CN112913603A - Method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn by mulching film - Google Patents
Method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn by mulching film Download PDFInfo
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- CN112913603A CN112913603A CN202110256662.5A CN202110256662A CN112913603A CN 112913603 A CN112913603 A CN 112913603A CN 202110256662 A CN202110256662 A CN 202110256662A CN 112913603 A CN112913603 A CN 112913603A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0262—Mulches, i.e. covering material not-pre-formed in mats or sheets
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn by a mulching film, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of S1: seed selection; s2: selecting a mulching film; s3: preparing a fertilizer; s4: deeply ploughing and leveling the soil; s5: preparation before broadcasting: before mulching, dividing the land into a plurality of rows of biodegradable mulching film covering areas and a plurality of rows of high-standard polyethylene mulching film covering areas, wherein each row of biodegradable mulching film covering areas and each row of high-standard polyethylene mulching film covering areas are alternately arranged; fertilizer is spread on the covering area of the biodegradable mulching film, and acetochlor is sprayed on the covering area of the biodegradable mulching film to prevent weeds under the film; when the mulching film is covered, the edges of the biodegradable mulching film and the high-grade polyethylene mulching film are ensured to have the parts with the overlapped stubbles, and the edges of the high-grade polyethylene mulching film are positioned above the edges of the biodegradable mulching film; s6: sowing; s7: managing the field; s8: and (5) recovering the high-standard polyethylene mulching film. By adopting the planting method, the using amount of the fertilizer and the mulching film can be greatly reduced, and the labor cost for planting the spring corn is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn by a mulching film.
Technical Field
The moisture and the temperature are limiting factors of agricultural production in the dry farming area, the water resource in the dry farming area is seriously deficient, the precipitation is unevenly distributed between the year circles, the moisture in the soil is greatly evaporated in dry climate, and the polyethylene mulching film has excellent performance and important functions in the aspects of regulating the soil temperature, keeping and storing the precipitation, inhibiting the soil moisture loss, inhibiting weeds and the like, so the mulching film covering technology becomes an important driving technology for promoting the agricultural production development in the dry farming area. However, the good physical and chemical properties of the polyethylene mulching film gradually show negative effects in the sustainable development process of green ecology of agriculture, such as visual pollution caused by the polyethylene mulching film remained in farmlands, influence on soil permeability, porosity and the like, the biodegradable mulching film and the mulching technology thereof are produced in response to the negative effects of pollution caused by the polyethylene mulching film remained in farmlands, residues remained in farmlands after the biodegradable mulching film which meets the standard is degraded are obviously reduced compared with the polyethylene mulching film, and the biodegradable mulching film has the effects of heat preservation, soil moisture preservation and water storage which are similar to those of the polyethylene mulching film while being biodegradable. But the cost of the biodegradable mulching film is higher than that of the polyethylene mulching film, and the material characteristics of the biodegradable mulching film also enable the biodegradable mulching film to be easily degraded and to be easily influenced by external factors so as to be damaged and lose the original covering effect.
