CN112985347A - Method for calculating roughness of icing surface of airplane - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention is suitable for the technical field of airplane icing, and provides a method for calculating the roughness of an icing surface of an airplane, which comprises the following steps: taking water droplet size distribution, selecting according to the water droplet size distributionnParticle size of seed water dropd i And calculating the corresponding mass fraction(ii) a Respectively calculate outnParticle size of seed water dropd i Corresponding local liquid water collection coefficient,sThe distance between the impact point of the water drop and the object plane of the front edge point of the airplane wing; calculating the local average volume diameter of liquid water dropMVD(s) Andlocal liquid water contentLWC(s) (ii) a Using the calculated local liquid water contentLWC(s) And local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterMVD(s) Calculating the roughness of the wing wallk s (s). The invention adopts the average volume diameter of the liquid water drops changed after the water drops are redistributedMVDAnd liquid water contentLWCCalculating the roughness of the wall of the airfoilk s . The roughness calculated by the method is more suitable for the actual situation and more accurate, and the icing condition of the surface of the wing can be accurately judged in the follow-up process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an aircraft icing calculation method, in particular to an aircraft icing surface roughness calculation method.
Background
When an aircraft is flying at a temperature below freezing, if a cloud layer containing supercooled water droplets is encountered, the water droplets in the cloud layer impact on the surface of the aircraft, and icing can be caused. Icing can change the flow around the aircraft, resulting in changes in component load distribution, thereby destroying aerodynamic performance, affecting maneuverability and stability of the aircraft, and compromising flight safety.
Numerical calculations can quickly predict the severity of aircraft icing. In the icing numerical value calculation, the convective heat transfer is one of important factors influencing the icing calculation result, and the convective heat transfer coefficient has great influence on the icing growth rate and the freezing coefficient. When the surface of the airplane is not frozen, the surface is considered to be smooth, the influence of roughness on heat convection is small, and when the roughness value is equal to or higher than the thickness of the boundary layer, the heat convection process is greatly enhanced. Meanwhile, the roughness of the ice surface also affects the water collection coefficient, the friction coefficient and the like, and these changes also affect the calculation result of ice, so it is very important to correctly calculate the roughness.
The equivalent grit roughness height model is a widely used roughness calculation model that considers the roughness of the ice surface and the liquid water contentLWCTemperature of incoming airTAnd velocity of airvIt is related. Through further analysis of experimental data, the average volume diameter of liquid water drops in the air is consideredMVDThe effect of (c), while the effect of the velocity of the streaming air is negligible.
Although the equivalent grit roughness height model is a classical roughness model, there are certain disadvantages: after determining the parameters of the frozen cloud and mist field, the content of the used liquid water is calculated in the whole freezing numerical valueLWCRefers to the liquid water content of the incoming streamLWC、Using average volume diameter of liquid water dropsMVDRefers to the average volume diameter of the liquid water drops flowing inMVD. And the liquid water content of the incoming flowLWCAnd mean volume diameter of incoming liquid water dropletsMVDThe cloud and fog field parameters are fixed values after being determined, and the values of the cloud and fog field parameters are kept unchanged in the whole icing calculation and cannot be changed along with the change of the surface position. In fact, after the liquid droplets impact the aircraft surface, they are redistributed and the liquid water contentLWC、Average volume diameter of liquid water dropMVDEtc. will change and no longer equal the incoming liquid water contentLWCAnd mean volume diameter of incoming liquid water dropletsMVD。Therefore, the incoming liquid water content is adoptedLWCAnd mean volume diameter of incoming liquid water dropletsMVDThe calculated roughness values deviate significantly from the actual values.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to fully consider the change of cloud and mist parameters after water drops impact the surface of an object, the invention provides an aircraft icing surface roughness calculation method considering water drop redistribution, which comprises the following steps:
step S10: selecting the water drop particle size distribution, and selecting according to the water drop particle size distributionnParticle size of seed water dropAnd calculating the particle diameter of each water dropCorresponding mass fraction;The number of the particle size of the water droplets,nthe number of types of the particle size of the water droplets,;
step S20: respectively calculate outParticle size of seed water dropCorresponding local liquid water collection coefficient,The distance between the impact point of the water drop and the object plane of the front edge point of the airplane wing;
step S30: calculating the local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameter;
Step S40: using the calculated local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterCalculating the roughness of the wing wall。
In the above scheme, the local liquid water contentMeans that: liquid water strikerWhen the object is in use, the liquid water content of the redistributed liquid water drops is the liquid water content of the micro elements on the surface of the object;
average volume diameter of local liquid water dropIs worth: when the water drop impacts the surface of the object element, the average volume diameter of the liquid water drop after the liquid water drop is redistributed.
