relation between the orbits among a plurality of satellite interference radar image pairs are utilized, the weighted least square method is combined, the variance of the satellite interference radar image pairs is calculated by utilizing different coherence phase probability density distribution functions, and the inverse matrix of the variance matrix is used as a weighting matrix, so that the horizontal motion component and the vertical motion component of the surface deformation are determined. The method well fuses multi-mode satellite-borne radar interferograms based on multi-beam or lifting orbit, effectively solves the problem of space-time incoherence, improves the precision of obtaining the three-dimensional deformation of the earth surface by satellite interference radar observation, eliminates the interference of systematic errors on the earth surface deformation of the satellite interference radar observation, and can be applied to real-time dynamic and macroscopic large-scale monitoring of the three-dimensional deformation of the earth surface, such as ground subsidence, landslide and the like.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art, who is within the scope of the present invention, should make equivalent substitutions or modifications according to the technical scheme of the present invention and the inventive concept thereof, and should be covered by the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A novel method for eliminating satellite interference radar surface deformation direction blurring is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: collecting radar observation data at different moments and track pitch angle and azimuth angle data of two groups of tracks;
s2, constructing a space-time interference structure according to the radar observation data at different moments, obtaining the optimal interference correlation by utilizing the estimated synthetic Doppler function of the pitch angle and the azimuth angle of the two orbits, and calculating the difference of the two orbits to obtain a phase difference so as to estimate the surface deformation;
s3: residual error stripes of the system are eliminated by carrying out least square matching on the ground true value and the phase gradient of the model;
s4: according to satellite interference radar images of ascending and descending tracks, calculating variances by utilizing the phase difference between interference radar pairs and the distance relation between the tracks and combining a weighted least square method and utilizing different coherence phase probability density distribution functions to construct a variance matrix, wherein the relation between the phase difference phi between n interference radar pairs and the distance delta r between the tracks is as follows:
Φ＝4πδr/Λ
wherein Φ= [ ψ ] 1 ，ψ 2 ，ψ 3 ...ψ n ] T ，δr/Λ＝[δr 1 /λ 1 ，δr 2 /λ 2 ，δr 3 /λ 3 ，..δr n /λ n ] T ，λ 1 ，λ 2 ，λ 3 ，...λ n Representing carrier wavelengths of the 1,2,3, … …, n satellite interferometric radar pairs;
the phase difference Φ is phase unwrapped to invert the distance δr between tracks, the amount of deformation (dx 2 +dy 2 +dz 2 ) 1/2 The relationship with the distance δr between tracks is:
Ax＝δr
wherein,
and is also provided with
Wherein θ is 1 ，θ 2 ，...θ n Is the incident angle of the 1,2,3, … …, n interference radar pair; beta 1 ，β 2 ，...β n Is the track angle of the 1,2,3, … …, n interferometric radar pairs clockwise from north; dx, dy, dz are three unknown displacement components in the east-west, north-south and vertical directions, respectively;
to estimate the unknown displacement x from n interference pairs, find |Ax- δr| 2 To obtain a weighted least squares solution, wherein, for best estimation, a weighted least squares method is used, i.e. a solution of WAx =wδr, where W is a weighting matrix,
wherein c=w T The weight of each pair of interferograms can be determined by the coherence of the interferograms and the quality of the base line;
s5: the inverse matrix of the variance matrix is used as a weighting matrix, so that the horizontal motion component and the vertical motion component of the earth surface deformation are calculated to eliminate the earth surface deformation influence of the satellite interference radar; calculating the variance, solving according to different coherence phase probability density distribution functions, taking an inverse matrix of the variance matrix as a weighting matrix, and eliminating ambiguity in the three-dimensional direction on the oblique distance, wherein the calculating formula of the variance is as follows:
wherein sigma 2 ＝∫ψ 2 p ψ (ψ)dψ；p ψ And (ψ) is an interference phase probability density distribution function.
2. The method for eliminating satellite interference radar surface deformation direction ambiguity as defined in claim 1, wherein the calculation formula of the phase difference obtained by the difference between the two orbits in step S2 is that
Wherein lambda is the carrier wavelength, deltaR d B is the surface deformation quantity 1 Is baseline, θ 1 For radar incident angle alpha 1 In order for the angle of inclination to be the same,is caused by the topographic effect, and the influence of the topographic term should be removed when only the deformation is considered.
3. The method for eliminating residual fringes of a system according to claim 1, wherein the method for eliminating residual fringes of a satellite interference radar according to claim 1 includes generating a reference interferogram, estimating coefficients in a phase gradient by a least square method by means of a true ground phase gradient sample of a flat area, thereby eliminating residual fringes of the system, wherein the reference interferogram is expressed as a second order polynomial function of a skew r and an azimuth time η:
with the true ground of the flat region, the phase gradient samples in the r and η directions are selected, coefficient a 1 ，a 2 ，a 3 ，a 4 The estimation can be performed by a least square method;
where n is the number of reference samples selected; min is the minimization operation.
4. The method for eliminating the ambiguity in the direction of earth surface deformation of the satellite interference radar according to claim 1, wherein the calculation formula of the horizontal motion component and the vertical motion component of the earth surface deformation in step S5 is:
wherein,for three unknown displacement components in the east-west, north-south and vertical directions,
i.e. a deformation component.
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