Corn is an important crop and feed crop in a dry farming area, and along with the development of grass storage circulation agriculture, the corn industry occupies an increasingly important position in the dry farming area. The corn is a crop which is fond of high temperature and water consumption, the added value of the corn is far lower than that of an economic crop, and a simple, low-cost and low-residue comprehensive composite mulching technology for the corn mulch film in the dry farming area is explored, so that the corn mulch film has important significance for the green sustainable circular development of agriculture in the dry farming area.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn in a dry farming area.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn by mulching film comprises the following steps: s1: seed selection: when the seeds are selected, the stress-resistant high-yield variety is mainly planted in the field, the high-quality coated seeds with uniform size are selected, and the seeds are aired in sunny weather, so that the germination vigor is improved; s2: selecting a mulching film: selecting a plurality of biodegradable mulching films and a plurality of high-standard polyethylene mulching films; s3: preparing a fertilizer; s4: deeply ploughing and leveling land: deeply ploughing a target planting land, performing underground pest control by combining deep ploughing and broadcasting phoxim granules, harrowing and grinding the ground surface after ploughing, and pressing, finishing and flattening to prevent remained stubbles from damaging a mulching film; s5: preparation before broadcasting: before mulching, dividing the land into a plurality of rows of biodegradable mulching film covering areas and a plurality of rows of high-standard polyethylene mulching film covering areas, wherein each row of biodegradable mulching film covering areas and each row of high-standard polyethylene mulching film covering areas are alternately arranged; fertilizer is spread on the covering area of the biodegradable mulching film, and acetochlor is sprayed on the covering area of the biodegradable mulching film to prevent weeds under the film; when the mulching film is covered, the edges of the biodegradable mulching film and the high-grade polyethylene mulching film are ensured to have the parts with the overlapped stubbles, and the edges of the high-grade polyethylene mulching film are positioned above the edges of the biodegradable mulching film; s6: sowing: seeding is carried out on the biodegradable plastic film belt during seeding; s7: field management: managing field management and pest control according to the high-yield farmland standard; s8: and (3) recovering the high-standard polyethylene mulching film: after the corns are harvested, the high-standard mulching films are rolled and recovered manually or mechanically, and the high-standard mulching films are safely stored and are reused when the corns are planted and covered with the films in the next season.
In the scheme, in the step S2, the biodegradable mulching film with the width of 70cm and the high-standard polyethylene mulching film with the width of 50cm are selected. The thickness of the biodegradable mulching film is 0.010mm, and the 20-balance average water and air permeability after covering is less than 180 g/(m)224h), the maximum water vapor permeability of the intact membrane surface is less than 420 g/(m) within 90 days of covering224h), the material and the performance of the high-grade polyethylene mulching film meet the national standard GB/T35795-2017, and the thickness of the high-grade polyethylene mulching film is 0.010-0.020 mm.
In the scheme, in the step S3, the fertilizer is nitrogenous fertilizer, and a method of mixing common urea and controlled release urea is adopted, wherein the ratio of the common urea to the controlled release urea in the 60-day slow release period to the controlled release urea in the 90-day slow release period is 1:3: 6.
In the scheme, in the step S5, fertilizers are broadcast in biodegradable mulching film belts with the width of 70cm at intervals of 40cm, the fertilizers are applied in a one-time base mode without topdressing, the stubbles of two mulching films are connected by about 5cm, the stubbles are covered by fine soil, the two mulching films are required to be tightly attached to the ground surface, and a soil waistband is transversely pressed every 3-5 m to prevent the mulching films from being lifted by wind.
In the scheme, in the step S6, the sowing density is 5000 plants/mu, the row spacing is 55cm, the plant spacing is 24.2cm, and 2-3 seeds are sowed in each hole.