Further, in step S30, the local liquid water droplet has an average volume diameterThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
is as followskThe diameter of the seed water drops is such that,is as followsk+1The diameter of the seed water droplet.
in the formula: c is the characteristic length and T is the temperature;
compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention considers that the water drops are redistributed after the liquid water is adopted to impact the surface of the wing, so the liquid water content of the wingLWCAnd liquid level mean volume diameterMVDThe liquid water content used in the traditional roughness calculation method changes correspondinglyLWCAnd liquid level mean volume diameterMVDRespectively the liquid water content of the incoming flowAnd incoming liquid water mean volume diameter. In order to fully consider the influence of the full distribution of the liquid water drops on the roughness calculation, the invention provides that the local liquid water content is adoptedAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterRoughness calculations were performed for the parameters. And using the local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterThe roughness calculation for the parameters is not easily conceivable to the person skilled in the art and is not a routine technical measure.
1) The roughness calculated by the method is more fit with the actual situation and more accurate, and the icing condition of the surface of the wing can be accurately judged in the follow-up process.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present invention or in the description of the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a roughness calculation method as described in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of a fit of liquid water collection coefficients for different diameter water droplets according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is the average volume diameter of the local liquid water droplets after redistribution of the water droplets according to one embodiment of the present inventionMVDA graph;
FIG. 4 is the local liquid water content after redistribution of water droplets according to one embodiment of the present inventionLWCA graph;
FIG. 5 is a graph of roughness calculated by one embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the invention. The particular examples set forth below are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.
When an airplane flies in a cloud layer containing supercooled water drops, the water drops are frozen after impacting a windward surface, and the airplane freezes. Icing build-up results in uneven aircraft surfaces and increased roughness. The icing surface roughness influences the airflow flow on the surface of the airplane, so that the transition position of the airflow boundary layer moves forward, and the convective heat transfer between the surface of the airplane and the airflow is enhanced. In the icing calculation, the roughness and the convective heat transfer process have great influence on the generated ice amount and ice shape, so the accuracy of the icing prediction result can be improved by considering the reason and the measuring method of the roughness and embedding the improved roughness model into the existing icing calculation model.
The equivalent grit roughness height model is a widely used roughness calculation model that considers the roughness of the ice surface and the liquid water content LWCTemperature of incoming airTAnd velocity of airv、Average volume diameter of liquid water dropMVDIt is related. Wherein,
liquid Water Content (Liquid Water Content,LWC),means that the cloud contains the total mass of liquid water drops per unit volume, usually in grams/meter3。
The average volume diameter (medium volume multiplex diameter,MVD) The method comprises the following steps: the diameter of water drops in the air is not single, but has certain distribution, and in the research of ice accumulation,MVDdefined as the critical dimension dividing the total water volume into two halves, i.e. the diameter is considered to be greater thanMVDThe total volume and diameter of the large water drops are less than MVD The total volume of the water droplets of (a) is equal.
It is noted that the liquid water content in the model LWCIn fact, refers to the incoming liquid water content ,Average volume diameter of liquid water dropMVDIn fact, means the average volume diameter of the incoming liquid water drops 。
The model has certain disadvantages: liquid water content of incoming flowAnd mean volume diameter of incoming liquid water dropletsThe cloud and fog field parameters are fixed values after being determined, and the values of the cloud and fog field parameters are kept unchanged in the whole icing calculation and cannot be changed along with the change of the surface position. In fact, after the liquid droplets impact the aircraft surface, they are redistributed and the liquid water contentLWC、Average volume diameter of liquid water dropMVDEtc. will change and no longer equal the incoming liquid water contentAnd mean volume diameter of incoming liquid water droplets 。Therefore, the incoming liquid water content is adoptedAnd mean volume diameter of incoming liquid water dropletsThe calculated roughness values deviate significantly from the actual values.
In order to make the roughness calculation more accurate and more practical in consideration of the deficiency, the invention provides a roughness calculation method which adopts the local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterRoughness calculations were performed for the parameters. And using the local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterThe roughness calculation for the parameters is not easily conceivable to the person skilled in the art and is not a routine technical measure. And using the local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterAnd calculating the roughness for the parameters, wherein the calculated roughness is more suitable for the actual situation and more accurate.
Wherein the local liquid water contentThe liquid water content redistributed when the water drops impact the surface of the object element, namely the liquid water content of the surface of the object element;
average volume diameter of local liquid water dropThis means the average volume diameter of the liquid water droplets after redistribution when the droplets strike the surface of the object.
Meanwhile, in one embodiment of the invention, an aircraft icing surface roughness calculation method considering water drop redistribution is provided, and a flow chart of the calculation method is shown in fig. 1.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
step S10: selecting the particle size distribution of the water drops, and selecting according to the selected particle size distributionnParticle size of seed water dropAnd calculating the corresponding mass fraction(iGo through 1 to n); in this step, the larger the number of the selected water droplet diameters is, the more accurate the calculation result is. In the above-mentioned steps, the step of,
the particle size of the water drops is as follows: since the liquid droplets are only approximately spherical, the diameter of the sphere, which corresponds to its volume, is introduced to characterize the size of the supercooled droplets, typically in microns. Generally, most water droplets are less than 40 microns in diameter, mostly concentrated between 10-20 microns. In this embodiment useAnd (4) showing.
The mass fraction is as follows: the proportion of the water drops with different sizes in the total liquid water content is distributed. In this embodiment useAnd (4) showing.
In the icing calculation, the water droplet diameter distribution is often a Langmuir D distribution, a normal distribution, or the like.
Wherein the Langmuir D distribution comprises water droplets of 7 water droplet sizes, each size having a water droplet diameterAnd average water droplet diameterMVDAnd the mass ratio (i.e., mass fraction) of such water droplets in the air) Have a fixed value, as shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Langmuir D distribution Water droplet diameter and mass fraction
Numbering | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Mass fraction | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
Diameter of water drop | 6.2 | 10.4 | 14.2 | 20 | 27.4 | 34.8 | 44.4 |
Step S20: respectively calculate outParticle size of seed water dropCorresponding local liquid water collection coefficient,The distance between the impact point of the water drop and the object plane of the front edge point of the airplane wing;
in the above-mentioned steps, the step of,
the local liquid water collection coefficient refers to: the ratio of the actual water collection at the surface of a infinitesimal to the maximum possible water collection at the surface of the infinitesimal is a parameter characterizing the water-collecting capacity of the surface of the infinitesimal. In this embodiment useAnd (4) showing.
There is special data analysis and calculation software available to calculate local liquid water collection factors such as FENSAP-ICE, LEWICE, NNWICE, etc.
In one embodiment of the invention, icing numerical simulation software NNWICE is used to calculate separatelyParticle size of seed water dropCorresponding local liquid water collection coefficient;
Step S30: calculating the local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameter;
Liquid water contentAnd liquid water droplet average volume diameterIs an important parameter for calculating the roughness subsequently. In the above step, it is considered that the liquid water droplets are redistributed when they strike the wing surface of the aircraft, resulting in a liquid water content thereofAnd liquid water droplet average volume diameterWill vary, and therefore, the local liquid water content according to the invention as set forth above is calculated in this stepAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterTo provide a basis for subsequent roughness calculations.
Step S40: using the calculated local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterCalculating the roughness of the wing wall。
In the above steps, the local liquid water content calculated in step S30 is usedAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterRoughness for parametersCalculation which takes into account the liquid water droplet redistribution versus roughness when it hits the aircraft wing surfaceThe resulting effect is calculated. Therefore, the calculation result is more fit for the actual situation and more accurate, and the icing situation on the surface of the wing can be accurately judged in the follow-up process.
In one embodiment of the invention, the local liquid water content is providedThe specific calculation method of (3) has the following calculation formula:
In the above-described embodiments, it is known that water droplets having various particle diameters exist on the surface of the infinitesimal object when the water flows. Firstly, according to the definition of liquid water content, the particle size obtained by the steps isMass fraction of liquid water droplets ofLocal liquid water collection coefficientCalculating a certain particle diameter ofThe liquid water content of the liquid water drop on the surface of the object infinitesimal element, the specific calculation formula is as follows:
on the basis, the liquid water content of the liquid water drops with other particle sizes on the surface of the object micro-element is respectively calculated by the same method, and the liquid water content of all the particle sizes is calculated(i=1~n) The liquid water content of the liquid water drops on the surface of the object micro element is summed, and the local liquid water content can be obtainedThe specific calculation formula is as follows:
in one embodiment of the invention, the average volume diameter of local liquid water drops is providedThe specific calculation formula of the calculation method is as follows:
in the formula,ta coefficient of 0 to 1,ksatisfies the following conditions:
is as followskThe diameter of the seed water drops is such that,is as followsk+1The diameter of the seed water droplet.
In the research of the ice accretion,MVDdefined as the critical dimension dividing the total water volume into two halves, i.e. the diameter is considered to be greater thanMVDThe total volume and diameter of the large water drops are less thanMVDThe total volume of the water droplets of (a) is equal.