In the above scheme, in step S5, before the high-standard polyethylene mulching film is coated, a 2-3cm micro ridge slightly higher than the ground is formed in the middle of the coverage area of the high-standard polyethylene mulching film, so that rainwater can be collected into the biodegradable mulching film zone after the high-standard polyethylene mulching film is coated.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) planting in biodegradable mulching film beltCultivating after planting, and degrading the undegraded mulching film in soil by turning and pressing the undegraded mulching film back to the field; the high-standard polyethylene mulching film is not planted, after a growing season is finished, corn harvesting is finished, the high-standard polyethylene mulching film is completely rolled and recovered, the high-standard polyethylene mulching film is not planted, the film surface is not damaged, the high-standard polyethylene mulching film still has good mechanical performance, the repeated use for at least 3-5 years can be met, meanwhile, the good water vapor barrier effect of the polyethylene mulching film has a good prevention and control effect on weeds under the film, only the biodegradable mulching film covering strip is subjected to weed prevention and control when the herbicide is used, the use of pesticides is reduced, and the production input cost is obviously reduced. (2) The average water and gas permeability of 20 balances after covering is less than 180 g/(m)224h), the maximum water vapor permeability of the intact membrane surface is less than 420 g/(m) within 90 days of covering224h), can effectively preserve moisture, high standard polyethylene plastic film area all plays the effect of keeping the storage precipitation and promoting the ground temperature from covering to the full production season of results, biodegradable plastic film plants the area and plays the similar water retention effect with the polyethylene plastic film before the maize takes out the stamina stage, biodegradable plastic film covers the function and attenuates gradually after taking out the stamina stage, be favorable to reducing the ground temperature, increase the rainwater and infiltrate the passageway, strengthen the aqueous vapor exchange, produce beneficial effect to later stage output formation. (3) The proportion of the common urea to the controlled release urea in the 60-day slow release period and the controlled release urea in the 90-day slow release period is 1:3:6 (the pure nitrogen content of the common urea and the controlled release urea is 46%), the requirement on nitrogen in the initial production stage of the corn is low, the original fertility in the soil can meet the initial growth of the corn, the controlled release urea in the 15-day, 60-day and 90-day slow release periods starts to be slowly released until the fertility of the controlled release urea in the 60-day slow release period in the jointing stage of the corn reaches the maximum, sufficient fertility is supplied to the emasculation stage of the corn, the controlled release urea in the 90-day slow release period provides the fertility for the yield formation in the grouting stage of the corn, the common urea and the controlled release urea in different slow release periods are matched to meet the requirement on nitrogen fertilizers in different periods of the corn, meanwhile, a separate fertilization method of applying no fertilizer to a high-standard, preventing the fertilizer from being applied excessively.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a sustainable composite mulching planting structure of spring corn mulching film adopted by the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of spring corn of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the water vapor transmission amount and the yield in the example.
In the figure: 1. high-grade polyethylene mulching film; 2. biodegradable mulching film; 3. and (5) plant growing.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the sustainable composite mulching planting area for spring corn with mulching film provided by the invention comprises a high-grade polyethylene mulching film 1, a biodegradable mulching film 2 and plants 3, wherein the high-grade polyethylene mulching film 1 and the biodegradable mulching film 2 are alternately arranged, and the plants 3 are planted on the biodegradable mulching film 2.
Examples
1 materials and methods.
Test site: a research experiment on relation between moisture and water penetration amount and yield of a mulching film is carried out in the Chinese parasol tree village of the province of Shangzhou province in Qingyang city of Gansu, 2019 and 2020, the soil is 107 degrees 39 'E, 35 degrees 30' N, the sea wave is 1279 m, the annual average temperature is 8.3 ℃, the annual average precipitation is about 530mm, the annual precipitation in 7-9 months accounts for more than 60% of the annual precipitation, the annual evaporation is about 1580mm, 3 times of the annual average temperature, the temperature is 2750 ℃ greater than or equal to 10 ℃, the soil is a semi-humid arid continental season climate in a warm temperature zone, and the soil belongs to a typical dry farming rain farming agricultural area.
The cultivation test is carried out in Xujiazhuang in Yuzhong county of Lanzhou city in Gansu dry farming, the place is 104-degree 10 'E, 35-degree 51' N, the altitude is 1740 m, the annual average air temperature is 7.1 ℃, the annual average precipitation is about 390mm, wherein the precipitation in 7-9 months accounts for more than 60% of the annual precipitation, the annual evaporation is about 1450mm, the accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃ and is about 2500 ℃, the climate is temperate semi-dry continental climate and belongs to a typical dry farming rain-fed agricultural area.
And (3) test year: in 2020.
Test materials and methods: selecting five cereals 568 as indication material, adopting random block group design in test, and setting PE mulching film flat-covering planting (high-grade polyethylene mulching film flat-covering cultivation, landFilm width 120cm, thickness 0.010mm, film belt 90cm, film spacing 20 cm), composite mulching planting (biodegradable mulch film + high standard polyethylene mulch film mulching cultivation, biodegradable mulch film width 70cm, thickness 0.010mm, high standard polyethylene mulch film width 50cm, thickness 0.010mm, biodegradable mulch film both sides and high standard polyethylene mulch film belt coincidence 5cm, ground surface full-covering), 2 treatments in total, 3 times of repetition, cell area 16.5m2. Mulching is carried out on 25 days in 4 months in 2020, sowing is carried out on 26 days in 4 months, 5-day seedling emergence is carried out on high-standard polyethylene mulching film planting in 5 months, harvesting is carried out on 1 day in 10 months, seedling emergence is carried out on 7 days in composite mulching planting in 5 months, and harvesting is carried out on 11 days in 10 months. The planting row spacing of each treatment is 55cm, the plant spacing is 30.3cm, and the seeding density is 4000 plants/mu. 3 seeds are sowed in each hole, continuous 48 holes are selected every 30 days after sowing to calculate the rate of emergence, seedlings are set after the rate of emergence is counted, two seedlings are left in one hole beside a hole, and the number of 4000 seedlings per mu is guaranteed.
The PE mulching film is used for flat-covering planting with 15kg of pure nitrogen per mu, 32.6kg of pure phosphorus per mu and 12kg of pure calcium superphosphate (P) per mu are used as equivalent to urea (pure N: 46%)2O516 percent) of the fertilizer is applied by 75kg per mu. Applying 15 kg/mu of pure nitrogen under the strips of the 70cm biodegradable mulching film for composite covering planting, 20.7 kg/mu of pure phosphorus and 12 kg/mu of pure phosphorus in terms of mixed urea (pure N: 46%), and calcium superphosphate (P)2O516%) and 47.7kg is applied per mu.
2 results and analysis.
2.1 relationship between water retention and yield of the biodegradable mulching film.
Through experiments (shown in figure 3), the yield and the moisture permeability of the mulching film are in a significant negative correlation (n =17, r = 0.5338), and the yield is in a descending trend when the moisture permeability of the mulching film is larger. The smaller the water vapor permeability of the biodegradable mulching film is, the better the water heat retentivity to soil is, and the higher the yield is.
2.2 influence of different covering modes on the uniformity of the plant height and the uniformity of the ear position of the corn.
Different covering modes have different influences on the uniformity of the height of the corn plants and the uniformity of the height of the panicle position, the uniformity of the height of the composite covering plants and the uniformity of the height of the panicle position are respectively 38.2 and 27.5, and are respectively improved by 8.5 percent and 137.1 percent compared with the PE mulching film flat covering planting, so that the composite covering planting can obviously improve the uniformity of the height of the corn plants and the height of the panicle position.
TABLE 1
2.3 Effect of different coverage patterns on corn yield and growth time
The yield of the compound mulching planting is 567.1 kg/mu, and is increased by 4.0 percent compared with 545.3 kg/mu of the PE mulching film flat mulching planting; the growth period of the compound mulching planting is 157 days, which is increased by 8 days compared with the growth period of the PE mulching film flat mulching planting. The results show that the yield of the composite mulching planting is slightly increased compared with the PE mulching film flat mulching planting, and the growth period is delayed.
TABLE 2
2.4 impact of different coverage patterns on corn economics.
Due to the influence of the cost of the biodegradable mulching film, the investment of the composite mulching planting in the 1 st year is higher than that of the flat mulching planting of the PE mulching film, and the high-standard polyethylene mulching film is recycled and used in the 2 nd year, so that the investment cost is reduced, meanwhile, the biodegradable mulching film is degraded in a farmland by the influence of soil microorganisms, water and heat, and the environmental benefit is increased compared with that of the PE mulching film mulching planting; from the economic benefit, the pure income of the composite mulching planting is increased by 7.5 percent compared with the flat mulching planting of the PE mulching film for years.