According toMVDFor a given distribution of icing clouds (clusters of water droplets)We need only find a size such that the total mass of water droplets above this size is equal to the total mass of water droplets below this size, which is for a given icing cloudMVD。
The particle diameter of the water drops is less than or equal toThe ratio of the total mass of water droplets to the total mass of water droplets can be expressed as:
the particle diameter of the water drops is less than or equal toThe ratio of the total mass of water droplets to the total mass of water droplets can be expressed as:
when the following conditions are satisfied:
the method comprises the following steps:
to obtain a more accurate average volume diameter of the local liquid water droplets, further, the,Linear interpolation is carried out, even if the average volume diameter of the local liquid water drops can be obtainedThat is to say that,
wherein,ta coefficient of 0 to 1,tsatisfies the following conditions:
in the formula: c is the characteristic length and T is the temperature;
in the above step, the roughness is calculatedWhen the local liquid water content obtained in the previous stepAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterAnd substituting the parameters into a roughness calculation model to perform roughness calculation. Since the local liquid water content is calculatedAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterThe influence that water drops can be redistributed after the water drops impact the surface of the wing is considered, so the roughness calculated by the method is more fit to the actual situation and more accurate, and the icing situation on the surface of the wing can be accurately judged subsequently.
Examples of the experiments
In an experimental example of the present invention, typical icing calculation conditions were chosen:MVD=20、=1g/m3、T=265K、p=101325Pa、v=78.2m/s, NACA23012 two-dimensional airfoil with characteristic length c of 0.9144 m.
Step S10: respectively calculate outParticle size of seed water dropCorresponding local liquid water collection coefficient,The distance between the impact point of the water drop and the object plane of the front edge point of the airplane wing; in this step, the larger the number of the selected water droplet diameters is, the more accurate the calculation result is.
In this example, the size distribution law of the droplet size was selected from Langmuir D distribution, which includes 7 droplet sizes, and the droplet size distribution and mass fraction are shown in table 1. In order to make the calculation result more accurate, all 7 kinds of water droplet particle sizes are selected in this embodiment.
Step S20: calculating the local liquid water collection coefficient corresponding to the particle size of each water dropThe distance between the impact point of water drop and the object plane of the front edge point of the airplane wingFor the abscissa, the local liquid water collection coefficientSynthetic curve。
In the embodiment, icing numerical simulation software NNWICE is used for calculating the local liquid water collection coefficient corresponding to each particle sizeThe results are shown in FIG. 2.
Step S30: calculating the local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameter;
In the steps, the method is used for respectively calculating the liquid water drops on the surfaces of the wings to be re-pouredAverage volume diameter of local liquid water drops after distributionAnd local liquid water content. Wherein the average volume diameter of local liquid water dropsThe calculation results are shown in FIG. 3, the local liquid water contentThe calculation results of (2) are shown in fig. 4.
Step S40: using the calculated local liquid water contentAnd local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterCalculating the roughness of the wing wall surface as a parameter。
In this example, the calculated average volume diameter of the local liquid water droplets was usedAnd local liquid water contentAs parameters, roughness calculations were performed. The roughness calculation results are shown in fig. 5.
As can be seen from fig. 5, the roughness of the aircraft icing surface in consideration of the redistribution of water droplets shows a tendency of high impact limit near the stagnation point, and in the prior art, the roughness obtained by using the traditional calculation method is constant on the wall surface, so that the calculated roughness is more suitable for the actual situation and more accurate, and the icing condition of the wing surface can be accurately judged in the follow-up process.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. The method for calculating the roughness of the icing surface of the airplane is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step S10: selecting the water drop particle size distribution, and selecting according to the water drop particle size distributionnParticle size of seed water dropAnd calculating the particle diameter of each water dropCorresponding mass fractionWhereinthe number of the particle size of the water droplets,nthe number of types of the particle size of the water droplets,;
step S20: respectively calculate outParticle size of seed water dropd i Corresponding local liquid water collection coefficient,sThe distance between the impact point of water drop and the object plane of the front edge point of the airplane wingSeparating;
step S30: calculating the local liquid water contentLWC(s) And local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterMVD(s);
Step S40: using the calculated local liquid water contentLWC(s) And local liquid water droplet mean volume diameterMVD(s) Calculating the roughness of the icing surface of the aircraft as a parameterk s (s)。
3. An aircraft icing surface roughness calculation method as claimed in claim 2, characterised by: in step S30, the local liquid water droplet average volume diameterMVD(s) The calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
in the formula,ta coefficient of 0 to 1,ksatisfies the following conditions:
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