TABLE 3
The investment cost comprises the expenses of seeds, fertilizers, mulching films, mulching film pickup, mulching film winding and the like. The total income is calculated by multiplying the yield by 3 years in 2020, and the price of the corn is 2.4 yuan/kg.
Claims (7)
1. A method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn by mulching film is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: seed selection: when the seeds are selected, the stress-resistant high-yield variety is mainly planted in the field, the high-quality coated seeds with uniform size are selected, and the seeds are aired in sunny weather, so that the germination vigor is improved;
s2: selecting a mulching film: selecting a plurality of biodegradable mulching films and a plurality of high-standard polyethylene mulching films;
s3: preparing a fertilizer;
s4: deeply ploughing and leveling land: deeply ploughing a target planting land, performing underground pest control by combining deep ploughing and broadcasting phoxim granules, harrowing and grinding the ground surface after ploughing, and pressing, finishing and flattening to prevent remained stubbles from damaging a mulching film;
s5: preparation before broadcasting: before mulching, dividing the land into a plurality of rows of biodegradable mulching film covering areas and a plurality of rows of high-standard polyethylene mulching film covering areas, wherein each row of biodegradable mulching film covering areas and each row of high-standard polyethylene mulching film covering areas are alternately arranged; fertilizer is spread on the covering area of the biodegradable mulching film, and acetochlor is sprayed on the covering area of the biodegradable mulching film to prevent weeds under the film; when the mulching film is covered, the edges of the biodegradable mulching film and the high-grade polyethylene mulching film are ensured to have the parts with the overlapped stubbles, and the edges of the high-grade polyethylene mulching film are positioned above the edges of the biodegradable mulching film;
s6: sowing: seeding is carried out on the biodegradable plastic film belt during seeding;
s7: field management: managing field management and pest control according to the high-yield farmland standard;
s8: and (3) recovering the high-standard polyethylene mulching film: after the corns are harvested, the high-standard mulching films are rolled and recovered manually or mechanically, and the high-standard mulching films are safely stored and are reused when the corns are planted and covered with the films in the next season.
2. The method for sustainable composite mulching cultivation of spring corn with mulching film according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, the biodegradable mulching film with width of 70cm and the high-standard polyethylene mulching film with width of 50cm are selected.
3. The thickness of the biodegradable mulching film is 0.010mm, and the 20-balance average water and air permeability after covering is less than 180 g/(m)224h), the maximum water vapor permeability of the intact membrane surface is less than 420 g/(m) within 90 days of covering224h), the material and the performance of the high-grade polyethylene mulching film meet the national standard GB/T35795-2017, and the thickness of the high-grade polyethylene mulching film is 0.010-0.020 mm.
4. The method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn with mulching film according to claim 2, wherein in step S3, nitrogen fertilizer is selected as fertilizer, and a method of mixing normal urea and controlled release urea is adopted, wherein the ratio of normal urea to controlled release urea in 60 days and controlled release urea in 90 days is 1:3: 6.
5. The method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn with mulching film according to claim 3, wherein in step S5, fertilizer is broadcast in biodegradable mulching film belts 70cm wide at intervals of 40cm, the fertilizer is applied primarily at one time without additional fertilizer, the stubble of the two mulching films is 5cm or so, the stubble is covered with fine soil, the two mulching films are required to be closely attached to the ground surface, and a soil belt is transversely pressed every 3-5 m to prevent the mulching films from being lifted by wind.
6. The method for sustainable composite mulching planting of spring corn with mulching film according to claim 4, wherein in step S6, the planting density is 5000 plants/mu, the row spacing is 55cm, the plant spacing is 24.2cm, and 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole.
7. The method for sustainable composite mulching cultivation of spring corn with plastic film according to claim 1, wherein in step S5, the high-standard polyethylene plastic film is covered with a plastic film with a ridge 2-3cm higher than the ground in the middle of the high-standard polyethylene plastic film covering area before mulching, so that rainwater can collect in the biodegradable plastic film after mulching.
Priority Applications (1)
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